1766:. Panels A, B were cut across the long axes of the crypts and panels C, D were cut parallel to the long axes of the crypts. In panel A the bar shows 100 μm and allows an estimate of the frequency of crypts in the colonic epithelium. Panel B includes three crypts in cross-section, each with one segment deficient for MT-COI expression and at least one crypt, on the right side, undergoing fission into two crypts. Panel C shows, on the left side, a crypt fissioning into two crypts. Panel D shows typical small clusters of two and three MT-COI deficient crypts (the bar shows 50 μm). The images were made from original photomicrographs, but panels A, B and D were also included in an article and illustrations were published with Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License allowing re-use.
1743:
203:
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123:
1336:
well as a low-spin heme, both ligated to six conserved histidine residues near the outer side of four transmembrane spans within COI is common to all family members. In contrast to eukaryotes the respiratory chain of prokaryotes is branched to multiple terminal oxidases. The enzyme complexes vary in heme and copper composition, substrate type and substrate affinity. The different respiratory oxidases allow the cells to customize their respiratory systems according to a variety of environmental growth conditions.
4653:
4638:
4683:
4668:
1832:). There are about 100 to 700 mitochondria per cell, depending on cell type. Furthermore, there is fairly rapid turnover of mitochondria, so that a mitochondrion with MT-COI-mutated chromosomes and a positive selection bias could shortly become the major type of mitochondrion in a cell. The average half-life of mitochondria in rats, depending on cell type, is between 9 and 24 days, and in mice is about 2 days. In humans it is likely that the half life of mitochondria is also a matter of days to weeks.
1844:
the same cell to generate homoplasmy for MT-COI-deficiency. Another suggestion was that cells with a deficiency in cytochrome c oxidase are apoptosis resistant, and thus more likely to survive. The linkage of MT-COI to apoptosis arises because active cytochrome c oxidase oxidizes cytochrome c, which then activates pro-caspase 9, leading to apoptosis. These two factors may contribute to the frequent occurrence of MT-COI-deficient colonic crypts with age or during carcinogenesis in the human colon.
2142:
4503:
4518:
4698:
4593:
4563:
4623:
4578:
4533:
4548:
4608:
961:
1798:
Greaves et al. showed that deficiencies of MT-COI in colonic crypts are due to mutations in the MT-COI gene. As seen in panel B, a portion of the stem cells of three crypts appear to have a mutation in MT-COI, so that 40% to 50% of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross-cut area.
1843:
It is not clear why a deficiency of MT-COI should have a positive selective bias. One suggestion is that deficiency of MT-COI in a mitochondrion leads to lower reactive oxygen production (and less oxidative damage) and this provides a selective advantage in competition with other mitochondria within
1835:
A stem cell at the base of a colonic crypt that was largely MT-COI-deficient may compete with the other 4 or 5 stem cells to take over the stem cell niche. If this occurs, then the colonic crypt would be deficient in MT-COI in all 1700 to 5,000 cells, as is indicated for some crypts in panels A, B
1839:
Crypts of the colon can reproduce by fission, as seen in panel C, where a crypt is fissioning to form two crypts, and in panel B where at least one crypt appears to be fissioning. Most crypts deficient in MT-COI are in clusters of crypts (clones of crypts) with two or more MT-COI-deficient crypts
1809:
The occurrence of frequent crypts with almost complete loss of MT-COI in their 1700 to 5,000 cells suggests a process of natural selection. However, it has also been shown that a deficiency throughout a particular crypt due to an initial mitochondrial DNA mutation may occasionally occur through a
1335:
The enzyme complex consists of 3-4 subunits (prokaryotes) up to 13 polypeptides (mammals) of which only the catalytic subunit (equivalent to mammalian subunit I (COI)) is found in all heme-copper respiratory oxidases. The presence of a bimetallic centre (formed by a high-spin heme and copper B) as
1797:
Most of the human colonic crypts in the images have high expression of the brown-orange stained MT-COI. However, in some of the colonic crypts all of the cells lack MT-COI and appear mostly white, with their main color being the blue-gray staining of the nuclei at the outer walls of the crypts.
1801:
In humans, the percent of colonic crypts deficient for MT-COI is less than 1% before age 40, but then increases linearly with age. On average, the percent of colonic crypts deficient for MT-COI reaches 18% in women and 23% in men by 80–84 years of age. Colonic tumors often arise in a field of
1805:
As seen in panels C and D, crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long. The average crypt circumference is 23 cells. Based on these measurements, crypts have between 1725 and 2530 cells. Another report gave a range of 1500 to 4900 cells per colonic crypt.
1713:
sequence differences are too small to be detected between closely related species, more than 2% sequence divergence is typically detected between closely related animal species, suggesting that the barcode is effective for most animals. In most if not all
1332:), is directly involved in the coupling between dioxygen reduction and proton pumping. Some terminal oxidases generate a transmembrane proton gradient across the plasma membrane (prokaryotes) or the mitochondrial inner membrane (eukaryotes).
1817:. There are multiple copies of the chromosome in most mitochondria, usually between 2 and 6 per mitochondrion. If a mutation occurs in MT-COI in one chromosome of a mitochondrion, there may be random segregation of the chromosomes during
3946:
Lu X, Walker T, MacManus JP, Seligy VL (July 1992). "Differentiation of HT-29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells correlates with increased expression of mitochondrial RNA: effects of trehalose on cell growth and maturation".
1840:
adjacent to each other (see panel D). This illustrates that clones of deficient crypts often arise, and thus that there is likely a positive selective bias that has allowed them to spread in the human colonic epithelium.
4111:
Chomyn A, Mariottini P, Cleeter MW, Ragan CI, Matsuno-Yagi A, Hatefi Y, et al. (1985). "Six unidentified reading frames of human mitochondrial DNA encode components of the respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase".
2774:
Lucioli S, Hoffmeier K, Carrozzo R, Tessa A, Ludwig B, Santorelli FM (March 2006). "Introducing a novel human mtDNA mutation into the
Paracoccus denitrificans COX I gene explains functional deficits in a patient".
1670:
1789:
inner surface of the colon is punctuated by invaginations, the colonic crypts. The colon crypts are shaped like microscopic thick walled test tubes with a central hole down the length of the tube (the crypt
3968:
Marzuki S, Noer AS, Lertrit P, Thyagarajan D, Kapsa R, Utthanaphol P, Byrne E (December 1991). "Normal variants of human mitochondrial DNA and translation products: the building of a reference data base".
1642:
1628:
1656:
1782:(colon). However, MT-COI is frequently lost in colonic crypts with age in humans and is also often absent in field defects that give rise to colon cancers as well as in portions of colon cancers.
