691:
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only two are related (OLN002 and OLN003, second-degree; Table S2D); the absence of closer kinship ties raises questions about the function of such tombs and the social relationships of those buried within them. Most Uyghur-period individuals exhibit a high but variable degree of West
Eurasian ancestry—best modeled as a mixture of Alans, a historic nomadic pastoral group likely descended from the Sarmatians and contemporaries of the Huns (Bachrach, 1973), and an Iranian-related (BMAC-related) ancestry—together with Ulaanzuukh_SlabGrave (ANA-related) ancestry (Figure 3E). The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."
635:
591:
567:
579:
715:
507:
603:
208:
46:
71:
244:
647:
543:
531:
495:
703:
682:
623:
29:
727:
555:
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274:. The effect is of the entire ceiling covered with hundreds of Buddha murals. Some murals show a large Buddha surrounded by other figures, including Turks, Indians, and Europeans. The quality of the murals varies with some being artistically naive while others are masterpieces of religious art. The murals that best represent the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves are the large-sized murals, which were given the name the "Praṇidhi Scene", paintings depicting
78:
53:
1031:
See figure 4. "The high genetic heterogeneity of the Early
Medieval period is vividly exemplified by 12 individuals from the Uyghur period cemetery of Olon Dov (OLN; Figure 2) in the vicinity of the Uyghur capital of Ordu-Baliq. Six of these individuals came from a single tomb (grave 19), of whom
1366:, Berlin, 1913. A catalogue of the findings of the Second German Turfan Expedition (1904–1905) led by Le Coq, containing colour reproductions of the murals. (National Institute of Informatics – Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books)
426:
of sentient beings; all statues were destroyed, some paintings defaced, and others smeared with mud, the eyes and mouths were often gouged out due to the local belief that the figures may otherwise come to life at night. Michael Dillon considered
Bezeklik's
435:
against the depiction of religious and human figures. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals. During the late nineteen and early twentieth century, European and
Japanese explorers found intact murals buried in sand, and
690:
665:
308:
people, with significant East
Eurasian admixture. The east–west admixture in the Uyghur Khaganate was said to have taken place around the year 500 AD. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. However, Peter B. Golden writes that
602:
1191:
Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second
International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China
3170:
566:
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1189:
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377:
634:
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1338:
Buddhism and Art in Turfan: From the
Perspective of Uyghur Buddhism: Buddhist Culture along the Silk Road: Gandhåra, Kucha, and Turfan, Section II.
380:
one of the West
Eurasian-looking figures with green eyes, wearing a green fur-trimmed coat and presenting a bowl with what he assumed were bags of
1736:
1343:
Polichetti, Massimiliano A.. 1999. “A Short
Consideration Regarding Christian Elements in a Ninth Century Buddhist Wall-fainting from Bezeklik”.
1306:
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400:
2894:
1784:
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The murals at
Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage. Many of the temples were damaged by the local Muslim population whose religion
289:, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original
2829:
1302:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes,
1122:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes,
835:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes,
3047:
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195:. They are high on the cliffs of the west Mutou Valley under the Flaming Mountains, and most of the surviving caves date from the
1918:
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Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
1112:
Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
825:
Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
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in Mongolia, the Uyghurs were actually predominantly West Eurasian, being modelled as genetically similar to the Iranian
3200:
3104:
1729:
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Chotscho: Facsimile Reproduction of Important Findings of the First Royal Prussian Expedition to Turfan in East Turkistan
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A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin
622:
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2100:
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Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Lewis, Bernard; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (1998).
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159:: بزقلیق مىڭ ئۆيى ) is a complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating from the 5th to 14th century between the cities of
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and sent to Germany. Large pieces such as those showing the Praṇidhi scene were permanently fixed to walls in the
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913:图4 柏孜克里克第48窟中的凤首箜篌 公元十世纪 (translation: Figure 4 The phoenix-headed Konghou in Cave 48, Bezeklik, 10th century AD)
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Praṇidhi scene, temple 9 (Cave 20), with kneeling figures with tributes praying in front of the Buddha who
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failed to retain the memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (
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840:
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768:
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1188:(2010). "A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes of the Bezeklik murals". In Agnew, Neville (ed.).
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they could not be removed for safekeeping and were thus destroyed when the museum was caught in the
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2319:
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911:[Konghou Story: The Phoenix-headed Konghou on the Silk Road] (in Chinese). 23 August 2016.
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Kitsudo, Koichi (2013). "Historical Significance of Bezeklik cave 20 in the Uyghur Buddhism" in
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340:, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as
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Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century
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Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal (November 2020).
