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code, the organization also discourages the use of alcohol and prohibits the use of drugs. The EPB attempts to stay away from areas where other nationalist groups are based in order to avoid attention. They also settle away from military or police stations. Meetings are generally held in places with good reputation and in buildings that offer several access points, with heavy precautions being taken to reach their locations untailed. If different units are meeting, commandos are instructed to place hoods or masks and use codenames in order to protect their identities, both to accomplish plausible denial and to root out any law enforcement plant. Information is segregated between groups and only shared in limited detail, when necessary. Incriminating or detailed documents or any other evidence is to be destroyed once the potential of a law enforcement intervention is apparent. While involved in a particular mission, the EPB commandoes regularly assume a faux name, but they usually use this to acquire legitimate documents and select a nondescript address in which to receive mail in a fashion that prevents surveillance, such a P.O. Box or a decoy address where mail is delivered to the community in general. Even ammunitions were given codes such as
751:, killing one of them. The group later took responsibility for the attack and expressed that it was retaliation for a large-scale amphibious attack training named "Ocean Venture '82" held at Vieques and other military facilities in Puerto Rico. Four days later, On May 20, 1982, the FBI held the EPB responsible for the placement of four defective bombs at the Caribe Hilton Hotel, with the organization denying responsibility. On September 1, 1982, a group of commandos presumed by the FBI to be Macheteros and outfitted with suppressed weapons and wearing military gear and masks, intercepted a Wells Fargo truck in a route between San Juan and Naranjito, but were unable to acquire the cargo. On November 16, 1982, four commandos feigned a heist in a supermarket to redirect those present to its warehouse until their main target, a Wells Fargo truck, arrived.Supported by more armed commandos that arrived in a van, those inside the building gained control of the armored car keys and took $ 300,000 from it.
1019:, the EPB would not be classified as a terrorist organization, since that would require them to target "anyone except soldiers" and the use of fear as a tactic. Whereas, the organization's target selection, namely the US military/federal government and the avoidance of civilians fits into the classification of a guerrilla or revolutionary group. The author does not condone violence, but uses Camus' argument on "necessary" rebel violence as inexcusable but still "historically necessary". To this end, Fernández identifies that from the EPB's point of view, the deaths at Sabana Seca were "terrible but necessary" despite personally disagreeing, while considering the destruction of military vehicles at Sabana Seca justified from a rebel's standpoint. Ultimately, the author concludes that such labeling could be of political convenience to the federal government, serving to "shift the blame for any attacks on U.S. policy or personnel from us to them".
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sub commissions specialized in finances, intelligence, transportation, provisions and general services and others as needed. Each commando receives additional salary, with specific exemptions being given to marriages, unemployed individuals and those with dependents. In
December 1981, the EPB included benefits similar to those in the American military. The organization agreed to medical services and college education pending commission approval. New recruits may be covertly trained in rural farms or in foreign countries (Cuba being an example) and inconspicuous businesses may be used to provide cover to certain individuals. Training includes skills such as lock picking, handling firearms and explosives, forging documents, scuba diving, photography, concealment using makeup and forging license plates. An exercise regime is expected from commandoes afterwards. Meetings are kept to a minimum and only held when relevant.
900:. Known as Operación Respuesta Borinqueña (literally "Operation Puerto Rican Response") and held March 16–21, the training was officially described as a first response practice in an emergency involving tsunamis or a chemical attack. However, Commander Guasábara expressed that a reunion held in the Dominican Republic with the official purpose of coordinating the drill was in fact a reunion between military officials of that nation, Puerto Rico and the United States, which was planned the year before with the collaboration of Venezuelan opposition leaders Carlos M. Tamayo and Carlos Fernandez (collectively known as "Los Carlos"). The Macheteros claims that the representatives of the Puerto Rico national guard protested when the topic was discussed, but the training went ahead unchanged with the supervision of several American generals, including the heads of the
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balance. A car was also provided and used both for meetings and in incursions without attracting attention. Units in turn subscribe to specific 17-men cells, with three of the unit leaders forming the hierarchy along a pair of political and military leaders. These cells generally aim to have equipment that is comparable to the
American military or law enforcement agencies. Additional support cells include trained medical personnel and are mostly in charge of logistics, maintenance, vehicles, equipment and media. Cells form 73-men formations in charge of a political member, which are assigned to specific districts and are generally independent of each other. The EPB usually plans in advance and establishes networks in places of interest, such as those in New York, Boston, Illinois, Texas and Connecticut used in the Wells Fargo heist of 1983.