1485:
Mutations in this gene can cause mitochondrial
Complex IV deficiency, a disease of the mitochondrial respiratory chain displaying a wide variety of clinical manifestations ranging from isolated
1810:
stochastic process. Nevertheless, the frequent occurrence of MT-COI deficiency in many crypts within a colon epithelium indicates that absence of MT-COI likely provides a selective advantage.
1595:(necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle) associated with muscle pain and weakness, exercise intolerance, low muscle capacity for oxidative phosphorylation, and followed by excretion of
4049:
Attardi G, Chomyn A, Doolittle RF, Mariottini P, Ragan CI (1987). "Seven unidentified reading frames of human mitochondrial DNA encode subunits of the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase".
2936:
Karadimas CL, Greenstein P, Sue CM, Joseph JT, Tanji K, Haller RG, et al. (September 2000). "Recurrent myoglobinuria due to a nonsense mutation in the COX I gene of mitochondrial DNA".
1365:) exists in denitrifying species of archaea and eubacteria and is a heterodimer of cytochromes b and c. Phenazine methosulphate can act as acceptor. It has been suggested that cytochrome
1979:
Tsukihara T, Aoyama H, Yamashita E, Tomizaki T, Yamaguchi H, Shinzawa-Itoh K, et al. (May 1996). "The whole structure of the 13-subunit oxidized cytochrome c oxidase at 2.8 A".
2698:
Bröker S, Meunier B, Rich P, Gattermann N, Hofhaus G (November 1998). "MtDNA mutations associated with sideroblastic anaemia cause a defect of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase".
4074:
Chomyn A, Cleeter MW, Ragan CI, Riley M, Doolittle RF, Attardi G (October 1986). "URF6, last unidentified reading frame of human mtDNA, codes for an NADH dehydrogenase subunit".
1619:. Affected individuals manifest progressive, postlingual, sensorineural hearing loss involving high frequencies. The mutation, A1555G, has been associated with this disease.
4652:
4637:
4682:
4667:
1120:
2048:
1454:
may be involved in the development of acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause respiratory chain dysfunction, preventing
3913:"A mitochondrial DNA variant, identified in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients, which extends the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"
2618:"A mitochondrial DNA variant, identified in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients, which extends the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"
2659:"Heteroplasmic point mutations of mitochondrial DNA affecting subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase in two patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia"
1802:
crypts containing a large cluster (as many as 410) of MT-COI-deficient crypts. In colonic cancers, up to 80% of tumor cells can be deficient in MT-COI.
4502:
698:
679:
84:
1343:
oxidase in Gram-positive bacteria and that archaebacterial quinol oxidase has an independent origin. A considerable amount of evidence suggests that
4738:
3380:
Coller HA, Bodyak ND, Khrapko K (April 2002). "Frequent intracellular clonal expansions of somatic mtDNA mutations: significance and mechanisms".
1794:). Four tissue sections are shown in the image in this section, two cut across the long axes of the crypts and two cut parallel to the long axes.
4157:
Sanger F, Coulson AR, Barrell BG, Smith AJ, Roe BA (October 1980). "Cloning in single-stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid DNA sequencing".
2049:"COI barcoding of Nebelid testate amoebae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida): extensive cryptic diversity and redefinition of the Hyalospheniidae Schultze"
1064:
1052:
4517:
3333:"Age-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts"
3022:"Heterogenous point mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA Ser(UCN) precursor coexisting with the A1555G mutation in deaf students from Mongolia"
1961:
1943:
4697:
4592:
4562:
4622:
4577:
4532:
2981:"Mitochondrial myopathy and rhabdomyolysis associated with a novel nonsense mutation in the gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"
55:, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I, COI, MTCO1, Main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase, CO I, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
5538:
5219:
1877:
1869:
4547:
5214:
4186:
Montoya J, Ojala D, Attardi G (April 1981). "Distinctive features of the 5'-terminal sequences of the human mitochondrial mRNAs".
3660:"Mitochondrial turnover in liver is fast in vivo and is accelerated by dietary restriction: application of a simple dynamic model"
5305:
4887:
3536:
Robin ED, Wong R (September 1988). "Mitochondrial DNA molecules and virtual number of mitochondria per cell in mammalian cells".
4607:
4327:
Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U (December 2000). "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans".
4973:
1381:
1221:
4482:
3882:
Bodenteich A, Mitchell LG, Polymeropoulos MH, Merril CR (May 1992). "Dinucleotide repeat in the human mitochondrial D-loop".
3582:
Satoh M, Kuroiwa T (September 1991). "Organization of multiple nucleoids and DNA molecules in mitochondria of a human cell".
1020:
892:
1926:
1140:
899:
4782:
4731:
1322:
1821:
to generate new mitochondria. This can give rise to a mitochondrion with primarily or solely MT-COI-mutated chromosomes.
2091:
1905:
1709:
and also because its sequence is conserved among conspecifics. Contrary to the primary objection raised by skeptics that
5558:
5073:
5008:
202:
3853:
Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (June 2006). "Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree".
5018:
4843:
3225:"Mitochondrial DNA mutations are established in human colonic stem cells, and mutated clones expand by crypt fission"
2820:"Mitochondrial DNA mutations are established in human colonic stem cells, and mutated clones expand by crypt fission"
3490:
Legros F, Malka F, Frachon P, Lombès A, Rojo M (June 2004). "Organization and dynamics of human mitochondrial DNA".
1369:
oxidase catalytic subunits evolved from ancient nitric oxide reductases that could reduce both nitrogen and oxygen.
5344:
5142:
4777:
1436:
5573:
5511:
5339:
5003:
4724:
1930:
1909:
1762:
of the cells (located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts) are stained blue-gray with
122:
1599:
in the urine. It has been associated with mitochondrial myopathy. A G5920A mutation, and a heteroplasmic G6708A
5120:
5078:
1347:(also known as proteobacteria or purple bacteria) acquired quinol oxidase through a lateral gene transfer from
743:
1292:
1128:
1313:
Proton pumping heme-copper oxidases represent the terminal, energy-transfer enzymes of respiratory chains in
724:
4924:
4866:
4756:
1857:
64:
1321:. The CuB-heme a3 (or heme o) binuclear centre, associated with the largest subunit I of cytochrome c and
4978:
3750:"MITRAC7 Acts as a COX1-Specific Chaperone and Reveals a Checkpoint during Cytochrome c Oxidase Assembly"
1731:
1522:
3431:
Nekhaeva E, Bodyak ND, Kraytsberg Y, McGrath SB, Van Orsouw NJ, Pluzhnikov A, et al. (April 2002).
