384:
their balance. Patients normally remain in a bed or rely on a reclining wheelchair or children's stroller. Children in spica casts can sometimes learn to get mobile by scooting around on skateboards, or pulling themselves across the floor. Some children even learn to walk by holding themselves up against furniture. A child in a spica cast must always be supervised and safety must always be considered when they are at a mobile phase of their healing to prevent reinjury or damage to the cast. Many spica casts have a spreader bar between the legs to help strengthen the cast and support the legs in the proper positions. It is important when moving the casted patient to not lift them by this spreader bar, as it may break and this could cause injury to the patient. To facilitate toileting or diaper changing and hygienic cleaning, an opening is created in the cast at the groin. The opening is normally referred to as the "perineal opening". It is formed either during cast application or after cast application by cutting the hole with the cast saw. The opening must then be petalled or lined to keep this area of the cast clean and dry. Because the hips cannot bend, using a toilet is difficult, if not impossible. It is therefore necessary for the patient to either use a diaper, bedpan, or catheters to manage bodily waste eliminations. Bathing must be done by sponge baths. Hair may be shampooed by using plastic wash basins under the head. To shampoo wash the hair of a child, the child can be lifted and placed on a kitchen counter top and their head held over the kitchen sink.
705:, the Netherlands, where his father was the village doctor. He was educated in Brussels, Maastricht and Utrecht obtaining the degree of doctor of medicine at Gissen in 1837. He spent his entire career as a medical officer in the Dutch Army. While he was stationed at Haarlem in 1851, he developed a method of applying plaster of Paris bandages. A brief note describing his method was published on January 30, 1852; it was followed shortly by more complete accounts. In these accounts Mathijsen emphasised that only simple materials were required and the bandage could be quickly applied without assistance. The bandages hardened rapidly, provided an exact fit and could be windowed or bivalved (cut to provide strain relief) easily. Mathijsen used coarsely woven materials, usually linen, into which dry plaster of Paris had been rubbed thoroughly. The bandages were then moistened with a wet sponge or brush as they were applied and rubbed by hand until they hardened.
287:
71:
303:
These heels, when properly applied, elevate the toes and offer the wearer the advantage of keeping the toes out of the dirt and moisture of the street. The walking heel provides a small contact patch for the cast and creates a fluid rocking motion during the stride as the cast can pivot easily in any direction. Similarly, a weight-bearing cast shoe (cast boot, cast sandal) can help the patient walk during convalescence. Additionally, a castshoe can simply protect the patient's casted foot while helping to maintain better hygiene by preventing the cast from directly contacting potentially dirty or wet ground surfaces.
694:(plaster of Paris) was moulded around the patient's leg to cause immobilization. If the cast became loose due to atrophy or a reduction in swelling, then additional gypsum plaster was added to fill the space. Adapting the use of plaster of Paris for use in hospitals, however, took some time. In 1828, doctors in Berlin were treating leg fractures by aligning the bones in a long narrow box, which they filled with moist sand. Substitution of plaster of Paris for the sand was the next logical step. Such plaster casts did not succeed however as the patient was confined to bed due to the casts being heavy and cumbersome.
396:), but are seen less frequently today. The Minerva cast includes the trunk of the body (sometimes extending down only so far as the rib cage) as well as the patient's head, with openings provided for the patient's face, ears, and sometimes the top of the head and hair. The Risser cast was similar, extending from the patient's hips to the neck and sometimes including part of the head. Both of these casts could, with care and the doctor's permission, be walked in during convalescence. However, in some cases the Risser cast would extend into one or more pantaloons, in which case mobility was far more restricted.
468:. It resembled rubber, but contained more resins. When dry it was hard and inelastic, but when warmed it became soft and malleable. In 1851 Utterhoeven described the use of splints made from this material for the treatment of fractures. In the 1970s, the development of fibreglass casting tape made it possible to produce a cast that was lighter and more durable than the traditional plaster cast and also resistant to water (though the bandages underneath were not) helping the patient be more active.