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pursue. Commander Guasábara then offers an alliance that oversees previous differences. In asking the rhetoric question "What would you do for yourself, your children and your country?" the
Macheteros urged the public to hold an investigation and "judge those responsible" for what they consider an "irresponsible and unnecessary debt the corrupt administrations that we have tolerated for 50 years". The EPB concluded this press release by urging the public to "take the streets and manifest their anger in the way that they prefer", but not before stating that the time for marches was gone and that it is "time to take action".
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829:, where Ojeda Ríos was believed to be living in. The FBI claims that it was performing surveillance of the area because of reports that Ojeda Ríos had been seen in the home. In their press release, the FBI stated their surveillance team was detected, and proceeded to serve an arrest warrant against Ojeda Ríos. The FBI claims that as the agents approached the home, shots were fired from inside and outside the house wounding an FBI agent. The FBI alleges it then returned fire fatally wounding Ojeda Ríos.
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titled "The Cuban
Connection to Puerto Rican Terrorism" where it claimed that Ojeda was an agent of the Cuban government and in which the FBI knowing where he operated. After the application of the Levi guidelines, only eight groups were classified as requiring full investigation. Of them, five were based in Puerto Rico and besides the EPB also included the FARP, FALN, COR and MLN. In 2001, then-FBI Director
273:, where along with units led by Captain Hernaíz, defended Aibonito Pass from invading units. The allied offensive was effective, prompting a retreat order from the American side. However, the following morning the initial peace accords between the U.S. and Spain were made public. Subsequently, both Spanish and Puerto Rican soldiers and volunteers disengaged and Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States.
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there were internal issues between
Segarra and group leaders Ojeda and Avelino González, with the first being considered inefficient by the others and general concern arising from his reputation as an unfaithful husband. On January 25, 1985, the EPB detonated a bomb in an empty United States Courthouse, later noting that it was a tribute to Juan Antonio Corretjer.
1089:", which was extra-officially released before their debut album, a response to the events of September 23, 2005. It is a protest song, directly addressing the circumstances surrounding the death of Ojeda Ríos. A song was also released by the Hip Hop group, X-Vandals (Not4Prophet and DJ Johnny Juice) entitled Todos Somos Machetero in 2007.
728:. The group also sent a video to the media where they explained the composition of the cell in charge of the attack without revealing any identities. The security at the base was criticized in media pieces. The attack later served as the basis for upgrading base security, emphasizing flight line security, at all
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The FBI responded by receiving permission for a full investigation, which allowed them to employ otherwise forbidden practices to track the group. The EPB in turn expressed pride that the attack represented the most damaging to take place in
American soil since Pearl Harbor and expressed satisfaction
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Strategically, the group experienced internal divisions between a faction that argued for more offensive and another that wanted to tread lightly in order to avoid justifying the classification of terrorism. While the pacifist faction carried damage control and held two toy giveaways for Three Kings
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As established in the EPB's "Organization of the EPB", the organization operates in a systemic and hierarchic structure. The entire organization is overseen by a central committee, which is generally focused on politics and policies. Beneath it lies a military commission, which in turn is divided by
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The FBI classifies the EPB as a terrorist organization based on their definition of the term, " force or violence in furtherance of political or social objectives", without specification on the target. In 1982, the Senate
Subcommittee on the Administration of Internal Security Act compiled a paper
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Supporters of independence for Puerto Rico argue that the U.S. favored the establishment of the present
Commonwealth status to create a perpetual consumer base for U.S. and foreign products and services. Foreign products and services are redirected to Puerto Rico and other "unincorporated" lands of
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as previous examples of this tendency. The EBP expressed dissatisfaction in what they perceived as "an environment of indifference" within sectors of local society that "still expect magic solutions" from those responsible for the crisis, which serves as a hindrance to the militant action that they
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Following the confrontation that concluded in the death of its former leader, the command of the
Boricua Popular Army was inherited by an anonymous figure known as "Comandante Guasábara", named after the Taíno word for "war". Under his leadership, the group appears to have shifted its focus towards
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A subsequent autopsy of Ojeda's body determined that he bled to death over the course of 15 to 30 minutes. The
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Civil Rights Commission started an investigation of the incident shortly after Ojeda Rios' death that lasted 7 years. The 227-page report issued on 22 September
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On December 3, 1979, a bus carrying 18 American Navy sailors to Naval Security Group Activity Sabana Seca, was forced to stop by a delivery truck. Shortly afterwards, four men appeared from within another vehicle and opened fire, killing CTO1 John R. Ball and RM3 Emil E. White, as well as wounding
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as bombing targets for the U.S. Navy; what they perceive as a disproportionate number of military bases on the island (compared to states in the Union); the proportion of deaths within the ranks of the Independence and Nationalist leadership, including the alleged experimentation with radiation on
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in the 1979 Conference on International Terrorism that posits "deliberate, systematic murder, maiming and menacing of the innocent to inspire fear in order to earn political gains", they do not qualify as such since their targets are strictly the American military or law enforcement and that they
