Architecture of India

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mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach. But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in

6663: 691: 675: 9468:, pp. 9–10: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil zones succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur; forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, Malik Kafur established himself in 1323 at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the 7831: 6946: 1178: 4958: 6814: 7439: 1926: 1874: 1938: 1517: 1886: 1912: 6002: 7026: 6477: 6348: 6586: 3626: 1900: 6516: 8027: 3656: 1816: 3825: 6556: 3642: 3883: 4000: 2902: 1223: 7048:

around the single large window. In later forms it develops well beyond this type, and becomes a very flexible unit. Gavāksha is a Sanskrit word which means "bulls or cows eye". In Hindu temples, their role is envisioned as symbolically radiating the light and splendour of the central icon in its sanctum. Alternatively, they are described as providing a window for the deity to gaze out into the world. Like the whole of the classic chaitya, the form originated in the shape of the wooden thatched roofs of buildings, none of which have survived; the earliest version replicating such roofs in stone is at the entrance to the non-Buddhist Lomas Rishi Cave, one of the man-made Barabar Caves in Bihar.

7166: 6090: 3802: 832: 6750: 1162: 2964: 7526: 5345: 2106: 376: 3906: 8053: 417: 4699: 4932: 3971: 5561: 3254: 1634: 4164: 4026: 8561: 7067: 6489: 3668: 8342: 7792: 1364: 5917: 1146: 8375: 5983: 1096: 6598: 3852: 5001: 4176: 5963: 1347: 3306: 3217: 1130: 6761:'s pointed arch was added later during a Burmese restoration, given its predominant use in Islamic architecture, scholars such as Huu Phuoc Le have contested this assumption based on analysis that relieving arches could not have been added without destroying the entire temple structure, which is dated to 6th–7th century CE. Hence the pointed and relieving arches much have formed part of the original building dating from the pre-Islamic periods in proper. Moreover, pointed arches vaulted entrances have been noted in Bhitargaon temple and Kausambi Palace architecture as well. 8194: 5206: 12888: 6393:, a twelfth century text giving details on garden design, asserts that it should include rocks and raised mounds of summits, manicured with plants and trees of diverse varieties, artificial ponds, and flowing brooks. It describes the arrangement, the soils, the seeds, the distance between types of plants and trees, the methods of preparing manure, proper fertilizing and maintaining the garden, which plants and trees are best planted first, when to plant others, watering, signs of overwatering and underwatering, weeds, means of protecting the garden, and other details. 8573: 2352: 7810: 6462: 5144: 4944: 4903: 6052: 5636: 3112: 4687: 5593: 5367: 4918: 3402: 2643: 388: 7335: 5936: 588: 2702: 8212: 5678: 4315: 2500: 6448: 5577: 87: 2092: 4420:

sanctums usually in the middle. During recent decades, to meet the requirements of larger gatherings, bigger and better ventilated assembly halls, with the sanctum at one end, have become accepted style. The location of the sanctum, more often than not, is such as to allow space for circumambulation. Sometimes, to augment the space, verandahs are built to skirt the hall. A popular model for the dome is the ribbed lotus, topped by an ornamental pinnacle. Arched copings, kiosks and solid domelets are used for exterior decorations.

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or hall (maṇḍapa or maṇṭapam), enclosed by a peristyle of cells within a rectangular court. The external walls of the temple are segmented by pilasters and carry niches housing sculpture. The superstructure or tower above the sanctuary is of the kūṭina type and consists of an arrangement of gradually receding stories in a pyramidal shape. Each story is delineated by a parapet of miniature shrines, square at the corners and rectangular with barrel-vault roofs at the centre.

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built between 950 and 1050. They share many features with the Māru-Gurjara style: high plinths with many decorated bands on the walls, lavish figurative and decorative carving, balconies looking out on multiple sides, ceiling rosettes, and others, but at Khajuraho the great height of the shikharas is given more emphasis. There are similarities with the contemporary Hoysala architecture from much further south. In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally.

1447: 3414: 2324: 6397: 6504: 8549: 7344: 2745: 14443: 7109: 5290: 3988: 14453: 3600:. Mughal art and architecture, a characteristic Indo-Islamic-Persian style flourished on the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal empire (1526–1857). This new style combined elements of Islamic art and architecture, which had been introduced to India during the Delhi Sultanate (1192–1398) and had produced great monuments such as the Qutb Minar, with features of Persian art and architecture. Its most prominent examples are the series of imperial 7849: 6568: 12518: 7705: 4642: 4204: 4190: 1332: 4429: 105: 541: 8387: 3443: 402: 3085: 556: 1249: 7081: 3431: 6131: 8641: 12833: 8655: 6915:, as well as with Jain and Hindu structures, and also with several secular structures. Symbolic toranas can also be made of flowers and even leaves and hung over the doors and at entrances, particularly in Western and Southern India. They are believed to bring good fortune and signify auspicious and festive occasions. They can also serve didactic and narrative purposes or be erected to mark the victory of a king. 4580: 13671: 1567:, from the 7th and 8th centuries. According to Meister, the Mahabalipuram temples are "monolithic models of a variety of formal structures all of which already can be said to typify a developed "Tamil Architecture" (South Indian) order". They suggest a tradition and a knowledge base existing in South India by the time of the early Chalukya and Pallava era when these were built. Other examples are found in 4405: 975: 5698:, founded in Bombay in 1929, played a prominent role in propagating the movement. Guided by their desire to emulate the west, the Indian architects were fascinated by the industrial modernity that Art Deco offered. The western elites were the first to experiment with the technologically advanced facets of Art Deco, and architects began the process of transformation by the early 1930s. 7490:, the mythical home of the gods. Enclosures are the spaces between these walls, and between the innermost wall and the temple itself. The walls defining the enclosures of Khmer temples are frequently lined by galleries, while passage through the walls is by way of gopuras located at the cardinal points. The main entrance usually adorned with elevated causeway with cruciform terrace. 816: 2340: 5493:) employing European firms to design houses and palaces. The Indo-Saracenic movement was strongly prevalent in the region. While most rural estates featured an elegant country house, the cities of Calcutta had widespread 19th and early 20th century urban architecture, comparable to London, Sydney or Auckland. Art deco influences began in Calcutta in the 1930s. 2490: 2298:

buildings in this region as being distinctly either nagara or dravida, a hybridised style that seems to have become popular after the mid-seventh century, is known in some ancient texts as vesara. In the southern part of the Deccan, i.e., in the region of Karnataka is where some of the most experimental hybrid styles of vesara architecture are to be found.

1018:(respectively Buddhist, Hindu, mixed, and Jain) were produced under other dynasties in Central India. Ellora was made after the Gupta period, yet they primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style. The Ajanta Caves contain the most significant and mature survivals of painting and the periods, mainly in palace paintings. The Hindu 6365:

in Stupas shows an existence of airy structures with timber columns. Those illustrations show vegetation alongside the platform and columns. Emperor Ashoka's inscriptions mention the establishment of botanical gardens for planting medicinal herbs, plants, and trees. They contained pools of water, were laid in grid patterns, and normally had

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in the great Buddhist Temple at Buddha Gaya proved that the building could not have been erected before the Muhammadan conquest. But during my late employment in the Archeological Survey of India several buildings of undoubted antiquity were discovered in which both vaults and arches formed part of the original construction.

7572:). Sizes may vary, but usually the prangs measure between 15 and 40 metres (49 and 131 ft) in height, and resemble a towering corn-cob like structure. They extended and developed it. The building material was no more separate small sandstone blocks, instead the Thais built the Prang in brick or laterite covered with 2985:, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. 3696:-latticed screens. Pietra dura or ‘Parchinkari’ rose to prominence under patronage of Emperors specially under Shah Jahan. Originating from Italy, it found its way to Mughal courts via trade route. It adapted to its present distinct feature of floral art by the hands of local artisans and Persian influence. 8625:. It is possible that this sculpture was made by an Achaemenid or Greek sculptor in India and either remained without effect, or was the Indian imitation of a Greek or Achaemenid model, somewhere between the fifth century BCE and the first century BCE, although it is generally dated from the time of the 8119:

During that period, several instance of artistic influence are known, particular in the area of monumental stone sculpture and statuary, an area with no known precedents in India. The main period of stone architectural creation seems to correspond to the period of Ashoka's reign. Before that, Indians

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To know Indian art in India alone is to know but half its story. To apprehend it to the full, we must follow it in the wake of Buddhism, to central Asia, China, and Japan; we much watch it assuming new forms and breaking new forms and breaking into new beauties as it spreads over Tibet and Burma, and

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Royal canals were built from rivers to channel water to Delhi and Fatehpur Sikhri. The fountains and water-chutes of Mughal gardens represented the resurrection and regrowth of life, as well as to represent the cool, mountainous streams of Central Asia and Afghanistan that Babur was famously fond of.

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In recent times there has been a movement of population from rural areas to urban centres of industry, leading to price rise in property in various cities of India. Urban housing in India balances space constrictions and is aimed to serve the working class. Growing awareness of ecology has influenced

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in the later parts of the 19th century. The main characteristics of this style include imposing cornice structures, prominent cornice and corbels, Roman arches, arch headed or pedimented windows, flat or ‘hip’ roof, and windows with distinctive moulded caps. The one outstanding building in this class

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Rajput Architecture represents different types of buildings, which may broadly be classed either as secular or religious. The secular buildings are of various scales. These include temples, forts, stepwells, gardens, and palaces. The forts were specially built for defense and military purposes due to

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Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of the emperor Shah Jahan (1628–58), its crowning achievement being the magnificent Taj Mahal. This period is marked by a fresh emergence in India of Persian features that had been seen earlier in the tomb of Humayun. The use of the double dome,

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styles which evolved earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a return to the simplistic and serene art of the past. The South Indian temple consists essentially of a square-chambered sanctuary topped by a superstructure, tower, or spire and an attached pillared porch

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Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the

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Flame palmettes were then introduced into friezes of floral motifs in replacement of the regular palmette. Flame palmettes are used extensively in India floral friezes, starting with the floral friezes on the capitals of the pillar of Ashoka, and they are likely to have originated with Greek or Near

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literally means ‘gate with red arrows’, referring to the set of pointed spikes on its top. In the past, spikes in between columns did not exist. The color is said to be red because of the belief that the color repels ghosts. The gate is composed of 2 round poles set vertically and 2 transverse bars.

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Formerly it was the settled belief of all European enquirers that the ancient Hindus were ignorant of the Arch. This belief no doubt arose from the total absence of arches in any of the Hindu Temples. Thirty years ago I shared this belief with Mr. Fergusson, when I argued that the presence of arches

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systems with vertical and horizontal members. According to George Michell: "Never was the principle of the arch with radiating components, such as voussoirs and keystones, employed in Hindu structures, either in India or in other parts of Asia. It was not so much that Hindu architects were ignorant

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As with the Mughals, under European colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the occupying power. Numerous European countries invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture

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This accommodation is arranged along the inside of the outer walls and often as a separate stone tower located centrally within the courtyard, housing the main temple, that can be used as an inner defensible citadel. The roofs are massively constructed in hardwood and bamboo, highly decorated at the

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Dzongs are a type of fortified monastery with a distinctive architecture that are found mainly in Tibet, Bhutan and North and Northeastern part of India. The architecture is massive in style with towering exterior walls surrounding a complex of courtyards, temples, administrative offices, and monks'

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Interiors are more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam

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Jain temple architecture is generally close to Hindu temple architecture, and in ancient times Buddhist religious architecture. Normally the same builders and carvers worked for all religions, and regional and period styles are generally similar. The basic layout of a Hindu and most Jain temples has

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The style adopted in the region that today lies in the modern states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh (Deccan) which served in its geographical position as buffer between north and south, that architectural style has mix of both the Nagara and Dravidian temple styles. While some scholars consider the

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period (1400–1000 BC), and had public buildings, such as an elliptical temple and an apsidal temple. It also shows evidence of planning in the layout of rectangular houses, and streets or lanes, and planned streets. The area had risen to 50 hectares in with a population of 10,000 people. A 580-metre

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A Gavaksha or chandrashala are often used to describe the motif centred on an ogee, circular or horseshoe arch that decorates many examples of Indian rock-cut architecture and later Indian structural temples and other buildings. It is called a chaitya arch when used on the facade of a chaitya hall,

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During Mauryan Era, palaces took a central role and with it came the gardens. The Hindu scriptures (shastras) set down a code for the orientation and organization of buildings in relation to compass points, hills, water and plants. No physical form survived but rock carvings like in Ajanta Caves or

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in Calcutta is the most effective symbolism of British Empire, built as a monument in tribute to Queen Victoria's reign. The plan of the building consists of one large central part covered with a larger dome. Colonnades separate the two chambers. Each corner holds a smaller dome and is floored with

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By tradition, dzongs are constructed without the use of architectural plans. Instead construction proceeds under the direction of a high lama who establishes each dimension by means of spiritual inspiration. Dzongs comprise heavy masonry walls surrounding one or more courtyards. The main functional

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emerged the 'Bengal' style of mosques. With Jalaludin's reign we see the beginnings of a trend of Muslim ruling dynasty that grounded itself in local culture rather than seeking legitimacy from Delhi or Mecca. Upon his return to Delhi from his first Bengal expedition, Firoz Shah Tughlaq built Kotla

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built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm and Henry Irwin. The best examples of this style include the Madras High Court (built in 1892), Southern Railway headquarters, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir

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Madras and Calcutta were similarly bordered by water and division of Indian in the north and British in the south. An Englishwoman noted in 1750 "the banks of the river are as one may say absolutely studded with elegant mansions called here as at Madras, garden houses." Esplanade-row is fronts the

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or elite Bengalis, Dalan style became prominent in the 19th century. The flat-roofed (dalan) temples was easier to build and had incorporated many European elements, specially the arches. In the long run, this style lost its special identity as religious architecture and got mixed up with domestic

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In the 21st century, more and more gurdwaras (especially within India) have been following the Harimandir Sahib pattern, a synthesis of Indo-Islamic and Sikh architecture. Most of them have square halls, stand on a higher plinth, have entrances on all four sides, and have square or octagonal domed

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The Māru-Gurjara style did not represent a radical break with earlier styles. The previous styles in north-west India, and the group of Jain temples of Khajuraho, forming part of the famous Khajuraho Group of Monuments are very largely in the same style as their Hindu companions, which were mostly

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Mostly funded by private individuals or groups, and catering to a smaller population, Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes, but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups – there are altogether several hundred at Palitana, tightly packed within several

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Khajuraho is home to 25 sandstone temples in total, although only 20 remain mostly intact. The beautiful carvings on these temples, which show themes from Hindu mythology as well as other facets of everyday life in ancient India, are well-known. Both Hindu and Jain architectural influences may be

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monks travelled to Burma from Bengal and discussed commonalities about the beauty of the temples of their region. Therefore, the king heard the monks and decided to build a temple with these western inspirations. Although, the Ananda Temple display its eastern origins, the western features remain

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Gurdwara buildings do not have to conform to any set architectural design. The only established requirements are: the installation of the Granth Sahib under a canopy or in a canopied seat, usually on a platform higher than the specific floor on which the devotees sit, and a tall Sikh pennant flag

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palace with its pillared hall shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftsmen. Mauryan rulers may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments. This may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen

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Southeast Asia was under Indian sphere of cultural influence starting around 290 BC until around the 15th century, when Hindu-Buddhist influence was absorbed by local politics. Kingdoms in the southeast coast of the Indian Subcontinent had established trade, cultural and political relations with

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Climate responsive architecture has long been a feature of India's architecture but has been losing its significance as of late. Indian architecture reflects its various socio-cultural sensibilities which vary from region to region. Certain areas are traditionally held to be belonging to women.

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Black Town described in 1855 as "the minor streets, occupied by the natives are numerous, irregular and of various dimensions. Many of them are extremely narrow and ill-ventilated ... a hallow square, the rooms opening into a courtyard in the centre." Garden houses were originally used as

2253:. The architecture of the temples built during the reign of the Vijayanagara empire had elements of political authority. This resulted in the creation of a distinctive imperial style of architecture which featured prominently not only in temples but also in administrative structures across the 2619:

shrines, and are fairly plain on the outer walls of these; in the case of the Vimal Vasahi this screen was a later addition, around the time of the second temple. Surrounding the main temple with a curtain of shrines was to become a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still

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arches" found in ancient rock-cut architecture, and agreed to be copied from versions in wood which have all perished. These often terminate a whole ceiling with a semi-circular top; wooden roofs made in this way can be seen in carved depictions of cities and palaces. A number of small early

3534:. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the 1794:. Study of the Hoysala architectural style has revealed a negligible Indo-Aryan influence while the impact of Southern Indian style is more distinct. A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to detail and skilled craftsmanship. The temples of Belur and Halebidu are proposed 4556:

temples generally provided with a huge lampstand (deepmala), The wood work they used to decorate their palaces and other civil buildings was intricate and minute. Maratha art could have developed and attained a distinctive character but it was not possible because of the turbulent times of

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above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.

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developed in the independent sultanates formed when the Tughlaq empire weakened in the mid-14th century, and lasted until most were absorbed into the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. Apart from the sultanates of the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat, Bengal, and Kashmir, the architecture of the

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From between about the 7th and 13th centuries a large number of temples and their ruins have survived (though far fewer than once existed). Many regional styles developed, very often following political divisions, as large temples were typically built with royal patronage. In the north,

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or Dravidian architecture is the broad South Indian style, possessing a lower superstructure over the sanctuary. Instead, the structure has a straight profile, rising in a series of terraces to form a decorated pyramid. Today, this is often dwarfed in larger temples by the far larger

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one of the first known examples of Indian stone architecture, as no Indian stone monuments or sculptures are known from before that period. It is also one of the first archaeological clues suggesting Hellenistic influence on the arts of India, in this case sculptural palatial art.

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Archaeological evidences indicate that wedge shaped bricks and construction of wells in the Indus valley civilization and although no true arches have been discovered as of yet, these bricks would have been suitable in the construction of true arches. True arch in India dates from

3250:. For larger mosques, Bengali architects multiplied the numbers of domes, with a nine-domed formula (three rows of three) being one option, surviving in four examples, all 15th or 16th century and now in Bangladesh, although there were others with larger numbers of domes. 1583:

from the 11th century onwards reduced the building of temples, and saw the loss of many existing ones. The south also witnessed Hindu-Muslim conflict that affected the temples, but the region was relatively less affected than the north. In the late 14th century, the Hindu

4513:, and other forces, very little documentation of these efforts remain. Nevertheless, studies of these structures show that the main architectural elements were made from brick, wood, mortar and stone. Wood was most used element as it is easily and cheaply available in 3752:

a recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and parklike surroundings are all typical of this period. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building were always stressed, while the delicacy of detail in Shah Jahan decorative work has seldom been surpassed.

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Siam; we must gaze in awe at the unexampled grandeur of its creations in Cambodia and Java. In each of these countries, Indian art encounters a different racial genius, a different local environment, and under their modifying influence it takes on a different garb.

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stone superstructures. However, there is inscriptional evidence, such as the ancient Gangadhara inscription from around 424, that towering temples predated the 6th or 7th century, and they were made from more perishable material. These temples have not survived.

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of these techniques, but rather that conformance to tradition and adherence to precedents were firm cultural attitudes". Harle describes the true arch as "not unknown, but almost never employed by Hindu builders", and its use as "rare, but widely dispersed".

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where "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of mango trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade."

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are examples.The decorative features of the mansions were “pointed arches, heavy carved stone brackets, narrow balconies projecting on rows of such brackets, domical shallow ceilings resting on a variety of squinches, the chief being the interwoven type”.

3355:, a large wooden congregational mosque that incorporates elements two cultures, that is, it has been erected in Persian style but its minar is topped with umbrella-shaped finial, which is in similitude with Buddhist pagoda structure, as well as the wooden 3801: 16693: 5514:

Neoclassical buildings are characterized by their magnificence of scale, the prominent use of columns, the use of geometric forms and symmetry, predominantly blank walls and the triangular pediment. Some large private houses were built in and around

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was a gate-tower leading into a walled temple complex. These building types are typical for Hindu temples in general; the classification is valid not only for the architecture of Champa, but also for other architectural traditions of Greater India.

5096:(the same material as the brick) are a special feature. The brick is extremely durable and disused ancient buildings were often used as a convenient source of materials by local people, often being stripped to their foundations over the centuries. 3080:

in the 1500s. While the beautiful tile mosaics on some of its walls and the luminescent mother-of-pearl inlays on black basalt are Persian in style, its carved wooden pillars and brackets are clearly derived from local residential architecture.

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in Indian subcontinent around the 7th century AD. Many of these styles are also influence by regional Indian architecture. It also Replace Indian Trabeate style with Arcuate style. Turks and Persians, who inherited wealth of various design from

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The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the

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Regional differences in Hindu temples are largely reflected in Jain ones, except that Māru-Gurjara architecture or the "Solanki style" has become to some extent a pan-Indian, indeed pan-global Jain style. This is a particular temple style from

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buildings with a sanctuary and a columned porch, apparent at Tigawa and Sanchi Temple 17 and continued today. Both temples have flat roofs over the sanctuary, which would become uncommon by about the 8th century, as seen in the design of the

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spaces are usually arranged in two separate areas: the administrative offices; and the religious functions – including temples and monks' accommodation. This division between administrative and religious functions reflects the idealized

3851: 916:—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa. Temples—build on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were constructed using brick and timber. The Indian gateway arches, the 8621:) and the geometrical representation of inflated veins flush with the entire face. The mane, on the other hand, with tufts of hair represented in wavelets, is rather naturalistic. Very similar examples are however known in Greece and 8440:

established his dynasty and began to reconquer former provinces and further expand the extent of the empire. Around 518 BCE Darius crossed the Himalayas into India to initiate a second period of conquest by annexing regions up to the

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In Hindi, the "Chhatri" refers to a canopy or umbrella. Chhatris are the elevated pavilions with dome shaped porches. The Chhatris are used as a symbol to portray the fundamentals of admiration and pride in its style of architecture.

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is unique and closely related to the paddy roofed traditional building style of rural Bengal. The "extensive improvisation within a local architectural idiom" which the temples exhibit is often ascribed to a local shortage of expert

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who died in 1422 copied the double-chambered style but made his tomb much simpler. The black basalt door jambs reminiscent of temple pillars, the recessed arches bearing stucco floral work, arches bearing stucco floral work, and the

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gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red

1095: 6683:, at first believed that due to the total absence of arches in Hindu temples, they were alien to Indian architecture, but several pre-Islamic examples bear testimony to their existence, as explained by him in the following manner: 4080:), a group of six forts built by various Rajput kingdoms and principalities during the medieval period are among the best examples of Rajput Architecture. The ensemble is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other forts include the 3234:(around 1500), which is in stone, unusually for Bengal, but shares the style and mixes domes and a curving "paddy" roof based on village house roofs made of vegetable thatch. Such roofs feature even more strongly in later Bengal 876:

there has a sculpted doorway that clearly copies a wooden style in stone, which is a recurrent feature of rock-cut caves for some time. These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard

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of the last century. It has remained in use, in somewhat modified form, to the present day, indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the last century. The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at

3276:

style of Persia. The Sultanate style flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. A provincial style influenced by North India evolved in Mughal Bengal during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Mughals also copied the Bengali

3699:

Mughals brought in Persian style into Indian Architecture. The character and structure of Mughal buildings displayed a uniform character and structure. Some of the main features of the Mughal architecture are mentioned below.

1002:

writes, "Under the Guptas, India was quick to join the rest of the medieval world in a passion for housing precious objects in stylized architectural frameworks", the "precious objects" primarily suggesting the icons of gods.

7460:, "Capital City", derived from Sanskrit "nagara"), contains some of the most important and the most magnificent example of Khmer temple architecture. The classic style of Angkorian temple is demonstrated by the 12th century 6945: 8522:. The Lycian tombs, dated to the 4th century BCE, are either free-standing or rock-cut barrel-vaulted sarcophagi, placed on a high base, with architectural features carved in stone to imitate wooden structures. There are 3009:, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild 14408: 7755:

Pala influence and spread of Buddhism in Myanmar also brought in terracotta tiles from Bengal. The terracotta plaques at Pagan are made with well kneaded and fired clay but all the plaques are glazed with green colour.

1475:

and other fairly central parts of India. Although disagreement stands on the exact period and styles that vesara represents, the term is mainly assigned to the northern tradition, but are regarded as a kind of northern

6926:

it is a tradition to erect electrically illuminated colorful Vesak toranas in public places. These decorations are temporary installations which remain in public display for couple of weeks starting from the day of

1391:

Larger temples may include more shrines or buildings, either connected together or detached, with smaller temples in the compound. The entire temple compound is usually enclosed by a wall, and at times, raised on a

3127:, which was begun by Ali Adil Shah I in 1576. It has an arcaded prayer hall, with fine aisles, and has an impressive dome supported by massive piers. One of the most impressive monuments built during the reign of 962:. This was already several centuries old when the first very vertical structure replaced an Ashokan original, apparently around 150–200 CE. The current brick-built tower, probably a good deal larger, dates to the 4635:

eaves, and are constructed traditionally without the use of nails. They are open at the eaves to provide a ventilated storage area. They were traditionally finished with timber shingles weighted down with stones

3272:. Built of stone demolished from temples, it featured a monumental ribbed barrel vault over the central nave, the first such giant vault used anywhere in the subcontinent. The mosque was modelled on the imperial 3135:

which was originally planned as a tomb for queen Taj Sultana, but was later converted into the tomb for Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family. This complex, completed in 1626, consists of a paired tomb and mosque.

5008:

Most temples surviving in reasonable condition date from about the 17th century onwards, after temple building revived; it had stopped after the Muslim conquest in the 13th century. The roofing style of Bengali

2550:

tradition, initially shared with Buddhism, and by the end of the classical period with Hinduism. Very often numbers of rock-cut Jain temples and monasteries share a site with those of the other religions, as at

608:, drains, water-courses and tanks, but neither palaces nor temples have been identified, though cities have a central raised and fortified "citadel". Mohenjo-daro has wells which may be the predecessors of the 7672:

in 1895, and needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite it having little relationship to existing local architectural styles.

4222:

A Jharokha is a kind of suspended enclosed gallery. A significant purposes it served was to allow women to witness the events and society outside the palace life without being noticed. This eventually lead to

3107:

in Bidar, built during the reign of Ali Barid Shah, is a complete and exquisitely decorated courtly structure. Other important monuments in Bidar from this period are the tomb of Qasim II and the Kali Masjid.