484:
808:
790:
279:
40:
371:
extent to which the hip spica covers the trunk depends greatly on the injury and the surgeon; the spica may extend only to the navel, allowing mobility of the spine and the possibility of walking with the aid of crutches, or may extend to the rib cage or even to the armpits in some rare cases. Hip spicas are common in maintaining reduction of femoral fractures and are also used for congenital hip dislocations, mostly while the child is still an infant.
472:
cast and increases the cost of the cast. Drying time, however, can be inconvenient enough to warrant a cast and bandage moisture protector. These waterproof covers allow for bathing and showering while wearing either a plaster or fiberglass cast. The waterproof cast cover stays tightly around the cast and prevents water from ever reaching it while the patient is in contact with water. The cover can easily be removed to dry, and can be re-used often.
295:
185:
413:
539:
251:
421:
515:
404:
small slits for the eyes, nose, and mouth – is a true rarity in recorded medical history, and this type of large scale cast appears more commonly in various
Hollywood movies and on television shows. The term body cast (or full body cast) is sometimes casually used by laymen to describe any of a number of body or spica casts, from a simple body jacket to a more extensive hip spica.
677:
was then wrapped in bandages before a starch coating was applied to the outer surface. Seutin's technique for the application of the starch apparatus formed the basis of the technique used with plaster of Paris dressings today. The use of this method led to the early mobilization of patients with fractures and a marked reduction in hospital time required.
778:
752:," is still popular). Pirogov went on to develop his own methods, although he was aware of Mathijsen's work. Pirogov's method involved soaking coarse cloth in a plaster of Paris mixture immediately before application to the limbs, which were protected either by stockings or cotton pads. Large dressings were reinforced with pieces of wood.
664:. At the time of the development of his bandage he was chief surgeon in the Belgium army. Seutin's "bandage amidonnee" consisted of cardboard splints and bandages soaked in a solution of starch and applied wet. These dressings required 2 to 3 days to dry, depending on the temperature and humidity of the surroundings. The substitution of
457:
material but has difficulty cutting soft material like cast padding or skin. Although the removal is often painless, this can be distressing for the patient, especially children. A cast saw can cut, abrade, or burn skin, but those results are uncommon. Additionally, plaster of Paris casts break down if patients get them wet.
319:
toes from additional blunt force trauma. Typically leg casts with toeplates are prescribed for injuries to the foot and metatarsals. Ordinarily, a leg cast applied for the treatment of a stable ankle fracture would not use the toeplate design because there is no need to immobilize and limit the motion of the patient's toes.
403:
Despite the large size and extreme immobilization some casts, particularly those used in or before the 1970s, the popular term full body cast is something of a misnomer. The popular and media-driven conception of a massive cast encasing all four limbs, the trunk, and the head – sometimes leaving only
370:
includes the trunk of the body and one or more legs. A hip spica that covers only one leg to the ankle or foot is called a single hip spica, while one that covers both legs is a double hip spica. A one-and-a-half hip spica encases one leg to the ankle or foot and the other to just above the knee. The
353:
EDF differs from Risser casting. EDF casts are either over or under the shoulder, and have a large mushroom opening on the front to allow for proper chest expansion. On the back, there is a small cutout on the concavity of the curve, not going past the midline. It was found that the spine became more
747:
Seutin had travelled through Russia demonstrating his 'starched bandage', and his technique had been adopted by both the
Russian army and navy by 1837. Pirogov had observed the use of plaster of Paris bandages in the studio of a sculptor who used strips of linen soaked in liquid plaster of Paris for
644:
in 1812 was an infantry officer whose arm was amputated at the shoulder. The patient was evacuated immediately following the operation and passed from Russia, through Poland and
Germany. When the dressing was removed on his arrival home in France, the wound had healed. Larrey concluded that the fact
471:
In the 1990s the introduction of new cast lining has meant that fiberglass casts with this liner are completely waterproof, allowing patients to bathe, shower, and swim while wearing a cast. The waterproof cast liner however adds approximately two to three more minutes to the application time of the
318:
in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing leg casts. These are referred to as toeplates in the orthopedic discipline of medicine. This addition may be applied to further support and stabilize the metatarsals by limiting motion through a higher degree of immobilization, as well as protecting the