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Following the indictments against 19 members for the 1983 Wells Fargo heist, the EPB continued operations and on October 28, 1986, joined the FARP and the Volunteers in planting two explosives in a Navy recruit center and a National Guard Building as a warning not to use Puerto Rico as a training
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In 1984, Carlos Rodríguez Rodríguez was convicted on bank fraud charges and became an FBI informant in exchange for a lower sentence. However, due to the EPB's policies of anonymity, most of the information was hampered by the use of codenames and useless for the investigation. During this time,
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The group intentionally avoids any area where crime rates could result in frequent law enforcement interventions and commandos are instructed to be polite and are warned to stay away from illegal activities; association or deals with criminal organizations are prohibited. In keeping a discipline
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The basic units are the "combat units", composed of five foot soldiers that are led by a leader with ties to the political branch. Their weapons and munitions are arbitrarily divided by type, such as short weapons and semi-automatic weapons. Rifles and shotguns are present in each unit to ensure
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On July 11, 2015, the EPB issued another statement, this time warning that "they will do what is necessary" according to the moment's circumstances and that "the people should not pay a debt that does not belong to the people". Thorough its spokesman, the group anticipated that " ineptitude and
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Later that month, the EPB issued a statement where they expressed the belief that a joint drill organized by Garcia Padilla's administration in collaboration with the federal government was in fact a military exercise that was organized to advance the Obama administration's campaign against the
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On April 21, 1981, four EPB commandos were able to extract $ 348,000 from a Wells Fargo armored car, with the group later noting that it would be spent in their cause. In November 1981, the EPB detonated explosives in AEE substations in Santurce, a district of San Juan. When 350 families that
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Day in Puerto Rico, Ojeda was removed from the political branch on June 4, 1985, due to these conflicts, being only left in charge of his unit. Besides the boldness of the action, the EPB strategists were also unsatisfied when Ramírez failed to account for food expenses in his report.
680:. On October 2, 1978, the EPB and Volunteers infiltrated an armory and took 500 pounds of ammonium nitrate, dynamite cartridges, 988 blasting caps and 17,500 feet of primacord. In September 1979, the EPB revealed that it was working in conjunction with the Volunteers, FARP and FALN.
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supersonic fighter-interceptor aircraft being retained for a static display) and two trucks and damaged two ships on loan from the U.S. Air Force, with the authors leaving a machete behind. The destruction of the military equipment ascended to $ 45–50 million USD.
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by wrestlers such as Israel "Joseph RPM" Rodríguez, who integrated the moniker of "El Machetero Mayor" (Spanish for "The Grandest Machetero") into his ring name and performed as such throughout Puerto Rico as a member of several independent promotions and the
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For the most part, individuals affiliated with the EPB are expected to merge into general society and be as inconspicuous as possible, usually holding civilian jobs or studying, some receiving training within the United States military. A newspaper article by
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for explosives to conceal their nature. Armories were specifically retrofitted to preserve the condition and to prepare new ammunition as needed. Funds are managed strictly and reports are constant in order to keep a balanced budget.
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On March 9, 2015, Commander Guasábara issued a press release where it attacked the Value Added Tax proposal (better known by its Spanish acronyms "IVA") supported by the Garcia Padilla administration as part of its response to the
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During their first decade of existence, they had an average of two actions per year. The group claimed responsibility for the 1978 bombing of a small power station in the San Juan area, the 1979 retaliation attacks against the
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1054:, Ghostdog, Black Panther), as French journalist Jean Dumont, the film takes place in both New York City and Puerto Rico. Other actors include Kelvin Fernández (first starring role) and professed former political prisoner,
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967:. Beginning in the 1960s, the FBI infiltrated Puerto Rico's free press and political circles in order to monitor and disrupt efforts related to independence movements like Los Macheteros. This operation was part of
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the United States to satisfy a portion of foreign trade agreements, while allowing domestic products and services a greater "home" market share. Another argument by the independence movement is that the
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The Boricua Popular Army took credit for denouncing what was called "paramilitary training" that private corporation Triangle Experience Group was carrying on in the mountains of the municipality of
863:, in which he claimed to have killed Puerto Rican patients and injected cancer cells to others, while working as part of a medical investigation conducted in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital for the
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744:, were removed by the police, the EPB warned the governor that they would retaliate. Afterwards, they made an offensive against the police that resulted in twelve injured and one dead policeman.
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intelligence. For example, the group has not recorded a single military action. Instead, Guasábara has generally used the media to publish classified information. Under Guasábara, the
908:. The statement concludes by noting that the EBP's Intelligence Division had been monitoring military exercises carried out by the United States armed forces in the municipalities of
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Informe Final sobre la Investigacion de los Sucesos occ=urridos en el Municipio de Hormigueros el 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda Rios.