3058:

Dawood Shah of Bahamani Sultanate ruled for very short amount of time in 1378 but invented a new style of tomb, comprising two similar, domed structures on a single basement, a style not seen anywhere outside

10779: 8267:

decorated with floral, symbolic or animal designs, topped by the realistic depiction of an animal, thought to each represent a traditional direction in India. Greek columns of the 6th century BCE such as the

993:

was crafted by 220 CE and a later group was made around 460 CE. Nonetheless, most of the first surviving free-standing structures in India are accredited to the Gupta period, in particular, the beginnings of

5022:

In larger, and later, temples, small towers rise up from the centre or corners of the curving roof. These are straight-sided, often with conical roofs. They have little resemblance to a typical north Indian

5061:, built by King Bir Hambir, has an unusual elongated pyramidical tower, surrounded by hut-shaped turrets, which were very typical of Bengali roof structures of the time. Madan Mohan Temple was built in the 2662:(both regions with a strong Jain presence) that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around 1000, but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons, spreading to other parts of India and the global Jain 14418: 5910:. The city has many colonial buildings, churches, temples and statues which, combined with the town planning and French style avenues in the old part of town, still preserve much of the colonial ambiance. 5018:

priests to provide the rather rigid guidance as to correct forms that governed temple architecture elsewhere. In the same way the terracotta reliefs often depict secular subjects in a very lively fashion.

1848:

in 1986, and they continue to be a popular tourist attraction in India. According to UNESCO, the Khajuraho Temples "are a masterpiece of Indian art, with their unique architecture and stunning sculptures.

1470:

outer gateways, a much later development. The ancient term vesara is also used to describe a temple style with characteristics of both the northern and southern traditions. These attributes come from the

1177: 4877:

style came up in the 15th-16th century. It was basically a mix of chala and deul architecture where small deul, or in some case domes, were used on the centre or corners of the chala (char chala) roof.

10488: 10449: 1841:

seen in their design. The temples are split into three groups: the Western group, the Eastern group, and the Southern group. The Western group has the greatest popularity and draws the most tourists.

1192: 627:, are in stone. Most houses have two storeys, and uniform sizes and plans. The large cities declined relatively quickly, for unknown reasons, so a less sophisticated village culture was left behind. 5459:

Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering. The Triumph of Labour, also known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Madras.

5454:, is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India. Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the 5935: 3882: 893:

the floor-plans of brick-built equivalents survive. The elaborately decorated facades and "chaitya halls" of many rock-cut sites are believed to reflect vanished free-standing buildings elsewhere.

752: 15583: 14377: 7989:

were limited in time (327–326 BCE) and in extent, but they had extensive long term effects as Greeks settled for centuries at the doorstep of India. After these events, the Greeks (described as

2364:

An important temple is Papnath temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is one of the best early examples of the South Indian tradition. By contrast other eastern Chalukyan Temples, like the

7660:

was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local

447:

The unearthed local and foreign antiquities (of art, architecture, customs, and rituals) depicted by the engravings on pottery and other artifacts, indicate that the prehistoric people of the

612:. As many as 700 wells have been discovered in just one section of the city, leading scholars to believe that 'cylindrical brick lined wells' were invented by the Indus Valley Civilization. 12138: 6001: 1986:

or gatehouse at the edge of the compound; large temples have several, dwarfing the vimana; these are a much more recent development. There are numerous other distinct features such as the

5864:

The Portuguese were among the first European traders to discover the sea route to India as early as 1498. The first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498 AD, when

5084:

Bengal is not rich in good stone for building, and traditional Bengali architecture mostly uses brick and wood, often reflecting the styles of the wood, bamboo and thatch styles of local

4505:

The Maratha structures used both the local architectural style and the Maratha's own distinct corinthian columns style. Because of the constant turmoil and protracted wars with Mughals,

3206:

ornamentation. which were with blended. One feature in the sultanate was the relative absence of minarets. Many small and medium-sized medieval mosques, with multiple domes and artistic

4837:(shikhara) above it. It was revived in the 16th to 19th century. The later representatives of this style were generally smaller and included features influenced by Islamic architecture. 1405:

By the 7th century CE, most key features of the Hindu temple were established in theoretical texts on temple architecture and building methods. Three styles of temple were identified:

943:(850–950 CE) took place. Cave temples became prominent throughout western India, incorporating various unique features to give rise to cave architecture in places such as the caves at 14413: 9516: 7486:

resides. Khmer temples were typically enclosed by a concentric series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle; this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding

7355:

temple (Shivagrha) of Central Java, an example of the 9th century Indonesian Javanese Hindu temple architecture with mandala layout and prasad tower crowned with stylized ratna-vajra.

3343:), allowing for the gradual Islamization of the region and the hybridization of Persianate culture and architecture with the indigenous Buddhist styles of Kashmir. In the capital at 3040:

halls. After the death of Firoz the Tughlaqs declined, and the following Delhi dynasties were weak. Most of the monumental buildings constructed were tombs, although the impressive

14372: 989:; the first wave of construction was completed before the empire was assembled, and the second wave began in the late 5th century, after its end. For example, an early group of the 615:

Architectural decoration is extremely minimal, though there are "narrow pointed niches" inside some buildings. Most of the art found is in miniature forms like seals, and mainly in

11522: 3905: 7653:, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India most fully only in Malaya". 444:

unearthed 12 urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, husks, grains of charred rice and Neolithic celts, confirming the presence of the Neolithic period 2800 years ago.

11872: 10104: 7025: 188:. Early Indian architecture was made from wood, which did not survive due to rotting and instability in the structures. Instead, the earliest existing architecture are made with 14382: 7540:

and rekha (temple towers) elements. The early 10th century and the late 12th century prangs in Thailand were influenced by the Khmer architects of the great temple complexes of

5916: 12332:

The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and All Countries by James Fergusson

10140:

Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,

432:

The earliest clear evidence of the megalithic urn burials, discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, date back to 1000 BCE. The most notable megalithic urn was discovered in

14327: 14247: 4698: 4107:

around the 11th century, and has been revived and taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and Jains. This represents the main contribution of the region to

1286:

of a deity is housed in. Around this chamber are other structures and buildings, at times covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like

34: 16447: 6361:

There is less archaeological evidence of early gardens elsewhere in India but the ancient Hindu sacred books give a remarkably detailed account of gardens in Ancient India.

6220:

Economic liberalisation and consequent prosperity enabled more radical new styles to be tried along with a sense to compete with modern and western architectural standards.

10634: 8288:, central decorative element of the Pataliputra pillar is considered as a purely Greek motif. The first appearance of "flame palmettes" goes back to the stand-alone floral 15199: 14599: 14312: 14157: 7962:, has taken on traditional Chinese architectural characteristics such as multi-tiered roofs, various supporting posts, and archway-shapes of traditional gates and towers. 1563:

Pre-7th century CE South Indian style stone temples have not survived. However, early South Indian temples that have survived, though in ruins, include the diverse styles

776:(a visitor around 300 BCE) mentions 564 towers and 64 gates in the city walls. Modern excavations have uncovered a "massive palisade of teak beams held together with iron 6476: 5384:

weekend houses for recreational use by the upper class British. Nonetheless, the garden house became ideal a full-time dwelling, deserting the fort in the 19th Century.

6662: 3288:, the ancient capital, shows mainly Persian culture in courts, we find one of the first attempts at fusing together the Islamic and Bengali style of architecture under 14367: 13142: 7656:

In Malaysia, due to British colonial influence and the migration of Muslims from India, many Mughal architectural elements in the design of mosques were incorporated.

5962: 8108:(c.268–232 BCE), Hellenistic influence seems to have played a role in the establishment of Indian monumental stone architecture. Excavations in the ancient palace of 6143:

At the time of independence in 1947, India had only about 300 trained architects in a population of what was then 330 million, and only one training institution, the

474:(Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age) period. One of the earliest Neolithic sites in India is Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganga region and Jhusi near the confluence of the 10771: 5883:— a branch of the Ganges — attracted maritime traders from as many European nations, turning that part of Bengal into a little Europe. The Portuguese set up post at 1758:, India, between the 11th and the 14th centuries. Large and small temples built during this era remain as examples of the Hoysala architectural style, including the 11959: 11920: 11561: 11323: 9699: 9229: 14137: 10995:... The bungalow was a typical north Indian one, with a large central room lit only by skylights (roshandans) and a number of others opening out from them ... 9885: 690: 11345: 8526:

to the free-standing structures and decorated with reliefs. Fergusson went on to suggest an "Indian connection", and some form of cultural transfer across the

6515: 14267: 7277:

or "fire-house" is a temple construction typically with a saddle-shaped roof, used to house the valuables belonging to the deity or to cook for the deity. The

5982: 5446:

fort with lined palaces. Indian villages in these areas consisted of clay and straw houses which later transformed into the metropolis of brick and stone.The

1504:

are among the most important early sites. The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some rock-cut and others structural, as at

10472: 10433: 512:. In its mature phase, from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, the civilization developed several cities marked by great uniformity within and between sites, including 13571:

Vastu-Silpa Kosha, Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu/S.K.Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books, (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series)

11842: 7740:, was influenced by Indian architecture. Architectural features of the temple include brick vaulted halls, Buddha statues, tapered roofs and the absence of 802:

show great sophistication, and a variety of influences in their details. In both these cases a now-vanished Indian predecessor tradition in wood is likely.

12429:

The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan

1222: 470:

Megalithic burial sites have been found scattered all over the subcontinent. The Neolithic period lasted up until 3300 BCE, overlapping with the following

7151:. This led to Indianisation and Sanskritisation of Southeast Asia within Indosphere, Southeast Asian polities were the Indianised Hindu-Buddhist Mandala. 3050:

gardens, ponds, tombs and mosques) were constructed by the late Lodi dynasty. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.

674: 11448: 3542:. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles. 3383:. Both have stone-built cores with elaborately carved wooden exterior galleries, at Amburiq on two levels, in an adaptation of traditional local styles. 12246:"The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p.414 5763:

walls and thatched roofs to make Assam Type houses with wood, reed, mud plaster and hay after studying the climate and topography of the entire region.

3530:, roofs, doors, minarets and facades. In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of 1161: 7701:-like structures. These Pyu stupas, the first Indian foundations in Myanmar, were built from 200 BC to 100 CE and were sometimes used for burial. 5899:. A British military base came up in Barrackpore. Thus influencing neighbouring regions' architecture to create a distinct indo-colonial architecture. 1524:

shows a tall curving shikhara crowned by a large amalaka and is an example of the early Pala style. It is similar to contemporaneous temples of Odisha.

7536:

Thailand under Khmer rule saw inclusion of Indian Hindu temple influenced Khmer architectural style. The Khmer prangs resembled north Indian temples'

4545:

and comparatively short life of wooden structures than stone and marble structures. Forts were the main focus of Maratha architecture, decorated with

2185:

The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta, situated in present-day

16840: 16678: 16134: 900:, a dome shaped monument, was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. The stupa architecture was adopted in 7380:, whether it is Buddhist or Hindu. A Candi refers to a structure based on the Indian type of single-celled shrine, with a pyramidal tower above it ( 6961: 2438:

Though there is clearly a good deal of continuity with the Badami or Early Chalukya style, other writers only date the start of Vesara to the later

14589: 14579: 12477: 11723: 10890: 12135: 8241:

c. 250 BCE. They were new attempts at mastering stone architecture, as no Indian stone monuments or sculptures are known from before that period.

7591:, which had originally taken the central position inside. For reasons of symmetry the niche was repeated on all four sides. On its pinnacle was a 3791:. This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature. 2578:

There is considerable similarity between the styles of the different religions, but often the Jains placed large figures of one or more of the 24

647:(1,900 ft) long protection wall dated 1500 BCE was found at Bet Dwarka which was believed to be damaged and submerged following a sea storm. 13712: 7627:. The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as 6374:

Hindu and Buddhist temple sites, from ancient times, have emphasized on 'Sacred Grooves' or medical gardens. Hindu and Buddhist Temples like in

5042:

style is a notable architectural export of Bengal. The corner towers of Bengali religious buildings were replicated in medieval Southeast Asia.

16635: 16056: 14544: 12709: 11990: 11650: 6993: 5419: 3744:(1628–58). Employing the double dome, the recessed archway, the depiction of any animal or human—an essential part of the Indian tradition—was 6651:

projection from a wall, that bears only its own weight. In this form it became a very common and important decorative motif on Hindu temples.

6193:. His plan called for residential, commercial and industrial areas, along with parks and transportation infrastructure. In the middle was the 2189:. It is said that they altogether constructed 34 rock-cut shrines, but most extensive and sumptuous of them all is the Kailasanatha temple at 1129: 11180: 7414:

gods. Shiva temple, the largest main temple is towering to 47 metre-high (154 ft). The term "candi" itself is believed was derived from

7141: 4764:, with influences from different parts of the world. Bengali architecture includes ancient urban architecture, religious architecture, rural 17: 10830: 4847:

or Hut style temples were influenced by the vernacular architecture or rural Bengal. Thatched rooftops of the houses were either in form of

2813:

Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs. Unlike most of the

15339: 6654:

The "fundamental architectural principle of the constructed Hindu temple is always formulated in the trabeate order", that is to say using

5395: 9542: 7928:

These pillars are usually over 9 metres (30 ft) in height. There is no roof and door-gate. In the middle top gate, the symbol of the

3171:, the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah, which was completed in 1656, and whose hemispherical dome measures 44 metres (144 ft) across. 3028:

By the time of Tughlaqs Islamic architecture in India had adopted some features of earlier Indian architecture, such as the use of a high

604:

and the engineering of these cities are deemed remarkable, but the building designs are "of a startling utilitarian character". There are

15837: 15462: 4282: 4040: 2372:, and the Swarga Brahma temple at Alampur show a greater assimilation of northern styles from Odisha and Rajasthan. At the same time the 1580: 11500: 9079: 7830: 2628:, founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1,200 temples, play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance. 16607: 16159: 14594: 12863: 11864: 10096: 2932:, now a ruin, was the first structure. Like other early Islamic buildings it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed Hindu and 729:

Important features of the period's architecture include, walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings, wooden

6898:, and the cross-piece is generally of three bars placed one on the top of the other; both cross-piece and posts are usually sculpted. 4861:

temples started coming up around the 17th century and profoundly adopted by Mughal and later the Rajput in their architectural styles.

2881: 1402:). Large areas of the structure are often decorated with carving, including figurative images of deities and other religious figures. 1072:

There are a number of broad models of Guptan-style temples, however, the most common plan exemplifies small but massively built stone

17062: 16212: 16029: 15913: 15693: 15385: 7681:

Much of Myanmar's architecture is tied to ancient Indian culture, and can be traced to the country's earliest known inhabitants. The

5502: 4791:. Pala architecture influenced Tibetan and Southeast Asian architecture. The most famous monument built by the Pala emperors was the 10213: 6488: 3759:

during the Mughal Period, with its rulers being of Turco-Mongol origin, has shown a notable blend of Indian style combined with the

16683: 16650: 14332: 12779: 6295: 6248: 6224: 4957: 4783:(750–1120); this was Bengali-based and the last Buddhist imperial power in the Indian subcontinent. Most patronage was of Buddhist 3202:

mostly used brick, with characteristic features being indigenous Bengali elements, such as curved roofs, corner towers and complex

2701: 746: 8503:), suggests that the designs of the Lycian rock-cut tombs travelled to India along the trade routes across the Achaemenid Empire. 2988:

At Ajmer the smaller screen arches are tentatively cusped, for the first time in India. By around 1300 true domes and arches with

2575:

are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations.

16671: 14647: 14357: 10642: 8326: 7759:

Another example of these cultural influences include the Ananda Temple in Bagan built in the 11th century AD under the ruling of

7611:

style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the

3072:

borne on brackets that resemble those found in temples all become common features in later Bahmani architecture. Rangin Mahal in

2582:

in the open air rather than inside the shrine. These statues later began to be very large, normally standing nude figures in the

825:(4th–1st century BCE). The dome-shaped stupa was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. 10237:

Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. p. 23–27.

8452:

Various Indian artefacts tend to suggest some Perso-Hellenistic artistic influence in India, mainly felt during the time of the

8127:

The first examples of stone architecture were also found in the palace compound of Pataliputra, with the distinctly Hellenistic

1606:

temples showed increased elevation of the wall and elaborate spire by the 10th century. On the shikara, the oldest form, called

15933: 15040: 14817: 14489: 13675: 8131:

and a pillared hall using polished-stone columns. The other remarkable example of monumental stone architecture is that of the

6977: 5411: 3575: 3013:

effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized "spearhead" projections, possibly representing

707:, from 322 to 185 BCE, most likely used wood or recycled brick. Much of the remains discovered from this period onwards are of 11027:... Thirdly, while obviating direct sunlight, it had to allow some light and air to enter through overhead roshandans ... 8861: 1925: 1810: 301:

further bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more integrated with the world's economy. Traditional

15827: 15529: 15369: 15354: 15148: 15078: 13576: 13474: 13455: 13372: 13353: 13324: 13219: 13186: 12774: 12437: 12185: 12115: 12059: 12025: 11953: 11914: 11787: 11625: 11555: 11516: 11019: 10987: 10591: 10553: 9758: 8428:, from the 6th to 4th centuries BCE. The conquest occurred in two phases. The first invasion was conducted around 535 BCE by 6240: 4741: 4227:, adapted by Mughals, which allowed essential and direct communication between the emperors or kings and the general public. 3103:. The tomb consists of a lofty domed chamber, open on four sides, located in the middle of a Persian four-square garden. The 1873: 11093: 5902:

The history of Pondicherry is recorded only after the arrival of Dutch, Portuguese, British and French traders. In 1674 the

1493:

Excluding earlier structures in timber-based architecture, hardly any remains of Nagara Hindu temples exist from before the

17019: 17014: 16875: 16688: 16612: 15685: 15349: 14084: 13149: 13030: 12632: 9918: 6232: 6057: 5351: 2423:. However, Adam Hardy and others regard this style as essentially a form of Dravida. This style was further refined by the 1937: 1775: 1270:

Whereas the visible stylistic forms of the temple vary greatly and have a complicated development, the basic elements of a

10290: 9282:

These are the usual terms, but there are many variants or different ones in the many Indian languages, ancient and modern.

8139:, including true arches used in the underground chambers, from the last phase of the palace in the 1st or 2nd century CE. 6813: 1885: 15703: 15534: 14956: 13916: 13705: 11315: 9695: 9220: 7976: 7438: 7032: 6268: 5846: 5501:

The Italianate architectural style was popularised in early Victorian Britain and subsequently became an attractive form

5280: 5271: 5126: 3332: 2825:

of extremely high quality. Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as

2388:

in Karnataka seems to be inspired by the wooden-roofed temples of the hills, except that it is constructed out of stone.

1970:, and the most distinctive difference from north Indian styles is the use of a shorter and more pyramidal tower over the 1564: 1257: 1155:

dates to the Gupta era in the 5th century. It marks the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.

323:

transition period began. The South Indian neolithic period is characterized by ash mounds from 2500 BCE in the region of

12203: 7907:. While the Indian term denotes a gateway, the Japanese characters can be translated as "bird perch". The function of a 6414:(four gardens) came from Persia. In the Charbagh at the Taj Mahal, each of the four parts contains sixteen flower beds. 4686: 3647:

Darwaza-I-Rauza, Taj Mahal Complex, showing large vaulted gateways with delicate ornamentation and minarets with cupolas

1911: 15958: 15953: 15812: 14930: 14890: 11486: 11379: 11288: 10530: 9877: 9589: 9453: 8464:

employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

7872: 6542:

in its architecture, but structural arches have been essentially absent from Hindu temple architecture at all periods.

6279: 2074:, became a model for south Indian temples. Architectural features, particularly the sculptures, were widely adopted in 13513:

Sinopoli, Carla M. (2003), "Echoes of Empire: Vijayanagara and Historical Memory, Vijayanagara as Historical Memory",

12040:

Shôzô Yamaguchi, Frederic De Garis and Atsuharu Sakai, 1964, We Japanese: Miyanushita, Hakone, Fujiya Hotel, Page 200.

8518:-type Indian Buddhist temple designs, such as the "same pointed form of roof, with a ridge", are further developed in 7584:. Later developments of the Prang suggested the cella only. The entrance door became a niche, in which was placed the 1516: 16808: 15928: 15718: 15645: 15331: 15269: 14905: 14167: 13656: 13562: 13537: 13522: 13507: 13492: 13428: 13309: 13204: 12290: 12231: 12090: 11680: 11596: 11298: 11190: 11103: 10482: 10443: 10316: 10242: 10145: 9658: 9150: 8871: 6322: 6206: 1549: 1058: 939:

in India date from 200 to 400 CE. Subsequently, the construction of wells at Dhank (550–625 CE) and stepped ponds at

277:

became prevalent across India. The amalgamation of Indo-Islamic and European styles led to a new style, known as the

10772:"Monuments of Modern India: The first half century of railways architecture – Heritage Directorate, Indian Railways" 7668:

was a 19th-century foundation, only a small settlement when the British decided to make it the capital of their new

6585: 6217:. Corbusier inspired the next generation of architects in India to work with modern, rather than revivalist styles. 5755:

Assam Type houses are a type of designs developed by the colonial British administration in Assam after the massive

4819:- Originally influenced by Kalinga style, they were main temple style during 6th-10th century. It was the style of 16533: 16528: 16521: 16144: 16114: 15219: 15184: 14961: 12258:

Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell, L. A. (Laurence Austine)

11265: 6037: 4599:

High inward sloping walls of brick and stone painted white with few or no windows in the lower sections of the wall

4355:, oriel windows, bracket supported eaves at the string-course, and ornamented friezes are derived from elements of 3190:, in the heart of the new city. This monument, completed in 1591, has four minarets, each 56 metres (184 ft). 2593: 298: 11048: 10183: 7013: 6647:

is an example. The arch shape survived into constructed Indian architecture, not as an opening in a wall but as a

3655: 3186:, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Golconda. Here, he constructed the most original monument in the Deccan, the 1899: 16908: 16718: 16543: 16479: 16452: 15698: 15390: 15189: 15133: 14277: 13607:

Indian Architecture, its psychology, structure, and history from the first Muhammadan invasion to the present day

11412: 10410: 10337: 9725: 7899: 6461: 6198: 5745: 5196: 2193:. The temple is a splendid achievement of Dravidian art. The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures from 1612:, with wide shallow projections running up the sides, developed alternative forms with many smaller "spirelets" ( 757:. These views of ancient Indian cities are relied on for the understanding of ancient Indian urban architecture. 11834: 10860: 10380: 9629: 6804:

Material, brick, lime and mortar used for making of dome (Wood was primarily not used because of the geography).

6347: 4985:

Deuls are located in the numerous rivers crisscrossed by stone-free alluvial and bush landscape of the southern

4668: 3830: 2901: 17067: 16818: 16398: 14885: 14051: 14008: 13698: 13404: 13338: 13235: 12856: 12455: 12312:

An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture

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Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87–97

9344: 9208:. Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. 9. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 31. 9072: 8693: 8523: 8120:

had a tradition of wooden architecture, remains of wooden palisades were discovered at archaeological sites in

6680: 6144: 5695: 5532: 2552: 2416: 1975: 1592:

gatehouse actually a late development, from the 12th century or later, typically added to older large temples.

1352: 1294: 696:

City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BCE according to a 1st century BCE frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gate

441: 13261:"The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora" 12257: 11456: 8449:. Each invasion brought in new style and soon started to influence the art and architectural styles in India. 7891:. The functions of all are similar, but they generally differ based on their respective architectural styles. 5246:

remains among others in buildings and infrastructure. The major cities during the period of British rule were

3625: 1815: 16803: 16666: 16428: 16222: 16139: 15978: 15728: 15404: 15364: 15108: 13987: 13858: 6299: 6202: 5838: 3539: 2380:

and is surrounded by a veranda of a later kind, with a shikhara that is stylistically like a nagara one. The

1819: 1713: 630:

After the collapse of the Mature Harappan Period, some cities still remained urban and inhabited. Sites like

9009: 8530:. The ancient transfer of Lycian designs for rock-cut monuments to India is considered as "quite probable". 8135:, themselves displaying Hellenistic influence. There is also very early stone architecture in the palace at 8026: 6890:

religious sites. It is built with a projecting cross-piece resting on two uprights or posts. Mostly made of

6619:

which used corbel arch to construct drains and have been evidenced at Mohenjo daro, Harappa, and Dholavira.

3841:. It is noticeable for the first use of pietra dura technique. The tomb is often regarded as a draft of the 2941: 2716: 16813: 16708: 16388: 16280: 16180: 16099: 15650: 15098: 14854: 14292: 13853: 13836: 13088: 13015: 12977: 12972: 8785: 8780: 8001:") were able to maintain a structured presence at the door of India for about three centuries, through the 7577: 7165: 6310: 5854: 5702: 5524: 5439: 5212: 4602:

Use of a surrounding red ochre stripe near the top of the walls, sometimes punctuated by large gold circles

2758: 2547: 2481:

are leading examples of the Vesara style. These temples are now proposed as a UNESCO world heritage site.

2400: 2163: 2141: 2111: 2067: 1823: 1709: 1652: 1498: 986: 857: 708: 664: 619:, but there are very few larger sculptures of figures. In most sites, fired mud-brick (not sun-baked as in 448: 282: 189: 13792: 10712:

Dutta, Arindam (29 March 2010). "Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny".

6555: 6447: 6406:

Early Islamic dynasties, like of Delhi Sultanates, never showed interests on gardens with an exception of

5778:, they are usually rectangular in shape, accessed via the hillside. The roof is typically erected by high 4552:

Herman Goetz writes about their architectural style in his work ‘Five Thousand Years of Indian Art’: “The

4100: 4049:

architecture and painting is claimed to have influenced indigenous Rajput styles of art and architecture.

3641: 3523: 3522:

The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier

2890: 2637: 2521: 1737: 16870: 16560: 16418: 16275: 15906: 15901: 15713: 15259: 15103: 15083: 14812: 14564: 14217: 14212: 14107: 13982: 13962: 13735: 13605: 13020: 12802: 12797: 12665: 9510: 9337:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries

8507: 7628: 5641: 5470: 5415: 5391: 5299: 4298: 3999: 2016:

is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.