3331:
Nooteboom M, Johnson R, Taylor RW, Wright NA, Lightowlers RN, Kirkwood TB, et al. (February 2010).
5152:
5147:
4951:
4817:
1852:
Within the MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase)
1518:
1124:
4233:"Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs"
3282:
Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, et al. (August 2014).
5568:
4877:
4475:
3172:
Bernstein C, Facista A, Nguyen H, Zaitlin B, Hassounah N, Loustaunau C, et al. (December 2010).
3020:
Pandya A, Xia XJ, Erdenetungalag R, Amendola M, Landa B, Radnaabazar J, et al. (December 1999).
2879:"A mitochondrial DNA mutation linked to colon cancer results in proton leaks in cytochrome c oxidase"
1828:
in order to frequently become the main type of mitochondrion in a cell (a cell with MT-COI-deficient
1307:
1076:
1033:
136:
1081:
51:
5563:
5068:
4946:
1359:
1326:
1303:
1296:
72:
1872:. This interaction with SMIM20 stabilizes the newly synthesized MT-CO1 and prevents its premature
5115:
4902:
3748:
Dennerlein S, Oeljeklaus S, Jans D, Hellwig C, Bareth B, Jakobs S, et al. (September 2015).
3071:"Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species"
1514:
1440:
4661:: Cadmium ion binding structure of bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase in the fully oxidized state
3223:
Greaves LC, Preston SL, Tadrous PJ, Taylor RW, Barron MJ, Oukrif D, et al. (January 2006).
2818:
Greaves LC, Preston SL, Tadrous PJ, Taylor RW, Barron MJ, Oukrif D, et al. (January 2006).
2346:
Papa S, Capitanio N, Glaser P, Villani G (May 1994). "The proton pump of heme-copper oxidases".
875:
5110:
4767:
4646:: Cadmium ion binding structure of bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase in the fully reduced state
2733:
Varlamov DA, Kudin AP, Vielhaber S, Schröder R, Sassen R, Becker A, et al. (August 2002).
1564:
1400:
1355:
1348:
1240:
3799:
Lorenzi I, Oeljeklaus S, Aich A, Ronsör C, Callegari S, Dudek J, et al. (February 2018).
2657:
Gattermann N, Retzlaff S, Wang YL, Hofhaus G, Heinisch J, Aul C, Schneider W (December 1997).
5484:
5224:
5100:
4936:
4914:
4691:: Zinc ion binding structure of bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase in the fully oxidized state
1818:
1742:
1612:
1455:
1428:
4676:: Zinc ion binding structure of bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase in the fully reduced state
2577:"Denitrification and aerobic respiration, hybrid electron transport chains and co-evolution"
2125:"MT-CO1 - Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 - Homo sapiens (Human) - MT-CO1 gene & protein"
1489:
to a severe multisystem disease affecting multiple organs and tissues. Symptoms may include
5325:
5231:
5088:
5037:
4983:
4468:
4336:
4244:
4195:
4121:
4083:
3444:
3433:"Clonally expanded mtDNA point mutations are abundant in individual cells of human tissues"
3389:
3236:
2890:
2831:
1988:
1751:
1616:
1506:
1392:
1388:
1288:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1107:
4284:
Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N (October 1999).
3776:
3284:"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon"
2146:
2141:
92:
8:
4286:"Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA"
2439:
4340:
4248:
4199:
4125:
4087:
4008:"Replication-competent human mitochondrial DNA lacking the heavy-strand promoter region"
3448:
3393:
3240:
2894:
2835:
1992:
1477:. The result is a ferric accumulation in mitochondria and insufficient heme production.
1152:
5255:
5023:
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2012:
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defects. Because this disease is a result of mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting the
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96:
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2503:
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A mitochondrion with largely MT-COI-mutated chromosomes would need to have a positive
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2227:"Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase"
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2004:
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2016:
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The MT-COI protein, also known as CCOI, is usually expressed at a high level in the
1164:
is one of the three cytochrome c oxidase subunit mitochondrial genes (orange boxes).
989:
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3619:"The turnover of mitochondria in a variety of tissues of young adult and aged rats"
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1302:) is a key enzyme in aerobic metabolism. It is the third and final enzyme of the
1045:
1001:
270:
100:
19:"Cox1" redirects here. Particularly in a medical context, this can also refer to
4058:
4006:
Moraes CT, Andreetta F, Bonilla E, Shanske S, DiMauro S, Schon EA (March 1991).
1966:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1948:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1255:
In humans, the MT-CO1 gene is located from nucleotide pairs 5904 to 7444 on the
4237:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3437:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3229:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2883:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2824:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1825:
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1568:
1559:. Numerous such genetic alterations are often involved with the progression of
1530:
1470:
1344:
371:
3866:
2788:
2675:
2658:
1544:
mutations play a role in colorectal cancer, a very complex disease displaying
1339:
It has been shown that eubacterial quinol oxidase was derived from cytochrome
5552:
5542:
4747:
3174:"Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I"
2751:
2734:
2225:
Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, et al. (October 2013).
2047:
Kosakyan A, Heger TJ, Leander BS, Todorov M, Mitchell EA, Lara E (May 2012).
1755:
1694:
1490:
1404:
1244:
473:
4511:: STRUCTURE OF BOVINE HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE AT THE FULLY OXIDIZED STATE
4095:
3911:
Brown MD, Yang CC, Trounce I, Torroni A, Lott MT, Wallace DC (August 1992).
3895:
3249:
3190:
2997:
2980:
2903:
2844:
2735:"Metabolic consequences of a novel missense mutation of the mtDNA CO I gene"
2616:
Brown MD, Yang CC, Trounce I, Torroni A, Lott MT, Wallace DC (August 1992).
2297:
García-Horsman JA, Barquera B, Rumbley J, Ma J, Gennis RB (September 1994).
431:
309:
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5013:
4892:
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4433:
4407:
4356:
4311:
3874:
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3366:
3317:
3268:
3209:
3145:
3104:
3086:
3055:
3006:
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2922:
2863:
2796:
2760:
2602:
2359:
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2211:
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1758:
protein cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CCOI, synonym for MT-COI), and the
1494:
288:
113:
4276:
4257:
4215:
4178:
4141:
4103:
4066:
4041:
4023:
3990:
3960:
3938:
3903:
3644:
3603:
3557:
2719:
2684:
2643:
2553:
2512:
2463:
2424:
2391:"Evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospheric oxygen"
2367:
2332:
2193:
2008:
1029:
939:
934:
4716:
3120:"Potentiality of the cox1 gene in the taxonomic resolution of soil fungi"
3118:
Molitor C, Inthavong B, Sage L, Geremia RA, Mouhamadou B (January 2010).