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8:
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was the first to study the murals and published his findings in 1913. He noted how in
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A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.
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inhabitants. However, according to a genetic study of early Uyghur remains from the
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Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Treasures of Central Asia
411:(r. 1389–1399). After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously
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460:. Other pieces may now be found in various museums around the world, such as the
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Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)
609:
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260:
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scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing
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440:. Some of the best-preserved murals were removed by German explorer
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2198:
1969:
385:
333:
188:
176:
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993:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
865:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134–163.
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Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1
672:
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156:
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963:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 43.
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419:) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.
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figure from Cave 9, dated 8th-9th century AD, wall painting
381:
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traders and purveyors of culture. Indeed, Sogdians wearing
853:
851:
849:
1088:
Sims, Eleanor, Boris I. Marshak, Ernst J. Grube, (2002),
401:
converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war)
3171:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang
1092:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 154,
846:
572:
Uyghur princesses, cave 9, Museum für Asiatische Kunst
1347:
24 (2). Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 101–7.
1162:
990:
608:
Details from Praṇidhi scene No. 5. Buddhist monks of
584:
Uyghur Princes wearing robes and headdresses, cave 9.
259:
caves at the site. Most have rectangular spaces with
219:. However, modern scholarship has identified them as
1370:
Reconstruction of Bezeklik murals at Ryukoku Museum
1279:
Ryukoku University Digital Archives Research Center
1103:
812:
Reconstruction of Bezeklik murals at Ryukoku Museum
1135:
1090:Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources
946:The Lost Murals of Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
3162:
861:," in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds),
438:many were removed and dispersed around the world
1340:Kyoto: 141-168 (texts in English and Japanese).
278:’s "promise" or "praṇidhi" from his past life.
384:, wore a hat that he found reminiscent of the
266:often divided into four sections, each with a
1730:
1407:
1156:
1245:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1142:. Columbia University Press. pp. 69ff.
1129:
720:Uyghur female donor from the Bezeklik murals
356:. The paintings of Bezeklik, while having a
1744:
431:is an example of the religiously motivated
1737:
1723:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1139:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1071:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 47,
960:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
628:A Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals
3048:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1184:
1173:
1047:. BRILL. 8 December 2014. pp. 895–.
1016:
807:
805:
1231:. Oxford University Press. p. 118.
242:
206:
16:Buddhist cave grottos in Xinjiang, China
2895:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1785:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1224:
616:origin on left, and East Asian on right
472:in London, and the national museums of
3163:
3150:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1251:
802:
77:
52:
1718:
1395:
1349:https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302426
732:Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
696:Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting
3206:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims
3105:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
199:around the 10th to 13th centuries.
13:
3100:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2101:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1320:
890:, Oxford University Press, p. 98,
764:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
640:Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9
596:Praṇidhi scene No. 5, Temple No. 9
202:
14:
3222:
2511:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1355:
1252:Dillon, Michael (1 August 2014).
1701:
1700:
926:"Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves"
789:"Bizaklik Thousand Buddha Caves"
725:
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633:
621:
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358:small amount of Indian influence
281:James A. Millward described the
76:
69:
51:
44:
27:
3110:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2380:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1283:
1272:
1218:
1082:
1061:
1035:
984:
3145:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3090:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1313:. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
1126:. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
950:
939:
918:
901:
880:
877:. (Accessed 3 September 2016.)
843:. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
816:
781:
151:
142:
135:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
1:
3196:Chinese architectural history
2096:Silk Road transmission of art
1681:Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves
1677:Western Thousand Buddha Caves
1069:Central Asia in World History
360:, is primarily influenced by
251:, 10th century A.D., cave 48.
3095:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1289:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
1258:. Routledge. pp. 17ff.
1109:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
956:
888:The Silk Road: A New History
822:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
774:
424:proscribed figurative images
395:The Buddhist Uyghurs of the
354:Sogdian donors to the Buddha
321:and religious faiths of the
7:
957:Millward, James A. (2007).
737:
403:at the hands of the Muslim
171:) at the north-east of the
10:
3227:
3201:Buddhist temples in Turpan
1197:. Getty. pp. 95–106.
1166:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1136:James A. Millward (2007).