1759: 978: 656: 491: 278: 270: 185: 13260: 11715: 10882: 6417:

Fountain and running water was a key feature of Mughal garden design. Water-lifting devices like geared

4653: 3467:, in its distinctive style of Indo-Islamic architecture. The sultanate commissioned mosques such as the 1424:

The styles were sometimes mixed, and not yet associated with specific regions in India. For example, in

17031: 16967: 16504: 16472: 16393: 15872: 15733: 15655: 15524: 15509: 15472: 15359: 15254: 15214: 14971: 14940: 14849: 14527: 14482: 14337: 14227: 14207: 14127: 14117: 13977: 13745: 12982: 12692: 12607: 11588: 8775: 8718: 8678: 6749: 6503: 6194: 6089: 5906:

set up a trading centre at Pondicherry and this outpost eventually became the administrative centre of

5803: 5482: 5427: 5373: 5028: 4796: 4483: 3680:

It is known for features including monumental buildings with large, bulbous onion domes, surrounded by

3459:, independent between 1407 and 1543, Gujarat was a prosperous regional sultanate under the rule of the 2127: 1845: 831: 521: 13530:

Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment

9786: 3545:

Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of the architectural elements later found in

2963: 2059:, and the construction plans of these sites of worship were shared to some detail in various poems of 1274:

remain the same across all periods and styles. The most essential feature is the inner sanctuary, the

16825: 16565: 16403: 16376: 16305: 16240: 16154: 16126: 15923: 15822: 15519: 15344: 15194: 15006: 14910: 14827: 14622: 14584: 14554: 14423: 14302: 14297: 14177: 14023: 13992: 13972: 13952: 13887: 13878: 13554:

The Javanese Candi: Function and Meaning, Volume 17 from Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol 17

12987: 12937: 12849: 12497: 12079: 8765: 8703: 8668: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7525: 6616: 6151: 5903: 5834: 5582: 5520: 5047: 5010: 4851:

type which has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge or

4824: 4628: 4479: 4474:

were rebuilt by the Marathas after being destroyed by invading Islamic forces. Some examples are the

4356: 4108: 3940: 3484: 3235: 3099:

rulers were building garden tombs. The tomb of Ali Barid Shah (1577) is the most notable monument in

2792: 2365: 2230: 2105: 2097: 1959: 1829:

The Khajuraho Temples are a group of Hindu and Jain temples located in the town of Khajuraho, in the

1729: 1337: 1243: 1082: 995: 501: 266: 251: 235: 169: 165: 11982: 11642: 8244:

There are altogether seven remaining capitals, five with lions, one with an elephant and one with a

8052: 7498:

Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of

2886: 2730: 416: 17009: 16494: 16350: 16325: 16094: 15723: 15675: 15665: 15625: 15615: 15249: 15204: 15164: 15138: 15118: 14895: 14844: 14802: 14683: 14667: 14317: 14272: 14252: 14242: 14142: 14099: 14077: 12812: 12764: 12554: 12210:. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174. 7982: 7147:

Southeast Asian kingdoms in Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Cambodia and

5560: 5344: 5078: 5032: 4883:- With the comings of European colonists, a new form of temple style took place. Generally used by 3970: 3293: 3253: 3152: 1633: 1545: 114: 12357: 12316: 4641: 2929: 2869:

continued to commission and patronize the construction of Mughal-commissioned architecture in the

164:. Among several architectural styles and traditions, the best-known include the many varieties of 17004: 16597: 16585: 16555: 16217: 16164: 15938: 15708: 15660: 15551: 15514: 15504: 15499: 15244: 15169: 15093: 14569: 14342: 14257: 14237: 14122: 14112: 14033: 14013: 13947: 13909: 13821: 13740: 13053: 13010: 12687: 12396: 10814: 8713: 8203: 7911:

is to mark the entrance to a sacred space. For this reason, the road leading to a Shinto shrine (

7716:, the Pyu-style stupas were transformed into monuments reminiscent of alms bowls or gourd-shaped 7295: 6495: 6434: 6236: 5355: 5085: 4765: 4475: 4451: 4053: 3857: 3635:

and jali latticed screens is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India.

3179: 2624:

high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks". Temple charitable trusts, such as the very large

2503: 2439: 2008:

texts estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century, is a guidebook on Dravidian style of

375: 11508: 11206: 8272:, a 12.5-metre (41 ft) Ionic column crowned by a sitting animal in the religious centre of 1588:

came to power and controlled much of South India. During this period, the distinctive very tall

718:, around 400 BCE. This first generation of monasteries only survive in floor-plans, notably the 16952: 16592: 16548: 16423: 16355: 16345: 16310: 15948: 15943: 15792: 15605: 15600: 15546: 15467: 15237: 15232: 15209: 15045: 14532: 14387: 14322: 14287: 14222: 14202: 14192: 14152: 14132: 14038: 14028: 13957: 13942: 13848: 13812: 13802: 13633: 13619: 13615: 13448:

The history of architecture in India : from the dawn of civilization to the end of the Raj

9546: 8673: 8560: 8413: 8392: 8152: 8098: 8006: 7669: 7402:

compound. The best example of Indonesian Javanese Hindu temple architecture is the 9th century

6968: 6410:. Mughals along with the Hindu Rajputs ushered a new era of Garden architecture. Concepts like 6171: 6155: 5455: 4986: 4931: 4719: 3667: 3535: 3472: 3468: 3352: 3309: 2807: 2625: 2455: 2329: 2282: 2075: 1858: 1619: 1537: 1413: 1261: 1027: 1023: 208: 181: 40: 12280: 12247: 9748: 9348: 8341: 7791: 7697:, one of the first Pyu centres, contains urbanesque foundations which include a monastery and 5000: 1363: 981:

is a Vishnu Hindu temple built during the early 6th century, near the end of the Gupta period.

223:, with other regional styles. Housing styles also vary between regions, depending on climate. 16786: 16771: 16640: 16617: 16335: 16185: 16109: 16061: 16051: 15640: 15588: 15573: 15014: 14935: 14864: 14859: 14652: 14617: 14559: 14475: 14428: 14347: 14307: 14282: 14262: 14197: 14162: 14147: 14018: 13831: 13807: 13772: 13762: 12759: 12471: 12221: 11943: 11904: 11545: 10581: 9808: 9543:"The Hindu : Karnataka / Hassan News : Belur to be proposed as World Heritage site" 9203: 9076: 9051:

Ajanta chronology is still under discussion, but this is the view of Spink, accepted by many.

8297: 8264: 8253: 7871:

sacred gateway architecture has influenced gateway architecture across Asia, specially where

7389: 7261:

Typically, a Cham temple complex consisted of several different kinds of buildings. They are

7180: 7169: 7066: 6907: 6887: 6287: 5756: 5720:, which preceded Art Deco, is the Esplanade Mansions opposite the Raj Bhavan, built in 1910. 5108:

The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main European powers that established

4297:. These usually incorporated European styles as well, a practice which eventually led to the 4175: 3632: 3476: 3460: 3064: 2803: 2568: 2493: 2395:

style originated in what is today Karnataka. According to some, the style was started by the

2381: 2028: 1680: 1607: 1120: 660: 495: 12336: 11041:"The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement" 8491:, in the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, with the Indian architectural design of the 8374: 8112:

have brought to light Hellenistic sculptural works, and Hellenistic influence appear in the

5486:

marble plinth. The memorial stands on 26 hectares of garden surrounded by reflective pools.

5390:

has some of the most prominent examples of British colonial architecture. This included the

3216: 2744: 1457:

commonly refers to North Indian temple styles, most easily recognised by a high and curving

1398: 16698: 16433: 16371: 16340: 16330: 16290: 16285: 16024: 15963: 15817: 15610: 15593: 15070: 14232: 14187: 14182: 13967: 13868: 13863: 13787: 12699: 12423: 12012:

Simon Foster; Jen Lin-Liu; Sharon Owyang; Sherisse Pham; Beth Reiber; Lee Wing-sze (2010).

11612:

Simon Foster; Jen Lin-Liu; Sharon Owyang; Sherisse Pham; Beth Reiber; Lee Wing-sze (2010).

9410:

Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple".

9372:

Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple".

9199: 9171:

Harle, 111–113, 136–138; Michell (1988), 90, 96–98; see also site entries in Michell (1990)

8760: 8698: 8610: 8407:

influence like stone polishing and dual-headed capital from conquest by Persians and Greeks

7948: 7801: 7564: 7470: 6693: 6676: 6597: 6314: 6123:, which are skylights-cum-ventilators, are a common feature in Indian homes, especially in 6119:—of Indian origin—highlight the assimilation of Indian textiles in global interior design. 5710: 5399: 5065:

style, surmounted by a pinnacle along with carvings on the walls depicting scenes from the

5058: 4909: 4334: 4163: 4126:

Some architectural style innovated and influenced by Rajasthani architectural styles are:-

4119:

built between the 11th and 13th centuries CE are the best-known examples of the style. The

4096: 3760: 3207: 3160: 3128: 3124: 3089: 3033: 2974: 2708: 2601: 2373: 1798: 1743: 1733: 1717: 1541: 1050: 11865:"Cultural Selection: Bengali Artistic Influences in Southeast Asia | Silk Roads Programme" 7685:

and Pyu people were the first two influential groups to migrate to Myanmar, and the first

5701:

Mumbai has the world's second-largest collection of Art Deco structures, after Miami. The

5205: 4277:

Rajput architecture continued well into the 20th and 21st centuries, as the rulers of the

2615:

The main buildings of the largest Dilwara temples are surrounded by "cloister" screens of

2078:. Descendants of the sculptors of the shrines are artisans in contemporary Mahabalipuram. 8: 16989: 16982: 16977: 16776: 16713: 16703: 16499: 16467: 16438: 15832: 15787: 15751: 15670: 15477: 15454: 15227: 15050: 14822: 14731: 14397: 14070: 13904: 13897: 13892: 13873: 13826: 13135: 12675: 12392:

A catalogue of sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman antiquities, British museum

12390: 12351: 10205: 8708: 8683: 8646: 8617:. This is particularly the case for the well-ordered tubular representation of whiskers ( 8572: 8425: 8148: 8128: 8082: 8010: 7986: 7624: 7576:. And the cella could be reached only by stairs. An example for this is the Prang of the 7529: 6848: 6264: 6182: 5858: 5567: 5544: 5536: 5490: 5403: 5243: 5220: 5178: 5051: 4975: 4884: 4800: 4792: 4761: 4612: 4487: 4443: 4330: 4294: 4247: 4231: 3934: 3811: 3807: 3597: 3591: 3546: 3516: 3500: 3289: 3096: 2764: 2680: 2676: 2605: 2564: 2451: 2052: 1830: 1767: 1585: 1407: 791: 408: 286: 243: 216: 177: 173: 12310: 7388:), and a portico for entrance, mostly built between the 7th to 15th centuries. In Hindu 7187:

includes all the buildings typical of a Cham temple. From left to right one can see the

5143: 4943: 4867:- The curved roof of the temple is surmounted by one or more towers or pinnacles called 4025: 1553: 289:

ideas spread among Indian architects as a way of progressing from the colonial culture.

16933: 16918: 16885: 16835: 16798: 16575: 16538: 16408: 16315: 16270: 16265: 16104: 16089: 16068: 15998: 15973: 15918: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15494: 14994: 14869: 14839: 14792: 14759: 14574: 13843: 13777: 13767: 13500:

The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350–1650

13346:

Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the Successor States 1350–1750

13121: 13063: 12957: 12729: 12602: 12549: 11257: 10729: 9839:

The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350–1650

9826:

Echoes of Empire: Vijayanagara and Historical Memory, Vijayanagara as Historical Memory

9427: 9389: 8770: 7741: 7507: 7433: 7363: 7291: 6883: 6836: 6574: 6051: 5850: 5158: 5150: 4570: 4495: 4408: 4286: 4263: 3745: 3492: 3348: 3111: 2967: 2785: 2234: 1595:

The recently constructed Ram Mandir in Ayodhya is constructed as per the Nagara style.

1346: 132: 8193: 7921:, which are therefore the easiest way to distinguish a shrine from a Buddhist temple. 7809: 7568:-style. The prangs can also be found in various forms in Sukhothai, Lopburi, Bangkok ( 6835:, is a free-standing ornamental or arched gateway for ceremonial purposes seen in the 5635: 3305: 2920:

introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles. The important

2821:

tended to predominate, India had highly skilled builders well used to producing stone

2642: 16972: 16962: 16957: 16860: 16845: 16580: 16462: 16457: 16320: 16300: 16295: 16207: 16202: 16019: 15968: 15779: 15578: 15442: 15143: 14797: 14452: 13926: 13652: 13642: 13572: 13558: 13533: 13518: 13503: 13488: 13470: 13451: 13434: 13424: 13400: 13368: 13349: 13334: 13320: 13305: 13282: 13231: 13215: 13200: 13182: 12952: 12769: 12736: 12612: 12559: 12539: 12433: 12370:

M. Caygill, The British Museum A-Z companion (London, The British Museum Press, 1999)

12286: 12227: 12181: 12111: 12086: 12055: 12021: 11949: 11910: 11783: 11621: 11592: 11551: 11512: 11482: 11375: 11294: 11249: 11186: 11099: 11015: 10983: 10822: 10733: 10725: 10587: 10514: 10478: 10439: 10312: 10238: 10141: 9754: 9679: 9654: 9585: 9449: 9340: 9146: 9068: 8867: 8602: 8527: 8472: 8421: 8404: 8231: 8199: 8176: 8132: 8113: 8104:

During the Maurya period (c. 321–185 BCE), and especially during the time of Emperor

8086: 7650: 7553: 7128: 6640: 6426: 6291: 6107:

Villages in India have features such as courtyards, loggias, terraces and balconies.

6079: 6075: 5759:. British engineers modified the traditional Assamese houses made from mud-plastered 5407: 5366: 5321: 5295: 5229: 5134: 5089: 4917: 4678: 4491: 4326: 4309: 4103:, or "Solaṅkī style" is a distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighbouring 3911: 3578:, the 16th century capital of Gujarat Sultanate, documents the early Islamic and pre- 3456: 3231: 3144: 3140: 3120: 2957: 2917: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2351: 2246: 2060: 719: 587: 255: 250:

being the high point of their contribution. Indo-Islamic architecture influenced the

8211: 8175:, northeastern India). It is dated to the 3rd century BCE. It is, together with the 7556:

adapted the Prang form. The Thai temple falls into one of two broad categories: the

7410:. This largest Hindu temple in Indonesia has three main prasad towers, dedicated to 4902: 4853: 2600:, with groups of statues, and a number of single figures including the 12th-century 2419:

type of superstructure over the sanctum in different temples of similar date, as at

2376:

is unique having an even earlier style of an apsidal shrine which is reminiscent of

2213:. The architectural style used was partly Dravidian. They do not contain any of the 1982:. However, for modern visitors to larger temples the dominating feature is the high 16900: 16855: 16850: 16750: 16723: 16570: 16381: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16195: 16084: 16039: 15860: 15769: 15541: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15399: 15128: 15088: 15019: 14721: 14549: 14539: 14509: 13272: 12817: 12807: 12724: 12704: 12637: 12544: 12505: 11504: 10721: 10311:

Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 33–35.

9419: 9381: 8437: 8260: 8160: 7592: 7334: 7000: 6984: 6817: 6758: 6696:, Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya, 1892 6644: 6375: 6283: 6186: 6108: 5989: 5694:

movement of the early 20th century quickly spread to large parts of the world. The

5598: 5528: 5423: 5247: 5154: 4674: 4659: 4510: 4271: 4224: 4209: 4077: 3480: 3401: 3364: 3324: 3316: 3224: 3199: 3156: 3077: 2953: 2936:

temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The arches were

2925: 2854: 2838: 2684: 2609: 2597: 2556: 2499: 2470: 2396: 2209:

while the ceilings have paintings. These projects spread into South India from the

2091: 1834: 1763: 1660: 1369: 1307: 1152: 1078: 959: 873: 838: 509: 464: 387: 297:- influenced a generation of architects towards modernism in the 20th century. The 157: 153: 149: 62: 13635:

The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India: a study of Indo-Aryan civilisation

13277: 12330: 11316:"Front view of a ruined temple, with sculptured slabs in foreground, Deo Baranark" 10559: 6666:

Pointed arch, Mahabodhi temple, 6th–7th century CE, Late-Gupta period. Photo 1897.

5576: 5167: 4857:

type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape. The

4123:

architecture greatly influenced indigenous Rajput styles of art and architecture.

1978:, where the north has taller towers, usually bending inwards as they rise, called 1966:

and in Sri Lanka, reaching its final form by the sixteenth century. It is seen in

1446: 1081:, Bhitargaon, Deogarh and Gop, with high superstructures of different shapes. The 856:

Such a tradition is extremely clear in the case of the earliest-known examples of

572: 16999: 16923: 16865: 16830: 16511: 16489: 16413: 16190: 15314: 15309: 15299: 15292: 15060: 14915: 14900: 14726: 14609: 13646: 13584: 13552: 13035: 12719: 12714: 12627: 12587: 12427: 12207: 12175: 12142: 12011: 11611: 11009: 10977: 9747:

Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010).

9469: 9083: 9067:, (Photographs by Morna Livingston), p. 25, 2002, Princeton Architectural Press, 8429: 8360: 8269: 8217: 8002: 7398: 7299: 6655: 6430: 6244: 5665: 5592: 5387: 5255: 5046:, suitable for the very heavy rains, were adopted into a distinct local style of 4345:, in-lay work, and multi-foil arches, are Mughal influences, more specially from 4314: 4112: 4081: 3888: 3818:. The tomb is described as the "last flicker in the lamp of Mughal architecture". 3774: 3605: 3368: 3356: 3285: 2949: 2913: 2750: 2668: 2194: 1692: 1529: 1501: 1432:

famously mixes forms later associated with both north and south, as does that at

1034: 1019: 1011: 786:-like hall with eighty sandstone columns shows clear influence from contemporary 460: 231: 193: 125: 9907: 9678:

Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series,

8353: 7898:, a gateway erected on the approach to every Shinto shrine, may be derived from 7638: 7323: 7238:. The most important remaining sites of Cham bricks temple architecture include 5677: 4969: 3174:

One of the earliest architectural achievements of the Qutb Shahi dynasty is the

17026: 16994: 16940: 16890: 16880: 16781: 16602: 16484: 16260: 15395: 15123: 15113: 14925: 14834: 14787: 14782: 14754: 14711: 14706: 14642: 13111: 13106: 13058: 12947: 12682: 12670: 12660: 12655: 12622: 12597: 12276: 12201:

The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art

10973: 10282: 8740: 8735: 8614: 8488: 8468: 8453: 8436:, which formed the eastern border of his empire. Following the death of Cyrus, 8285: 8164: 7657: 7642: 7616: 7453: 7255: 6895: 6852: 6707: 6334: 6272: 6260: 6210: 6167: 6137: 5973: 5892: 5873: 5787: 5607: 5447: 5189: 5109: 5105:

that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion.

4724: 4558: 4290: 4278: 4255: 4069: 3955: 3770: 3766: 3729: 3376: 3010: 2993: 2870: 2798: 2776: 2736: 2463: 2286: 2254: 2210: 2135: 2121: 1747: 1533: 1183: 1038: 901: 882: 471: 355: 86: 13249: 8597:, and on the western origins of stone carving in India. The lion is carved in 8593:, raises the question of the Achaemenid and Greek influence on the art of the 7747: 7314: 7094: 6433:

in Sikandra and Fatehpur Sikhri, the Lotus Garden of Babur at Dholpur and the

5462: 2311: 1990:– twin guardians at the main entrance and the inner sanctum of the temple and 1378: 714:

The construction of Buddhist monastic buildings began before the death of the

17056: 16928: 16791: 16516: 16034: 15993: 15321: 15277: 15174: 14749: 14688: 14657: 14637: 14632: 14446: 13438: 13286: 13245: 13078: 12754: 12617: 12592: 12534: 12200: 11435:

District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh Cawnpore Vol Xix

11253: 10826: 8626: 8500: 8235: 7959: 7733: 7713: 7160: 7004: 6719: 6711: 6163: 6159: 5953: 5941: 5880: 5865: 5810: 5733: 5540: 5478: 5451: 5233: 5216: 4773: 4583: 4455: 4447: 4394: 4319: 4243: 4120: 4046: 3861: 3579: 3504: 3496: 3132: 2814: 2507: 2478: 2278: 2056: 2024: 2009: 1833:

of Madhya Pradesh, India. The temples were built between 950 and 1050 by the

1779: 1656: 1494: 1209: 889:, occupied by monastic communities, survive, mostly in Western India, and in 861: 799: 733:

arches for roofs, and further structures above solid storeys. The reliefs of

704: 643: 601: 303: 239: 113:, built during British Raj period, is an example of the fusion of Indian and 110: 72: 13621:

Viśvakarmā; examples of Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, handicraft

13331:

The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

10511:

The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu

9335:

for example uses "Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa" for styles others call "vesara". See his

7239: 6757:

Although Alexander Cunningham has persisted in the notion that the Buddhist

6591:

Post and lintel construction (Trabeate style) of Airavatesvara Temple, India

6339: 5314: 4831:

beside the main shrine, and the main unit consists only of the shrine and a

16044: 16014: 15561: 15024: 14741: 14627: 13782: 13629: 13601: 13083: 12919: 12837: 11290:

Temples of the Indus: Studies in the Hindu Architecture of Ancient Pakistan

11166:

Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya

8660: 8598: 8442: 8432:, who founded the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus annexed the regions west of the 8424:

conquered and governed the territories of the North-western regions of the

7665: 7549: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7219: 6727: 6703: 6526: 6407: 6256: 6178: 6134: 6068: 6041: 6008: 5949: 5927: 5923: 5907: 5896: 5649: 5474: 5043: 4753: 4616: 4587: 4526: 4499: 4432: 4239: 4085: 4061: 4013: 3873: 3756: 3737: 3508: 3488: 3420: 3328: 3269: 3262: 3041: 3014: 2997: 2921: 2906: 2589: 2572: 2443: 2424: 2242: 2048: 2019:

From 300 BCE – 300 CE, the greatest accomplishments of the kingdoms of the

1967: 1696: 1664: 1603: 1440: 1271: 1253: 1205: 1108: 1015: 1007: 990: 948: 944: 524: 452: 433: 290: 197: 44: 13418: 11672: 10972: 9002:":: JAANUS :: Terminology of Japanese Architecture & Art History" 6706:

period from the 5th century BC. Arch fragment discovered by archaeologist

4446:

from 17th to 19th Centuries, emerged after the Maratha's victory over the

3732:(1569–74) are among the architectural achievements of this time—as is the 3025:

screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.

2857:. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, regional nawabs such as in 246:

evolved, is regarded as the zenith of Indo-Islamic architecture, with the

16945: 16149: 15764: 15759: 15487: 15304: 15287: 15179: 14807: 14774: 14716: 14698: 14662: 14456: 13921: 13755: 13750: 13548: 12942: 12446:

Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015).

12272: 11893:

Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol 4 part 3, p137-138

9878:"Ghumakkar Insights: A Gavaksh to the Ancient Indian Temple Architecture" 9683: 9506: 8750: 8688: 8606: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8496: 8460: 8433: 8168: 8121: 8109: 8090: 8074: 8038: 7884: 7854: 7840: 7764: 7729: 7612: 7581: 7545: 7231: 7129:

Sir John Marshall, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India

6872: 6739: 6731: 6648: 6453: 6390: 6252: 6124: 6031: 5969: 5842: 5822: 5717: 5706: 5655: 5473:

evolved by combining Indian architectural features with European styles.

5435: 5329: 5303: 5070: 4994: 4873: 4844: 4780: 4745: 4514: 4471: 4398: 4246:", following the precepts set out in much Hindu texts. Subsequently, the 4073: 4065: 3685: 3512: 3360: 3220: 2937: 2722: 2579: 2528: 2515: 2238: 2186: 2020: 1995: 1971: 1963: 1787: 1639: 1276: 1229: 1213: 1202: 922:, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism. Some scholars hold that 795: 773: 761: 623:) is used exclusively as the building material, but a few sites, such as 620: 505: 437: 262: 220: 212: 201: 55: 13690: 13517:

edited by Ruth M. Van Dyke & Susan E. Alcock, Blackwell Publishing,

12379:

E. Slatter, Xanthus: travels and discovery (London, Rubicon Press, 1994)

11261: 11237: 8548: 7100:"The serenity of the stone faces" occupying many towers, Bayon, Cambodia 4611:

Interior courtyards and temples brightly colored in Buddhist-themed art

3413: 2928:, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibak and later sultans. The 2323: 15988: 15880: 15282: 14966: 14764: 14062: 12992: 12962: 12879: 12577: 11040: 10175: 9431: 9393: 9332: 9088: 9060: 8755: 8730: 8622: 8364: 8304:

Eastern art. A monumental flame palmette can be seen on the top of the

8289: 8066: 7880: 7858: 7836: 7760: 7682: 7585: 7541: 7487: 7461: 7442: 7407: 7381: 6868: 6743: 6400: 6396: 6228: 6190: 6166:

buildings down to the last detail, and B.R. Manickam, who designed the

6147:. Thus the first generation of Indian architects were educated abroad. 5945: 5333: 5174: 5093: 4804: 4737: 4522: 4346: 4338: 4251: 3962: 3896: 3834: 3815: 3741: 3340: 3247: 3243: 3203: 3168: 3164: 3073: 2945: 2837:, a variety of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the 2584: 2536: 2428: 2420: 2224: 2179: 2167: 1791: 1688: 1672: 1614: 1572: 1429: 1299: 1102: 1062: 1054: 999: 913: 787: 738: 681: 631: 616: 562: 407:

Stone Umbrellas shaped Megalithic burials of Stone Age are situated in

351: 328: 320: 294: 11404: 10852: 10402: 10372: 10329: 9852:

A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present

9813:

A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present

9721: 9621: 9530:

A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present

8475:, may also have been a technique imported from the Achaemenid Empire. 7108: 2233:

of the period (1336–1565) was a notable building style evolved by the

15482: 13116: 12967: 12904: 11208:

Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)

8745: 8293: 8094: 7704: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7403: 7377: 7352: 7343: 7251: 7227: 7184: 7173: 6923: 6856: 6769:

Trabeate style is one of the main style of architecture of that time

6735: 6539: 6351: 6318: 6306: 6214: 6120: 6116: 5888: 5857:, an ensemble of seven churches built by the Portuguese in Goa are a 5289: 5267: 5263: 5259: 4769: 4760:, has a long and rich history, blending indigenous elements from the 4705: 4518: 4459: 4359:. Apart from religious buildings, Sikh architecture includes secular 4259: 4195: 4116: 4057: 3987: 3977: 3842: 3788: 3733: 3721: 3609: 3601: 3464: 3258: 3187: 3183: 3148: 3037: 3002: 2982: 2862: 2834: 2781: 2672: 2659: 2647: 2250: 2151: 2040: 2032: 1755: 1684: 1425: 905: 842: 742: 624: 547: 456: 359: 347: 324: 316: 307:

remains influential in India's architecture in the contemporary era.