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Their first communiqué was published on August 25, 1978, following an attack on two policemen that concluded with officer Julio Rodríguez Rivera dead in retaliation for the
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Likewise, the event led to the creation of murals. Some were painted by student movements such as one at UPR Río Piedras, whereas others were painted by urban artists.
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and the Nationalist Party have waged, against U.S. domination of the island. It is known, for example, that Los Macheteros deliberately chose September 12 for their
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Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives. 106th Congress, First Session. September 21, 1999. Serial No. 106–44"
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was symbolically adopted from an impromptu band of Puerto Ricans who assembled to defend the island of Puerto Rico from the invading forces of the
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impotency" the government would exploit the crisis to privatize profits and socialize losses, citing the privatization of the turnpike system,
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and Orlando González Claudio on July 26, 1976, with the date being symbolically used as a reminder of the United States invasion during the
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had estimated that in 1999, there may have been 5,700 members and that in 2005, there may have been 1,100 members (excluding sympathizers).
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1001:, Spanish-American author Ronald Fernández argued that based on the descriptions of terrorism and revolutionary violence in books like
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nine others. On March 13, 1980, the EPB took responsibility for attacking an ROTC vehicle that was moving three soldiers to the UPR.
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In the morning of January 12, 1981, a group of eleven commandos, seven guards and four explosive specialists, set explosives at
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until he was killed by the FBI in 2005. Ojeda Rios' killing was termed "an illegal killing" by the Government of Puerto Rico's
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1864:"A review of the September 2005 shooting incident involving the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Filiberto Ojeda Ríos"
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An 80-minute fictional film about a Puerto Rican from New York City who declares himself a self styled machetero, titled
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825:("The Cry of Lares") members of the FBI San Juan field office surrounded a modest home in the outskirts of the town of
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1706:, December 4, 1979. p. A11. Clyde Haberman, "Terrorists in Puerto Rico Ambush Navy Bus, Killing 2 and Injuring 10",
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224:(Civil Rights Commission) after a seven-year investigation and a 227-page report issued on 22 September 2011.
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Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Comision de Derechos Civiles. 31 March 2011. Revised 22 September 2011. p 140.
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that it would attract attention to their cause, with some members even considering it a parallel to the
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were dispatched throughout the island, working in cooperation with other voluntary groups including the
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Blanca assault on the Wells Fargo depot, because September 12 was the birthday of Puerto Rican
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Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo robbery and the violent struggle for Puerto Rican independence
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Los Macheteros: The Wells Fargo Robbery and the Violent Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
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2339:"A Graffiti Writer Tells It Like It Is: An Interview With Exor on the Streets of Puerto Rico"
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center for the Contras of Nicaragua and plans to introduce a logging industry at El Yunque.
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installations on civilian airports in the United States to the same level as active duty
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Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos while he was incarcerated; the secret testing of
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reaffirmed the agency's historical stance that the group committed acts of terrorism.
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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The Disenchanted Island: Puerto Rico and the United States in the Twentieth Century
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On October 17, 1979, the groups execute eight bombings against federal buildings.
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1396:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Puerto Rico: Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts.
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in San Juan. The ensuing explosion destroyed nine aircraft (several operational
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Puerto Rico Air National Guard § 1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack
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2011 stated that Ojeda Rios's killing was "an illegal killing" by the FBI.
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The polarizing nature of the organization have also been exploited in the
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On May 16, 1982, EPB members fired rifles at four sailors of the U.S.S.
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2080:"El EPB-Macheteros pide juzgar a los responsables de la deuda pública"
2048:"Macheteros implican a República Dominicana en trama contra Venezuela"
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265:. These voluntary units were involved in most of the battles in the
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are continuing the historical rebellion that Puerto Ricans such as
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on Puerto Rican soil; and cancer "experiments" administered by
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and political violence in the United States during the Cold War
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1943:"The Environmental encyclopedia: History of the Agent Orange"
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stated that Michael González Cruz, a professor who published
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2014:"Macheteros advierten saldrán a la calle en contra del IVA"
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took an emphasis on publishing pieces regarding the use of
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Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2321:"Calle 13, On Being Loved And Hated In Latin America"
2016:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. 2015-03-11. Archived from
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Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña
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Opposition to the Fortuño administration (2009–2012)
1992:"Sin permiso los GI Joe para sus prácticas bélicas"
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Opposition to the García administration (2013–2017)
2569:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2114:. Westport, CT.: Praeger Publishers. p. 247.