1009:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
486:
413:Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan
175:near the ancient ruins of
3181:Sites along the Silk Road
3176:Chinese Buddhist grottoes
3010:
2978:
2775:
2682:
2624:
2596:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2461:
2393:
2280:
2262:
2159:
2121:
2114:
2078:
1752:
1698:
1627:
1609:
1586:
1563:
1515:
1472:
1429:
857:Gasparini, Mariachiara. "
769:German Turfan expeditions
94:
38:
26:
21:
3043:Mogao Christian painting
2616:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2330:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2320:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1067:Peter B. Golden (2011),
886:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
390:Sasanian Persian princes
3140:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3028:Hephthalite silver bowl
2905:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1945:Second Turkic Khaganate
1746:History of Central Asia
1535:Shuang River Cave Group
1225:Hopkirk, Peter (2001).
708:Tradesmen, Tang dynasty
3120:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2880:Alexandria Prophthasia
1905:First Turkic Khaganate
1840:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1423:Notable caves of China
791:. travelchinaguide.com
448:in Berlin. During the
378:Scene 14 from Temple 9
348:robes are seen in the
252:
240:
235:(7th-8th century) and
225:Eastern Iranian people
2930:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2305:Karsakpay inscription
1760:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1492:Jiangzhou Cave System
1327:Chotscho : vol.1
1169:. Brill. p. 677.
863:Transcultural Studies
759:Tianlongshan Grottoes
466:Tokyo National Museum
464:in Saint Petersburg,
429:Thousand Buddha Caves
246:
239:(9th–13th centuries).
231:during the phases of
210:
152:Bózīkèlǐkè Qiānfódòng
116:42.95583°N 89.53944°E
3186:Religion in Xinjiang
2737:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2272:Noin-Ula burial site
2070:Chinese Central Asia
524:Closer view of caves
372:landscape painting.
60:Show map of Xinjiang
3130:Siberian Ice Maiden
2920:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2335:Petrovka settlement
2065:Soviet Central Asia
1990:Great Seljuq Empire
909:"箜篌故事：凤首丝绸之路上的凤首箜篌"
548:Frescoes of Buddhas
536:Frescoes of Buddhas
446:Museum of Ethnology
197:West Uyghur kingdom
112: /
3080:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3033:Chilek silver bowl
2900:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2576:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2365:Talapty Settlement
2151:Filippovka kurgans
2040:Khanate of Bukhara
2000:Khwarazmian Empire
1925:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1770:Afanasievo culture
1667:Maijishan Grottoes
1309:2017-05-25 at the
1298:2016-12-04 at the
1118:2016-12-04 at the
1003:(4): 890–904.e29.
831:2016-12-04 at the
500:View of the valley
253:
241:
191:region of western
121:42.95583; 89.53944
3191:Caves of Xinjiang
3158:
3157:
3135:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3006:
3005:
2810:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2086:Central Asian art
2060:Russian Turkestan
2055:Chinese Turkestan
1955:Abbasid Caliphate
1919:Anxi Protectorate
1865:Kushano-Sasanians
1830:Macedonian Empire
1825:Achaemenid Empire
1795:Andronovo culture
1775:Sintashta culture
1712:
1711:
1689:Five Temple Caves
1619:Benxi Water Caves
1377:Silk Route photos
1345:The Tibet Journal
1265:978-1-317-64721-8
1204:978-1-60606-013-1
1149:978-0-231-13924-3
1077:978-0-19-515947-9
1054:978-90-04-27164-7
896:978-0-19-993921-3
454:bombing of Berlin
442:Albert von Le Coq
374:Albert von Le Coq
213:Albert von Le Coq
185:Flaming Mountains
183:, a gorge in the
173:Taklamakan Desert
131:
130:
85:Show map of China
3218:
3125:Seal of Khingila
3053:Penjikent murals
2674:Kalai Kafirnigan
2561:Koi Krylgan Kala
2370:Turkistan (city)
2355:Steppe Geoglyphs
2119:
2118:
2050:Khanate of Khiva
2010:Chagatai Khanate
1965:Saffarid dynasty
1950:Uyghur Khaganate
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1671:Dunhuang Caves (
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1207:. Archived from
1196:
1186:Whitfield, Susan
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652:Details showing
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462:Hermitage Museum
450:Second World War
405:Chagatai Khanate
399:and Turfan were
397:Kingdom of Qocho
370:Sasanian Persian
298:Uyghur Khaganate
283:original Uyghurs
153:
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3115:Afrasiab murals
3058:Sampul tapestry
3002:
2998:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2988:Bandian complex
2974:
2950:Musalla Complex
2830:Tapa-i Kafariha
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2692:Cave of Dzhebel
2678:
2620:
2457:
2389:
2385:Araltobe kurgan
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2258:
2184:Kizilgaha caves
2155:
2141:Pazyryk burials
2123:Southern Russia
2110:
2074:
1960:Tahirid dynasty
1930:Tokhara Yabghus
1835:Seleucid Empire
1810:Pazyryk culture
1765:Yamnaya culture
1748:
1743:
1713:
1708:
1694:
1647:Kizilgaha caves
1623:
1605:
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1511:
1502:Seven-star Cave
1497:Reed Flute Cave
1468:
1449:Shuanglong Cave
1425:
1420:
1358:
1323:
1321:Further reading
1318:
1317:
1311:Wayback Machine
1300:Wayback Machine
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928:. showcaves.com
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560:A Uyghur prince
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247:Phoenix-headed
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2506:Dalverzin Tepe
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2476:Akchakhan-Kala
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2236:
2234:Dunhuang Caves
2231:
2229:Bezeklik Caves
2226:
2221:
2216:
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2201:
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2194:Subashi Temple
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2045:Durrani Empire
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2035:Timurid Empire
2032:
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2017:
2012:
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1780:Vakhsh culture
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1706:Caves of China
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1662:Bezeklik Caves
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1487:Huanglong Cave
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1387:Silk Road site
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1356:External links
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1238:978-0192802118
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1214:on 2012-10-30.