247: 93: 15055: 12447: 9423: 9385: 8886:

Though a variety of dates are proposed, some 80 of so years earlier.

7848: 6567: 6223:

Other prominent examples of modernist architecture in India include

5506:

was the East Indian Railway Head Offices at Calcutta built in 1884.

5489:

The period of British rule saw wealthy Bengali families (especially

4428: 2539:, over which the high superstructure rises, then one or more larger 1528:

Early North Indian temples that have survived after the 5th century

1089:-hall temples with barrel roofs, with many smaller wooden examples. 1069:(c. 550 or later) is an oddity, with no surviving close comparator. 1033:

North Indian Hindu temples that have survived after the 5th century

642:(2000–1000 BC), developed a fortification wall with bastions in its 15885: 14920: 13797: 13544: 12914: 12909: 12017: 11617: 11074: 8618: 7661: 7569: 7537: 7411: 7372: 7247: 7215: 6840: 6746:

bear testimony to the use arches in the Hindu temple architecture.

6714:

inscribed on it, or 1st - 2nd century CE when it first appeared in

6623: 6467: 6379: 5775: 5691: 5431: 5354:(previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88, is a mixture of 5251: 5066: 5039: 4620: 4377: 4203: 4189: 4141: 3892: 3869: 3865: 3778: 3681: 3363:

and the Tomb of Zain-ul-Abidin. Two 14th-century wooden mosques in

3344: 3278: 3273: 3268:

The largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent was the 14th century

3239: 3175: 3084: 3060: 3046: 3022: 2989: 2663: 2447: 2412: 2258: 2223:

style and were built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at

2215: 2206: 1979: 1783: 1771: 1509: 1331: 1315: 1288: 1105: 1073: 1049:

Temple 17 (similar, but respectively Hindu and Buddhist), Deogarh,

936: 909: 703:

Indian architecture after the Indus Valley Civilization around the

639: 635: 609: 540: 104: 78:

Patwon ki Haveli, Jaisalmer. Rows of sandstone haveli in Rajasthan.

13651:, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). 12081:

An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words

8386: 7913: 6095:

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) building Kolkata, Sir Rajen Mookherjee

5736:. The houses constructed using this style are generally termed as 3442: 1746:

is the distinctive building style developed under the rule of the

1248: 1186:

is a Jain temple built during the Gupta period in the 5th century.

485: 401: 13073: 9001: 8515: 8492: 8417: 8396: 8309: 8249: 8136: 7998: 7933: 7929: 7876: 7819: 7815: 7519: 7243: 7211: 6860: 6821: 6715: 6627: 6383: 6367: 6130: 5869: 5799: 5791: 5767: 5516: 5302:, designed by JW Brassington under guidance of British architect 5074: 5024: 5015: 4828: 4749: 4631:

between the religious and administrative branches of government.

4553: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4351: 4267: 4133: 4104: 3563: 3531: 3320: 3069: 2858: 2822: 2655: 2540: 2474: 2377: 2262: 1782:. Other examples of fine Hoysala craftmanship are the temples at 1725: 1626: 1589: 1521: 1467: 1311: 1086: 1066: 1030:, one of the earliest to survive, showcases important sculpture. 955: 940: 878: 782: 730: 605: 513: 335: 274: 13230:. Pelican History of Art (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 9205:

Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75

8495:(starting at least a century later from circa 250 BCE, with the 8163:

designs, that was discovered in the palace ruins of the ancient

4579: 3430: 1962:

that emerged in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent or

555: 14467: 13681: 13670: 13068: 11007: 10233: 10231: 9785:. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. 8446: 8273: 8238: 8221: 8156: 8105: 8078: 8070: 7994: 7955: 7903: 7573: 7464:.The main superstructure of typical Khmer temple is a towering 7449: 7416: 7223: 7207: 7148: 6952: 6912: 6723: 6632: 6603:

Victorian Gothic arches in Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai

6355: 6112: 5884: 5818: 5814: 5795: 5760: 5741: 5325: 4784: 4546: 4342: 4235: 4099:; this mixture is reflected in the many temples of the region. 3784: 3783:

structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the

3763:. Taj Mahal in Agra, India is one of the wonders of the world. 3568: 3551: 3527: 3380: 3372: 3336: 3297:

Mosque, which bear a striking resemblance to the Bengal style.

3210: 3029: 3006: 2866: 2830: 2560: 2432: 2385: 2369: 2266: 2198: 2190: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2044: 1983: 1795: 1721: 1704: 1676: 1668: 1630:, where individual sub-spires are arrayed in rows and columns. 1568: 1505: 1472: 1433: 1419: 1393: 1136: 1116: 1112: 1046: 1042: 1022:

record connections with the dynasty and its ministers, and the

929: 928:

derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of

918: 890: 886: 869: 846: 822: 769: 734: 715: 579: 517: 479: 343: 136: 11238:"Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture" 9746: 8640: 6791:

Arcuate style is also one of the main style for architecture.

5770:. On flat grounds, the buildings are typically rectangular or 5376:

in Calcutta is the most effective symbolism of British Empire.

4404: 12509: 12223:

Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj

11095:

Across the Pacific: From Ancient Asia to Precolombian America

10474:

The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators

10435:

The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators

8949:

Buddhist Architecture, Le Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, pp. 97–99

8484: 8305: 8172: 7797: 7737: 7721: 7698: 7596: 7558: 7499: 7421: 7235: 6928: 6919: 6902: 6864: 6418: 5779: 5729: 4990: 4788: 4779:

Ancient Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle during the

4757: 4538: 4506: 4360: 4147: 4092: 3915: 3100: 2978: 2818: 2532: 2459: 2270: 2202: 2036: 1557: 1282: 963: 924: 897: 865: 777: 765: 723: 475: 423: 422:

Megalithic monument in Karkabhat megalithic burial site near

339: 227: 161: 10228: 9783:"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 20 September 1996" 9653:

Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2,

7776: 7080: 7051: 3918:, the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb, 1569–70 CE 3755:

The Taj Mahal does contain tilework of plant ornaments. The

2546:

The earliest survivals of Jain architecture are part of the

974: 16645: 12395:. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 9782: 8245: 7990: 7965: 7951: 7725: 7717: 7406:(Shivagrha) temple compound, located in Central Java, near 7385: 7265:, a brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower with 6891: 6844: 6636: 6622:

The oldest arches surviving in Indian architecture are the

5806: 5783: 5749: 4833: 4820: 4463: 4436: 4285:

commissioned vast palaces and other buildings, such as the

4005:

Chandra Mahal showcasing fusion of Rajput and Mughal styles

3838: 3725: 3692: 3557: 3018: 2933: 2826: 2489: 1437: 1318:

antechamber and porch between the garbhagriha and mandapa.

1199: 1168: 737:, dated to the 1st centuries BCE-CE, denote places such as 319:

began in 6500 BCE and lasted till around 1400 BCE when the

13317:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms

12157: 12155: 12153: 12151: 8276:, may have been an inspiration for the pillars of Ashoka. 8069:, capital of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the cities of 6425:

were used for irrigation and to feed the water-courses at

6282:

are becoming increasingly common in cities. This includes

6016: 1994:– deities carved in niches on the outer side walls of the 815: 12315:. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 10740: 9296:

Michell (1988), 18, 50–54, 89, 149–155; Harle (1994), 335

8863:

The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa

6561:

Dropped keystone, King Edward VII Arch, Victoria Memorial

5993: 4494:

were also rebuilt under Maratha patronage, including the

2403:

built temples in a style that mixed some features of the

2339: 958:

or temple tower, is today best evidenced by the Buddhist

238:, combining Indian and Islamic features. The rule of the 13397:

The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain

12134:, New Delhi, Archaeological survey of India, pp. 50–52, 12085:. Seoul: Hakgojae Publishing Co. 2002. pp. 186–87. 11782:. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 81. 9446:

South India: Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture

7736:(finished in 1090), one of the first temples erected in 7619:. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native 5853:

in Bombay are remnants of Portuguese colonial rule. The

1943:

A vimana with mandapam elements (Dravidian architecture)

334:

Neolithic settlements have been found in the northwest (

12219: 12148: 11145:

Harle, 530, note 3 to chapter 30. See also 489, note 10

10151: 9118:

Harle, 113–114; see also site entries in Michell (1990)

7307:

Prambanan, an example of Indonesian temple architecture

6007:

French Quarter, Pondicherry. The city became the chief

3661:

Pachin Kari or Pietra Dura on Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

2012:

design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique.

13381:

Piercey, W. Douglas & Scarborough, Harold (2008),

11902: 11703:

The Torana in Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture,

11543: 10794: 10752: 10693: 10657: 10600: 10119: 9100: 7635:, with specific Indian features and decoration added. 6305:

Notable ongoing projects in India include the city of

4605:

Use of unique style flared roofs atop interior temples

4411:

is a 17th-century nine-storeyed Gurudwara in Amritsar.

3507:

and Pattharwali Masjid, as well as structures such as

3036:

around its edges, as well as columns and brackets and

2996:(d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival. The 2973:

Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the

2608:

and, largest of all at 108 feet (33 meters) tall, the

2178:

in northern Karnataka. Over 150 temples remain in the

1811:

Khajuraho Group of Monuments § Arts and sculpture

1212:, erected by a person named Madra during the reign of 1085:

further demonstrates the continuance of free-standing

482:

rivers, both dating to around the 7th millennium BCE.

15694:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

13487:, International Association of Hydrological Science, 13212:

Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India

12271: 11479:

The Torana in Indian and Southeast Asian Architecture

10952:

Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India

10913:

Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India

10681: 10669: 10612: 10032:

Yale, 164–165; Harle, 423–424; Blair & Bloom, 149

9857: 8809:

Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India

7724:, tapered and rising roofs, Buddha niches, polylobed 7448:

Khmer empire's (present day Cambodia) great capital,

7206:

Between the 6th and the 16th century, the Kingdom of

6882:

Torana is considered sacred and honorific gateway in

1508:. By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high 13450:. London: Architecture Design and Technology Press. 13399:, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, 12448:"West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art" 11075:"A Search for Post-Modernism in Indian Architecture" 9649: 9647: 8636: 8073:, were founded in what is now Pakistan on the Greek 6150:

Some early architects were traditionalists, such as

5050:, and used decoratively elsewhere in north India in 4541:

However very few of these survived due to wars with

881:

rock being cut in geometrical fashion and given the

13228:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

11118:

Rowland, 44–45, 64–65, 113, 218–219; Harle, 48, 175

10176:"Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai" 9252: 9250: 9222:

Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions

5809:, the floorings are either wooden or concrete with 5035:("nine towers") styles are varieties of this type. 3673:

Bulbous domes on Tomb of Nisar Begum at Khusro Bagh

3463:, who built lavishly, particularly in the capital, 2357:

Lad Khan temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples.

1917:

Athisthana architectural elements of a Hindu temple

1801:. Approximately 100 Hoysala temples survive today. 954:A very important development, the emergence of the 15542:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 12078: 11223:The Calcutta Review Vol.10, No.1-3(april-june)1924 11073:Mukerji, Arjun; Sanghamitra, Basu (January 2011). 11072: 9996:"Temple-cities"; see also Mitchell (1990) by sites 9292: 9290: 9288: 8058:Drawing of Allahabad pillar capital flame palmette 7273:is an entry hallway connected with a sanctuary. A 5766:Buildings are constructed on both flat and sloped 5115: 3872:. The Bagh is considered the high point of Mughal 2588:meditation position (which is similar to standing 2158:, Karnataka in the period 543–753 and spawned the 1647:) plan of subsidiary shrines of Brahmeswara Temple 1057:, the largest Gupta brick temple to survive, and 207:The Hindu temple architecture is divided into the 13648:Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture 12432:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. 9644: 5922:The Chandannagar Strand Ghat, reminiscences of a 5671:Art Deco style apartments in Marine Drive, Mumbai 5157:. It now serves as the official residence of the 5099: 3993:Pietra Dura and Jaali works on Amer Fort Entrance 2257:. The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the 985:The Gupta period chiefly represented a hiatus in 17054: 13423:(2 ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. 12349: 9265:Michell, Chapter 4; confusingly, in South India 9247: 7214:. Unlike the Javanese that mostly used volcanic 7114:Trimurti Prambanan temple, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 6967:A photo of Torana taken in 1890 of 10th century 6538:Indian architecture has utilized both false and 6482:View of the Mughal Garden of Rashtrapati Bhavan 6197:, a complex of three government buildings – the 5782:to overcome heavy rainfall in the region, where 4242:, and is "a unique example of traditional Hindu 2952:but never completed. Other examples include the 2771: 1905:Pillar elements (shared by Nagara and Dravidian) 1691:. Indian traders brought Indian architecture to 798:features, reaching India via Persia. The famous 634:in Gujarat, Kudwala (38.1 ha) in Cholistan, and 13392:edited by Brian Fagan, Oxford University Press. 13181:. New Haven and London: Yale University press. 11582: 11346:"General view of ruined temple at Deo Baranark" 11033: 10629: 10627: 10579: 9696:"The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]" 9285: 9145:, editor: Mircea Eliade, Volume 14, Macmillan, 8605:, and its finish is polished, a feature of the 8013:, which ended sometimes in the 1st century CE. 7751:Ananda Temple terracotta plaque glazed in green 7210:flourished in present-day central and southern 7086:Prasat Bayon (Jayagiri Brahma Palace), Cambodia 6955:Hill, 3rd century BCE to 1st century BCE, India 5988:Church Of St Francis Of Assisi, reminiscent of 5236:, houses all key government buildings of India. 4963:Flat roofed dalan with dome, Madan Mohan Temple 3868:, linked through a channel to the northeast of 2166:. The finest examples of their art are seen in 680:Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of 486:Indus Valley Civilization (2600 BCE – 1900 BCE) 381:Megalithic Dolmens in Mallachandram, Tamil Nadu 13302:Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India 11941: 11752: 11750: 11449:"Introduction of Medieval Period Architecture" 10812: 10352: 9448:, Vol. I, Part I, Princeton University Press, 9065:Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India 8101:, stayed at the Mauryan court in Pataliputra. 7887:in Thailand have been derived from the Indian 7728:and ornamental doorways influenced by Bengali 7135: 7072:Hòa Lai Towers in Ninh Thuận province, Vietnam 4549:-style pointed arches and elaborate woodwork. 3716:Slender Minarets with cupolas at the 4 corners 3281:roof tradition for mausoleums in North India. 2399:of Badami (500-753AD) whose Early Chalukya or 1624:, where the sub-spires extend vertically, and 1428:, the group of 7th and 8th-century temples at 47:is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture. 14483: 14078: 13706: 13143: 12857: 12177:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia 12173: 11814: 11812: 10813:Chandrashekhar, Vaishnavi (21 October 2019). 10573: 10471:Steven, Kossak; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). 10432:Kossak, Steven; Watts, Edith Whitney (2001). 10136: 10134: 9740: 9405: 9403: 9367: 9365: 9137: 9135: 9133: 7645:, showcasing elements of Indo-Saracenic style 7142:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 6294:. Other projects of the 21st century include 5968:Tomb of Susanna Anna Maria, reminiscences of 4367:(residential places), palaces, and colleges. 4238:was formed in 1727 by Kacchwaha Rajput ruler 3684:, and delicate ornamentation work, including 3178:, which is now in ruins.In the 16th century, 3119:Amongst the major architectural works in the 1879:Single storey gopura (Dravidian architecture) 684:circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi 638:(20 Ha) in Maharashtra are considered urban. 96:, Agra is the epitome of Mughal architecture. 13614: 13528:Singh, Vijay P. & Yadava, R. N. (2003), 13300:Livingston, Morna & Beach, Milo (2002), 13170:Chandra, Pramod (2008), "South Asian arts", 12476:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12416: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12389:Smith, A. H. (Arthur Hamilton) (1892–1904). 11948:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–. 10946: 10944: 10942: 10624: 10503: 9480: 9478: 9409: 9371: 7917:) is almost always straddled by one or more 7552:collapsed, the Thai building masters of the 7518:and Malay states of the Malay Peninsula and 7230:to construct their religious buildings, the 4827:of Bengal, where the temple lacks the usual 2631: 2411:styles, for example using both the northern 2317:Durga temple at Aihole showing Chaitya style 2154:also called the Early Chalukyas, ruled from 2047:. Several of these have been unearthed near 912:monument used for enshrining sacred relics. 533:Planning of Indus valley civilization cities 13165:The art and architecture of Islam 1250-1800 12073: 12071: 11747: 11001: 10966: 10635:"(Brief) History of European – Asian trade" 10470: 10431: 9607:Khajuraho temples: History and significance 7420:, one of the manifestations of the goddess 6631:constructed temples have such roofs, using 6103:architecture in India during modern times. 5944:, built by the 17th century Danish admiral 5748:, and are made from materials ranging from 5570:(right), Secretariat(left) on River Hooghly 5004:Thakur Dalan of Itachuna Rajbari at Khanyan 4274:, now a museum, built in the 18th century. 3582:city that has remained without any change. 504:covered a large area around and beyond the 14490: 14476: 14085: 14071: 13713: 13699: 13150: 13136: 12864: 12850: 12388: 12052:Korean Architecture: Breathing with Nature 11909:. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. 11809: 11550:. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. 11242:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 11163: 11011:Mansions at dusk: the havelis of old Delhi 10957: 10923: 10921: 10131: 9444:Michael W. Meister and M.A. Dhaky (1983), 9400: 9362: 9198: 9130: 9029: 9027: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8828: 8826: 7879:gateways, Japanese torii gateways, Korean 5266:, Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal& 5177:) is a memorial to 70,000 soldiers of the 4381:(a place where the Guru dwells). The word 3746:forbidden in places of worship under Islam 3561:(perforated screens carved in stone), and 3095:The main architectural activities for the 2810:, shaped and influenced the architecture. 2797:The Indo-Islamic architecture began under 1891:Two storey gopura (Dravidian architecture) 1260:, Tamil Nadu, 700–728 showing the typical 885:, also found on sculpture. Later rock-cut 15704:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 15584:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 13720: 13276: 13163:Blair, S. S., & Bloom, J. M. (1996), 12403: 12350:Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880). 12308: 11509:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631 10939: 10905: 10815:"Discovering Mumbai's Art Deco Treasures" 10531:"Short notes on Architecture of Marathas" 9774: 9475: 9339:, 1995, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 9141:Michael Meister (1987), Hindu Temple, in 8803: 8801: 8613:, the sculptural style is unquestionably 8296:(447–432 BCE), and slightly later at the 7777:Torii, Paifang, Hongsalmun, Sao Ching Cha 7771: 7052:Influence on neighbouring Asian countries 6328: 5336:style and built in the late 19th century. 4608:Massive entry doors made of wood and iron 3319:established a sultanate encompassing the 3213:, were constructed throughout the region. 3167:.The greatest monument in Bijapur is the 1720:. Other regional styles include those of 15646:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 14092: 13543: 13485:The Basis of Civilization-Water Science? 13388:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996), "Mehrgarh", 13365:European Architecture in India 1750–1850 13258: 12068: 12050:Koehler, Ben Jackson and Robert (2015). 11974: 11780:Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 11777: 11765: 11756:Philip Rawson: The Art of Southeast Asia 11178: 11008:Pavan K. Varma, Sondeep Shankar (1992), 10930: 9882:Ghumakkar – Inspiring travel experiences 9875: 9780: 9753:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. 9535: 9522: 9359:Harle (1994), 87–100; Michell (1988), 18 8478: 7970: 7966:Foreign Influence on Indian Architecture 7768:obvious and demonstrate its uniqueness. 7746: 7703: 7637: 7524: 7437: 7164: 6951:Rear side of North Torana of Stupa-1 at 6812: 6748: 6661: 6395: 6346: 6338: 6129: 5828: 5496: 5466:Gaine Castle at Dhanyakuria, West Bengal 5461: 4999: 4923:Terracota work at a temple of Jor Bangla 4811:Distinctive architectural elements are:- 4736:, which comprises the modern country of 4723: 4578: 4427: 4403: 4313: 4270:also has several palaces, including the 3769:are gardens built by the Mughals in the 3304: 3252: 3215: 3123:, one of the earliest is the unfinished 3110: 3083: 2962: 2900: 2775: 2646:Temple ceiling of Ranakpur Jain Temple, 2641: 2498: 2488: 1814: 1632: 1515: 1445: 1314:or congregation halls, and sometimes an 1298:in the south. The temple may include an 1247: 973: 16745: 14648:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 13582: 13445: 13420:Ancient Indian history and civilization 13362: 13343: 13176: 12267: 12265: 12049: 11634: 11286: 10918: 10746: 10699: 10687: 10675: 10663: 10618: 10125: 9978:Michell (1990), 274–276; Harle, 226–227 9844: 9465: 9162:Michell (1990), 157; Michell (1988), 96 9024: 8968: 8957: 8955: 8841:Rowland, 31–34, 33 quoted; Harle, 15–18 8823: 8820:Rowland, 31–34, 32 quoted; Harle, 15–18 8725:Other Indian Art and Architecture forms 8512:" Illustrated Handbook of Architecture" 8327:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 8320: 6753:Arches of Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi 6017:India after independence (1947 onwards) 5833:Among the other European colonies were 5740:houses, consisting usually one or more 5523:in Indian public buildings include the 5081:, features the Navratna style of roof. 4423: 4091:Most of the population of Rajasthan is 3347:in modern Indian-administered Kashmir, 2289:are examples of Kakatiya architecture. 1804: 1651:Richly decorated temples—including the 768:), we have Greek accounts, and that of 14: 17055: 15934:Securities and Exchange Board of India 15041:National Geological Monuments of India 13628: 13600: 13464: 12304: 12302: 12285:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707. 12240: 12005: 11896: 11471: 11068: 11066: 10800: 10758: 10705: 10606: 10041:Blair & Bloom, 149–150; Harle, 425 9850:See Percy Brown in Sūryanātha Kāmat's 9714: 9604: 9575: 9573: 9528:See Percy Brown in Sūryanātha Kāmat's 9218: 8994: 8859: 8798: 8483:The similarity of the 4th century BCE 8259:The animal capitals are composed of a 8142: 8089:. Numerous Greek ambassadors, such as 7954:or gateway structure derived from the 7371: 4713: 3928: 3596:The most famous Indo-Islamic style is 3576:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 3315:By 1339, Shams-ud-din Shah Mir of the 2893:also left some significant buildings. 2292: 1844:The Khajuraho Temples were declared a 1483: 1237: 16744: 15858: 15734:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 15699:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 15440: 14992: 14507: 14471: 14066: 13694: 13319:, 1977, University of Chicago Press, 13225: 12445: 12422: 11935: 11835:"Ananda Pahto Temple, Bagan, Myanmar" 11726:from the original on 16 November 2016 11673:"torana | Indian temple gateway" 11605: 11576: 11537: 11498: 11415:from the original on 14 February 2019 11326:from the original on 25 February 2021 11235: 11179:Robinson, Andrew (15 November 2015). 11091: 10711: 10551: 10545: 10413:from the original on 28 February 2019 10340:from the original on 15 February 2022 10216:from the original on 16 November 2020 10170: 10168: 10166: 9722:"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram" 9698:. Online Gallery of British Library. 9579: 9235:from the original on 23 December 2023 9180:Harle, 111–113; Michell (1988), 94–98 9106: 9094: 9012:from the original on 5 September 2019 8248:bull. One of them, the four lions of 6901:Toranas are associated with Buddhist 5242:Britain's legacy and heritage in the 4564: 1618:). Two varieties of these are called 1280:or "womb-chamber", where the primary 969: 966:period, in the 5th or 6th centuries. 932:(3rd century BCE – 11th century CE). 790:Persia. The single massive sandstone 745:as splendid walled cities, as in the 13244: 12323: 12262: 12132:Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62 12105: 12099: 11962:from the original on 22 October 2023 11923:from the original on 22 October 2023 11845:from the original on 20 October 2020 11683:from the original on 13 October 2023 11564:from the original on 22 October 2023 11525:from the original on 13 January 2022 11287:Meister, Michael W. (26 July 2010). 10833:from the original on 24 January 2021 10782:from the original on 22 January 2022 10555:Classification of Terracotta Temples 10383:from the original on 12 January 2021 10157: 9924:from the original on 24 January 2022 9876:Khamesra, Manish (19 January 2021). 9863: 9688: 9632:from the original on 29 October 2023 8952: 8943: 8315: 8183: 8124:, confirmed the Classical accounts. 5728:Assam-type architecture is found in 5716:In Kolkata, the sole example of the 5352:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus 4708:, a Tibetan settlement in Karnataka 4303: 4095:, and there has historically been a 3891:was built with red sandstone by his 3386: 3230:These features are also seen in the 3053: 2484: 2068:architecture of the rock-cut temples 1750:in the region historically known as 15729:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 15651:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 15340:Autonomous administrative divisions 13467:Introduction to Indian Architecture 13416: 13197:A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples 12299: 12226:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 18. 12161: 11993:from the original on 28 August 2010 11989:(in German). University of Vienna. 11653:from the original on 28 August 2010 11649:(in German). University of Vienna. 11374:. USA: Grafikol. pp. 246–247. 11063: 10863:from the original on 4 January 2019 10513:, 1990, Penguin Books, pg −288-301 10293:from the original on 3 January 2018 10186:from the original on 28 August 2018 9908:"TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE" 9570: 8589:, found near the Maurya capital of 8234:were built during the reign of the 7977:Hellenistic influence on Indian art 7873:Buddhism was transmitted from India 7615:, and the palaces of rulers of the 7502:around the first century until the 7269:used to host the murti of deity. A 7033:Parshvanatha temple, Jaisalmer Fort 6795:In this lintel is replaced by arch. 5774:layout. On other surfaces, such as 5281:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture 5272:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture 5127:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture 3193: 2784:, built in the 16th century by the 872:circa 250 BCE. The entrance of the 760:In the case of the Mauryan capital 310: 24: 15719:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 13594: 12886: 12516: 12458:from the original on 14 April 2023 12220:A. S. Bhalla; I.B. Tauris (2015). 12180:. University of California Press. 12108:The Traditional Education of Korea 11980: 11875:from the original on 1 August 2021 11640: 11369: 11313: 11168:. London: W. H. Allen. p. 85. 10714:Journal of Architectural Education 10583:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 10491:from the original on 14 March 2023 10452:from the original on 14 March 2023 10163: 10086:Harle, 426; Blair & Bloom, 156 9728:from the original on 15 April 2020 9619: 9269:means only the top section of the 9097:, pp. 118–22, 123–26, 129–35. 8487:barrel-vaulted tombs, such as the 7997:in Indian sources from the Greek " 7607:Indo-Saracenic architecture was a 7019:Torana in Sas-Bahu Temple, Udaipur 6548:Arch styles in Indian Architecture 5752:and bamboo to steel and concrete. 5583:National library of India, Kolkata 5519:by wealthy merchants. Examples of 4803:was a model for the architects of 4454:, Prominent buildings such as the 4375:The religious structure is called 3923: 3115:Tombs beside Tomb of Fatima Khanam 2896: 2031:included brick shrines to deities 1852: 1139:Temple from the early 5th century. 593:Kalibangan pre-Harappan structures 436:, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from 358:), and the northeastern frontier ( 234:, which led to the development of 25: 17079: 15914:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 15656:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 14941:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 13663: 13304:, Princeton Architectural Press, 11268:from the original on 12 June 2021 11051:from the original on 1 March 2019 10893:from the original on 7 March 2021 9888:from the original on 15 July 2021 9702:from the original on 4 March 2016 9545:. 22 October 2004. Archived from 8279: 7234:built their temples from reddish 6764: 6615:Corbel arches in India date from 5481:were pioneers in this style. The 5298:buildings are a prime example of 5211:The Council House, built for the 5120: 5088:for houses. Decorative carved or 4949:Jorbangla (Douchala style) Temple 4937:Pakbirra Jain Shrine, Deul Temple 4525:wrote about enchanting beauty of 3728:(1565–74) and the walled city of 3604:, which started with the pivotal 3359:mosque. Also in Srinagar are the 2620:employed in some modern temples. 908:, where it became prominent as a 650: 17063:Italianate architecture in India 14497: 14451: 14442: 14441: 13669: 13586:Bidar, Its History and Monuments 13469:. Singapore: Periplus Editions. 13251:Historic Landmarks of the Deccan 12831: 12382: 12373: 12364: 12343: 12282:A Global History of Architecture 12279:; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). 12251: 12213: 12194: 12174:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). 12167: 12124: 12110:. Ewha Womans University Press. 12043: 12034: 11887: 11857: 11827: 11823:. Chicago: World Book Inc. 2016. 11796: 11771: 11759: 11738: 11708: 11695: 11665: 11492: 11441: 11427: 11397: 11388: 11363: 11338: 11307: 11280: 11229: 11215: 11199: 11172: 11157: 11148: 11139: 11130: 11121: 11112: 11085: 10875: 10845: 10806: 10764: 10726:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01082.x 10523: 10464: 10425: 10395: 10365: 10358:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), 10283:"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 10107:from the original on 9 July 2021 9486:North Indian temple architecture 9484:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), 8988:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), 8961:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), 8653: 8639: 8571: 8559: 8547: 8385: 8373: 8352: 8347:Achaemenid capital in Persepolis 8340: 8210: 8192: 8051: 8037: 8025: 7847: 7829: 7808: 7790: 7532:, an example of Thai style prang 7342: 7333: 7322: 7313: 7179:The profile of the 13th-century 7107: 7093: 7079: 7065: 7024: 7012: 6992: 6976: 6960: 6944: 6936:Hindu, Buddhist and Jain toranas 6786: 6610: 6596: 6584: 6566: 6554: 6514: 6502: 6487: 6475: 6460: 6446: 6088: 6067: 6050: 6038:Secretariat Building, Chandigarh 6030: 6000: 5981: 5961: 5934: 5915: 5676: 5664: 5648: 5634: 5606: 5591: 5575: 5559: 5365: 5343: 5313: 5288: 5204: 5188: 5181:who died in the First World War. 5166: 5142: 4968: 4956: 4942: 4930: 4916: 4908:Pyramidal shaped structure over 4901: 4697: 4685: 4667: 4652: 4640: 4202: 4188: 4174: 4162: 4024: 4012: 3998: 3986: 3969: 3954: 3904: 3881: 3850: 3823: 3800: 3666: 3654: 3640: 3624: 3585: 3441: 3429: 3412: 3400: 3182:decided to shift the capital to 2757: 2743: 2729: 2715: 2700: 2594:Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments 2446:(983–1195 AD), in sites such as 2350: 2338: 2322: 2310: 2134: 2120: 2104: 2090: 1936: 1924: 1910: 1898: 1884: 1872: 1866:Dravidian architectural elements 1384:Nageshswara Temple, Vesara Style 1377: 1362: 1345: 1330: 1221: 1191: 1176: 1160: 1144: 1128: 1094: 830: 814: 808:Post-Maha-Janapadas Architecture 689: 673: 586: 571: 554: 539: 440:, where archaeologists from the 415: 400: 393:Stone circle at Junapani, Nagpur 386: 374: 124: 103: 85: 71: 54: 33: 14957:History of India (1947–present) 13874:Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam 13390:Oxford Companion to Archaeology 13254:. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press. 12356:. London : Allen. p. 11903:Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). 11544:Albert Henry Longhurst (1992). 10322: 10305: 10275: 10266: 10257: 10248: 10198: 10097:"Alluring Bahmani architecture" 10089: 10080: 10071: 10062: 10053: 10044: 10035: 10026: 10017: 10008: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9945: 9936: 9900: 9869: 9831: 9818: 9801: 9789:from the original on 2 May 2015 9672: 9663: 9620:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 9613: 9598: 9561: 9500: 9491: 9459: 9438: 9353: 9326: 9317: 9308: 9299: 9276: 9259: 9212: 9192: 9183: 9174: 9165: 9156: 9121: 9112: 9054: 9045: 9036: 8982: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8907: 7763:. At these times, Buddhist and 6801:Concept of minar is also there. 6675:The 19th century archaeologist 5509: 5116:British Colonial Era: 1757–1947 4728:Cluster of temples in Bishnupur 3773:. This style was influenced by 2940:in the traditional Indian way. 1450:Hindu Temple basic floor design 748:Royal cortege leaving Rajagriha 15724:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 15676:Special Protection Group (SPG) 15666:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 14409:British Indian Ocean Territory 14052:Category:Architecture in India 13502:, Cambridge University Press, 13348:. Cambridge University Press. 13259:Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). 11164:Cunningham, Alexander (1892). 10853:"Churches and Convents of Goa" 10477:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10438:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 9622:"Khajuraho Group of Monuments" 8898: 8889: 8880: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8814: 8694:Indian vernacular architecture 8629:, around the 3rd century BCE. 8533: 8361:Achaemenid load-bearing column 8065:During that time, the city of 6681:Archaeological Survey of India 6145:Indian Institute of Architects 5713:in Mumbai are prime examples. 5696:Indian Institute of Architects 5199:is located in the North Block. 5100:European colonial architecture 4692:Tawang Monastery assembly hall 2944:, a minaret twice the size of 2707:Detailed carving of elephant, 442:Archaeological Survey of India 13: 1: 16819:Engineering colleges in India 16448:Electronics and semiconductor 15661:National Security Guard (NSG) 15405:World Heritage Sites in India 14993: 13483:Rodda & Ubertini (2004), 13446:Tadgell, Christopher (1990). 13278:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 12488: 11804:Monuments of the Angkor Group 11705:(New Delhi: D K Printworld,). 11481:. New Delhi: D K Printworld. 11405:"Group of Monuments at Hampi" 11182:The Indus: Lost Civilizations 11014:, Spantech Publishers, 1992, 9584:. Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd. 9033:Livingston & Beach, xxiii 8850:U. Singh (2008), pp. 181, 223 8524:numerous rock-cut equivalents 8085:or the floral friezes of the 7396:shrine can be found within a 7218:stone for their temples, and 6999:Torana from the 12th century 6875:were derived from the Indian 6378:and Chinese Buddhist pilgrim 5839:Portuguese Bombay and Bassein 5744:. The houses are built to be 5723: 5358:, Gothic and Indian elements. 4895:Distinct Bengali Temple Style 4594:Distinctive features include: 2992:were being built; the ruined 2772:Islamic colonial architecture 2431:(750-983AD) in sites such as 2345:Pattadakkal Temple, Karnataka 1958:is an architectural idiom in 1714:Western Chalukya architecture 1550:Lakshman Brick Temple, Sirpur 1151:The current structure of the 1115:beside the Apsidal hall with 1059:Lakshman Brick Temple, Sirpur 18:British architecture in India 15709:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 15530:State legislative assemblies 15441: 15370:States and union territories 15079:Biogeographic classification 13659:. Cf. Part Four, Chapter 26. 13417:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). 11409:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 11045:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10974:Thomas George Percival Spear 10857:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10407:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10377:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10334:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10180:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 9626:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 9609:. Aryan Books International. 9143:The Encyclopedia of Religion 8807:See Raj Jadhav, pp. 7–13 in 8786:Badami Chalukya architecture 8781:Pallava art and architecture 8151:is a monumental rectangular 7947:, is a traditional style of 7562:-style solid temple and the 7285: 6776:shikar also prevail in this. 6670: 6635:construction, as well as an 6354:visiting a bamboo garden in 6311:Kolkata Museum of Modern Art 5855:Churches and convents of Goa 5703:New India Assurance Building 5525:British Residency, Hyderabad 5440:New India Assurance Building 5213:Imperial Legislative Council 4370: 4130:Ornated buildings or Havelis 3976:Profusely painted interiors 3736:, built as a tomb for Queen 3608:, but is best known for the 3284:Although the description in 2876: 2765:Taranga Jain Temple, Gujarat 2548:Indian rock-cut architecture 2504:Jain Temple complex, Deogarh 2401:Badami Chalukya architecture 2164:Badami Chalukya Architecture 1824:Khajuraho group of monuments 1710:Badami Chalukya Architecture 1520:The ninth century temple in 987:Indian rock-cut architecture 754:War over the Buddha's relics 709:Indian rock-cut architecture 665:Indian rock-cut architecture 327:, which later expanded into 265:, European styles including 190:Indian rock-cut architecture 7: 16876:Water supply and sanitation 15859: 15641:Border Security Force (BSF) 15386:National monuments of India 14508: 13498:Sinopoli, Carla M. (2003), 13367:. London: Faber and Faber. 12335:. J. Murray. 1859. p. 11701:Parul Pandya Dhar, (2010). 8832:Livingstone & Beach, 19 8632: 8541:Perso-Hellenistic influence 7602: 7493: 7427: 7226:which mostly employed grey 7136:Influence on Southeast Asia 7059:Influence on Southeast Asia 7042: 6983:Torana of the 10th century 6742:period and Hindu temple of 6509:Char Bagh Garden, Rajasthan 6074:Stateman House, New Delhi, 5908:French settlements in India 5847:St. John the Baptist Church 5642:Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata 5620: 5471:Indo-Saracenic architecture 5300:Indo-Saracenic architecture 5173:The War Memorial Arch (now 4776:, and modern urban styles. 3707:Very large vaulted gateways 2882:Significant regional styles 1728:and other Himalayan areas, 1497:in the 4th century CE. The 1324:Temple architectural styles 1083:Chejarla Kapoteswara temple 979:Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh 657:Ancient Indian architecture 492:Ancient Indian architecture 293:- who designed the city of 186:Indo-Saracenic architecture 10: 17084: 15929:Central Statistical Office 15535:State legislative councils 15510:Union Council of Ministers 13413:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 13385:, Encyclopædia Britannica. 13210:Gast, Klaus-Peter (2007), 11589:University of Hawaii Press 11477:Parul Pandya Dhar (2010): 9582:Khajuraho: The Art of Love 8776:Chola art and architecture 8719:Temples of North Karnataka 8679:Architecture of Tamil Nadu 8578:Lion of Menecrates, Greece 8324: 8116:at about the same period. 8009:, down to the time of the 7974: 7676: 7431: 7289: 7158: 7154: 7139: 6798:There is also use of dome. 6722:period. Arches present at 6332: 6177:In 1950, French architect 6009:French settlement in India 5879:The settlements along the 5859:UNESCO World Heritage Site 5124: 4797:UNESCO World Heritage Site 4717: 4706:Golden Temple in Bylakuppe 4647:Stupas in Thikse Monastery 4568: 4307: 4097:considerable Jain minority 3938: 3932: 3589: 3323:(consisting of modern-day 3300: 3176:fortified city of Golconda 3147:in the Deccan include the 2790: 2635: 2531:or sanctuary for the main 2519: 2513: 2391:Historians agree that the 2014:Isanasivagurudeva paddhati 1856: 1846:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1808: 1241: 1232:pillar at Eran (c.476–495) 1119:foundation. An example of 868:, personally dedicated by 711:, predominantly Buddhist. 654: 522:UNESCO World Heritage Site 489: 131:Padmanabhaswamy Temple in 16899: 16809:Medical colleges in India 16764: 16760: 16740: 16659: 16628: 16364: 16233: 16173: 16125: 16077: 16007: 15959:Foreign exchange reserves 15954:Foreign direct investment 15924:Economic Advisory Council 15894: 15871: 15867: 15854: 15778: 15750: 15684: 15671:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 15633: 15624: 15569: 15560: 15453: 15449: 15436: 15378: 15330: 15268: 15157: 15069: 15051:Sacred mountains of India 15033: 15005: 15001: 14988: 14949: 14878: 14773: 14740: 14697: 14676: 14623:Indus Valley Civilisation 14608: 14520: 14516: 14503: 14437: 14396: 14356: 14098: 14047: 14001: 13935: 13728: 13684:The Architecture of India 12353:The cave temples of India 12309:Fergusson, James (1849). 11092:Lemoy, Christian (2011). 10976:; Margaret Spear (1981), 10911:See Raj Jadhav, p. 11 in 10776:Google Arts & Culture 10586:. Routledge. p. 34. 9580:Desai, Devangana (2005). 9497:Michell (1977), Chapter 8 8940:Harle, 24; Rowland, 64–65 8766:Vijayanagara architecture 8704:List of Indian architects 8669:Architecture of Karnataka 8520:The cave temples of India 8471:, especially used in the 7621:Indo-Islamic architecture 7482:of Vishnu or Shiva, or a 7478:inner chamber, where the 7457: 7424:as the goddess of death. 6808: 6773:Lintel use in this style. 