676:
who learned it from Seutin in France during the winter of 1851–52 and went on to promote its use in
Britain. The limb was initially wrapped in wool, especially over any bony prominences. Pasteboard was then cut into shape to provide a splint, and dampened so it could be molded to the limb. The limb
496:
There are some washable casts like FlexiOH which provide good ventilation and maintain good skin hygiene. With this cast, patients are able to bathe and go out in the rain. These types of casts have advantages that deliver patients a better treatment than conventional casts made of plaster of Paris
383:
Mobility is severely restricted by the hip spica cast and walking without crutches or a walker is impossible because the hips cannot bend. There is a serious danger of falling if the patient in a hip spica cast tries to get upright to walk without assistance because they lack the ability to control
349:
An EDF (elongation, derotation, flexion) cast is used for the treatment of
Infantile Idiopathic scoliosis. This method of treatment for correction was developed by UK scoliosis specialist Min Mehta. Scoliosis is a 3-dimensional problem that requires correction in all three planes. The EDF casting
261:
Upper extremity casts encase the arm, wrist, or hand. A long arm cast encases the arm from the hand to about 5 cm below the armpit, leaving fingers and thumbs free. A short arm cast, in contrast, stops just below the elbow. Both varieties may, depending on the injury and the doctor's decision,
456:
Other limitations of plaster casts include their weight, which can be quite considerable, thus restricting movement, especially of a child. Removal of the cast requires destroying the cast itself. The process is often noisy, making use of a special oscillating saw that can easily cut the hard cast
362:
A cast that includes the trunk of the body and one or more limbs is a spica cast, just as is a cast that includes the "trunk" of the arm and one or more fingers or the thumb. For example, a shoulder spica includes the trunk of the body and one arm, usually to the wrist or hand. Shoulder spicas are
327:
In some cases, a cast may include the upper and lower arm and the elbow, but leave the wrist and hand free, or the upper and lower leg and the knee, leaving the foot and ankle free. Such a cast may be called a cylinder cast. Where the wrist or ankle is included, it may be called a long arm or long
755:
As time passed and the method moved more into the mainstream some disagreement arose as to the problems associated with cutting off air to skin contact, and also some improvements were made. Eventually
Pirogov's method gave way to Mathijsen's. Among the improvements suggested as early as 1860 was
605:
and restriction of activity. The search for a simpler, less-time-consuming, method led to the development of the first modern occlusive dressings, stiffened at first with starch and later with plaster-of-paris. The ambulatory treatment of fractures was the direct result of these innovations. The
302:
Lower extremity casts are classified similarly, with a cast encasing both the foot and the leg to the hip being called a long leg cast, while a cast encasing the patient's foot, ankle and lower leg ending below the knee being called a short leg cast. A walking heel may be applied for ambulation.
399:
Aside from the above common forms, body casts could come in nearly any size and configuration. For example, from the 1910s to the 1970s, use of a turnbuckle cast, which used metal turnbuckles to twist two halves of the cast so as to forcibly straighten the spine before surgery was common. The
668:
for starch, advocated by
Velpeau, the man widely regarded as the leading French surgeon at the beginning of the 19th century, reduced the drying time to 6 hours. Although this was a vast improvement, it was still a long time, especially in the harsh environment of the battlefield.
336:
Body casts, which cover the trunk of the body, and in some cases the neck up to or including the head (see
Minerva Cast, below) or one or more limbs, are used less frequently today, and are most commonly used in the cases of small children, who cannot be trusted to comply with a
685:
Although these bandages were an improvement over Larrey's method, they were far from ideal. They required a long time to apply and dry and there was often shrinkage and distortion. A great deal of interest had been aroused in Europe around 1800 by a
British diplomat, consul
271:
374:
In some cases, a hip spica may only extend down one or more legs to above the knee. Such casts, called pantaloon casts, are occasionally seen to immobilize an injured lumbar spine or pelvis, in which case the trunk portion of the cast usually extends to the armpits.
1091:
171:. These are lighter and dry much faster than plaster bandages. However, plaster can be more easily moulded to make a snug and therefore more comfortable fit. In addition, plaster is much smoother and does not snag clothing or abrade the skin.