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1331:Noticel. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
213:Boricua Popular Army was led primarily by former
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1368:"El combate del Asomante – 12 de agosto de 1898"
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1965:"Compañía juega a GI Joe en bosque de Utuado"
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815:On September 23, 2005, the anniversary of
309:Nacionalismo Revolucionario Puertorriqueño
2419:
2394:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. Archived from
2285:
2273:
2261:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2107:
1967:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com. Archived from
1850:
1838:
1821:
1809:
1792:
1726:
1690:
1675:
1647:Clemency for the FALN: A Flawed Decision?
1631:
1619:
1602:
1590:
1536:
1524:
1509:
1492:
1480:
1463:
1442:
1427:
1280:
1226:
1200:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
227:
204:1981 Muñiz Air National Guard Base attack
2559:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1885:Vélez, Eva Llorens (November 27, 2009).
1696:
1552:(in Spanish). 2006-12-07. Archived from
1345:(in Spanish). Spain: Ediciones Siruela.
1112:
1060:South Africa International Film Festival
2539:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2309:
2061:
1990:Pascual, Omaya Sosa (August 16, 2011).
1989:
1963:Pascual, Omaya Sosa (August 15, 2011).
1962:
1382:
1365:
1340:
1205:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
1042:Ricanstruction, X-Vandals, Abrazos Army
249:, between July 26 and August 12, 1898.
159:Popular/People's Army"), also known as
3233:
3202:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3146:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2596:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1856:
1391:
1321:"Muerte ilegal" la de Filiberto Ojeda.
1058:. The film was the winner of the 2008
922:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
810:
709:Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
3251:Organized crime groups in Puerto Rico
3171:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2446:
2389:
2318:
1884:
1542:
1215:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
1102:local professional wrestling industry
837:Change in guard; Comandante Guasábara
25:Ejército Popular Boricua – Macheteros
16:Puerto Rican nationalist organization
2479:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1394:De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante
1210:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1072:International Film Festival Thailand
992:
269:. Their last involvement was in the
124:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
2006:
1366:Iriarte, Luis (December 17, 2005).
1095:
1081:The first single published by band
1076:International Film Festival Ireland
715:light attack aircraft and a single
232:
13:
3261:1976 establishments in Puerto Rico
3256:Puerto Rican independence movement
1027:
1022:
941:
357:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
3272:
1237:"Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (obituary)"
1036:, was released in 2008. Starring
979:
936:
2473:
2390:Ayala, Hermes (March 11, 2014).
2319:Garsd, Jasmine (April 5, 2014).
2145:More can be read on the website
1179:
775:("White Eagle", the nickname of
754:
740:occupied a makeshift village in
628:
621:
611:
603:
585:
572:
560:
547:
534:
521:
508:
495:
482:
469:
456:
436:
422:
409:
342:
31:
2549:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2413:
2383:
2357:
2331:
2291:
2226:
2166:Center for Puerto Rican Studies
2139:
1983:
1956:
1935:
1909:
1878:
1754:
1732:
1710:, December 4, 1979. p. A1, A10.
1637:
1343:Historia Militar de Puerto Rico
1341:Negroni, Héctor Andres (1992).
1007:Terrorism: How the West can Win
976:have never targeted civilians.
651:3 killed (including Ojeda Ríos)
3085:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2717:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2554:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2236:. May 10, 2001. Archived from
1359:
1334:
1068:Heart of England Film Festival
294:
1:
3246:National liberation movements
3106:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3020:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2780:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2632:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2050:. DiarioDigitalRD. 2015-03-30
1220:
926:Puerto Rico Telephone Company
705:Muñiz Air National Guard Base
690:
208:1983 Wells Fargo bank robbery
3166:Truman assassination attempt
2544:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
285:
276:
222:Comisión de Derechos Civiles
7:
3156:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2765:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2371:(in Spanish). July 22, 2011
2162:City University of New York
1172:
1140:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
779:) an EPB agent part of the
663:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
617:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
188:independence of Puerto Rico
58:Juan Enrique Segarra-Palmer
10:
3277:
2534:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2420:Fernández, Ronald (1987).
2147:FBI files on Puerto Ricans
2108:Fernández, Ronald (1996).
793:West Hartford, Connecticut
760:
696:
337:
315:
200:United States armed forces
3210:
3189:
3098:
2888:
2860:María de Lourdes Santiago
2855:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2730:
2697:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2604:
2577:
2526:
2485:
1994:(in Spanish). NotiCel.com
639:
626:Orlando González Claudio
448:
401:
363:
354:
350:Los Macheteros insurgency
349:
251:Macheteros de Puerto Rico
129:
119:
109:
101:
96:Puerto Rican independence
89:
75:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2692:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2662:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2652:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1550:"Macheteros Aun Activos"
1392:Pratts, Edgardo (2006).