6718:palace architecture from 6617:Indus Valley civilisation 6533: 6278:Skyscrapers built in the 6170:in Bangalore revived the 5928:Chandannagar, West Bengal 5904:French East India Company 5835:Portuguese Goa and Damaon 5521:Neoclassical architecture 5450:in the city, designed by 5320:The Viceregal Lodge, now 5149:The Viceroy's House (now 5048:Indo-Islamic architecture 5011:Hindu temple architecture 4825:Hindu temple architecture 4329:is heavily influenced by 4109:Hindu temple architecture 4101:Māru-Gurjara architecture 3941:Architecture of Rajasthan 3831:Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah 3682:gardens on all four sides 3524:Maru-Gurjara architecture 3238:, with types such as the 3236:Hindu temple architecture 3139:Notable buildings of the 3044:(adorned with fountains, 2924:in Delhi was begun under 2793:Indo-Islamic architecture 2638:Māru-Gurjara architecture 2632:Māru-Gurjara architecture 2522:Māru-Gurjara architecture 2231:Vijayanagara architecture 1960:Hindu temple architecture 1956:South Indian temple style 1738:Māru-Gurjara architecture 1338:Kandariya Mahadeva Temple 1244:Hindu temple architecture 1171:from the 5th-6th century. 996:Hindu temple architecture 502:Indus Valley civilization 451:established contact with 236:Indo-Islamic architecture 230:kingdom in India was the 182:South Indian architecture 170:Indo-Islamic architecture 166:Hindu temple architecture 16095:Multi Commodity Exchange 15714:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 14158:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 13583:Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). 13344:Michell, George (1995). 13329:Michell, George (1990), 13315:Michell, George, (1977) 13199:, Abhinav Publications, 13195:Foekema, Gerard (1996), 13167:, Yale University Press. 11839:Orientalarchitecture.com 11778:Soekmono, Dr R. (1973). 11583:Ronald G. Knapp (2000). 11236:Dubey, Lal Mani (1978). 10982:, Orient Longman, 1981, 10580:Andrew Petersen (2002). 10509:Michell, George (1990), 10148:, p. 14 & pp. 77–80. 9219:Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). 8931:Rowland, 65–72; Harle 24 8922:Rowland, 72; Harle 22–24 8904:Rowland, 60–63 60 quoted 8791: 8380:Lion capital in Vardhana 7983:Greek conquests in India 7609:revivalist architectural 6525:(eight piers) bridge in 5709:and buildings along the 5270:, which saw the rise of 5079:Dakshineswar Kali Temple 4793:Grand Vihara of Somapura 3785:four gardens of Paradise 3777:. They are built in the 3473:Jama Masjid at Champaner 3469:Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad 2592:). Examples include the 1598: 1488: 1258:temples in Mahabalipuram 299:economic reforms of 1991 115:Renaissance architecture 15939:Enforcement Directorate 15400:Indian-origin religions 15391:National parks of India 15200:Highest point by states 14962:Economic liberalisation 14419:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13616:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. 13515:Archaeologies of memory 13465:Thapar, Bindia (2004). 13409:Savage, George (2008), 13333:, 1990, Penguin Books, 13177:Evenson, Norma (1989). 13172:Encyclopædia Britannica 12424:Gupta, Swarajya Prakash 11942:A.H. Longhurst (1995). 11720:Art-and-archaeology.com 11716:"Glossary of Asian Art" 10403:"Humayun's Tomb, Delhi" 8714:Rajasthani architecture 7732:and its monuments. The 7296:Indonesian architecture 7031:12th century Torana at 6496:Rock Garden, Chandigarh 6209:. He also designed the 6154:, whose design for the 5543:(1844) in Kolkata, and 5086:vernacular architecture 4766:vernacular architecture 4393:(gateway or seat). The 4054:Hill Forts of Rajasthan 3567:(pavilions topped with 3477:Jami Masjid at Khambhat 3180:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 2905:Tomb of Muhammad Shah, 2469:The Hoysala temples at 2462:, and continued by the 2368:, five kilometres from 2053:Kaveripoompuharpattinam 1659:. Examples include the 1436:, which still includes 578:The drainage system at 459:, and had links to the 263:British colonial period 16909:Arts and entertainment 16544:Science and technology 16480:Information technology 16160:Government initiatives 15056:Sacred rivers of India 15046:Sacred groves of India 14600:Science and technology 13638:. John Murray, London. 13557:. Leiden: E.J. BRILL. 13363:Nilsson, Sten (1968). 12891: 12521: 12106:Choi, Wan Gee (2006). 11906:The Story of the Stūpa 11547:The Story of the Stūpa 11370:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). 10950:See Raj Jadhav, 13 in 10077:Blair & Bloom, 156 10068:Blair & Bloom, 149 10059:Blair & Bloom, 151 9811:in Sūryanātha Kāmat's 8860:Basant, P. K. (2012). 8674:Architecture of Kerala 8414:Lion Capital of Ashoka 8393:Lion Capital of Ashoka 8334:Achaemenid Derivatives 8044:Bharhut pillar capital 8007:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 7772:Influence in East Asia 7752: 7709: 7670:Federated Malay States 7646: 7533: 7445: 7176: 7133: 6969:Jagannath Temple, Puri 6831:, also referred to as 6825: 6754: 6699: 6667: 6403: 6358: 6344: 6343:Taj Mahal Gardens plan 6329:Landscape Architecture 6237:Jugal Kishore Chodhury 6189:to design the city of 6185:, was commissioned by 6183:modernist architecture 6172:Dravidian architecture 6140: 5683:Parrys Corner, Chennai 5467: 5428:Taj Mahal Palace Hotel 5420:Prince of Wales Museum 5005: 4987:Sundarbans settlements 4734:architecture of Bengal 4729: 4720:Architecture of Bengal 4590: 4439: 4412: 4389:(guide or master) and 4323: 4138:Delicate ornamentation 3710:Delicate ornamentation 3536:Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad 3436:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 3407:Jami Masjid, Champaner 3312: 3310:Jamia Masjid, Srinagar 3292:who ruled then. Under 3265: 3227: 3116: 3092: 2970: 2930:Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque 2909: 2788: 2650: 2626:Anandji Kalyanji Trust 2511: 2496: 2378:Buddhist chaitya halls 2374:Durga temple at Aihole 2330:Kailasa Temple, Ellora 2283:Thousand Pillar Temple 2241:from their capital at 1974:or sanctuary called a 1859:Dravidian architecture 1826: 1648: 1542:Parvati Temple, Nachna 1525: 1451: 1267: 1051:Parvati Temple, Nachna 982: 860:, the state-sponsored 61:Tamil architecture of 17068:Architecture in India 16866:Socio-economic issues 16814:Law colleges in India 16804:Universities in India 16052:Reserve Bank of India 14855:Independence movement 14653:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 13722:Architecture of India 13676:Architecture of India 13532:, Allied Publishers, 13295:Buddhist Architecture 13246:Haig, Thomas Wolseley 13179:The Indian Metropolis 13016:Rock-cut architecture 12890: 12520: 12141:17 April 2021 at the 11585:China's old dwellings 11372:Buddhist Architecture 11350:Europeana Collections 9200:Cunningham, Alexander 8585:The sculpture of the 8554:Masarh lion sculpture 8479:Rock cut architecture 8298:Temple of Athena Nike 8254:State Emblem of India 8019:Hellenistic influence 7971:Hellenistic influence 7949:Chinese architectural 7750: 7707: 7641: 7528: 7441: 7432:Further information: 7390:Balinese architecture 7290:Further information: 7181:Po Klong Garai Temple 7170:Po Klong Garai Temple 7168: 7120: 6816: 6752: 6685: 6665: 6454:Nishat Bagh, Srinagar 6399: 6382:mentions accounts of 6371:pavilions with them. 6350: 6342: 6333:Further information: 6300:Christopher Benninger 6133: 5829:Other Colonial Powers 5547:(1935) in Bangalore. 5531:(1893) in Hyderabad, 5497:Romanesque-Italianate 5465: 5125:Further information: 5003: 4799:. Historians believe 4727: 4582: 4431: 4407: 4317: 4019:Salim Singh ki Haveli 3810:is built in the late 3633:Tomb of Salim Chishti 3540:an earthquake in 1819 3538:, which fell down in 3526:and employed them in 3308: 3256: 3219: 3114: 3087: 3042:Lodi Gardens in Delhi 2966: 2904: 2779: 2645: 2527:consisted of a small 2520:Further information: 2502: 2494:Palitana Jain Temples 2492: 1818: 1681:Brihadeeswarar Temple 1655:—were constructed in 1636: 1519: 1449: 1251: 1123:from the 5th century. 1121:Buddhist architecture 1045:(early 5th century), 977: 858:rock-cut architecture 661:Buddhist architecture 655:Further information: 496:Harappan architecture 16140:Economic development 15984:Voluntary guidelines 15979:Industrial licensing 15109:Environmental issues 14891:Non-Aligned Movement 14668:Seleucid–Mauryan war 14333:United Arab Emirates 14093:Architecture of Asia 13678:at Wikimedia Commons 13645:; Cruickshank, Dan, 13610:. J. Murray, London. 13226:Harle, J.C. (1994). 13021:Ancient architecture 12775:World Heritage Sites 12206:2 April 2015 at the 11501:"Toraṇa | Grove Art" 11499:Hardy, Adam (2003). 11225:. 1924. p. 140. 10639:European Exploration 9837:See Carla Sinopoli, 9824:See Carla Sinopoli, 9605:Bajpai, K.D (2012). 8761:Hoysala architecture 8699:Kalinga Architecture 8321:Achaemenid influence 7841:Heolleung Royal Tomb 7802:Fushimi Inari-taisha 7191:, the saddle-shaped 6847:architecture of the 6782:Material sand stone. 6694:Alexander Cunningham 6677:Alexander Cunningham 6315:Sardar Patel Stadium 6269:Vidhan Bhawan Bhopal 5872:on the coast of the 5400:University of Bombay 5197:Secretariat Building 5153:) was built for the 5044:Bengali curved roofs 5031:("five towers") and 4424:Maratha Architecture 4299:Indo-Saracenic style 4113:Dilwara Jain Temples 3961:Jharokha windows of 3690:decorative work and 3485:Rani Rupamati Mosque 3161:Madrasa Mahmud Gawan 3090:Ibrahim Adil Shah II 2975:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra 2948:was commissioned by 2723:Rani Ki Vav, Gujarat 2709:Ranakpur Jain Temple 2602:Gommateshwara statue 2245:on the banks of the 2084:South Indian Temples 1931:Entablature elements 1805:Temples of Khajuraho 1799:World Heritage Sites 1744:Hoysala architecture 1734:Kalinga architecture 1718:Hoysala architecture 1653:complex at Khajuraho 1461:over the sanctuary. 368:Neolithic Structures 315:In South India, the 283:India's independence 15902:Ministry of Finance 14906:Indo-Pakistani wars 14850:Partition of Bengal 14360:limited recognition 13395:Rowland, Benjamin, 12803:Ministry of Tourism 12798:Ministry of Culture 12572:Arts and literature 12164:, pp. 116–117. 12054:. Seoul Selection. 11983:"Religion in Japan" 11643:"Religion in Japan" 11211:. 1923. p. 86. 11098:. Christian Lemoy. 10360:Mughal architecture 9127:Michell (1990), 192 9082:3 June 2023 at the 8709:Meitei architecture 8684:Badami cave temples 8647:Architecture portal 8501:Barabar caves group 8426:Indian subcontinent 8149:Pataliputra capital 8143:Pataliputra capital 8129:Pataliputra capital 8083:Pataliputra capital 8032:Pataliputra capital 8011:Indo-Greek kingdoms 7987:Alexander the Great 7625:Mughal architecture 7530:Wat Chaiwatthanaram 7508:Indianised kingdoms 7361:Temples are called 6871:gateways, and Thai 6863:gateways, Japanese 6849:Indian subcontinent 6323:Navi Mumbai Airport 6280:international style 6265:Jawahar Kala Kendra 6135:Lotus Temple, Delhi 5948:, reminiscences of 5656:Eros Cinema, Mumbai 5545:Bangalore Town Hall 5404:Rajabai Clock Tower 5244:Indian subcontinent 5221:Parliament of India 5179:British Indian Army 5052:Mughal architecture 4976:Hangseshwari Temple 4762:Indian subcontinent 4714:Bengal Architecture 4704:Prayer hall at the 4472:jyotirlinga temples 4452:Maratha-Mughal Wars 4416:atop the building. 4357:Rajput architecture 4349:'s period, whereas 4295:Umaid Bhawan Palace 4031:Chhatris in Udaipur 3935:Rajput architecture 3929:Rajput Architecture 3598:Mughal architecture 3592:Mughal architecture 3549:, including ornate 3547:Mughal architecture 3517:Dada Harir Stepwell 3290:Ilyas Shahi dynasty 2606:Statue of Vasupujya 2293:Vesara Architecture 2237:that ruled most of 2128:Chola thalassocracy 2098:Vijayanagara Empire 2070:, particularly the 1831:Chhatarpur District 1768:Hoysaleswara temple 1760:Chennakesava Temple 1586:Vijayanagara Empire 1554:Rajiv Lochan temple 1484:Nagara architecture 1353:Brihadisvara Temple 1238:Temple architecture 821:The Great Stupa at 792:Pataliputra capital 510:Bronze Age of India 424:Balod, Chhattisgarh 244:Mughal architecture 178:Mughal architecture 174:Rajput architecture 146:Indian architecture 16871:Standard of living 16561:Telecommunications 16078:Financial services 15999:Atmanirbhar Bharat 15919:Finance Commission 15084:Biosphere reserves 14840:Bengal Renaissance 14828:Commander-in-Chief 14793:East India Company 13643:Fletcher, Banister 13122:Visual arts portal 12892: 12880:Art forms of India 12522: 12277:Jarzombek, Mark M. 12273:Ching, Francis D.K 11981:Scheid, Bernhard. 11945:Story Of The Stupa 11744:Elgood (2000), 103 11641:Scheid, Bernhard. 11459:on 4 December 2021 11185:. Reaktion Books. 11154:Harle, 493, note 5 10819:The New York Times 10645:on 17 October 2011 10562:on 31 January 2016 10160:, p. 209-216. 9549:on 22 October 2004 8771:Greco-Buddhist art 7943:, also known as a 7936:image are placed. 7784:Torana Derivatives 7753: 7710: 7691:Theravada Buddhism 7647: 7534: 7522:ruled the region. 7446: 7434:Khmer architecture 7292:Candi of Indonesia 7177: 6826: 6755: 6710:from an arch with 6668: 6575:Qutb Minar complex 6404: 6359: 6345: 6199:Palace of Assembly 6141: 5895:and the French at 5851:Castella de Aguada 5757:earthquake of 1897 5566:Samriddhi Bhavan, 5535:in Madras (1821), 5468: 5159:President of India 5151:Rashtrapati Bhavan 5027:temple tower. The 5006: 4730: 4591: 4571:Dzong architecture 4565:Dzong Architecture 4496:Dashashwamedh Ghat 4440: 4413: 4409:Gurdwara Baba Atal 4324: 4287:Albert Hall Museum 4264:Albert Hall Museum 3889:Akbar's Tomb, Agra 3501:Sidi Sayyed Mosque 3493:Sidi Bashir Mosque 3461:Muzaffarid dynasty 3313: 3266: 3228: 3117: 3093: 2971: 2910: 2891:Jaunpur sultanates 2855:Kashmir Sultanates 2799:influence of Islam 2789: 2786:Golconda Sultanate 2651: 2512: 2497: 2235:Vijayanagar empire 1827: 1820:Vishvanatha Temple 1708:include the early 1649: 1560:(7th-century CE). 1526: 1452: 1292:, also called the 1268: 1024:Dashavatara Temple 983: 970:Gupta architecture 841:built by Asoka at 508:basin in the late 133:Thiruvananthapuram 17050: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17041: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16281:Jammu and Kashmir 15907:Finance ministers 15850: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15838:Women in politics 15813:Political parties 15746: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15552:Chief Secretaries 15525:State governments 15520:Cabinet Secretary 15473:Foreign relations 15432: 15431: 15428: 15427: 14984: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14972:COVID-19 pandemic 14845:Political reforms 14465: 14464: 14402:other territories 14060: 14059: 13674:Media related to 13577:978-93-81218-51-8 13476:978-0-7946-0011-2 13457:978-1-85454-350-9 13374:978-0-571-08225-4 13355:978-0-521-44110-0 13325:978-0-226-53230-1 13220:978-3-7643-7754-0 13188:978-0-300-04333-4 13160: 13159: 12874: 12873: 12439:978-0-391-02172-3 12187:978-0-520-24731-4 12130:Gosh, A. (1964). 12117:978-89-7300-675-5 12061:978-1-62412-047-3 12027:978-0-470-52658-3 11955:978-81-206-0160-4 11916:978-81-206-0160-4 11789:978-979-413-290-6 11627:978-0-470-52658-3 11557:978-81-206-0160-4 11518:978-1-884446-05-4 11453:focuscivil.online 11021:978-81-85215-14-3 10989:978-0-86131-265-8 10749:, pp. 66–67. 10593:978-1-134-61365-6 10533:. 29 October 2011 10287:Iranicaonline.org 9760:978-0-470-64580-2 9347:, 9788170173120, 9109:, pp. 92–97. 9075:, 9781568983240, 8603:Pillars of Ashoka 8528:Achaemenid Empire 8473:Pillars of Ashoka 8316:Persian influence 8252:, has become the 8232:Pillars of Ashoka 8184:Pillars of Ashoka 8177:Pillars of Ashoka 8133:Pillars of Ashoka 8114:Pillars of Ashoka 8087:Pillars of Ashoka 7651:Thomas R. Metcalf 7595:, the "weapon of 7554:Sukhothai Kingdom 7474:which houses the 6867:gateways, Korean 6704:pre Mauryan Nanda 6641:Trivikrama Temple 6573:Corbel arches in 6292:Hafeez Contractor 6152:Ganesh Deolalikar 6080:Sir Herbert Baker 6076:Sir Edwin Lutyens 6060:, J. K. Choudhury 5718:Art Nouveau style 5613:Mumbai University 5533:St Andrews Church 5483:Victoria Memorial 5408:Bombay High Court 5396:Victoria terminus 5374:Victoria Memorial 5322:Rashtrapati Niwas 5296:Madras High Court 5219:, and houses the 5110:colonies in India 4679:Arunachal Pradesh 4492:ghats of Varanasi 4385:is a compound of 4327:Sikh architecture 4310:Sikh architecture 4304:Sikh Architecture 4266:were also built. 4041:Islamic invasions 3808:Safdarjung's Tomb 3787:mentioned in the 3457:Gujarat Sultanate 3394:Gujarat Sultanate 3387:Gujarat sultanate 3349:Sikandar Shah Mir 3333:Jammu and Kashmir 3321:region of Kashmir 3232:Choto Sona Mosque 3198:The style of the 3145:Deccan sultanates 3121:Bijapur Sultanate 3054:Deccan Sultanates 2958:Hauz Khas Complex 2918:Qutb al-Din Aibak 2912:The start of the 2604:, and the modern 2485:Jain architecture 2440:Western Chalukyas 2247:Tungabhadra River 2061:Sangam literature 1546:Lalitpur District 1167:Vishnu temple in 1041:include those at 720:Jivakarama vihara 409:Ariyannur, Kerala 192:, including many 148:is rooted in the 16:(Redirected from 17075: 17005:Physical culture 16826:Ethnic relations 16762: 16761: 16742: 16741: 16724:Mumbai Consensus 16276:Himachal Pradesh 16165:Numbering system 16155:Green revolution 16030:Historical Forex 15869: 15868: 15856: 15855: 15828:Scheduled groups 15631: 15630: 15567: 15566: 15451: 15450: 15438: 15437: 15420:Tourism in India 15415:History of India 15410:Culture of India 15020:Geology of India 15003: 15002: 14990: 14989: 14921:Naxal Insurgency 14916:White Revolution 14911:Green Revolution 14518: 14517: 14505: 14504: 14492: 14485: 14478: 14469: 14468: 14455: 14445: 14444: 14414:Christmas Island 14100:Sovereign states 14087: 14080: 14073: 14064: 14063: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13692: 13691: 13673: 13639: 13625: 13611: 13590: 13568: 13480: 13461: 13442: 13378: 13359: 13297:, 2009, Grafikol 13290: 13280: 13255: 13241: 13192: 13152: 13145: 13138: 12889: 12876: 12875: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12838:India portal 12836: 12835: 12834: 12818:Incredible India 12688:Physical culture 12519: 12493: 12492: 12482: 12481: 12475: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12443: 12418: 12401: 12400: 12386: 12380: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12306: 12297: 12296: 12269: 12260: 12255: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12217: 12211: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12146: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12084: 12075: 12066: 12065: 12047: 12041: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11939: 11933: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11816: 11807: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11775: 11769: 11763: 11757: 11754: 11745: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11712: 11706: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11496: 11490: 11475: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11455:. Archived from 11445: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11401: 11395: 11394:Rowland, 163-164 11392: 11386: 11385: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11146: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11119: 11116: 11110: 11109: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11070: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10979:India remembered 10970: 10964: 10961: 10955: 10948: 10937: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10916: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10883:"Fort Feringhee" 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10709: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10641:. Archived from 10631: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10558:, archived from 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10527: 10521: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10369: 10363: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10330:"Fatehpur Sikri" 10326: 10320: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10246: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10172: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10138: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10103:. 27 July 2019. 10093: 10087: 10084: 10078: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10015: 10012: 10006: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9988: 9985: 9979: 9976: 9970: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9952: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9923: 9912: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9873: 9867: 9866:, p. 65-87. 9861: 9855: 9848: 9842: 9835: 9829: 9822: 9816: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9692: 9686: 9676: 9670: 9667: 9661: 9651: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9577: 9568: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9520: 9504: 9498: 9495: 9489: 9482: 9473: 9463: 9457: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9418:(3–4): 254–280. 9407: 9398: 9397: 9380:(3–4): 254–256. 9369: 9360: 9357: 9351: 9330: 9324: 9321: 9315: 9314:Rowland, 220–223 9312: 9306: 9305:Rowland, 277–280 9303: 9297: 9294: 9283: 9280: 9274: 9263: 9257: 9256:Rowland, 275–276 9254: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9181: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9154: 9139: 9128: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8977: 8966: 8959: 8950: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8932: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8896: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8866:. Primus Books. 8857: 8851: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8821: 8818: 8812: 8805: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8643: 8607:Maurya sculpture 8599:Chunar sandstone 8575: 8563: 8551: 8438:Darius the Great 8389: 8377: 8359:Highly polished 8356: 8344: 8214: 8196: 8167:capital city of 8055: 8041: 8029: 7851: 7833: 7812: 7800:path leading to 7794: 7708:Temples in Bagan 7459: 7375: 7373:[tʃandi] 7370: 7346: 7337: 7326: 7317: 7258:near Phan Rang. 7199:attached to the 7131: 7111: 7097: 7083: 7069: 7028: 7016: 7001:Kakatiya dynasty 6996: 6985:Muktesvara deula 6980: 6964: 6948: 6824:, Madhya Pradesh 6818:Nav Toran Temple 6779:No use of minar. 6759:Mahabodhi Temple 6697: 6645:Ter, Maharashtra 6600: 6588: 6570: 6558: 6518: 6506: 6491: 6479: 6464: 6450: 6187:Jawaharlal Nehru 6092: 6071: 6054: 6034: 6004: 5990:Portuguese India 5985: 5965: 5938: 5919: 5887:, the Danish at 5746:earthquake proof 5680: 5668: 5652: 5638: 5610: 5599:Falaknuma Palace 5595: 5579: 5563: 5529:Falaknuma Palace 5503:adopted in India 5491:zamindar estates 5424:Gateway of India 5369: 5347: 5317: 5292: 5248:Madras (Chennai) 5208: 5192: 5170: 5155:Viceroy of India 5146: 5057:Structures like 4972: 4960: 4946: 4934: 4920: 4905: 4701: 4689: 4675:Tawang Monastery 4671: 4660:Ralang Monastery 4656: 4644: 4629:duality of power 4521:. The Historian 4476:Kashi Vishwanath 4397:in Amritsar and 4272:Bagore-ki-Haveli 4225:Jharokha Darshan 4210:Chittorgarh Fort 4206: 4192: 4178: 4166: 4028: 4016: 4002: 3990: 3973: 3958: 3908: 3899:in 1605 to 1618. 3885: 3854: 3827: 3804: 3670: 3658: 3644: 3628: 3481:Qutbuddin Mosque 3445: 3433: 3416: 3404: 3365:Gilgit-Baltistan 3357:Khanqah-e-Moulah 3351:constructed the 3325:Gilgit-Baltistan 3317:Shah Mir dynasty 3257:Interior of the 3200:Bengal Sultanate 3194:Bengal Sultanate 3157:Qutb Shahi tombs 3088:Burial place of 2954:Tughlaqabad Fort 2926:Muhammad of Ghor 2808:Byzantine empire 2761: 2747: 2733: 2719: 2704: 2610:Statue of Ahimsa 2598:Siddhachal Caves 2466:(1000–1330 AD). 2354: 2342: 2326: 2314: 2138: 2124: 2108: 2094: 2029:Pandyan kingdoms 1950:Dravidian style 1940: 1928: 1914: 1902: 1888: 1876: 1835:Chandela dynasty 1695:through various 1661:Lingaraja Temple 1581:Muslim invasions 1565:at Mahabalipuram 1381: 1370:Lingaraja Temple 1366: 1349: 1334: 1308:circumambulation 1225: 1195: 1180: 1164: 1153:Mahabodhi Temple 1148: 1132: 1098: 1079:Mahabodhi Temple 960:Mahabodhi Temple 874:Lomas Rishi Cave 849:, 1st century CE 839:Mahabodhi Temple 834: 818: 693: 677: 590: 575: 558: 543: 465:peninsular India 419: 404: 390: 378: 311:Neolithic period 258:styles as well. 226:The first major 128: 111:Dalhousie Square 107: 89: 75: 63:Meenakshi Temple 58: 37: 21: 17083: 17082: 17078: 17077: 17076: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17053: 17052: 17051: 17038: 17010:Public holidays 16895: 16841:Life expectancy 16756: 16755: 16728: 16655: 16624: 16529:Pharmaceuticals 16360: 16229: 16169: 16135:COVID-19 impact 16121: 16073: 16003: 15890: 15863: 15842: 15774: 15738: 15680: 15620: 15616:District Courts 15556: 15547:Chief Ministers 15445: 15424: 15374: 15326: 15264: 15238:Western coastal 15233:Eastern coastal 15220:Mountain passes 15153: 15139:Protected areas 15065: 15061:Stones of India 15029: 14997: 14976: 14945: 14931:Space programme 14901:Sino-Indian War 14896:Five-Year Plans 14874: 14769: 14736: 14727:Delhi Sultanate 14693: 14684:Middle kingdoms 14677:Middle Kingdoms 14672: 14604: 14512: 14499: 14496: 14466: 14461: 14433: 14401: 14392: 14373:Northern Cyprus 14359: 14352: 14094: 14091: 14061: 14056: 14043: 13997: 13931: 13854:Badami Chalukya 13724: 13719: 13682:Kamiya, Taeko, 13666: 13597: 13595:Further reading 13565: 13477: 13458: 13431: 13411:interior design 13375: 13356: 13238: 13189: 13156: 13127: 13126: 13102: 13094: 13093: 13049: 13041: 13040: 13006: 12998: 12997: 12933: 12925: 12924: 12900: 12887: 12870: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12822: 12793: 12785: 12784: 12750: 12742: 12741: 12651: 12643: 12642: 12573: 12565: 12564: 12530: 12517: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12469: 12468: 12461: 12459: 12452:Heritage and Us 12440: 12419: 12404: 12387: 12383: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12365: 12348: 12344: 12329: 12328: 12324: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12270: 12263: 12256: 12252: 12245: 12241: 12234: 12218: 12214: 12208:Wayback Machine 12199: 12195: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12160: 12149: 12143:Wayback Machine 12129: 12125: 12118: 12104: 12100: 12093: 12077: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12048: 12044: 12039: 12035: 12028: 12020:. p. 435. 12014:Frommer's China 12010: 12006: 11996: 11994: 11979: 11975: 11965: 11963: 11956: 11940: 11936: 11926: 11924: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11892: 11888: 11878: 11876: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11810: 11801: 11797: 11790: 11776: 11772: 11766:Soekmono (1995) 11764: 11760: 11755: 11748: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11639: 11635: 11628: 11620:. p. 435. 11614:Frommer's China 11610: 11606: 11599: 11581: 11577: 11567: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11519: 11497: 11493: 11476: 11472: 11462: 11460: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11393: 11389: 11382: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11352: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11314:Wright, Colin. 