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470:British Museum
468:in Japan, the
366:Iranian styles
319:writing system
285:as physically
227:who inhabited
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33:Bezeklik caves
32:
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22:Bezeklik Caves
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3:
2:
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3070:Oxus Treasure
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3023:Orlat plaques
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2747:Monjukli Depe
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2732:Konye-Urgench
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2664:Takht-i Kuwad
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2189:Kumtura Caves
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2170:
2167:
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2161:Western China
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2146:Salbyk kurgan
2144:
2142:
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2136:Arzhan kurgan
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2106:Serindian art
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2005:Mongol Empire
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1995:Ghurid Empire
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1845:Guiyi Circuit
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1800:Tagar culture
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1652:Kumtura Caves
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1596:Tianyuan Cave
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1507:Tenglong Cave
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1474:South Central
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512:View of caves
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3062:
2993:Mount Khajeh
2960:Qala-i-Jangi
2940:Khair Khaneh
2845:Khair Khaneh
2752:Namazga-Tepe
2707:Anau culture
2684:Turkmenistan
2601:Tavka Kurgan
2496:Balalyk Tepe
2413:Burana Tower
2403:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2295:Issyk kurgan
2228:
2030:Kart dynasty
2025:Sufi dynasty
2015:Golden Horde
1940:Oghuz Yabgus
1915:Tang dynasty
1880:Hephthalites
1805:Uyuk culture
1661:
1657:Simsim caves
1637:Ah-ai Grotto
1629:Northwestern
1578:Macaque Cave
1540:Shuanghedong
1525:Er Wang Dong
1517:Southwestern
1459:Xianren Cave
1444:Hualong Cave
1361:
1344:
1337:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1254:
1247:
1227:
1220:
1209:the original
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986:
974:. Retrieved
959:
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930:. Retrieved
920:
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887:
882:
862:
824:
818:
793:. Retrieved
783:
744:Ah-ai Grotto
482:
428:
421:
394:
349:
338:Christianity
280:
254:
233:Tang Chinese
181:Mutou Valley
150:
134:
132:
3085:Kabul hoard
3018:Sokh snakes
2970:Surkh Kotal
2935:Haji Piyada
2910:Darra-e Kur
2875:Yemshi Tepe
2870:Tillya Tepe
2865:Tepe Fullol
2855:Tepe Narenj
2850:Tapa Sardar
2840:Fondukistan
2805:Tapa Shotor
2785:Tepe Fullol
2777:Afghanistan
2606:Toprak-Kala
2591:Shahrukhiya
2541:Kampir Tepe
2531:Itchan Kala
2486:Ancient Pap
2443:Shakh Fazil
2315:Krasnyi Yar
2219:Mogao Caves
2179:Kizil Caves
2115:Archaeology
1980:Farighunids
1935:Turk Shahis