890:Puerto Rican debt crisis
827:Hormigueros, Puerto Rico
541:Alejandro García Padilla
465:(1976–1977) (1985–1993)
443:Ejército Popular Boricua
151:Ejército Popular Boricua
61:Orlando González Claudio
3176:Cerro Maravilla murders
3121:Levantamiento de Ciales
3080:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3000:Tomás López de Victoria
2985:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2975:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2795:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2657:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2647:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2642:Eugenio María de Hostos
2612:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2527:Political organizations
1044:), as Pedro Taíno, and
898:government of Venezuela
674:Cerro Maravilla murders
657:The EPB was founded by
3075:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2970:Isabel Freire de Matos
2960:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2910:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2740:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2667:José Gualberto Padilla
2605:19th century activists
2585:Cadets of the Republic
2578:Militant organizations
1766:www.globalsecurity.org
1107:World Wrestling League
930:Teodoro Moscoso Bridge
817:
769:
569:(2019) (2021–present)
463:Rafael Hernández Colón
449:Commanders and leaders
329:
323:
308:
302:
228:Ideology and operation
182:organization based in
162:
150:
3035:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3015:Francisco Matos Paoli
2980:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2940:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2875:Carlos Alberto Torres
2775:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2731:20th and 21st century
2672:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2486:Indigenous resistance
1891:Puerto Rico Daily Sun
1113:Notable group members
1064:Swansea Film Festival
865:Rockefeller Institute
763:Águila Blanca (heist)
742:Carolina, Puerto Rico
640:Casualties and losses
608:Comandante Guasábara
476:Carlos Romero Barceló
267:Puerto Rican Campaign
3241:Boricua Popular Army
3126:Río Piedras massacre
2830:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2810:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2745:Félix Benítez Rexach
2590:Boricua Popular Army
1164:General Subsecretary
1161:Comandante Guasábara
1149:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1128:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
785:Víctor Manuel Gerena
777:José Maldonado Román
667:Spanish–American War
659:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
634:Víctor Manuel Gerena
591:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
579:Wanda Vázquez Garced
247:Spanish–American War
218:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
55:Comandante Guasábara
44:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3197:Grito de Lares flag
3090:Olga Viscal Garriga
3065:Clemente Soto Vélez
3055:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2965:José Ferrer Canales
2900:Pedro Albizu Campos
2850:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2835:Antonio S. Pedreira
2820:Luis Lloréns Torres
2815:Edwin Irizarry Mora
2687:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2298:2009 Machetero Film
2084:Metro International
1123:Role and hierarchy
965:Pedro Albizu Campos
953:Pedro Albizu Campos
861:Cornelius P. Rhoads
811:Death of Ojeda Ríos
515:Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
502:Sila María Calderón
259:Tiradores de Altura
76:Active regions
3116:Intentona de Yauco
3070:Griselio Torresola
3025:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2920:Casimiro Berenguer
2870:Alejandrina Torres
2825:Oscar López Rivera
2790:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2707:Fernando Fernandez
2702:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2303:2009-10-29 at the
2171:2005-05-24 at the
2152:2005-03-07 at the
1744:The New York Times
1327:2014-03-29 at the
1303:2014-03-25 at the
1187:Puerto Rico portal
1003:Benjamin Netanyahu
973:definition adopted
730:Air National Guard
271:Battle of Asomante
255:Guardias de la Paz
243:United States Army
67:Dates of operation
3228:
3227:
3140:Ley de la Mordaza
3030:Germán Rieckehoff
2945:José Coll y Cuchí
2892:Nationalist Party
2805:Leopoldo Figueroa
2755:Americo Boschetti
1170:
1169:
1046:Isaach De Bankolé
993:Other assessments
791:depot located in
717:F-104 Starfighter
655:
654:
397:
396:
171:Wielders"), is a
145:
144:
3268:
2682:Juan Ríus Rivera
2617:Mariana Bracetti
2477:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2398:on March 4, 2016
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
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2352:
2350:
2335:
2329:
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2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1971:on March 5, 2014
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:on June 13, 2007
1919:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1897:on July 15, 2011
1893:. Archived from
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
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1825:
1819:
1813:
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1758:
1752:
1751:
1750:. November 2009.
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1183:
1182:
1117:
1096:Other depictions
824:
774:
632:
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615:
607:
599:
589:
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576:
565:
564:
554:Ricardo Rosselló
552:
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365:
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332:
327:for firearms or
326:
311:
305:
233:Political stance
165:
153:
133:Preceded by
120:Battles and wars
68:
52:
35:
21:
20:
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3161:Utuado Uprising
3151:Jayuya Uprising
3094:
2935:Nemesio Canales
2925:Julia de Burgos
2915:Elías Beauchamp
2905:José S. Alegría
2891:
2884:
2845:Miguel Poventud
2732:
2726:
2627:Roberto Cofresí
2622:Mathias Brugman
2600:
2573:
2564:Socialist Front
2522:
2481:
2471:
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2411:
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2305:Wayback Machine
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2173:Wayback Machine
2154:Wayback Machine
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2086:. July 11, 2015
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1329:Wayback Machine
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1234:
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1180:
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1175:
1166:Current leader
1165:
1153:Inside man for
1132:
1115:
1098:
1074:, and the 2009
1030:
1028:In art and film
1025:
1023:Cultural impact
995:
982:
944:
942:Local arguments
939:
885:
873:
839:
813:
765:
759:
736:installations.