11312: 11308: 11301: 11285: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11234: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11177: 11173: 11162: 11158: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11126: 11122: 11117: 11113: 11106: 11090: 11086: 11071: 11064: 11054: 11052: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11022: 11006: 11002: 10990: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10949: 10940: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10910: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10881: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10836: 10834: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10785: 10783: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10757: 10753: 10745: 10741: 10710: 10706: 10698: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10658: 10648: 10646: 10633: 10632: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10565: 10563: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10446: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10310: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10236: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10174: 10173: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10139: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10085: 10081: 10076: 10072: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9889: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9849: 9845: 9836: 9832: 9823: 9819: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9750:Frommer's India 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9677: 9673: 9668: 9664: 9652: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9618: 9614: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9578: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9552: 9550: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9527: 9523: 9512:Hoysala_Dynasty 9505: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9483: 9476: 9464: 9460: 9443: 9439: 9424:10.2307/3250039 9408: 9401: 9386:10.2307/3250039 9370: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9170: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9140: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9084:Wayback Machine 9059: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9015: 9013: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8815: 8806: 8799: 8794: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8635: 8609:. According to 8583: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8568: 8567: 8566:Achaemenid lion 8564: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8536: 8508:James Fergusson 8481: 8430:Cyrus the Great 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8390: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8357: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8318: 8282: 8270:Sphinx of Naxos 8228: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8218:Sphinx of Naxos 8215: 8207: 8206: 8197: 8186: 8145: 8077:grid plan, and 8063: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8003:Seleucid Empire 7979: 7973: 7968: 7958:temple-gate in 7900:the Indian word 7867:Ancient Indian 7865: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7852: 7844: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7774: 7761:King Kyansittha 7679: 7617:princely states 7605: 7589:(Buddha statue) 7496: 7436: 7430: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7339: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7319: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7300:Balinese temple 7288: 7163: 7157: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7029: 7020: 7017: 7008: 6997: 6988: 6981: 6972: 6965: 6956: 6949: 6938: 6937: 6811: 6789: 6767: 6698: 6692: 6673: 6656:post and lintel 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6536: 6529: 6519: 6510: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6483: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6451: 6431:Akbar's Gardens 6337: 6331: 6245:Achyut Kanvinde 6207:the Secretariat 6181:, a pioneer of 6100: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5996: 5986: 5977: 5966: 5957: 5939: 5930: 5920: 5891:, the Dutch at 5831: 5821:surfacing with 5804:well-ventilated 5726: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5512: 5499: 5388:Mumbai (Bombay) 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5256:Bombay (Mumbai) 5240: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5209: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5171: 5163: 5162: 5147: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5118: 5102: 5077:. Temples like 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4693: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4645: 4573: 4567: 4435:palace fort in 4426: 4373: 4312: 4306: 4279:princely states 4216: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4082:Mehrangarh Fort 4036: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3948:Rajput elements 3943: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3924:Regional styles 3919: 3909: 3900: 3886: 3877: 3855: 3846: 3828: 3819: 3805: 3775:Persian gardens 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3618:Mughal elements 3606:Tomb of Humayun 3594: 3588: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3448:Saher ki Masjid 3446: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3375:(1370) and the 3369:Chaqchan Mosque 3303: 3196: 3056: 2950:Alauddin Khilji 2914:Delhi Sultanate 2899: 2897:Delhi Sultanate 2879: 2871:princely states 2795: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2751:Adalaj stepwell 2748: 2739: 2737:Somanath Temple 2734: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2640: 2634: 2524: 2518: 2487: 2382:Lad Khan temple 2362: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2295: 2249:in present-day 2195:Hindu mythology 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2112:Badami Chalukya 2109: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2006:Manasara shilpa 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1853:Dravidian style 1813: 1807: 1693:South East Asia 1601: 1530:Udayagiri Caves 1502:Udayagiri Caves 1491: 1486: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1372:, Kalinga Style 1367: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1355:, Dravida Style 1350: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1310:), one or more 1246: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1217: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1172: 1165: 1156: 1149: 1140: 1133: 1124: 1099: 1035:Udayagiri Caves 1020:Udayagiri Caves 972: 854: 853: 852: 851: 850: 835: 827: 826: 819: 810: 809: 701: 700: 699: 698: 697: 694: 686: 685: 678: 667: 653: 598: 597: 596: 595: 594: 591: 583: 582: 576: 567: 566: 565: 559: 551: 550: 544: 535: 534: 498: 490:Main articles: 488: 461:Gangetic plains 430: 429: 428: 427: 426: 420: 412: 411: 405: 396: 395: 394: 391: 383: 382: 379: 370: 369: 313: 232:Delhi Sultanate 209:Dravidian style 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 129: 120: 119: 118: 108: 99: 98: 97: 90: 81: 80: 79: 76: 67: 66: 65: 59: 50: 49: 48: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17081: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17037: 17036: 17035: 17034: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16986: 16985: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16949: 16948: 16938: 16937: 16936: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16905: 16903: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16822: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16768: 16766: 16758: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16746: 16738: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16699:Income Tax Act 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16632: 16630: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16541: 16536: 16534:Pulp and paper 16531: 16526: 16525: 16524: 16522:Iron and Steel 16519: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16482: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16306:Madhya Pradesh 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16241:Andhra Pradesh 16237: 16235: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16227: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16205: 16200: 16199: 16198: 16188: 16183: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16145:Liberalisation 16142: 16137: 16131: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16117: 16112: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16049: 16048: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16011: 16009: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15877: 15875: 15865: 15864: 15852: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15784: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15756: 15754: 15748: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15690: 15688: 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15628: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15570: 15564: 15558: 15557: 15555: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15522: 15517: 15515:Civil Services 15512: 15507: 15505:Prime Minister 15502: 15500:Vice President 15497: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15459: 15457: 15447: 15446: 15434: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15396:Nature worship 15393: 15388: 15382: 15380: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15365:Municipalities 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15336: 15334: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15302: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15285: 15280: 15274: 15272: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15190:Extreme points 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15134:National parks 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15094:Climate change 15091: 15086: 15081: 15075: 15073: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15037: 15035: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15011: 15009: 14999: 14998: 14986: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14953: 14951: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14926:Smiling Buddha 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14882: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14803:1857 rebellion 14800: 14795: 14790: 14788:Princely state 14785: 14779: 14777: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14760:European trade 14757: 14752: 14746: 14744: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14707:Medieval India 14703: 14701: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14643:Yavana Kingdom 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14590:Paper currency 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14536: 14535: 14530: 14524: 14522: 14514: 14513: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14494: 14487: 14480: 14472: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14459: 14449: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14405: 14403: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14364: 14362: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14104: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14090: 14089: 14082: 14075: 14067: 14058: 14057: 14055: 14054: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13939: 13937: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13917:Indo-Saracenic 13914: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13844:Hindu-southern 13841: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13795: 13790: 13778:Hindu-northern 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13753: 13743: 13738: 13736:Ancient Indian 13732: 13730: 13726: 13725: 13718: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13695: 13689: 13688: 13679: 13665: 13664:External links 13662: 13661: 13660: 13640: 13626: 13612: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13591: 13580: 13569: 13563: 13541: 13526: 13511: 13496: 13481: 13475: 13462: 13456: 13443: 13429: 13414: 13407: 13393: 13386: 13379: 13373: 13360: 13354: 13341: 13327: 13313: 13298: 13293:Le Huu Phuoc, 13291: 13265:Ars Orientalis 13256: 13242: 13236: 13223: 13214:, Birkhäuser, 13208: 13193: 13187: 13174: 13168: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13112:Indian culture 13109: 13107:Indian history 13103: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13011:Cave paintings 13007: 13004: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12958:Greco-Buddhist 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12883: 12882: 12872: 12871: 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11677:Britannica.com 11664: 11633: 11626: 11604: 11597: 11591:. p. 85. 11575: 11556: 11536: 11517: 11491: 11487:978-8124605349 11470: 11440: 11437:. p. 190. 11426: 11396: 11387: 11381:978-0984404308 11380: 11362: 11337: 11306: 11299: 11279: 11228: 11214: 11198: 11191: 11171: 11156: 11147: 11138: 11129: 11120: 11111: 11104: 11084: 11062: 11032: 11020: 11000: 10988: 10965: 10956: 10938: 10929: 10917: 10904: 10874: 10844: 10805: 10803:, p. 125. 10793: 10763: 10761:, p. 129. 10751: 10739: 10720:(2): 167–169. 10704: 10692: 10680: 10668: 10656: 10623: 10611: 10609:, p. 122. 10599: 10592: 10572: 10544: 10522: 10502: 10483: 10463: 10444: 10424: 10394: 10364: 10351: 10321: 10304: 10274: 10265: 10256: 10247: 10227: 10206:"Architecture" 10197: 10162: 10150: 10130: 10128:, p. 152. 10118: 10088: 10079: 10070: 10061: 10052: 10043: 10034: 10025: 10023:Harle, 423–424 10016: 10014:Harle, 428–432 10007: 9998: 9989: 9980: 9971: 9969:Harle, 261–263 9962: 9960:Harle, 256–261 9953: 9944: 9935: 9899: 9868: 9856: 9843: 9830: 9817: 9800: 9781:Takeo Kamiya. 9773: 9759: 9739: 9724:. UNESCO.org. 9713: 9687: 9671: 9662: 9643: 9612: 9597: 9591:978-1890206628 9590: 9569: 9560: 9534: 9521: 9499: 9490: 9474: 9458: 9454:978-0691784021 9437: 9399: 9361: 9352: 9325: 9316: 9307: 9298: 9284: 9275: 9258: 9246: 9228:. p. 93. 9211: 9191: 9182: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9129: 9120: 9111: 9099: 9087: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9023: 8993: 8981: 8979:Chandra (2008) 8967: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8913:Rowland, 63–65 8906: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8872: 8852: 8843: 8834: 8822: 8813: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8741:Art of Mathura 8738: 8736:Indo-Greek art 8733: 8727: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8650: 8634: 8631: 8577: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8489:tomb of Payava 8480: 8477: 8469:Mauryan polish 8454:Mauryan Empire 8403: 8402: 8391: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8358: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8286:flame palmette 8281: 8280:Flame palmette 8278: 8263:base, with an 8216: 8209: 8208: 8200:Ashokan Pillar 8198: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8165:Mauryan Empire 8144: 8141: 8057: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8015: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7883:gateways, and 7853: 7846: 7845: 7835: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7814: 7807: 7806: 7796: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7678: 7675: 7658:British Malaya 7643:Masjid Ubudiah 7629:Gothic revival 7604: 7601: 7495: 7492: 7429: 7426: 7351: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7287: 7284: 7256:Po Klong Garai 7156: 7153: 7137: 7134: 7125: 7113: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7011: 7009: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6920:Vesak festival 6853:Southeast Asia 6833:vandanamalikas 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6766: 6765:Trabeate style 6763: 6708:K. P. Jayaswal 6690: 6679:, head of the 6672: 6669: 6612: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6572: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6427:Humayun's Tomb 6419:Persian wheels 6335:Mughal gardens 6330: 6327: 6273:Charles Correa 6261:Fariborz Sahba 6211:Sanskar Kendra 6168:Vidhana Soudha 6138:Fariborz Sahba 6094: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6073: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6036: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5980: 5978: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5940: 5933: 5931: 5921: 5914: 5874:Malabar region 5830: 5827: 5725: 5722: 5682: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5511: 5508: 5498: 5495: 5456:Fort St George 5448:Chepauk Palace 5416:Indo-Saracenic 5392:gothic revival 5371: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5349: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5319: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5232:, designed by 5230:Lutyens' Delhi 5228: 5227: 5210: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5135:Lutyens' Delhi 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5121:Indo-Saracenic 5119: 5117: 5114: 5101: 5098: 4978:, Ratna Temple 4974: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4862: 4838: 4787:, temples and 4774:country houses 4718:Main article: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4624: 4623: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4576:accommodation. 4569:Main article: 4566: 4563: 4559:Medieval India 4425: 4422: 4401:are examples. 4372: 4369: 4308:Main article: 4305: 4302: 4291:Lalgarh Palace 4256:Rambagh Palace 4208: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3933:Main article: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3912:Humayun's Tomb 3910: 3903: 3901: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3806: 3799: 3767:Mughal gardens 3730:Fatehpur Sikri 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3590:Main article: 3587: 3584: 3555:and minarets, 3519:in Ahmedabad. 3447: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3419:Jaali work at 3418: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3377:Amburiq Mosque 3302: 3299: 3195: 3192: 3078:Ali Barid Shah 3055: 3052: 3011:horseshoe arch 2994:Tomb of Balban 2916:in 1206 under 2898: 2895: 2878: 2875: 2791:Main article: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2636:Main article: 2633: 2630: 2514:Main article: 2486: 2483: 2464:Hoysala empire 2356: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287:Ramappa Temple 2227:in Karnataka. 2219:common to the 2142:Pandya Dynasty 2140: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1822:, part of the 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1748:Hoysala Empire 1716:, and finally 1702:Styles called 1600: 1597: 1552:(600–625 CE); 1534:Madhya Pradesh 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1383: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1340:, Nagara Style 1336: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1266:form of tower. 1242:Main article: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1184:Pataini temple 1182: 1175: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1100: 1093: 1039:Madhya Pradesh 971: 968: 883:Mauryan polish 845:. Relief from 836: 829: 828: 820: 813: 812: 811: 807: 806: 805: 804: 800:Ashoka columns 695: 688: 687: 679: 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 652: 651:600 BCE—250 CE 649: 600:The civic and 592: 585: 584: 577: 570: 569: 568: 560: 553: 552: 545: 538: 537: 536: 532: 531: 530: 529: 487: 484: 472:Early Harappan 421: 414: 413: 406: 399: 398: 397: 392: 385: 384: 380: 373: 372: 371: 367: 366: 365: 364: 356:Andhra Pradesh 312: 309: 279:Indo-Saracenic 271:Gothic Revival 221:northern India 213:southern India 130: 123: 122: 121: 109: 102: 101: 100: 91: 84: 83: 82: 77: 70: 69: 68: 60: 53: 52: 51: 41:Kailash Temple 39: 32: 31: 30: 29: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17080: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17060: 17058: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16902: 16898: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16752: 16748: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16714:Insurance Act 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16704:Companies Act 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16658: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16627: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16550: 16549:Biotechnology 16547: 16546: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16487: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16474: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16453:Entertainment 16451: 16449: 16446: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16351:Uttar Pradesh 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16232: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16210: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16172: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16124: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16107: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16076: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16035:Digital rupee 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16006: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15994:Make in India 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15949:Foreign trade 15947: 15945: 15944:External debt 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15857: 15853: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15781: 15777: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15749: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15683: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15606:Chief Justice 15604: 15602: 15601:Supreme Court 15599: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15559: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15468:Energy policy 15466: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15439: 15435: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15323: 15320: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15228:Indo-Gangetic 15226: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15068: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15032: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14991: 14987: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14954: 14952: 14948: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936:The Emergency 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14825: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14745: 14743: 14739: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14658:Kushan Empire 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14633:Mahajanapadas 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14506: 14502: 14493: 14488: 14486: 14481: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14448: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14395: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14383:South Ossetia 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14088: 14083: 14081: 14076: 14074: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14053: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13988:Uttar Pradesh 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13934: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13716: 13711: 13709: 13704: 13702: 13697: 13696: 13693: 13687: 13685: 13680: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13658: 13657:0-7506-2267-9 13654: 13650: 13649: 13644: 13641: 13637: 13636: 13631: 13630:Havell, E. B. 13627: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13599: 13598: 13588: 13587: 13581: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13564:9789004102156 13560: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13539: 13538:81-7764-548-X 13535: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13523:0-631-23585-X 13520: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13508:0-521-82613-6 13505: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13493:1-901502-57-0 13490: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13449: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13430:81-224-1198-3 13426: 13422: 13421: 13415: 13412: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13361: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13342: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13310:1-56898-324-7 13307: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13205:81-7017-345-0 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13153: 13148: 13146: 13141: 13139: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13098: 13097: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13079:Barabar caves 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13045: 13044: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12953:Indo-Scythian 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12929: 12928: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12896: 12895: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12867: 12862: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12792:Organizations 12789: 12788: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12738: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12479: 12473: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12441: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12398: 12394: 12393: 12385: 12376: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12346: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12313: 12305: 12303: 12294: 12292:9781118981603 12288: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12266: 12259: 12254: 12248: 12243: 12235: 12233:9781784530877 12229: 12225: 12224: 12216: 12209: 12205: 12202: 12197: 12189: 12183: 12179: 12178: 12170: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12119: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12094: 12092:9788985846981 12088: 12083: 12082: 12074: 12072: 12063: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12037: 12029: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12008: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11977: 11961: 11957: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11938: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11899: 11890: 11874: 11870: 11869:en.unesco.org 11866: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11822: 11815: 11813: 11805: 11799: 11791: 11785: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11762: 11753: 11751: 11741: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11629: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11600: 11598:0-8248-2214-5 11594: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11540: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11444: 11436: 11430: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11400: 11391: 11383: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11310: 11302: 11300:9789004190115 11296: 11292: 11291: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11248:: 1000–1006. 11247: 11243: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11218: 11210: 11209: 11202: 11194: 11192:9781780235417 11188: 11184: 11183: 11175: 11167: 11160: 11151: 11142: 11133: 11124: 11115: 11107: 11105:9781599425825 11101: 11097: 11096: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11067: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11004: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10969: 10960: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10933: 10924: 10922: 10914: 10908: 10892: 10888: 10887:The Telegraph 10884: 10878: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10760: 10755: 10748: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10702:, p. 20. 10701: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10677: 10672: 10666:, p. 14. 10665: 10660: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10603: 10595: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10576: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10548: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10484:9780870999925 10480: 10476: 10475: 10467: 10451: 10447: 10445:9780870999925 10441: 10437: 10436: 10428: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10361: 10355: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10318: 10317:1-134-61366-0 10314: 10308: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10269: 10260: 10251: 10244: 10243:1-84511-381-0 10240: 10234: 10232: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10159: 10154: 10147: 10146:0-521-56321-6 10143: 10137: 10135: 10127: 10122: 10106: 10102: 10101:Deccan Herald 10098: 10092: 10083: 10074: 10065: 10056: 10047: 10038: 10029: 10020: 10011: 10002: 9993: 9984: 9975: 9966: 9957: 9948: 9939: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9834: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9666: 9660: 9659:81-208-0223-3 9656: 9650: 9648: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9601: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9574: 9564: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9531: 9525: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9494: 9487: 9481: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9456:, pages 30–53 9455: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9412:Artibus Asiae 9406: 9404: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9374:Artibus Asiae 9368: 9366: 9356: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9329: 9320: 9311: 9302: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9279: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9253: 9251: 9231: 9224: 9223: 9215: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9186: 9177: 9168: 9159: 9152: 9151:0-02-909850-5 9148: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9124: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9028: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8964: 8958: 8956: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8919: 8910: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8875: 8873:9789380607153 8869: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8847: 8838: 8829: 8827: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8797: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8651: 8648: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8628: 8627:Maurya Empire 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8595:Maurya Empire 8592: 8588: 8574: 8562: 8550: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8499:caves in the 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8467:The renowned 8465: 8462: 8457: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8376: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8343: 8328: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236:Maurya Empire 8233: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8054: 8040: 8028: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7963: 7961: 7960:ancient India 7957: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885:Sao Ching Cha 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7734:Ananda Temple 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7706: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7689:adherents of 7688: 7684: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7649:According to 7644: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7633:Neo-Classical 7630: 7626: 7623:, especially 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7366: 7365: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7325: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7161:Art of Champa 7152: 7150: 7143: 7130: 7124: 7110: 7096: 7082: 7068: 7049: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7005:Warangal Fort 7002: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873:Sao Ching Cha 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6855:and parts of 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6787:Arcuate style 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6738:temples from 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6611:Corbel arches 6599: 6587: 6576: 6569: 6557: 6543: 6541: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6494:Waterfall at 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6437:in Srinagar. 6436: 6435:Shalimar Bagh 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6408:Lodhi Dynasty 6402: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296:IIT Hyderabad 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249:IIM Bangalore 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6225:IIM Ahmedabad 6221: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6158:imitated the 6157: 6156:Supreme Court 6153: 6148: 6146: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6091: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6059: 6053: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5976:, West Bengal 5975: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5954:Tharangambadi 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942:Fort Dansborg 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5924:French colony 5918: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5897:Chandernagore 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5881:Hooghly river 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866:Vasco da Gama 5862: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788:timber-framed 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5734:Sylhet region 5731: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5679: 5667: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5584: 5578: 5569: 5562: 5553:Neoclassicism 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541:Metcalfe Hall 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5507: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5479:George Wittet 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5452:Paul Benfield 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5234:Edwin Lutyens 5231: 5222: 5218: 5217:Sansad Bhawan 5214: 5207: 5198: 5191: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5002: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4977: 4971: 4959: 4945: 4933: 4919: 4911: 4904: 4888:architecture. 4886: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4871:(jewel). The 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4807:in Cambodia. 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742:Indian states 4739: 4735: 4726: 4721: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4584:Kee monastery 4581: 4577: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543:Mughal Empire 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490:temples. The 4489: 4485: 4484:Trimbakeshwar 4481: 4480:Mahakaleshwar 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:Shaniwar Wada 4453: 4449: 4448:Mughal Empire 4445: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4395:Golden Temple 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4320:Golden Temple 4316: 4311: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283:British India 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:town planning 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4211: 4205: 4197: 4191: 4181:Neemrana Fort 4177: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4015: 4001: 3989: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862:Mughal garden 3859: 3858:Shalimar Bagh 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837:mausoleum in 3836: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3771:Islamic style 3768: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3713:Bulbous domes 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3669: 3657: 3643: 3634: 3627: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3586:Mughal Empire 3583: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505:Nagina Mosque 3502: 3498: 3497:Kevada Mosque 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3444: 3432: 3422: 3415: 3403: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3133:Ibrahim Rouza 3130: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815:Islamic world 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2509: 2508:Uttar Pradesh 2505: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2479:Somanathapura 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:and southern 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2353: 2341: 2331: 2325: 2313: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:Warangal Fort 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162:style called 2161: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2137: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057:Mahabalipuram 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010:Vastu Shastra 2007: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Hindu temples 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1939: 1927: 1913: 1901: 1887: 1875: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Somanathapura 1777: 1776:Kesava Temple 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:Central India 1654: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637:Drawing of a 1635: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495:Gupta dynasty 1481: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1443:-type plans. 