628:(1768–1842) was born in a small town in southern France. He first studied medicine with his uncle, a surgeon in Toulouse. After a short tour of duty as a naval surgeon, he returned to Paris, where he became caught up in the turmoil of the
497:
or
Fiberglass. They are the next generation of orthopedic immobilization photo-curing specialty-resin technology that enables a waterproof, washable, lightweight, strong and comfortable way of recovering from fractures
436:
complications including macerations, ulcerations, infections, rashes, itching, burns, and allergic contact dermatitis, which may also be due to the presence of formaldehyde within the plaster bandages. In hot weather,
341:, or in cases of radical surgery to repair an injury or other defect. A body cast that encases the trunk (with "straps" over the shoulders) is usually called a body jacket. These are often very uncomfortable.
400:
turnbuckle cast had no single configuration, and could be as small as a body jacket split in half, or could include the head, one or both legs to the knees or feet, or one arm to the elbow or wrist.
598:(1517–1590), who championed more humane treatments in medicine and promoted the use of artificial limbs, made casts of wax, cardboard, cloth, and parchment that hardened as they dried.
732:
before returning to Dorpat as a professor of Surgery. In 1840, he became the professor of surgery at the academy of military medicine in St. Petersburg. Pirogov introduced the use of
760:
dissolved in alcohol. The first commercial bandages were not produced until 1931 in Germany, and were called Cellona. Before that the bandages were made by hand at the hospitals.
640:, which he accompanied throughout Europe and the Middle East. As a result, Larrey accumulated a vast experience of military medicine and surgery. One of his patients after the
314:
may be provided. The foot's under-sole portion of a leg cast may be extended terminating at the tip of the patient's toes, to create a rigid support that limits motion of the
363:
almost never seen today, having been replaced with specialized splints and slings that provide early mobility of the injury to avoid joint stiffness after healing.
460:
Due to the limitations of plaster of Paris, surgeons have also experimented with other types of materials for use as splints. An early plastic like material was
697:
Plaster of Paris bandages were introduced in different forms by two army surgeons, one at a peacetime home station and another on active service at the front.
156:
The setting of unmodified plaster starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes; however, the cast is not fully dry for 72 hours.
562:
techniques. The use of plaster of Paris to cover walls is evident, but it seems it was never used for bandages. Ancient Hindus treated fractures with
986:
737:
736:
anaesthesia to Russia and made important contributions to the study of cross-sectional human anatomy. With the help of his patron, the grand duchess
687:
428:
Due to the nature of the dressing, the limb is unreachable during treatment, and the skin under the plaster becomes dry and scaly because the
1086:
527:
526:
designed to cut rigid material such as plaster or fiberglass while not harming soft tissue. Manually operated shears, patented in 1950 by
807:
350:
method can elongate the spine through traction, derotate the spine/pelvis, and improve lordosis and overall body shape and alignment.
594:
European bonesetters, who used casts made of egg white, flour, and animal fat. By the sixteenth century the famous French surgeon
392:
The Minerva cast and the Risser cast are used to protect an injured spine or as part of the treatment for a spinal deformity (see
660:, (1793–1865) of Brussels. In 1815 Seutin had served in the allied armies in the war against Napoleon and was on the field of
558:
used wooden splints made of bark wrapped in linen. They also used stiff bandages for support that were probably derived from
789:
763:
As a plaster cast is applied, it expands by approximately 0.5%. The less water used, the more linear expansion occurs.
1114:
232:
87:
716:(1810–1881). Pirogov was born in Moscow and received his early education there. After obtaining a medical degree at
214:
645:
that the wound had been undisturbed had facilitated healing. After the war, Larrey began stiffening bandages using
206:
777:
586:
doctors used lime derived from sea shells and albumen from egg whites to stiffen bandages. The Italian School of
98:(or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to stabilize and hold anatomical structures—most often a broken
547:
210:
1174:
913:
Schmidt, V.E.; Somerset, J.H.; Porter, R.E. (1973). "Mechanical Properties of Orthopeadic Plaster Bandages".
974:
570:
discuss management of fractures in some detail, recommending wooden splints plus exercise to prevent muscle
1157:
708:
Plaster of Paris dressings were first employed in the treatment of mass casualties in the 1850s during the
994:
866:
262:
include one or more fingers or the thumb, in which case it is called a finger spica or thumb spica cast.