701:
695:
595:
571:
567:Pedro Pierluisi
559:
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202:personnel, the
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3131:Ponce massacre
3128:
3123:
3118:
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3111:Grito de Lares
3108:
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3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
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3082:
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3050:Isolina Rondón
3047:
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2930:Blanca Canales
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2800:Elizam Escobar
2797:
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2760:Juan Mari Brás
2757:
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2409:
2382:
2356:
2345:. May 25, 2010
2330:
2308:
2290:
2288:, p. 178.
2286:Fernández 1987
2278:
2276:, p. 177.
2274:Fernández 1987
2266:
2264:, p. 176.
2262:Fernández 1987
2251:
2240:on May 9, 2007
2225:
2221:Fernández 1987
2213:
2209:Fernández 1987
2201:
2197:Fernández 1987
2189:
2185:Fernández 1987
2177:
2138:
2120:
2097:
2082:(in Spanish).
2060:
2030:
2005:
1982:
1955:
1934:
1908:
1877:
1873:(2.43 MB)
1855:
1853:, p. 219.
1851:Fernández 1987
1843:
1841:, p. 174.
1839:Fernández 1987
1826:
1824:, p. 160.
1822:Fernández 1987
1814:
1812:, p. 103.
1810:Fernández 1987
1797:
1795:, p. 260.
1793:Fernández 1987
1778:
1753:
1731:
1727:Fernández 1987
1712:
1708:New York Times
1704:New York Times
1695:
1691:Fernández 1987
1680:
1678:, p. 259.
1676:Fernández 1987
1661:
1636:
1632:Fernández 1987
1624:
1622:, p. 172.
1620:Fernández 1987
1607:
1605:, p. 173.
1603:Fernández 1987
1595:
1593:, p. 170.
1591:Fernández 1987
1566:
1541:
1539:, p. 159.
1537:Fernández 1987
1529:
1527:, p. 169.
1525:Fernández 1987
1514:
1512:, p. 171.
1510:Fernández 1987
1497:
1495:, p. 168.
1493:Fernández 1987
1485:
1483:, p. 166.
1481:Fernández 1987
1468:
1466:, p. 165.
1464:Fernández 1987
1447:
1445:, p. 167.
1443:Fernández 1987
1432:
1430:, p. 164.
1428:Fernández 1987
1409:
1402:
1381:
1358:
1351:
1333:
1309:
1285:
1283:, p. 163.
1281:Fernández 1987
1256:
1224:
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1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
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987:Louis J. Freeh
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980:Federal stance
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937:Classification
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820:Grito de Lares
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787:took over the
761:Main article:
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734:U.S. Air Force
713:A-7 Corsair II
697:Main article:
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489:Pedro Rosselló
451:
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3060:Daniel Santos
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3045:Isabel Rosado
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3028:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Hugo Margenat
3003:
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2995:Lolita Lebrón
2993:
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2750:Rubén Berríos
2748:
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2738:
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2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:Marcos Xiorro
2720:
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2712:Agustín Stahl
2710:
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2640:
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2637:José de Diego
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2454:
2449:
2448:
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2427:
2426:Prentice Hall
2423:
2418:
2417:
2402:September 23,
2397:
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2256:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2223:, p. 55.
2222:
2217:
2211:, p. 76.
2210:
2205:
2199:, p. 63.
2198:
2193:
2187:, p. 64.
2186:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2123:
2121:0-275-95226-6
2117:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2102:
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2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:on 2015-05-10
2019:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1896:
1892:
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1794:
1789:
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1785:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1729:, p. 56.
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1693:, p. 59.
1692:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1634:, p. 57.