1875:Alchon Huns
1685:Yulin Caves
1673:Mogao Caves
1642:Kizil Caves
1601:Zhoukoudian
1550:Zhijin Cave
1530:Furong Cave
1464:Yilong Cave
1439:Binghu Cave
1382:Mogao Caves
875:endnote #32
873:. See also
754:Kizil Caves
749:Mogao Caves
409:Khizr Khoja
330:Manichaeism
311:the Uyghurs
237:Uyghur rule
119: /
95:Coordinates
3211:Iconoclasm
3165:Categories
2965:Rag-i-Bibi
2790:Ai-Khanoum
2722:Gonur Depe
2717:Dev-Kesken
2654:Kafir-kala
2644:Ajina tepe
2626:Tajikistan
2586:Sarmishsay
2571:Kyzyl-Kala
2551:Khalchayan
2536:Kafir-kala
2516:Fayaz Tepe
2501:Burchmulla
2463:Uzbekistan
2453:Tash Rabat
2428:Manas Ordo
2395:Kyrgyzstan
2282:Kazakhstan
1985:Ghaznavids
1890:Ustrushana
1885:Tocharians
1815:Massagetae
1573:Luobi Cave
1555:Zhong Cave
1545:Xueyu Cave
1482:Fuyan Cave
1454:Taiji Cave
932:2007-09-21
795:2007-09-21
671:An Indian
433:iconoclasm
328:, such as
261:round arch
107:89°32′22″E
104:42°57′21″N
3011:Artifacts
2885:Aq Kupruk
2835:Mes Aynak
2767:Ulug Depe
2702:Altyndepe
2649:Cyropolis
2639:Penjikent
2611:Varakhsha
2546:Kara Tepe
2491:Ayaz-Kala
2481:Akhsikath
2471:Afrasiyab
2418:Issyk-Kul
2408:Balasagun
2254:Beshbalik
2131:Sintashta
2091:Silk Road
2020:Ilkhanate
1975:Ma'munids
1870:Kidarites
1611:Northeast
1565:Southeast
871:2191-6411
775:Footnotes
610:Tocharian
382:gold dust
342:Silk Road
313:not only
306:Sarmatian
294:Tocharian
287:Mongoloid
276:Sakyamuni
187:, in the
2945:Mundigak
2925:Firozkoh
2815:Shotorak
2634:Bunjikat
2526:Hazorasp
2350:Shilikty
2340:Boralday
2264:Mongolia
2199:Dunhuang
1970:Samanids
1900:Farghana
1753:Polities
1307:Archived
1304:Tafel 19
1296:Archived
1116:Archived
1027:33157037
976:10 March
841:Tafel 20
829:Archived
738:See also
417:Dzungars
386:headgear
350:praṇidhi
334:Buddhism
326:Sogdians
264:ceilings
257:rock-cut
221:Sogdians
217:Persians
189:Xinjiang
177:Gaochang
165:Shanshan
143:柏孜克里克千佛洞
2890:Asqalan
2825:Bimaran
2820:Paitava
2762:Togolok
2697:Abiward
2581:Poykent
2566:Koktepe
2433:Navekat
2310:Kerderi
2300:Jankent
2249:Kashgar
2224:Tumshuq
2169:Bulayïq
2079:Culture
1895:Khuttal
1855:Xiongnu
1018:7664836
673:brahmin
654:Sogdian
614:Sogdian
487:Gallery
456:by the
362:Chinese
315:adopted
270:of the
249:konghou
179:in the
139:Chinese
2955:Nagara
2727:Jeitun
2659:Sarazm
2345:Sawran
2290:Begash
2244:Khotan
2239:Loulan
1850:Yuezhi
1262:
1235:
1201:
1146:
1096:
1075:
1051:
1025:
1015:
967:
894:
869:
658:Buddha
458:Allies
407:ruler
336:, and
272:Buddha
229:Turfan
169:Loulan
161:Turpan
157:Uyghur
149::
147:pinyin
141::
2800:Hadda
2556:Khiva
2448:Suyab
2438:Özgön
2375:Urpek
2360:Sumbe
2325:Otrar
2214:Rawak
2204:Miran
2174:Kucha
1588:North
1212:(PDF)
1195:(PDF)
1124:p. 28
837:p. 28
478:India
474:Korea
268:mural
223:, an
193:China
2980:Iran
2757:Nisa
2742:Merv
2712:Anau
2209:Niya
1790:Saka
1431:East
1260:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1023:PMID
997:Cell
978:2014
965:ISBN
892:ISBN
867:ISSN
476:and
364:and
346:silk
317:the
304:and
302:Alan
163:and
133:The
1013:PMC
1005:doi
1001:183
612:or
388:of
155:,
3167::
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
1675:,
1175:^
1021:.
1011:.
999:.
995:.
848:^
839:,
804:^
480:.
392:.
332:,
145:;
1921:)
1917:(
1738:e
1731:t
1724:v
1691:)
1415:e
1408:t
1401:v
1351:.
1268:.
1241:.
1152:.
1100:.
1079:.
1057:.
1029:.
1007::
980:.
935:.
898:.
798:.
167:(
137:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