756:
that of making the dressing resistant to water by painting the dried plaster of Paris with a mixture of
286:
1082:
518:
An orange short arm cast with a fiberglass top layer being cut and removed with a specialized cast saw
713:
619:
17:
124:(roasted gypsum), ground to a fine powder by milling. When water is added, the more soluble form of
633:
195:
1138:
L.F. Peltier (1990). "Fractures: A History and Iconography of their Treatment". Norman Publishing.
199:
1017:
579:
70:
690:, who described a method of treating fractures that he had observed in Turkey. He noted that
625:
607:
741:
637:
530:, may be used on pediatric or other patients who may be affected by the noise of the saw.
8:
1089:, "Plaster cast cutting shears", published 28 August 1950, issued 8 July 1952
657:
611:
590:
in the twelfth century recommended bandages hardened with a flour and egg mixture as did
542:
Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman "portrait" bust (19th-century engraving)
465:
1064:
698:
661:
641:
615:
1152:
606:
innovation of the modern cast can be traced to, among others, four military surgeons,
601:
These methods all had merit, but the standard method for the healing of fractures was
1120:
1110:
1056:
1048:
957:
930:
926:
764:
629:
582:, writing in AD 30, describes how to use splints and bandages stiffened with starch.
551:
107:
1068:
1040:
922:
871:
650:
480:
Cast liners are often cotton, though waterproof lining material is also available.
114:
595:
1044:
861:
851:
523:
125:
44:
A short leg cast with a fibreglass top layer being used to treat a fractured foot
835:
740:, he introduced female nurses into the military hospitals at the same time that
876:
846:
691:
673:
575:
438:
367:
95:
975:
Infantile scoliosis outreach program: What is Mehta's Growth Guidance Casting?
636:. From then on, he made his career as a surgeon in France's revolutionary and
554:. These are rigid strips laid parallel to each other alongside the bone. The
483:
1168:
1124:
1052:
948:
Adkins, Lisa M (July–August 1997). "Cast changes: synthetic versus plaster".
856:
768:
733:
555:
442:
168:
902:"The History and Function of Plaster of Paris in Surgery". Smith and Nephew.
354:
aligned with this cutout than without, and that it helped correct rotation.
1060:
831:
461:
429:
164:
103:
961:
934:
729:
432:
are not washed or brushed off. Also, plaster of Paris casts can result in
1031:
Halanski, Matthew A. (June 2016). "How to Avoid Cast Saw Complications".
709:
591:
567:
446:
315:
278:
118:
113:
Plaster bandages consist of a cotton bandage that has been combined with
60:
39:
841:
450:
338:
311:
160:
91:
578:
also used waxes and resins to create stiffened bandages and the Roman
882:
559:
393:
184:
602:
509:
307:
74:
Fibreglass long leg cast immobilizing the leg for a tibial fracture
1075:
757:
721:
665:
646:
587:
571:
412:
522:
Casts are typically removed by perforation using a cast saw, an
294:
128:
returns to the relatively insoluble form, and heat is produced.
117:, which hardens after it has been made wet. Plaster of Paris is
749:
744:
was beginning a similar program in British military hospitals.
725:
563:
121:
538:
717:
702:
583:
255:
250:
159:
Bandages of synthetic materials are also used—often knitted
514:
433:
420:
270:
99:
1109:. New Delhi: I.K. International Pub. House. p. 406.
672:
A good description of Seutin's technique was provided by
879:, US Army surgeon who developed orthopedic plaster casts
424:
Cotton and plaster casting material (plaster cast), 4ply
306:
Where the patient is not to walk on the injured limb,
912:
290:
Plaster of Paris short leg walking cast with toeplate
487:
FlexiOH orthopedic cast for foot and ankle fracture
416:Fibreglass and polyurethane casting material, 4ply
987:"Do You Know How to Safely Remove a Cast Easily?"