2949:
2124:
2033:
1580:
1526:
1432:
1329:
1264:
788:
769:
3801:"The mitochondrial TMEM177 associates with COX20 during COX2 biogenesis"
2979:
Kollberg G, Moslemi AR, Lindberg C, Holme E, Oldfors A (February 2005).
1362:
5132:
4794:
4417:"Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions"
3982:
1829:
1786:
1715:
1560:
1545:
1314:
1299:
1013:
210:
130:
80:
3881:
3503:
2528:"Cytochrome oxidase evolved by tinkering with denitrification enzymes"
5063:
4348:
4207:
4133:
1771:
1596:
1498:
1318:
1195:
643:
254:
241:
176:
163:
88:
4415:
Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM (2003).
4231:
Horai S, Hayasaka K, Kondo R, Tsugane K, Takahata N (January 1995).
1525:. In some patients, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is fatal at the
5527:
5209:
5083:
4389:
3037:
1702:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1486:
1377:
996:
923:
16:
Enzyme of the respiratory chain encoded by the mitochondrial genome
4526:: BOVINE HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE IN CARBON MONOXIDE-BOUND STATE
4302:
4285:
1220:
complex. In humans, mutations in MT-CO1 have been associated with
5369:
5364:
5284:
4283:
1706:
1591:
RM-MT is a disease that is characterized by recurrent attacks of
1466:
1256:
1184:
1008:
755:
710:
628:
624:
4048:
2095:
1978:
1606:
1586:
68:
5474:
5469:
5439:
5434:
5314:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
4706:: BOVINE HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE AT THE FULLY OXIDIZED STATE
4601:: Bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase at the fully oxidized state
4571:: Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase at the fully oxidized state
4414:
3747:
3430:
3019:
2296:
1865:
1750:) within four tissue sections. The cells have been stained by
1556:
1548:
1480:
1459:
1284:
1280:
1275:
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1 or MT-CO1) is one of three
1135:
960:
907:
665:
4631:: Bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase in the fully reduced state
4586:: Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase at the fully reduced state
4541:: BOVINE HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE IN THE FULLY REDUCED STATE
4460:
4326:
3852:
2732:
2479:"Structural models of the redox centres in cytochrome oxidase"
2444:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Bioenergetics
2388:
5494:
5489:
5479:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5185:
5172:
4005:
3967:
3805:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
3171:
2773:
2656:
1881:
1705:
rate is generally fast enough to distinguish closely related
1410:
4110:
3709:"Regulation of apoptosis by the redox state of cytochrome c"
3330:
2978:
2935:
2437:
1469:
iron, which is required for the final step in mitochondrial
5523:
3798:
3222:
3117:
2817:
2697:
2389:
Castresana J, Lübben M, Saraste M, Higgins DG (June 1994).
2046:
1861:
1474:
1462:
1446:
1191:
1097:
1040:
984:
3281:
2345:
965:
Structure of the 13-subunit oxidized cytochrome c oxidase.
4230:
4156:
3068:
2145: This article incorporates text available under the
1734:(the gene most commonly used for mycological barcoding).
4556:: BOVINE HEART CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE IN AZIDE-BOUND STATE
3657:
3489:
604:
mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen
278:
4073:
3910:
2615:
2279:
Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB)
1263:. The gene product is a 57 kDa protein composed of 513
5522:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
4371:
3945:
1754:
to show a brown-orange color if the cells produce the
3069:
Hebert PD, Ratnasingham S, deWaard JR (August 2003).
2299:"The superfamily of heme-copper respiratory oxidases"
443:
4616:: Bovine heart cytochrome C oxidase modified by DCCD
3658:
Miwa S, Lawless C, von Zglinicki T (December 2008).
2985:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
1737:
1701:
gene sequence is suitable for this role because its
1603:
have been associated with COX deficiency and RM-MT.
1216:. Cytochrome c oxidase I is the main subunit of the
4185:
4051:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
3713:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
3379:
2876:
2581:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
2476:
382:
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
2442:(July 1983). "Structure of cytochrome c oxidase".
1922:
1920:
1918:
1901:
1899:
1897:
2525:
225:
147:
5550:
2477:Holm L, Saraste M, Wikström M (September 1987).
4372:Finnilä S, Lehtonen MS, Majamaa K (June 2001).
1915:
1894:
1529:stage. Other affected individuals may manifest
3706:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2178:"UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase"
1927:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000064351
1722:is very slow. It has also been suggested that
1671:Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit I bacterial type
1177:mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I
4732:
4476:
2034:"Entrez Gene: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I"
1607:Deafness, sensorineural, mitochondrial (DFNM)
1587:Recurrent myoglobinuria mitochondrial (RM-MT)
3700:
3651:
3581:
3483:
3424:
3373:
3324:
3216:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3062:
2568:
1481:Mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D)
3616:
3610:
3111:
2519:
2470:
2431:
2382:
2339:
2285:
2224:
2040:
1906:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198804
1380:in this gene in humans are associated with
614:electron transport coupled proton transport
553:mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III
5539:United States National Library of Medicine
5220:Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
4746:
4739:
4725:
4483:
4469:
3382:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3178:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
2574:
2267:
1972:
1726:may be a better gene for DNA barcoding of
1536:
1411:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
959:
558:mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV
4442:
4432:
4397:
4374:"Phylogenetic network for European mtDNA"
4301:
4266:
4256:
4031:
3928:
3824:
3775:
3765:
3724:
3683:
3634:
3535:
3466:
3456:
3356:
3307:
3258:
3248:
3199:
3189:
3152:
3135:
3094:
3045:
2996:
2912:
2902:
2853:
2843:
2750:
2674:
2633:
2592:
2543:
2502:
2414:
2322:
2275:"MT-CO1 - Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1"
2250:
2201:
1643:Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase, subunit I
1629:Cytochrome c oxidase cbb3-type, subunit I
5537:This article incorporates text from the
5215:Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
3577:
3575:
3531:
3529:
2877:Namslauer I, Brzezinski P (March 2009).
2028:
2026:
1741:
1657:Cytochrome aa3 quinol oxidase, subunit I
1447:Acquired Idiopathic Sideroblastic Anemia
1372:
1160:gene in the human mitochondrial genome.
1151:
1685:
5551:
4974:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
2526:Saraste M, Castresana J (March 1994).
2218:
4720:
4464:
3572:
3526:
3275:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2023:
230:
214:
209:
152:
134:
129:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2087:
2085:
1718:, however, the rate of evolution of
1423:, causing subacute or acute central
4888:Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
3623:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2092:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1415:LHON, correlated with mutations in
1382:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1222:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
13:
5074:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
5009:Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
4378:American Journal of Human Genetics
3917:American Journal of Human Genetics
3845:
3617:Menzies RA, Gold PH (April 1971).