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1380: 1371: 1365: 1354: 1348: 1339: 1333: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1252:The rock-cut 1250: 1245: 1231: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:Kahaum pillar 1207: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006:The caves at 1004: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 980: 976: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 926: 921: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896:The Buddhist 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:Barabar caves 859: 848: 844: 840: 833: 824: 817: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 755: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 705:Maurya Empire 692: 683: 676: 666: 662: 658: 648: 645: 644:Jorwe culture 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 602:town planning 589: 581: 574: 564: 557: 549: 542: 528: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 497: 493: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 425: 418: 410: 403: 389: 377: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 308: 306: 305: 304:Vastu Shastra 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281:style. After 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:Mughal Empire 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172:, especially 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 138: 134: 127: 116: 112: 106: 95: 88: 74: 64: 57: 46: 42: 36: 27: 19: 16990:Martial arts 16914:Architecture 16913: 16787:Demographics 16772:Caste system 16749:Society and 16399:Construction 16181:By net worth 16015:Indian rupee 15818:Reservations 15686:Intelligence 15589:Human rights 15574:Constitution 15332:Subdivisions 15025:Indian Plate 15015:Fossil Parks 14950:Contemporary 14865:World War II 14742:Early Modern 14732:Vijayanagara 14628:Vedic period 14498:India topics 14398:Dependencies 14328:Turkmenistan 14293:Saudi Arabia 14172: 13888:Indo-Islamic 13879:Vijayanagara 13793:Māru-Gurjara 13721: 13683: 13647: 13634: 13620: 13606: 13602:Havell, E.B. 13585: 13553: 13545:Soekmono, R. 13529: 13514: 13499: 13484: 13466: 13447: 13419: 13410: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13364: 13345: 13330: 13316: 13301: 13294: 13271:(20191029). 13268: 13264: 13250: 13227: 13211: 13196: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13026:Architecture 13025: 12988:Indo-Islamic 12938:Indus Valley 12760:State Emblem 12583:Architecture 12582: 12472:cite journal 12460:. Retrieved 12451: 12428: 12391: 12384: 12375: 12366: 12352: 12345: 12331: 12325: 12311: 12281: 12253: 12242: 12222: 12215: 12196: 12176: 12169: 12131: 12126: 12107: 12101: 12080: 12051: 12045: 12036: 12013: 12007: 11995:. Retrieved 11986: 11976: 11964:. Retrieved 11944: 11937: 11925:. Retrieved 11905: 11898: 11889: 11877:. Retrieved 11868: 11859: 11847:. Retrieved 11838: 11829: 11820: 11803: 11798: 11779: 11773: 11761: 11740: 11728:. Retrieved 11719: 11710: 11702: 11697: 11685:. Retrieved 11676: 11667: 11655:. Retrieved 11646: 11636: 11613: 11607: 11584: 11578: 11566:. Retrieved 11546: 11539: 11527:. Retrieved 11494: 11478: 11473: 11461:. Retrieved 11457:the original 11452: 11443: 11434: 11429: 11417:. Retrieved 11408: 11399: 11390: 11371: 11365: 11353:. Retrieved 11349: 11340: 11328:. Retrieved 11319: 11309: 11289: 11282: 11270:. Retrieved 11245: 11241: 11231: 11222: 11217: 11207: 11201: 11181: 11174: 11165: 11159: 11150: 11141: 11132: 11123: 11114: 11094: 11087: 11078: 11053:. Retrieved 11044: 11035: 11026: 11025: 11010: 11003: 10994: 10993: 10978: 10968: 10959: 10951: 10932: 10912: 10907: 10895:. Retrieved 10886: 10877: 10865:. Retrieved 10856: 10847: 10835:. Retrieved 10818: 10808: 10796: 10784:. Retrieved 10775: 10766: 10754: 10747:Nilsson 1968 10742: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10700:Evenson 1989 10695: 10690:, p. 6. 10688:Evenson 1989 10683: 10678:, p. 2. 10676:Evenson 1989 10671: 10664:Tadgell 1990 10659: 10647:. Retrieved 10643:the original 10638: 10621:, p. 9. 10619:Nilsson 1968 10614: 10602: 10582: 10575: 10564:, retrieved 10560:the original 10554: 10547: 10535:. Retrieved 10525: 10510: 10505: 10493:. Retrieved 10473: 10466: 10454:. Retrieved 10434: 10427: 10415:. Retrieved 10406: 10397: 10385:. Retrieved 10376: 10367: 10359: 10354: 10342:. Retrieved 10333: 10324: 10307: 10295:. Retrieved 10286: 10277: 10272:Hasan, 44–49 10268: 10263:Hasan, 41–44 10259: 10254:Hasan, 23–25 10250: 10218:. Retrieved 10209: 10200: 10188:. Retrieved 10179: 10153: 10126:Yazdani 1947 10121: 10109:. Retrieved 10100: 10091: 10082: 10073: 10064: 10055: 10046: 10037: 10028: 10019: 10010: 10001: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9942:Michell, 149 9938: 9926:. Retrieved 9915:ncert.nic.in 9914: 9902: 9890:. Retrieved 9881: 9871: 9859: 9851: 9846: 9838: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9812: 9803: 9791:. Retrieved 9776: 9764:. Retrieved 9749: 9742: 9730:. Retrieved 9716: 9704:. Retrieved 9690: 9674: 9665: 9634:. Retrieved 9625: 9615: 9606: 9600: 9581: 9563: 9551:. Retrieved 9547:the original 9537: 9529: 9524: 9511: 9502: 9493: 9485: 9470:Delhi empire 9466:Michell 1995 9461: 9445: 9440: 9415: 9411: 9377: 9373: 9355: 9349:google books 9336: 9328: 9323:Rowland, 276 9319: 9310: 9301: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9237:. Retrieved 9221: 9214: 9204: 9194: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9142: 9123: 9114: 9102: 9090: 9077:google books 9064: 9056: 9047: 9038: 9014:. Retrieved 9005: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8962: 8945: 8936: 8927: 8918: 8909: 8900: 8891: 8882: 8862: 8855: 8846: 8837: 8816: 8808: 8661:India portal 8584: 8519: 8511: 8505: 8482: 8466: 8458: 8451: 8443:Jhelum River 8412: 8302: 8283: 8258: 8243: 8229: 8146: 8126: 8118: 8103: 8064: 7980: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7895: 7893: 7888: 7868: 7866: 7758: 7754: 7714:Pagan period 7711: 7687:Indo-Chinese 7680: 7666:Kuala Lumpur 7655: 7648: 7606: 7586: 7578:Wat Mahathat 7563: 7557: 7550:Khmer Empire 7548:. After the 7535: 7516:Khmer Empire 7510:such as the 7504:Khmer Empire 7497: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7447: 7415: 7397: 7393: 7362: 7360: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7260: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7178: 7145: 7121: 7046: 6917: 6906: 6900: 6881: 6876: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6790: 6768: 6756: 6728:Deo Baranark 6700: 6686: 6674: 6653: 6621: 6614: 6537: 6527:Lodi gardens 6522: 6439: 6422: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6389: 6373: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6304: 6288:The Imperial 6277: 6263:(1986), and 6257:Lotus Temple 6222: 6219: 6179:Le Corbusier 6176: 6149: 6142: 6105: 6101: 6042:Le Corbusier 5956:, Tamil Nadu 5950:Danish India 5901: 5878: 5863: 5832: 5798:. With high 5786:are usually 5771: 5765: 5754: 5737: 5727: 5715: 5711:Marine Drive 5700: 5689: 5513: 5510:Neoclassical 5500: 5488: 5475:Vincent Esch 5469: 5444: 5412:BMC Building 5386: 5382: 5328:designed by 5241: 5107: 5103: 5083: 5062: 5056: 5037: 5021: 5007: 4984: 4881:Dalan Temple 4880: 4872: 4868: 4865:Ratna Temple 4864: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4841:Chala Temple 4840: 4832: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4778: 4754:Barak Valley 4733: 4731: 4633: 4625: 4617:ashtamangala 4615:such as the 4593: 4592: 4574: 4551: 4527:16th Century 4504: 4500:Scindia Ghat 4488:Grishneshwar 4469: 4444:Maratha Rule 4441: 4433:Shaniwarwada 4418: 4414: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4350: 4337:styles. The 4325: 4276: 4240:Jai Singh II 4229: 4221: 4217: 4169:Jodhpur Fort 4156:Rajput Forts 4146:Stepwell or 4125: 4090: 4086:Jaigarh Fort 4051: 4045: 4037: 3874:horticulture 3812:Mughal style 3793: 3779: 3765: 3757:architecture 3754: 3750: 3738:Mumtaz Mahal 3719: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3595: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3521: 3509:Teen Darwaza 3489:Sarkhej Roza 3454: 3421:Sarkhej Roza 3353:Jamia Masjid 3329:Azad Kashmir 3314: 3283: 3270:Adina Mosque 3267: 3263:Adina Mosque 3261:hall of the 3229: 3221:Firoze Minar 3197: 3173: 3153:Mecca Masjid 3138: 3118: 3105:Rangin Mahal 3104: 3094: 3057: 3045: 3032:, and often 3027: 2998:Alai Darwaza 2987: 2972: 2968:Qutb complex 2922:Qutb Complex 2911: 2907:Lodi Gardens 2880: 2812: 2796: 2693: 2689: 2652: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2590:at attention 2583: 2580:tirthankaras 2577: 2573:Ellora Caves 2545: 2525: 2510:, before 862 2468: 2437: 2425:Rashtrakutas 2408: 2404: 2392: 2390: 2363: 2304:Vesara style 2296: 2276: 2243:Vijayanagara 2229: 2220: 2214: 2184: 2149: 2071: 2065: 2049:Adichanallur 2018: 2013: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1991: 1988:dwarapalakas 1987: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1751: 1742: 1703: 1701: 1697:trade routes 1665:Bhubaneshwar 1650: 1644: 1638: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1604:North Indian 1602: 1594: 1577: 1562: 1527: 1492: 1477: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1441:chaitya hall 1418: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1303: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1272:Hindu temple 1269: 1262: 1254:Shore Temple 1206:Parshvanatha 1109:Gupta period 1071: 1032: 1010:, including 1005: 991:Ajanta Caves 984: 953: 934: 923: 917: 895: 855: 794:shows clear 781: 759: 753: 747: 728: 713: 702: 629: 614: 599: 525:Mohenjo-daro 499: 469: 453:Central Asia 446: 434:Adichanallur 431: 362:) of India. 333: 314: 302: 291:Le Corbusier 267:Neoclassical 260: 225: 206: 145: 144: 45:Ellora Caves 26: 17032:Traditional 16709:Banking Act 16694:SARFESI Act 16608:Electricity 16429:Oil and gas 16419:Electricity 16372:Agriculture 16356:West Bengal 16346:Uttarakhand 16311:Maharashtra 16150:Licence Raj 16105:Black money 15964:Remittances 15808:Nationalism 15793:Citizenship 15626:Enforcement 15611:High Courts 15488:Rajya Sabha 15149:sanctuaries 15099:Earthquakes 15071:Environment 14886:Integration 14860:1943 famine 14808:British Raj 14775:Late modern 14699:Middle Ages 14663:Alchon Huns 14575:Mathematics 14565:Linguistics 14457:Asia portal 14358:States with 14278:Philippines 14218:South Korea 14213:North Korea 14108:Afghanistan 14009:Bhubaneswar 13983:Uttarakhand 13963:Maharashtra 13549:Jan Fontein 12700:Video games 12693:Traditional 12145:; Harle, 43 11997:12 February 11768:, p. 1 11657:12 February 11136:Michell, 84 11127:Michell, 82 11055:28 February 10963:Savage 2008 10801:Thapar 2004 10759:Thapar 2004 10607:Thapar 2004 10552:Amit Guha, 10417:28 February 10387:28 February 10373:"Taj Mahal" 10297:30 December 10220:30 December 10210:Banglapedia 9809:Percy Brown 9793:10 November 9636:26 February 9567:Foekema, 16 9519:2009-10-31. 9507:MSN Encarta 9239:7 September 9061:Beach, Milo 8895:Rowland, 60 8751:Mauryan art 8689:Hemadpanthi 8601:, like the 8591:Pataliputra 8587:Masarh lion 8534:Masarh Lion 8497:Lomas Rishi 8461:Pataliputra 8434:Indus River 8308:gateway at 8169:Pataliputra 8122:Pataliputra 8110:Pataliputra 8091:Megasthenes 8075:Hippodamian 7855:Giant Swing 7730:Pala Empire 7613:British Raj 7582:Phitsanulok 7546:Angkor Thom 7476:garbhagriha 7267:garbahgriha 6908:Great Stupa 6740:Hindu Shahi 6726:temples at 6649:blind niche 6540:true arches 6470:, Bengaluru 6391:Manasollasa 6286:(2019) and 6267:(1992) and 6253:B. V. Doshi 6125:North India 5970:Dutch India 5707:Eros Cinema 5601:, Hyderabad 5539:(1803) and 5527:(1798) and 5436:Eros Cinema 5330:Henry Irwin 5304:Henry Irwin 5092:plaques of 5071:Mahabharata 5029:pancharatna 4995:West Bengal 4845:Chala style 4817:Deul Temple 4781:Pala Empire 4768:, colonial 4746:West Bengal 4515:Maharashtra 4399:Hazur Sahib 4322:in Amritsar 4248:City Palace 4078:Ranthambore 4074:Kumbhalgarh 3704:Large halls 3687:pachin kari 3513:Bhadra Fort 3361:Aali Masjid 3125:Jami Masjid 3097:Barid Shahi 3076:, built by 2569:Kalugumalai 2537:cult images 2529:garbhagriha 2516:Jain temple 2239:South India 2187:Maharashtra 2150:The Badami 2076:South India 2021:early Chola 1996:garbhagriha 1972:garbhagriha 1964:South India 1788:Amrithapura 1679:in Odisha, 1640:pancharatha 1480:by others. 1277:garbhagriha 1230:Buddhagupta 1214:Skandagupta 1203:tirthankara 1061:(600–625). 914:Guard rails 796:Hellenistic 774:Megasthenes 762:Pataliputra 621:Mesopotamia 506:Indus River 438:Tirunelveli 261:During the 17057:Categories 16983:television 16973:Literature 16777:Corruption 16500:Television 16468:Healthcare 16389:Automotive 16336:Tamil Nadu 16203:Labour law 16186:Demography 15989:NITI Aayog 15895:Governance 15881:BSE SENSEX 15833:Secularism 15788:Censorship 15579:Penal Code 15478:Parliament 15455:Government 15260:Waterfalls 15104:Ecoregions 14967:Pokhran-II 14765:Bengal War 14580:Metallurgy 14338:Uzbekistan 14313:Tajikistan 14228:Kyrgyzstan 14208:Kazakhstan 14128:Bangladesh 14118:Azerbaijan 13978:Tamil Nadu 13910:Qutb Shahi 13822:Hemadpanti 13405:0140561021 13339:0140081445 13237:0300062176 13005:Techniques 12948:Indo-Greek 12770:Miss India 12676:Television 12666:Newspapers 12613:Literature 12489:References 11687:3 December 11419:27 October 10649:14 October 10566:30 January 10519:0140081445 10495:5 November 10456:5 November 10050:Harle, 425 9987:Harle, 228 9951:Harle, 254 9928:3 December 9766:7 February 9732:23 October 9706:23 October 9345:8170173124 9333:Adam Hardy 9189:Harle, 175 9153:, page 370 9107:Harle 1994 9095:Harle 1994 9073:1568983247 9016:3 December 9006:Aisf.or.jp 8756:Kushan art 8731:Indian art 8623:Persepolis 8615:Achaemenid 8611:S.P. Gupta 8506:Early on, 8422:Achaemenid 8405:Achaemenid 8365:Persepolis 8325:See also: 8067:Ai-Khanoum 7975:See also: 7925:Hongsalmun 7881:Hongsalmun 7875:; Chinese 7859:Wat Suthat 7837:Hongsalmun 7720:, unbaked 7587:Buddharupa 7542:Angkor Wat 7488:Mount Meru 7462:Angkor Wat 7443:Angkor Wat 7408:Yogyakarta 7382:Meru tower 7369:pronounced 7228:sandstones 7159:See also: 7140:See also: 6869:Hongsalmun 6859:. Chinese 6744:Bhitargaon 6639:plan; the 6429:in Delhi, 6401:Pari Mahal 6290:(2010) by 6271:(1996) by 6241:IIT Kanpur 6229:Louis Kahn 6203:High Court 6191:Chandigarh 6121:Roshandans 5946:Ove Gjedde 5738:Assam-type 5724:Assam-type 5568:High Court 5537:Raj Bhawan 5356:Romanesque 5334:Jacobethan 5175:India Gate 5094:terracotta 4859:char-chala 4854:char-chala 4805:Angkor Wat 4770:townhouses 4738:Bangladesh 4523:Khafi Khan 4347:Shah Jahan 4339:onion dome 4252:Hawa Mahal 3963:Hawa Mahal 3939:See also: 3816:Safdarjung 3814:for Nawab 3742:Shah Jahan 3455:Under the 3341:Aksai Chin 3248:char-chala 3244:jor-bangla 3204:terracotta 3169:Gol Gumbaz 3165:Gol Gumbaz 3129:Ibrahim II 3074:Bidar Fort 3065:Firuz Shah 3061:Kalaburagi 3005:and white 2946:Qutb Minar 2942:Alai Minar 2617:devakulikā 2585:kayotsarga 2559:, Ellora, 2557:Bava Pyara 2429:Manyakheta 2421:Pattadakal 2225:Pattadakal 2197:including 2180:Malaprabha 2168:Pattadakal 1792:Nuggehalli 1774:, and the 1754:, today's 1689:Tamil Nadu 1673:Sun Temple 1615:urushringa 1573:Pattadakal 1548:(c. 525), 1544:(465 CE), 1430:Pattadakal 1399:adhiṣṭhāna 1300:ambulatory 1198:Relief of 1135:The Hindu 1111:temple at 1103:tetrastyle 1063:Gop Temple 1055:Bhitargaon 1000:Milo Beach 788:Achaemenid 780:". A huge 739:Kushinagar 682:Kushinagar 632:Bet Dwarka 617:terracotta 563:Kalibangan 561:Layout of 546:Layout of 520:, and the 455:and South 352:Tamil Nadu 346:), south ( 329:Tamil Nadu 321:Megalithic 295:Chandigarh 17015:Sculpture 16968:Festivals 16934:Webcomics 16886:Sexuality 16836:Languages 16799:Education 16629:Regulator 16576:Transport 16473:Hospitals 16409:Education 16377:Livestock 16341:Telangana 16331:Rajasthan 16291:Karnataka 16286:Jharkhand 16090:Insurance 16069:Inflation 15974:Subsidies 15873:Companies 15803:Democracy 15798:Elections 15770:Air Force 15495:President 15483:Lok Sabha 15360:Districts 15315:Southeast 15310:Southwest 15300:Northeast 15293:Northwest 15255:Volcanoes 15215:Mountains 15158:Landforms 14995:Geography 14870:Partition 14835:Zamindari 14618:Stone Age 14555:Economics 14540:Astronomy 14521:Overviews 14424:Hong Kong 14378:Palestine 14303:Sri Lanka 14298:Singapore 14178:Indonesia 14024:Hyderabad 13993:Telangana 13973:Rajasthan 13953:Karnataka 13849:Dravidian 13624:. London. 13439:133102415 13287:2328-1286 13117:Asian art 13089:Khajuraho 13054:Bhimbetka 13048:Locations 13031:Sculpture 12899:Religions 12780:Monuments 12710:Mythology 12633:Sculpture 12608:Festivals 12603:Education 12550:Languages 12462:16 August 12454:(4): 14. 11293:. BRILL. 11254:2249-1937 10936:Gast, 119 10867:2 January 10827:0362-4331 10734:143881493 10190:2 January 10158:Haig 1907 9864:Haig 1907 9854:, p. 182. 9841:, p. 209. 9815:, p. 132. 9532:, p. 134. 8746:Gupta art 8619:vibrissas 8510:, in his 8294:Parthenon 8290:akroteria 8161:Classical 8099:Dionysius 8095:Deimachus 7695:Beikthano 7662:hardwoods 7404:Prambanan 7378:Indonesia 7353:Prambanan 7286:Indonesia 7252:Nha Trang 7185:Phan Rang 7174:Phan Rang 6924:Sri Lanka 6905:like the 6857:East Asia 6736:Kafir Kot 6671:True Arch 6633:corbelled 6376:Mahabodhi 6356:Rajagriha 6352:Bimbisara 6319:World One 6307:Amaravati 6233:IIT Delhi 6215:Ahmedabad 6117:palampore 6058:IIT Delhi 6024:Brutalism 5974:Chinsurah 5893:Chinsurah 5889:Serampore 5843:Madh Fort 5792:plastered 5776:highlands 5268:Hyderabad 5264:Bangalore 5260:New Delhi 5215:, is now 5059:Rasmancha 5033:navaratna 4993:state of 4910:Rasmancha 4885:Zamindars 4519:Karnataka 4460:Lal Mahal 4371:Gurudwara 4260:Jal Mahal 4196:Amer Fort 4117:Mount Abu 4070:Jaisalmer 3978:Jal Mahal 3843:Taj Mahal 3780:char bagh 3734:Taj Mahal 3610:Taj Mahal 3465:Ahmedabad 3294:Jalaludin 3274:Sassanian 3259:hypostyle 3188:Charminar 3184:Hyderabad 3149:Charminar 3038:hypostyle 3034:mouldings 3003:sandstone 2990:voussoirs 2983:Rajasthan 2938:corbelled 2877:Sultanate 2863:Hyderabad 2835:Allahabad 2804:Sassanian 2782:Charminar 2673:Mount Abu 2660:Rajasthan 2648:Rajasthan 2553:Udayagiri 2397:Chalukyas 2251:Karnataka 2216:shikharas 2152:Chalukyas 2033:Kartikeya 1980:shikharas 1756:Karnataka 1730:Karnataka 1685:Thanjavur 1536:include, 1426:Karnataka 1304:parikrama 1012:Elephanta 937:stepwells 935:Rock-cut 906:East Asia 902:Southeast 843:Bodh Gaya 743:Rajagriha 625:Dholavira 606:granaries 548:Dholavira 457:West Asia 360:Meghalaya 348:Karnataka 338:), east ( 325:Karnataka 317:Neolithic 287:modernist 248:Taj Mahal 219:style of 204:temples. 94:Taj Mahal 17000:Painting 16963:Folklore 16919:Blogging 16861:Religion 16846:Literacy 16581:Aviation 16566:Textiles 16505:Printing 16495:FM Radio 16463:Gambling 16458:Forestry 16394:Chemical 16208:Pensions 16115:National 16057:Governor 16008:Currency 15969:Taxation 15886:NIFTY 50 15823:Scandals 15780:Politics 15752:Military 15463:Agencies 15443:Politics 15379:See also 15195:Glaciers 15144:Wildlife 15034:Heritage 14879:Republic 14813:Railways 14783:Colonial 14755:Marathas 14722:Kakatiya 14610:Ancient 14585:Military 14570:Maritime 14545:Clothing 14528:Timeline 14447:Category 14368:Abkhazia 14318:Thailand 14273:Pakistan 14253:Mongolia 14248:Maldives 14243:Malaysia 14143:Cambodia 13936:By state 13859:Chalukya 13837:Rock-cut 13832:Nilachal 13798:Shikhara 13773:Harappan 13763:Buddhist 13632:(1915). 13618:(1914). 13604:(1913). 13547:(1995). 13383:hospital 13248:(1907). 13101:See also 13064:Gandhara 13036:Painting 12920:Buddhist 12737:Folklore 12730:Buddhist 12628:Painting 12560:Religion 12555:Holidays 12540:Folklore 12498:a series 12496:Part of 12456:Archived 12426:(1980). 12204:Archived 12162:Sen 1999 12139:Archived 12018:Frommers 11991:Archived 11960:Archived 11921:Archived 11879:1 August 11873:Archived 11849:1 August 11843:Archived 11802:Glaize, 11724:Archived 11681:Archived 11651:Archived 11618:Frommers 11562:Archived 11529:8 August 11523:Archived 11413:Archived 11355:23 April 11330:23 April 11324:Archived 11266:Archived 11262:44139449 11049:Archived 10927:Gast, 77 10897:31 March 10891:Archived 10861:Archived 10837:31 March 10831:Archived 10786:31 March 10780:Archived 10489:Archived 10450:Archived 10411:Archived 10381:Archived 10344:12 March 10338:Archived 10291:Archived 10214:Archived 10184:Archived 10105:Archived 10005:Hegewald 9919:Archived 9886:Archived 9828:, p. 26. 9787:Archived 9726:Archived 9700:Archived 9684:71801033 9630:Archived 9517:Archived 9509:(2008), 9267:shikhara 9230:Archived 9202:(1879). 9080:Archived 9042:Huu, 242 9010:Archived 8633:See also 8261:lotiform 8204:Vaishali 8171:(modern 8005:and the 7932:and the 7765:Vaisnava 7742:terraces 7603:Malaysia 7570:Wat Arun 7538:shikhara 7494:Thailand 7428:Cambodia 7412:Trimurti 7275:kosagrha 7248:Po Nagar 7216:andesite 7193:kosagrha 7126:— 7043:Gavaksha 6987:, India. 6888:Buddhist 6841:Buddhist 6716:Kausambi 6691:— 6624:gavaksha 6468:Lal Bagh 6412:Charbagh 6380:Xuanzang 6302:(2015). 6255:(1973), 6247:(1963), 6239:(1961), 6231:(1961), 5868:reached 5800:ceilings 5768:terrains 5692:Art Deco 5628:Art Deco 5621:Art Deco 5432:Art Deco 5262:, Agra, 5252:Calcutta 5073:and the 5067:Ramayana 5063:ekaratna 5040:bungalow 4849:do-chala 4801:Somapura 4795:, now a 4740:and the 4662:, Sikkim 4621:swastika 4383:gurdwara 4378:gurdwara 4352:chattris 4343:frescoes 4234:city of 4142:Jharokha 4134:Chhatris 3897:grandson 3870:Dal Lake 3866:Srinagar 3795:gardens. 3722:Red Fort 3602:mausolea 3564:chattris 3532:minarets 3515:and the 3367:are the 3345:Srinagar 3279:do-chala 3240:do-chala 3131:was the 3047:charbagh 3023:openwork 3021:, stone 2817:, where 2685:Palitana 2664:diaspora 2596:and the 2475:Halebidu 2448:Lakkundi 2413:shikhara 2407:and the 2366:Mahakuta 2259:Chalukya 2207:Parvathi 2027:and the 2002:Mayamata 1992:goshtams 1784:Belavadi 1772:Halebidu 1510:shikhara 1499:rock-cut 1459:shikhara 1316:antarala 1312:mandapas 1289:shikhara 1106:prostyle 1074:prostyle 910:Buddhist 640:Daimabad 636:Daimabad 610:stepwell 449:Burzahom 215:and the 194:Buddhist 158:religion 17020:tallest 16941:Cuisine 16901:Culture 16856:Prisons 16851:Poverty 16792:Indians 16765:Society 16751:culture 16571:Tourism 16424:Nuclear 16404:Defence 16382:Fishing 16365:Sectors 16316:Mizoram 16271:Haryana 16266:Gujarat 16196:Poverty 16127:History 16100:Bullion 16085:Banking 16040:Coinage 16025:History 15861:Economy 15634:Federal 15345:Borders 15278:Central 15270:Regions 15250:Valleys 15224:Plains 15205:Islands 15165:Beaches 15129:Geology 15119:Forests 15089:Climate 15007:Geology 14818:Economy 14798:Plassey 14750:Mughals 14712:Hoysala 14638:Mauryas 14550:Coinage 14510:History 14343:Vietnam 14258:Myanmar 14238:Lebanon 14168:Georgia 14123:Bahrain 14113:Armenia 14034:Lucknow 14014:Chennai 14002:By city 13948:Gujarat 13869:Kadamba 13864:Hoysala 13813:Sekhari 13803:Bhumija 13788:Kalinga 13551:(ed.). 13074:Bharhut 13059:Mathura 12978:Pallava 12973:Pandyan 12943:Mauryan 12932:Periods 12813:Museums 12808:Tourism 12749:Symbols 12705:Fashion 12656:Cuisine 12638:Theatre 12545:History 12535:Indians 12529:Society 12506:Culture 12444:. Also 11966:12 June 11927:12 June 11821:Myanmar 11819:"Art". 11806:, p.27. 11730:15 July 11568:12 June 11463:9 April 11272:12 June 10537:4 April 10111:16 July 9892:15 July 9553:4 April 9432:3250039 9394:3250039 8516:Chaitya 8493:Chaitya 8418:Sarnath 8397:Sarnath 8310:Bharhut 8292:of the 8250:Sarnath 8157:volutes 8153:capital 8137:Kosambi 7941:paifang 7934:taegeuk 7930:trisula 7877:paifang 7822:, China 7820:Chengdu 7816:Paifang 7712:During 7677:Myanmar 7593:Trishul 7520:Sumatra 7468:called 7417:Candika 7271:mandapa 7244:Da Nang 7212:Vietnam 7203:tower. 7197:mandapa 7155:Vietnam 7007:, India 6971:, India 6918:During 6861:paifang 6822:Neemuch 6720:Kushana 6637:apsidal 6628:chaitya 6577:, Delhi 6523:Athpula 6423:saqiya) 6384:Nalanda 6368:chattri 6195:capitol 6160:Lutyens 5870:Calicut 5742:storeys 5517:Kolkata 5332:in the 5090:moulded 5075:Puranas 5025:shikara 5016:Brahmin 4989:in the 4829:mandapa 4785:viharas 4750:Tripura 4554:Maratha 4535:temples 4531:Palaces 4529:wooden 4511:Afghans 4450:in the 4335:Islamic 4268:Udaipur 4105:Gujarat 4062:Chittor 3761:Islamic 3569:cupolas 3552:mihrabs 3301:Kashmir 3211:mihrabs 3141:Bahmani 3070:chajjas 2859:Lucknow 2851:Jaunpur 2843:Gujarat 2823:masonry 2677:Taranga 2669:Dilwara 2656:Gujarat 2543:halls. 2541:mandapa 2444:Kalyani 2409:dravida 2263:Hoysala 2182:basin. 1752:Karnata 1726:Kashmir 1627:bhumija 1621:sekhari 1590:gopuram 1538:Deogarh 1522:Barakar 1478:dravida 1468:gopuram 1463:Dravida 1438:apsidal 1414:dravida 1263:dravida 1256:of the 1216:in 461. 1208:on the 1087:chaitya 1067:Gujarat 1053:(465), 1028:Deogarh 956:shikara 941:Bhinmal 887:viharas 879:granite 783:apadana 731:chaitya 514:Harappa 336:Kashmir 275:Baroque 242:, when 228:Islamic 154:culture 150:history 16929:Comics 16924:Cinema 16831:Health 16539:Retail 16512:Mining 16490:Cinema 16414:Energy 16326:Punjab 16321:Odisha 16301:Ladakh 16296:Kerala 16234:States 16191:Income 16174:People 16110:Bombay 15355:Cities 15245:Rivers 15180:Desert 15175:Coasts 15170:Canals 14595:Postal 14388:Taiwan 14323:Turkey 14288:Russia 14223:Kuwait 14203:Jordan 14193:Israel 14153:Cyprus 14138:Brunei 14133:Bhutan 14039:Mumbai 14029:Jaipur 13968:Odisha 13958:Kerala 13943:Bengal 13905:Sharqi 13898:Akbari 13893:Mughal 13827:Meitei 13808:Latina 13783:Nagara 13746:Bengal 13655: 13575: 13561: 13536: 13521: 13506: 13491: 13473: 13454: 13437: 13427: 13403: 13371: 13352: 13337: 13323: 13308: 13285: 13234: 13218: 13203: 13185: 13084:Ajanta 13069:Sanchi 12993:Mughal 12963:Kushan 12765:Anthem 12725:Meitei 12683:Sports 12650:Others 12618:Poetry 12593:Comics 12588:Cinema 12500:on the 12436: 12289: 12230: 12184: 12114: 12089: 12058: 12024: 11952: 11913: 11786: 11624: 11595: 11554: 11515: 11485: 11378: 11297: 11260: 11252: 11189: 11102: 11079:Abacus 11018: 10986: 10825: 10732: 10590: 10517: 10481: 10442: 10315: 10241: 10144: 9757: 9682: 9657: 9588: 9452: 9430: 9392: 9343: 9271:vimana 9149: 9071: 8963:Pagoda 8870: 8485:Lycian 8447:Punjab 8274:Delphi 8265:abacus 8239:Ashoka 8222:Delphi 8106:Ashoka 8079:Sagala 8071:Sirkap 7999:Ionian 7995:Yavana 7985:under 7956:torana 7945:pailou 7904:torana 7889:torana 7869:torana 7726:arches 7574:stucco 7514:, the 7484:lingam 7466:prasat 7450:Angkor 7298:, and 7279:gopura 7254:, and 7240:Mỹ Sơn 7236:bricks 7224:Angkor 7208:Champa 7195:, and 7189:gopura 7149:Champa 6953:Sanchi 6913:Sanchi 6903:stupas 6877:torana 6829:Torana 6809:Torana 6724:Vishnu 6712:Brahmi 6534:Arches 6321:, and 6284:The 42 6205:, and 6201:, the 6115:, and 6113:chintz 6109:Calico 5885:Bandel 5849:& 5841:. The 5823:stilts 5815:mosaic 5796:cement 5780:gables 5772:L or C 5761:bamboo 5430:) and 5326:Shimla 4991:Indian 4789:stupas 4752:, and 4613:motifs 4547:Deccan 4507:Nawabs 4365:bungas 4331:Mughal 4293:, and 4236:Jaipur 4232:walled 4121:Mughal 4111:. The 4066:Gagron 4047:Mughal 3835:Mughal 3789:Qur'an 3580:Mughal 3528:mihrab 3381:Shigar 3373:Khaplu 3339:, and 3337:Ladakh 3286:Pandua 3246:, and 3030:plinth 3017:buds. 3007:marble 2867:Mysore 2847:Deccan 2839:Bengal 2831:Lahore 2681:Girnar 2571:. 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As 964:Gupta 925:torii 898:stupa 866:Bihar 766:Patna 724:Bihar 476:Ganga 340:Bihar 198:Hindu 162:India 16946:wine 16719:FEMA 16684:IBBI 16679:BIFR 16667:NCLT 16651:IBBI 16646:SEBI 16598:Rail 16517:Coal 16439:Wind 16213:EPFO 16062:Mint 16020:Sign 15765:Navy 15760:Army 15594:LGBT 15322:West 15283:East 14823:Army 14717:Pala 14560:LGBT 14268:Oman 14233:Laos 14188:Iraq 14183:Iran 13927:Sikh 13922:Jain 13653:ISBN 13573:ISBN 13559:ISBN 13534:ISBN 13519:ISBN 13504:ISBN 13489:ISBN 13471:ISBN 13452:ISBN 13435:OCLC 13425:ISBN 13401:ISBN 13369:ISBN 13350:ISBN 13335:ISBN 13321:ISBN 13306:ISBN 13283:ISSN 13232:ISBN 13216:ISBN 13201:ISBN 13183:ISBN 12915:Jain 12910:Sikh 12755:Flag 12478:link 12464:2021 12434:ISBN 12399:–64. 12287:ISBN 12228:ISBN 12182:ISBN 12112:ISBN 12087:ISBN 12056:ISBN 12022:ISBN 11999:2010 11968:2021 11950:ISBN 11929:2021 11911:ISBN 11881:2021 11851:2021 11784:ISBN 11732:2021 11689:2021 11659:2010 11622:ISBN 11593:ISBN 11570:2021 11552:ISBN 11531:2018 11513:ISBN 11483:ISBN 11465:2021 11421:2019 11376:ISBN 11357:2019 11332:2019 11295:ISBN 11274:2021 11250:ISSN 11187:ISBN 11100:ISBN 11057:2019 11016:ISBN 10984:ISBN 10899:2021 10869:2019 10839:2021 10823:ISSN 10788:2021 10651:2011 10588:ISBN 10568:2016 10539:2023 10515:ISBN 10497:2020 10479:ISBN 10458:2020 10440:ISBN 10419:2019 10389:2019 10346:2019 10313:ISBN 10299:2017 10239:ISBN 10222:2017 10192:2019 10142:ISBN 10113:2021 9930:2021 9894:2021 9807:See 9795:2006 9768:2013 9755:ISBN 9734:2012 9708:2012 9680:OCLC 9655:ISBN 9638:2023 9586:ISBN 9555:2023 9450:ISBN 9341:ISBN 9241:2023 9147:ISBN 9069:ISBN 9018:2021 8868:ISBN 8459:The 8284:The 8246:zebu 8230:The 8159:and 8147:The 8097:and 7991:Yona 7981:The 7952:arch 7894:The 7857:and 7631:and 7544:and 7399:pura 7392:, a 7386:Bali 7232:Cham 6892:wood 6886:and 6845:Jain 6843:and 6734:and 6626:or " 6521:The 6078:and 5837:and 5802:and 5750:wood 5732:and 5690:The 5477:and 5372:The 5350:The 5195:The 5038:The 4834:deul 4823:and 4821:Jain 4772:and 4732:The 4537:and 4517:and 4498:and 4464:Pune 4458:and 4442:The 4437:Pune 4387:guru 4333:and 4318:The 4262:and 4230:The 4084:and 4058:Amer 4052:The 4039:the 3895:and 3839:Agra 3726:Agra 3720:The 3693:jali 3631:The 3574:The 3558:jali 3225:Gaur 3163:and 3143:and 3019:Jali 2956:and 2934:Jain 2889:and 2865:and 2853:and 2833:and 2827:Agra 2806:and 2780:The 2683:and 2658:and 2477:and 2277:The 2269:and 2205:and 2174:and 2066:The 2055:and 2043:and 2004:and 1954:the 1571:and 1417:and 1302:for 1228:The 1200:Jain 1169:Eran 1014:and 947:and 904:and 837:The 500:The 494:and 478:and 463:and 342:and 256:Sikh 254:and 202:Jain 168:and 92:The 16689:IBC 16641:RBI 16261:Goa 16223:PPF 16218:NPS 15562:Law 15398:in 15185:ECZ 14400:and 13273:doi 12578:Art 12508:of 12358:120 12337:212 12317:316 12136:PDF 11505:doi 10722:doi 9420:doi 9382:doi 8445:in 8220:at 8202:in 7993:or 7839:of 7818:in 7683:Mon 7599:". 7580:in 7512:Mon 7384:in 7222:of 6922:of 6911:in 6894:or 6732:Amb 6643:at 6298:by 6259:by 6251:by 6243:by 6235:by 6227:by 6213:at 5994:Goa 5817:or 5442:). 5414:), 4756:in 4744:of 4619:or 4462:in 4281:of 4115:of 3893:son 3864:in 3740:by 3724:at 3571:). 3379:in 3371:in 3223:at 2977:in 2671:on 2535:or 2442:of 2427:of 2384:at 1778:at 1770:at 1762:at 1687:in 1683:at 1675:at 1667:in 1663:at 1643:(5 1532:in 1065:in 1037:in 1026:at 864:in 751:or 741:or 722:in 331:. 211:of 160:of 17059:: 13433:. 13281:. 13269:45 13267:. 13263:. 12474:}} 12470:{{ 12450:. 12405:^ 12397:46 12301:^ 12275:; 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