838:, invented and developed orthopedic plaster casts
1166:
27:Medical aid for the treatment of bone fractures
106:is confirmed. It is similar in function to a
1137:
834:, British-Irish sculptor who, together with
213:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
464:obtained from the latex of trees found in
38:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
1030:
1018:"Waterproof Cast Liners Break Tradition"
1015:
1009:
537:
513:
482:
419:
411:
293:
285:
277:
269:
249:
69:
1131:
895:
771:as a retarder to control setting time.
748:making models (this technique, called "
378:
53:Body casts, plaster cast, surgical cast
14:
1167:
947:
906:
783:Gypsum from New South Wales, Australia
1104:
1081:
941:
656:An improved method was introduced by
795:A box of plaster of Paris bandages,
211:adding citations to reliable sources
178:
546:The earliest methods of holding a
86:, is a shell, frequently made from
24:
767:can be used as an accelerator and
265:
245:
25:
1186:
1146:
1033:Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
574:during the immobilization. The
491:
298:Long leg cast for tibial fracture
1153:Plaster Casts & Sam's injury
806:
788:
776:
680:
653:and egg whites beaten in water.
183:
449:can lead to severe and painful
1098:
1024:
979:
968:
813:A plaster-impregnated bandage
387:
13:
1:
888:
814:
796:
566:splints, and the writings of
475:
357:
174:
1158:The Periodic Table of Videos
1045:10.1097/BPO.0000000000000756
927:10.1016/0021-9290(73)90086-9
407:
274:Newly applied short leg cast
7:
867:Kendrick extrication device
825:
344:
322:
102:(or bones), in place until
10:
1191:
1161:(University of Nottingham)
533:
507:
503:
430:discarded outer skin cells
163:bandages impregnated with
714:Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov
620:Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov
57:
49:
37:
32:
921:(2). Elsevier: 173–185.
820:, still in its packaging
701:(1805–1878) was born in
634:Storming of the Bastille
550:fracture involved using
167:, sometimes bandages of
1105:John., Ebnezar (2009).
915:Journal of Biomechanics
632:, being present at the
331:
543:
519:
488:
425:
417:
299:
291:
283:
282:Short leg walking cast
275:
258:
75:
1107:Practical orthopedics
626:Dominique Jean Larrey
608:Dominique Jean Larrey
541:
517:
486:
423:
415:
297:
289:
281:
273:
253:
73:
1175:Orthopedic treatment
742:Florence Nightingale
379:Mobility and hygiene
254:Short arm cast on a
207:improve this section
997:on 26 January 2016
699:Antonius Mathijsen
642:Battle of Borodino
616:Antonius Mathijsen
544:
520:
489:
426:
418:
300:
292:
284:
276:
259:
76:
956:(4): 422, 425–7.
950:Pediatric Nursing
765:Potassium sulfate
638:Napoleonic armies
630:French Revolution
556:Ancient Egyptians
441:infection of the
243:
242:
235:
94:, that encases a
68:
67:
16:(Redirected from
1182:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:. Archived from
983:
977:
972:
966:
965:
945:
939:
938:
910:
904:
903:
899:
872:Long spine board
819:
816:
810:
801:
798:
792:
780:
724:) he studied at
238:
231:
227:
224:
218:
187:
179:
115:plaster of paris
61:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
29:
21:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1164:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
985:
984:
980:
973:
969:
946:
942:
911:
907:
901:
900:
896:
891:
862:Halo (medicine)
852:Cervical collar
828:
821:
817:
811:
802:
799:
793:
784:
781:
738:Helene Pavlovna
683:
536:
524:oscillating saw
512:
506:
494:
478:
410:
390:
381:
360:
347:
334:
325:
268:
266:Lower extremity
248:
246:Upper extremity
239:
228:
222:
219:
204:
188:
177:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
126:calcium sulfate
80:orthopedic cast
64:
45:
33:Orthopedic cast
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1115:
1097:
1074:
1023:
1016:H. Salesnick.