3402:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02113.x
3026:American Journal of Human Genetics
2712:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2580132.x
2622:American Journal of Human Genetics
2575:Chen J, Strous M (February 2013).
2495:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02578.x
2407:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06541.x
2153:
1876:. Additionally, it interacts with
1693:is a gene that is often used as a
1279:(mtDNA) encoded subunits (MT-CO1,
14:
5585:
5019:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
2100:
2082:
1738:MT-COI (= CCOI) in colonic crypts
5143:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
4783:Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
4778:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
4696:
4681:
4666:
4651:
4636:
4621:
4606:
4591:
4576:
4561:
4546:
4531:
4516:
4501:
3676:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00426.x
3349:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00531.x
3137:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01839.x
3075:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2700:European Journal of Biochemistry
2315:10.1128/jb.176.18.5587-5600.1994
2140:
1697:to identify animal species. The
201:
121:
5004:Glutamate aspartate transporter
4490:
3792:
3741:
3013:
2972:
2929:
2870:
2811:
2767:
2726:
2691:
2650:
2609:
2188:(D1): D158–D169. January 2017.
1847:
584:response to electrical stimulus
5121:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
5079:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
4012:Molecular and Cellular Biology
3777:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-466E-C
3707:Brown GC, Borutaite V (2008).
3538:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1954:
1936:
1622:
954:Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
523:integral component of membrane
432:More reference expression data
1:
3636:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62305-1
2243:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151
2001:10.1126/science.272.5265.1136
1887:
1092:Available protein structures:
487:cytochrome-c oxidase activity
4925:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
4171:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90196-5
4159:Journal of Molecular Biology
3817:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.010
3767:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.009
3726:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.03.024
3596:10.1016/0014-4827(91)90467-9
3300:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019
2594:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.10.002
2545:10.1016/0014-5793(94)80228-9
2456:10.1016/0304-4173(83)90003-4
2068:10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.003
1427:. Some patients may display
1250:
589:response to oxidative stress
548:respiratory chain complex IV
538:mitochondrial inner membrane
7:
4979:Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
4059:10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.013
1813:MT-COI is coded for by the
1523:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1437:respiratory chain complexes
1270:
1259:-rich heavy (H) section of
332:stromal cell of endometrium
10:
5590:
5521:
5153:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
5148:Ornithine transcarbamylase
4952:Glycerol phosphate shuttle
4818:monoamine neurotransmitter
3584:Experimental Cell Research
2348:Cell Biology International
1551:in the inner walls of the
1198:. The gene is also called
18:
5559:Human mitochondrial genes
5507:
5378:
5353:
5323:
5303:
5253:
5244:
5205:
5198:
5181:
5161:
5129:
5097:
5045:
5036:
4992:
4960:
4933:
4911:
4878:oxidative phosphorylation
4874:
4865:
4842:
4814:
4791:
4764:
4755:
4496:
3867:10.1016/j.tig.2006.04.001
3124:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2789:10.1007/s10048-005-0015-z
2676:10.1182/blood.V90.12.4961
2438:Capaldi RA, Malatesta F,
1962:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1944:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1579:, and family history are
1308:oxidative phosphorylation
1134:
1114:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
975:
970:
958:
953:
938:
933:
929:
922:
906:
887:
872:
868:
853:
849:
842:
829:
825:
810:
806:
799:
786:
782:
767:
763:
754:
741:
737:
722:
718:
709:
696:
692:
677:
673:
664:
649:
642:
638:
622:
599:oxidative phosphorylation
472:
468:
456:
451:
442:
429:
378:
369:
316:
307:
277:
269:
265:
248:
235:
221:
216:Mitochondrial DNA (mouse)
200:
191:
187:
170:
157:
143:
137:Mitochondrial DNA (human)
120:
111:
107:
62:
59:
49:
42:
37:
33:
28:
5069:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4947:Malate-aspartate shuttle
4053:. 51 Pt 1 (1): 103–114.
3884:Human Molecular Genetics
2739:Human Molecular Genetics
1815:mitochondrial chromosome
1304:electron transport chain
1295:. Cytochrome c oxidase (
5116:Glutamate dehydrogenase
4903:Succinate dehydrogenase
4096:10.1126/science.3764430
3492:Journal of Cell Science
3250:10.1073/pnas.0505903103
3191:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i12.429
2904:10.1073/pnas.0811450106
2845:10.1073/pnas.0505903103
2303:Journal of Bacteriology
1583:for colorectal cancer.
1537:Colorectal cancer (CRC)
1421:optic nerve dysfunction
1187:that is encoded by the
507:oxidoreductase activity
5574:Transmembrane proteins
5512:mitochondrial diseases
5111:Aspartate transaminase
4768:fatty acid degradation
4434:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13
3550:10.1002/jcp.1041360316
3458:10.1073/pnas.072670199
3087:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025
2752:10.1093/hmg/11.16.1797
2360:10.1006/cbir.1994.1084
2182:Nucleic Acids Research
1856:, the encoded protein
1767:
1613:non-syndromic deafness
1419:, is characterized by
1401:sensorineural deafness
1356:nitric-oxide reductase
1349:Gram-positive bacteria
1241:sensorineural deafness
1169:Cytochrome c oxidase I
1165:
594:cerebellum development
574:response to copper ion
402:superior frontal gyrus
398:Cortex of frontal lobe
5225:Mitochondrial carrier
5101:anaplerotic reactions
4937:mitochondrial shuttle
4915:pyrimidine metabolism
4258:10.1073/pnas.92.2.532
4024:10.1128/MCB.11.3.1631
3896:10.1093/hmg/1.2.140-a
2998:10.1093/jnen/64.2.123
1819:mitochondrial fission
1745:
1567:lesions, to invasive
1373:Clinical significance
1155:
900:Chr M: 0.01 – 0.01 Mb
893:Chr M: 0.01 – 0.01 Mb
394:primary visual cortex
336:right coronary artery
5232:Translocator protein
5089:Malate dehydrogenase
4984:Aldosterone synthase
3498:(Pt 13): 2653–2662.
3081:(Suppl 1): S96–S99.
2950:10.1212/wnl.55.5.644
2231:Circulation Research
1836:and D of the image.
1752:immunohistochemistry
1686:Use in DNA barcoding
1617:maternal inheritance
1507:exercise intolerance
1441:inherited maternally
1389:sideroblastic anemia
1289:cytochrome c oxidase
1229:sideroblastic anemia
1218:cytochrome c oxidase
348:smooth muscle tissue
4844:Intermembrane space
4341:2000Natur.408..708I
4249:1995PNAS...92..532H
4200:1981Natur.290..465M
4126:1985Natur.314..592C
4088:1986Sci...234..614C
3449:2002PNAS...99.5521N
3394:2002NYASA.959..434C
3241:2006PNAS..103..714G
2895:2009PNAS..106.3402N
2836:2006PNAS..103..714G
2194:10.1093/nar/gkw1099
1993:1996Sci...272.1136T
1987:(5265): 1136–1144.
