501:
104:
20:
518:
99:
before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial.
94:
Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle and the majority of plants in the wild can take 3 or more years to fully mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production. Alternatively, under extreme climatic
54:
In its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a
111:
Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one yearβand are not kept a second year to run to seed.
95:
conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were
100:
Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
409:
Gross, Ronald S.; Werner, Patricia A. (1983). "Probabilities of
Survival and Reproduction Relative to Rosette Size in the Common Burdock (Arctium minus: Compositae)".
222:
244:
164:. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example,
344:
489:
543:
214:
75:, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts". The plant then flowers, producing
524:
252:
43:
8:
469:
426:
391:
313:
461:
383:
305:
297:
149:
127:
39:
473:
395:
317:
184: β Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies
453:
418:
375:
287:
187:
169:
56:
444:
Silvertown, Jonathan W. (1983-03-01). "Why are
Biennials Sometimes Not so Few?".
193:
145:
84:
68:
35:
340:
292:
275:
537:
465:
387:
301:
96:
64:
507:
309:
181:
88:
16:
Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
430:
141:
161:
422:
457:
379:
165:
63:
for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or
60:
83:
before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either
153:
136:
131:
123:
103:
23:
19:
59:. After one year's growing season, the plant enters a period of
157:
72:
483:
115:
76:
190: β Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground
119:
80:
366:
Hart, Robin (1977-07-01). "Why are
Biennials so Few?".
107:The Sweet William Dwarf plant is a biennial plant.
535:
196: β Plant that lives for more than two years
114:Examples of biennial plants are members of the
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
408:
443:
324:
291:
251:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
67:before they will flower. During the next
102:
26:is a common example of a biennial plant.
18:
273:
536:
490:
365:
276:"A path to a biennial life history"
225:from the original on 14 August 2012
13:
42:, takes two years to complete its
14:
555:
347:from the original on 21 June 2015
516:
499:
343:. Royal Horticultural Society.
437:
402:
359:
267:
237:
215:"Annual, Perennial, Biennial?"
207:
1:
200:
49:
7:
411:American Midland Naturalist
219:Texas Cooperative Extension
175:
10:
560:
293:10.1038/s41477-018-0265-z
274:Amasino, Richard (2018).
446:The American Naturalist
368:The American Naturalist
341:"Bolting in vegetables"
122:, some members of the
108:
27:
106:
44:biological life cycle
38:that, generally in a
22:
249:Oxford Dictionaries
109:
28:
255:on August 3, 2016
118:family including
40:temperate climate
551:
529:
521:
520:
519:
512:
504:
503:
502:
492:
478:
477:
441:
435:
434:
406:
400:
399:
374:(980): 792β799.
363:
357:
356:
354:
352:
337:
322:
321:
295:
271:
265:
264:
262:
260:
241:
235:
234:
232:
230:
211:
188:Herbaceous plant
146:black-eyed Susan
85:perennial plants
559:
558:
554:
553:
552:
550:
549:
548:
544:Biennial plants
534:
533:
532:
522:
517:
515:
511:from Wiktionary
505:
500:
498:
495:
491:sister projects
488:at Knowledge's
482:
481:
442:
438:
423:10.2307/2425529
407:
403:
364:
360:
350:
348:
339:
338:
325:
286:(10): 752β753.
272:
268:
258:
256:
243:
242:
238:
228:
226:
213:
212:
208:
203:
194:Perennial plant
178:
52:
36:flowering plant
17:
12:
11:
5:
557:
547:
546:
531:
530:
513:
486:Biennial plant
484:
480:
479:
458:10.1086/284074
452:(3): 448β453.
436:
401:
380:10.1086/283209
358:
323:
266:
236:
205:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
191:
185:
177:
174:
128:common mullein
51:
48:
32:biennial plant
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
556:
545:
542:
541:
539:
527:
526:
514:
510:
509:
497:
496:
493:
487:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:
346:
342:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:Nature Plants
277:
270:
254:
250:
246:
240:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:sweet William
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
105:
101:
98:
92:
90:
89:annual plants
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:vernalization
62:
58:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
528:from Commons
523:
506:
485:
449:
445:
439:
414:
410:
404:
371:
367:
361:
349:. Retrieved
283:
279:
269:
257:. Retrieved
253:the original
248:
239:
227:. Retrieved
218:
209:
182:Annual plant
135:
113:
110:
93:
53:
31:
29:
508:Definitions
160:, and some
417:(1): 184.
245:"Biennial"
201:References
162:hollyhocks
154:colic weed
142:silverbeet
134:, fennel,
97:vernalized
50:Background
466:0003-0147
388:0003-0147
302:2055-0278
259:August 9,
229:31 August
538:Category
474:83757143
396:85343835
345:Archived
318:52286843
310:30224663
223:Archived
176:See also
166:foxglove
126:family,
61:dormancy
431:2425529
351:21 June
137:Lunaria
132:parsley
124:cabbage
57:rosette
24:Parsley
472:
464:
429:
394:
386:
316:
308:
300:
158:carrot
77:fruits
73:summer
69:spring
525:Media
470:S2CID
427:JSTOR
392:S2CID
314:S2CID
170:stock
116:onion
81:seeds
34:is a
462:ISSN
384:ISSN
353:2015
306:PMID
298:ISSN
261:2016
231:2012
168:and
120:leek
79:and
454:doi
450:121
419:doi
415:109
376:doi
372:111
288:doi
87:or
71:or
540::
468:.
460:.
448:.
425:.
413:.
390:.
382:.
370:.
326:^
312:.
304:.
296:.
282:.
278:.
247:.
221:.
217:.
172:.
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
130:,
91:.
46:.
30:A
494::
476:.
456::
433:.
421::
398:.
378::
355:.
320:.
290::
284:4
263:.
233:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.