1008:
978:
967:
940:
905:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
877:H. Winnett Orr
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
847:Buddy wrapping
844:
839:
827:
824:
823:
822:
812:
805:
803:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
692:gypsum plaster
682:
679:
674:Sampson Gamgee
576:ancient Greeks
535:
532:
508:Main article:
505:
502:
493:
492:Washable casts
490:
477:
474:
443:hair follicles
439:staphylococcal
409:
406:
389:
386:
380:
377:
359:
356:
346:
343:
333:
330:
324:
321:
267:
264:
247:
244:
241:
240:
191:
189:
182:
176:
173:
154:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
66:
65:
58:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:9789380026275
1112:
1108:
1101:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1012:
996:
992:
988:
982:
976:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
898:
894:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Dental braces
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:
809:
804:
791:
786:
779:
774:
773:
772:
770:
769:sodium borate
766:
761:
759:
753:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
681:Plaster casts
678:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
599:
597:
596:Ambroise Paré
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
540:
531:
529:
525:
516:
511:
501:
500:
485:
481:
473:
469:
467:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
422:
414:
405:
401:
397:
395:
385:
376:
372:
369:
364:
355:
351:
342:
340:
329:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
263:
257:
252:
237:
234:
226:
216:
212:
208:
202:
201:
197:
192:This section
190:
186:
181:
180:
172:
170:
169:thermoplastic
166:
162:
157:
131:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
72:
62:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1156:
1133:
1106:
1100:
1077:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:the original
990:
981:
970:
953:
949:
943:
918:
914:
908:
897:
836:Elinor Hallé
832:Anne Acheson
762:
754:
746:
720:(now Tartu,
707:
696:
688:William Eton
684:
671:
658:Louis Seutin
655:
651:lead acetate
624:
612:Louis Seutin
600:
545:
521:
498:
495:
479:
470:
462:gutta-percha
459:
455:
447:sweat glands
427:
402:
398:
391:
382:
373:
365:
361:
352:
348:
335:
326:
305:
301:
260:
229:
220:
205:Please help
193:
165:polyurethane
158:
155:
112:
83:
82:, or simply
79:
77:
1087:McKay, Neil
818: 2005
800: 1960
710:Crimean War
647:camphorated
568:Hippocrates
388:Other casts
316:metatarsals
144:O → 2 (CaSO
50:Other names
1083:US 2602224
889:References
842:Back brace
528:Neil McKay
476:Cast liner
451:dermatitis
358:Spica cast
339:back brace
328:leg cast.
312:wheelchair
223:April 2024
175:Cast types
161:fiberglass
92:fiberglass
1125:871242240
1053:0271-6798
1039:: S1–S5.
991:about.com
883:Orthotics
730:Göttingen
649:alcohol,
560:embalming
434:cutaneous
408:Materials
394:scoliosis
368:hip spica
194:does not
152:O) + Heat
18:Body cast
1169:Category
1069:45625020
1061:27152901
1001:14 April
826:See also
662:Waterloo
603:bed rest
592:medieval
510:Cast saw
345:EDF cast
323:Cylinder
308:crutches
140:O) + 3 H
119:calcined
962:9282058
935:4693147
758:shellac
722:Estonia
666:Dextrin
588:Salerno
584:Arabian
572:atrophy
552:splints
548:reduced
534:History
504:Removal
215:removed
200:sources
132:2 (CaSO
104:healing
88:plaster
1123:
1113:
1093:
1085:,
1067:
1059:
1051:
960:
933:
750:modroc
726:Berlin
718:Dorpat
618:, and
580:Celsus
564:bamboo
466:Malaya
122:gypsum
108:splint
1065:S2CID
734:ether
703:Budel
310:or a
256:child
59:[
1121:OCLC
1111:ISBN
1057:PMID
1049:ISSN
1003:2018
958:PMID
931:PMID
728:and
445:and
332:Body
198:any
196:cite
136:·½ H
100:bone
96:limb
84:cast
1155:at
1041:doi
923:doi
712:by
209:by
148:.2H
90:or
78:An
1171::
1119:.
1063:.
1055:.
1047:.
1037:36
1035:.
989:.
954:23
952:.
929:.
917:.
815:c.
797:c.
622:.
614:,
610:,
453:.
366:A
110:.
1127:.
1071:.
1043::
1020:.
1005:.
964:.
937:.
925::
919:6
499:.
236:)
230:(
225:)
221:(
217:.
203:.
150:2
146:4
142:2
138:2
134:4
63:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