1884:-dependent manner.
1519:developmental delay
609:aerobic respiration
418:ganglionic eminence
5541:, which is in the
5199:Other/to be sorted
5164:alcohol metabolism
5024:Uncoupling protein
4898:NADH dehydrogenase
3983:10.1007/bf00206061
3855:Trends in Genetics
1768:
1611:DFNM is a form of
1573:ulcerative colitis
1515:mental retardation
1433:cardiac conduction
1323:ubiquinol oxidases
1166:
744:ENSMUSG00000064351
567:Biological process
516:Cellular component
480:Molecular function
406:hippocampus proper
320:right uterine tube
5519:
5518:
5503:
5502:
5246:Mitochondrial DNA
5240:
5239:
5194:
5193:
5049:citric acid cycle
5032:
5031:
4838:
4837:
4830:Monoamine oxidase
4714:
4713:
4335:(6813): 708–713.
4194:(5806): 465–470.
4120:(6012): 592–597.
4082:(4776): 614–618.
3955:(13): 3718–3725.
3760:(10): 1644–1655.
3504:10.1242/jcs.01134
2745:(16): 1797–1805.
2669:(12): 4961–4972.
2401:(11): 2516–2525.
2309:(18): 5587–5600.
1748:intestinal glands
1601:nonsense mutation
1511:motor development
1491:liver dysfunction
1397:colorectal cancer
1384:(LHON), acquired
1306:of mitochondrial
1277:mitochondrial DNA
1237:colorectal cancer
1224:(LHON), acquired
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:structure summary
949:
948:
945:
944:
918:
917:
883:
882:
862:
861:
838:
837:
819:
818:
795:
794:
776:
775:
750:
749:
731:
730:
705:
704:
686:
685:
634:
633:
492:metal ion binding
464:
463:
460:
459:
438:
437:
425:
424:
386:cerebellar cortex
363:
362:
261:
260:
183:
182:
5581:
5569:Protein families
5383:
5358:
5328:
5308:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5203:
5202:
5166:
5136:
5104:
5059:Citrate synthase
5052:
5043:
5042:
4997:
4967:
4940:
4918:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4852:Adenylate kinase
4823:
4799:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4700:
4685:
4670:
4655:
4640:
4625:
4610:
4595:
4580:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4520:
4505:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4411:
4401:
4384:(6): 1475–1484.
4368:
4349:10.1038/35047064
4323:
4305:
4280:
4270:
4260:
4227:
4208:10.1038/290465a0
4182:
4153:
4134:10.1038/314592a0
4107:
4070:
4045:
4035:
4018:(3): 1631–1637.
4002:
3964:
3942:
3932:
3907:
3878:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3719:(7–8): 877–881.
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3629:(8): 2425–2429.
3614:
3608:
3607:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3443:(8): 5521–5526.
3428:
3422:
3421:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3169:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3032:(6): 1803–1806.
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2889:(9): 3402–3407.
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2489:(9): 2819–2823.
2483:The EMBO Journal
2474:
2468:
2467:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2395:The EMBO Journal
2386:
2380:
2379:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2237:(9): 1043–1053.
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2174:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1913:
1903:
1746:Colonic crypts (
1571:. Long-standing
1403:, and recurrent
1291:, also known as
1243:, and recurrent
1175:) also known as
1156:Location of the
1089:
1088:
963:
951:
950:
931:
930:
902:
895:
878:
866:
865:
857:
847:
846:
843:RefSeq (protein)
833:
823:
822:
814:
804:
803:
780:
779:
761:
760:
735:
734:
716:
715:
690:
689:
671:
670:
640:
639:
470:
469:
449:
448:
434:
374:
372:Top expressed in
367:
366:
312:
310:Top expressed in
305:
304:
284:
283:
267:
266:
257:
244:
233:
217:
205:
189:
188:
179:
166:
155:
139:
125:
109:
108:
103:
101:COX1 - orthologs
54:
47:
26:
25:
21:cyclooxygenase-1
5589:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5564:Protein domains
5549:
5548:
5534:
5520:
5515:
5499:
5379:
5374:
5354:
5349:
5324:
5319:
5304:
5299:
5254:
5236:
5190:
5177:
5162:
5157:
5130:
5125:
5098:
5093:
5046:
5028:
4993:
4988:
4964:steroidogenesis
4961:
4956:
4934:
4929:
4912:
4907:
4875:
4861:
4857:Creatine kinase
4834:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4792:
4787:
4765:
4751:
4745:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4701:
4692:
4686:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4632:
4626:
4617:
4611:
4602:
4596:
4587:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4492:
4489:
4459:
4290:Nature Genetics
3949:Cancer Research
3848:
3846:Further reading
3843:
3842:
3797:
3793:
3746:
3742:
3705:
3701:
3656:
3652:
3615:
3611:
3580:
3573:
3534:
3527:
3488:
3484:
3429:
3425:
3378:
3374:
3329:
3325:
3280:
3276:
3221:
3217:
3184:(12): 429–442.
3170:
3153:
3116:
3112:
3067:
3063:
3018:
3014:
2977:
2973:
2934:
2930:
2875:
2871:
2816:
2812:
2772:
2768:
2731:
2727:
2696:
2692:
2655:
2651:
2614:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2524:
2520:
2475:
2471:
2440:Darley-Usmar VM
2436:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2344:
2340:
2295:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2223:
2219:
2176:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2131:
2129:www.uniprot.org
2123:
2122:
2101:
2090:
2083:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2024:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1850:
1780:large intestine
1740:
1688:
1625:
1609:
1589:
1539:
1503:muscle weakness
1483:
1449:
1413:
1375:
1273:
1253:
1053:OPM superfamily
966:
940:View/Edit Mouse
935:View/Edit Human
898:
891:
888:Location (UCSC)
874:
855:
831:
812:
725:ENSG00000198804
618:
562:
511:
497:protein binding
430:
421:
416:
412:
410:muscle of thigh
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
370:
359:
354:
350:
346:
344:Brodmann area 9
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
308:
252:
239:
231:
215:
192:Gene location (
174:
161:
153:
135:
112:Gene location (
63:
50:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5587:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5517:
5516:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4869:
4867:Inner membrane
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4759:
4757:Outer membrane
4753:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4458:
4457:
4412:
4390:10.1086/320591
4369:
4324:
4281:
4243:(2): 532–536.