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
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1581:
1579:
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1573:
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1556:on 2007-09-28
1555:
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1403:0-9762185-6-9
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1352:84-7844-138-7
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1243:
1242:The Economist
1238:
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1198:
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1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:Águila Blanca
1152:
1150:
1147:
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1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:Casino Royale
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1018:
1017:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
977:
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773:
772:
771:Águila Blanca
764:
757:
756:Águila Blanca
752:
750:
745:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:Gaspee Affair
721:
718:
714:
710:
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700:
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668:
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416:United States
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343:Early actions
335:
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257:in Yauco and
256:
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192:United States
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84:United States
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70:
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29:
26:
22:
19:
3217:
3139:
3040:Hiram Rosado
3010:René Marqués
2990:Irvin Flores
2955:Rosa Collazo
2890:Puerto Rican
2840:Pedro Pietri
2677:Manuel Rojas
2592:(Macheteros)
2589:
2498:Agüeybaná II
2421:
2414:Bibliography
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:Primera Hora
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:the original
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2158:José Serrano
2141:
2133:Google Books
2131:– via
2125:. Retrieved
2110:
2088:. Retrieved
2052:. Retrieved
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1911:
1901:November 27,
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1890:
1880:
1858:
1846:
1817:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1762:"Mu?iz ANGB"
1756:
1734:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1654:November 24,
1652:. Retrieved
1646:
1639:
1627:
1598:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1544:
1532:
1488:
1393:
1372:. Retrieved
1370:(in Spanish)
1361:
1342:
1336:
1320:
1296:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:
1154:
1133:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1056:Dylcia Pagán
1049:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1011:Albert Camus
1006:
998:
997:In his book
996:
983:
956:
948:
945:
918:
894:
886:
874:
857:Agent Orange
843:
840:
831:
814:
805:
801:
797:
780:
766:
755:
748:
746:
738:
722:
702:
691:
685:
682:
671:
656:
645:
620:
610:
602:
596:
584:
558:
556:(2017–2019)
545:
543:(2013–2017)
532:
530:(2009–2013)
528:Luis Fortuño
519:
517:(2005–2009)
506:
504:(2001–2005)
493:
491:(1993–2001)
480:
478:(1977–1985)
467:
454:
407:
402:Belligerents
391:
371:1976–present
355:Part of the
319:
298:
289:
280:
270:
258:
254:
250:
238:
236:
221:
215:FBI fugitive
212:
196:
160:
148:
146:
132:
49:
24:
18:
2880:Iris Zavala
2865:Piri Thomas
2785:Juan Dalmau
2493:Agüeybaná I
2343:scribol.com
1143:Co-founder
1087:Querido FBI
1038:Not4Prophet
961:Nationalist
789:Wells Fargo
783:cell named
581:(2019–2021)
429:Puerto Rico
381:Puerto Rico
295:Composition
245:during the
184:Puerto Rico
173:clandestine
80:Puerto Rico
3235:Categories
2435:0135406005
2054:2015-07-12
2024:2015-07-12
1560:2007-05-23
1221:References
1131:Co-founder
969:COINTELPRO
949:Macheteros
906:USSOUTHCOM
902:USNORTHCOM
896:socialist
844:Macheteros
781:Los Taínos
692:Pitirre II
678:police car
648:21 wounded
2770:Roy Brown
2733:activists
2375:March 28,
2349:March 28,
2127:August 3,
1771:March 28,
1034:MACHETERO
1016:The Rebel
749:Pensacola
646:5 killed
303:La Prensa
286:Structure
277:Hierarchy
239:Machetero
237:The name
190:from the
180:insurgent
110:Opponents
3219:Claridad
2301:Archived
2169:Archived
2160:and the
2150:Archived
2090:July 13,
1998:March 5,
1975:March 5,
1325:Archived
1301:Archived
1249:April 5,
1173:See also
1083:Calle 13
928:and the
376:Location
330:Libretas
263:San Juan
206:, and a
176:militant
91:Ideology
3190:Symbols
3136:Gag Law
2518:Urayoán
2513:Jumacao
2503:Arasibo
2244:June 5,
1948:May 22,
1927:May 22,
1748:Reuters
1374:June 5,
1070:, 2009
1066:, 2009
1062:, 2009
963:leader
852:Vieques
848:Culebra
597:†
392:ongoing
338:History
324:Manteca
316:Tactics
169:Machete
157:Boricua
105:Unknown
50:†
40:Leaders
3099:Events
2508:Hayuya
2432:
2118:
1871:
1400:
1349:
957:Águila
924:, the
910:Utuado
877:Utuado
593:
388:Status
167:("The
139:(FALN)
46:
3211:Media
1867:(PDF)
1120:Name
1085:was "
914:Lares
71:1976–
2430:ISBN
2404:2015
2377:2019
2351:2019
2246:2007
2129:2009
2116:ISBN
2092:2015
2000:2014
1977:2014
1950:2007
1929:2007
1903:2009
1773:2019
1656:2009
1398:ISBN
1376:2007
1347:ISBN
1251:2006
912:and
904:and
850:and
818:"el
368:Date
178:and
147:The
102:Size
2325:NPR
2164:'s
1009:or
1005:'s
261:in
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2428:.
2424:.
2367:.
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1048:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