4228:
4183:
4165:(2): 161–178.
4154:
4108:
4071:
4046:
4003:
3977:(2): 139–145.
3971:Human Genetics
3965:
3943:
3923:(2): 378–385.
3908:
3879:
3861:(6): 339–345.
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3811:(2): 323–333.
3791:
3740:
3699:
3670:(6): 920–923.
3650:
3609:
3590:(1): 137–140.
3571:
3544:(3): 507–513.
3525:
3482:
3423:
3388:(1): 434–447.
3372:
3323:
3294:(4): 940–947.
3274:
3235:(3): 714–719.
3215:
3151:
3110:
3061:
3038:10.1086/302658
3012:
2991:(2): 123–128.
2971:
2944:(5): 644–649.
2928:
2869:
2830:(3): 714–719.
2810:
2766:
2725:
2706:(1): 132–138.
2690:
2649:
2628:(2): 378–385.
2608:
2587:(2): 136–144.
2567:
2518:
2469:
2450:(2): 135–148.
2430:
2381:
2354:(5): 345–355.
2338:
2284:
2266:
2217:
2152:
2099:
2081:
2062:(3): 415–434.
2039:
2022:
1971:
1953:
1935:
1914:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1849:
1846:
1826:selection bias
1776:colonic crypts
1739:
1736:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1668:
1654:
1640:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1605:
1593:rhabdomyolysis
1588:
1585:
1569:adenocarcinoma
1538:
1535:
1482:
1479:
1448:
1445:
1412:
1409:
1374:
1371:
1345:Pseudomonadota
1272:
1269:
1252:
1249:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
987:
981:
980:
977:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
956:
955:
947:
946:
943:
942:
937:
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
913:
911:
904:
903:
896:
889:
885:
884:
881:
880:
870:
869:
863:
860:
859:
851:
850:
844:
840:
839:
836:
835:
827:
826:
820:
817:
816:
808:
807:
801:
797:
796:
793:
792:
784:
783:
777:
774:
773:
765:
764:
758:
752:
751:
748:
747:
739:
738:
732:
729:
728:
720:
719:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
687:
684:
683:
675:
674:
668:
662:
661:
656:
651:
647:
646:
636:
635:
632:
631:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
568:
564:
563:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
519:
517:
513:
512:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
481:
477:
476:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
427:
426:
423:
422:
420:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
375:
364:
361:
360:
358:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
313:
301:
300:
292:
281:
275:
274:
271:RNA expression
263:
262:
259:
258:
250:
246:
245:
237:
234:
229:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
198:
197:
185:
184:
181:
180:
172:
168:
167:
159:
156:
151:
145:
144:
141:
140:
133:
127:
126:
118:
117:
105:
104:
61:
57:
56:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5586:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:public domain
5540:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4748:Mitochondrial
4742:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4705:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4303:10.1038/13779
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Neurogenetics
2770:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:of the human
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:mitochondrial
1753:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1531:Leigh disease
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1405:myoglobinuria
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1245:myoglobinuria
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
962:
957:
952:
941:
936:
932:
928:
925:
921:
914:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
879:
877:
871:
867:
864:
858:
852:
848:
845:
841:
834:
828:
824:
821:
815:
809:
805:
802:
800:RefSeq (mRNA)
798:
791:
790:
785:
781:
778:
772:
771:
766:
762:
759:
757:
753:
746:
745:
740:
736:
733:
727:
726:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
701:
700:
695:
691:
688:
682:
681:
676:
672:
669:
667:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
630:
626:
621:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:mitochondrion
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
515:
514:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:Gene ontology
471:
467:
455:
450:
447:
445:
441:
433:
428:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
377:
373:
368:
365:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:apex of heart
323:
319:
318:
315:
311:
306:
303:
302:
299:
297:
293:
291:
290:
286:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
190:
186:
178:
173:
169:
165:
160:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
53:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
5536:
5535:
5509:
5356:ATP synthase
5334:
5163:
5131:
5099:
5047:
5014:ATP synthase
4994:
4962:
4935:
4913:
4893:Cytochrome c
4876:
4816:
4806:Kynureninase
4793:
4766:
4703:
4688:
4673:
4658:
4643:
4628:
4613:
4598:
4583:
4568:
4553:
4538:
4523:
4508:
4424:
4421:BMC Genetics
4420:
4381:
4377:
4332:
4328:
4293:
4289:
4240:
4236:
4191:
4187:
4162:
4158:
4117:
4113:
4079:
4075:
4050:
4015:
4011:
3974:
3970:
3952:
3948:
3920:
3916:
3887:
3883:
3858:
3854:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3757:
3754:Cell Reports
3753:
3743:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3587:
3583:
3541:
3537:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3343:(1): 96–99.
3340:
3336:
3326:
3291:
3288:Cell Reports
3287:
3277:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3181:
3177:
3130:(1): 76–84.
3127:
3123:
3113:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3029:
3025:
3015:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2783:(1): 51–57.
2780:
2776:
2769:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2535:
2532:FEBS Letters
2531:
2521:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2306:
2302:
2278:
2269:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2185:
2181:
2139:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2059:
2055:
2042:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1851:
1848:Interactions
1842:
1838:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1784:
1769:
1764:haematoxylin
1723:
1719:
1710:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1677:
1663:
1649:
1635:
1610:
1590:
1581:risk factors
1577:colon polyps
1565:premalignant
1541:
1540:
1495:hepatomegaly
1484:
1471:biosynthesis
1451:
1450:
1429:neurological
1416:
1414:
1395:deficiency,
1376:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1312:
1274:
1254:
1235:deficiency,
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
873:
854:
830:
811:
787:
768:
742:
723:
697:
678:
658:
653:
579:human ageing
502:heme binding
294:
287:
60:External IDs
5306:Complex III
4491:PDB gallery
1716:seed plants
1695:DNA barcode
1623:Subfamilies
1425:vision loss
1315:prokaryotes
1265:amino acids
1065:OPM protein
979:COX1 or COI
971:Identifiers
543:respirasome
352:gallbladder
38:Identifiers
5553:Categories
5326:Complex IV
5133:urea cycle
4821:metabolism
4797:metabolism
4795:tryptophan
4296:(2): 147.
3890:(2): 140.
3664:Aging Cell
3337:Aging Cell
2538:(1): 1–4.
2134:2018-08-13
1933:, May 2017
1912:, May 2017
1888:References
1830:homoplasmy
1787:epithelial
1728:soil fungi
1509:, delayed
1393:Complex IV
1386:idiopathic
1354:A related
1319:eukaryotes
1293:complex IV
1233:Complex IV
1226:idiopathic
1196:eukaryotes
1104:structures
298:(ortholog)
81:HomoloGene
5532:IPR000883
5510:see also
5256:Complex I
5064:Aconitase
2938:Neurology
2147:CC BY 4.0
1858:interacts
1772:cytoplasm
1679:IPR014241
1665:IPR014233
1651:IPR014207
1637:IPR004677
1597:myoglobin
1546:malignant
1499:hypotonia
1456:reduction
1378:Mutations
1330:1.10.3.10
1251:Structure
1014:PDOC00074
1002:IPR000883
876:NP_904330
644:Orthologs
390:esophagus
89:GeneCards
5528:InterPro
5210:Frataxin
5084:Fumarase
4750:proteins
4453:11553319
4408:11349229
4365:52850476
4357:11130070
4320:32212178
4312:10508508
4150:32964006
3999:28048453
3875:16678300
3835:29154948
3786:26321642
3735:18439415
3694:18691181
3520:14335558
3512:15138283
3477:11943860
3418:40639679
3410:11976216
3367:19878146
3318:25127143
3269:16407113
3210:21191537
3146:19909345
3105:12952648
3056:10577941
3007:15751226
2966:26776388
2958:10980727
2923:19218458
2864:16407113
2805:21304246
2797:16284789
2761:12140182
2603:23044391
2376:36428993
2261:23965338
2212:27899622
2149:license.
2094:(OMIM):
2076:22130576
2017:20860573
1929:–
1908:–
1874:turnover
1703:mutation
1674:InterPro
1660:InterPro
1646:InterPro
1632:InterPro
1527:neonatal
1487:myopathy
1439:, it is
1363:1.7.99.7
1271:Function
1121:RCSB PDB
997:InterPro
924:Wikidata
623:Sources:
528:membrane
356:appendix
328:duodenum
5370:MT-ATP8
5365:MT-ATP6
5285:MT-ND4L
4399:1226134
4337:Bibcode
4277:7530363
4245:Bibcode
4224:4358928
4216:7219535
4196:Bibcode
4179:6260957
4142:3921850
4122:Bibcode
4104:3764430
4084:Bibcode
4076:Science
4067:3472707
4042:1996112
3991:1757091
3961:1377597
3939:1322638
3930:1682694
3904:1301157
3826:5764226
3685:2659384
3645:5553400
3604:1715276
3566:2841036
3558:3170646
3445:Bibcode
3390:Bibcode
3358:2816353
3309:4471679
3260:1325106
3237:Bibcode
3201:3011097
3096:1698023
3047:1288397
2914:2651238
2891:Bibcode
2855:1325106
2832:Bibcode
2720:9851701
2685:9389715
2644:1322638
2635:1682694
2562:1248917
2554:8137905
2513:2824194
2464:6307356
2425:8013452
2368:8049679
2333:8083153
2252:4076475
2203:5210571
2056:Protist
2009:8638158
1989:Bibcode
1981:Science
1931:Ensembl
1910:Ensembl
1878:TMEM177
1870:MITRAC7
1854:complex
1707:species
1676::
1662::
1648::
1634::
1561:adenoma
1549:lesions
1467:ferrous
1300:1.9.3.1
1257:guanine
1185:protein
1183:) is a
1082:cd01663
1009:PROSITE
990:PF00115
756:UniProt
711:Ensembl
650:Species
629:QuickGO
414:jejunum
273:pattern
45:Aliases
5475:MT-TS2
5470:MT-TS1
5440:MT-TL2
5435:MT-TL1
5345:MT-CO3
5340:MT-CO2
5335:MT-CO1
5315:MT-CYB
5295:MT-ND6
5290:MT-ND5
5280:MT-ND4
5275:MT-ND3
5270:MT-ND2
5265:MT-ND1
5038:Matrix
4451:
4441:
4427:: 13.
4406:
4396:
4363:
4355:
4329:Nature
4318:
4310:
4275:
4265:
4222:
4214:
4188:Nature
4177:
4148:
4140:
4114:Nature
4102:
4065:
4040:
4033:369459
4030:
3997:
3989:
3959:
3937:
3927:
3902:
3873:
3833:
3823:
3784:
3733:
3692:
3682:
3643:
3602:
3564:
3556:
3518:
3510:
3475:
3468:122802
3465:
3416:
3408:
3365:
3355:
3316:
3306:
3267:
3257:
3208:
3198:
3144:
3103:
3093:
3054:
3044:
3005:
2964:
2956:
2921:
2911:
2862:
2852:
2803:
2795:
2759:
2718:
2683:
2642:
2632:
2601:
2560:
2552:
2511:
2504:553708
2501:
2462:
2423:
2416:395125
2413:
2374:
2366:
2331:
2324:196760
2321:
2259:
2249:
2210:
2200:
2096:516030
2074:
2015:
2007:
1866:SMIM20
1760:nuclei
1724:MT-CO1
1720:MT-CO1
1711:MT-CO1
1699:MT-CO1
1691:MT-CO1
1557:rectum
1542:MT-CO1
1521:, and
1460:ferric
1452:MT-CO1
1417:MT-CO1
1285:MT-CO3
1281:MT-CO2
1189:MT-CO1
1181:MT-CO1
1162:MT-CO1
1158:MT-CO1
1136:PDBsum
1110:
1100:
1034:SUPFAM
976:Symbol
910:search
908:PubMed
789:P00397
770:P00395
666:Entrez
444:BioGPS
340:rectum
253:6,872
240:5,328
175:7,445
162:5,904
77:102504
69:516030
5495:MT-TY
5490:MT-TW
5485:MT-TV
5480:MT-TT
5465:MT-TR
5460:MT-TQ
5455:MT-TP
5450:MT-TN
5445:MT-TM
5430:MT-TK
5425:MT-TI
5420:MT-TH
5415:MT-TG
5410:MT-TF
5405:MT-TE
5400:MT-TD
5395:MT-TC
5390:MT-TA
5186:PMPCB
5173:ALDH2
4995:other
4444:55343
4361:S2CID
4316:S2CID
4268:42775
4220:S2CID
4146:S2CID
3995:S2CID
3562:S2CID
3516:S2CID
3414:S2CID
2962:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2663:Blood
2558:S2CID
2372:S2CID
2052:(PDF)
2013:S2CID
1882:COX20
1880:in a
1860:with
1792:lumen
1730:than
1615:with
1563:, or
1553:colon
1287:) of
1261:mtDNA
1210:, or
1046:3.D.4
1030:SCOPe
1021:SCOP2
699:17708
659:Mouse
654:Human
625:Amigo
296:Mouse
289:Human
236:Start
194:Mouse
158:Start
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