3136:
761:(CEFR) and all Cambridge English qualifications and tests are aligned with the levels described by the CEFR. Each Cambridge English Qualification targets specific CEFR levels but the exam also contains test material at the adjacent levels. For example, B2 First is aimed at B2, but there are also test items that cover B1 and C1. This allows for inferences to be drawn about candidates' abilities if they are a level below or above the one targeted. Candidates are encouraged to take the exam most suitable to their needs and level of ability.
262:
979:
test of writing proficiency rather than a test of knowledge about
British culture. Questions such as "The best month of the year" were preferred to the more culture-bound topics set in 1913, such as "Elizabethan travel and discovery." The target candidature was broadened beyond teachers, to "all foreign students who desire to obtain evidence of their practical knowledge of the languages, both written and spoken, as of their ability to read with comprehension standard works of English literature."
861:
36:
1103:. However, in the BBC recording booths, there was tension between the BBC's approach, which focused on dramatic potential, and UCLES' need for clarity of speech. For example, a man abseiling down a mountain was highly entertaining but unacceptable for test purposes. It was finally agreed that at least 35% of listening tests would comprise an original BBC recording, largely made up of programmes from
1175:(TKT), which focuses solely on core professional knowledge. Following consultations with worldwide teacher training institutions and trials with 1,500 English language teachers in Europe, Latin America and Asia, TKT went live in 2005. In the first six months thousands of candidates sat the test in 36 different countries. It was also incorporated into government plans, e.g. plans in
675:(Diploma in Teaching English (ESOL) in the Lifelong Learning Sector) and ADTE(E)LLS (Additional Diploma in Teaching English (ESOL) in the Lifelong Learning Sector): these qualifications for English language teachers in the UK were discontinued in September 2012. CELTA is a recommended alternative for those wanting an English teaching qualification for teaching in the UK.
1155:(RSA) Examination Board were merged with those of UCLES. The RSA Examination Board had been established in 1754, long before UCLES, and by taking over the RSA TEFL schemes UCLES became responsible for "the running of the world's most respected and widely recognised schemes for validating training courses for teachers of English as a Foreign Language."
978:
In 1928, CPE had only 14 candidates and by 1929 it was in danger of being discontinued. Jack Roach, Assistant
Secretary to the Syndicate from 1925 to 1945, decided to "save it from the scrapheap" and introduced a number of changes. The Phonetics paper was dropped and the essay questions became more a
835:
The first UCLES examinations took place on 14 December 1858. The exams were designed to test for university selection and were taken by 370 candidates in
British schools, churches and village halls. Candidates were required to "satisfy the examiners" in the analysis and parsing of a Shakespeare text;
1212:
UCLES worked with
Homerton College (a teacher training college within the University of Cambridge) to trial test questions with over 3,000 children in Europe, South America and South East Asia. The feedback was used to construct the first Young Learners English (YLE) tests, targeted at learners aged
1069:
had a few attempts at developing language assessments at different levels. During the Second World War, there was a three-level system: the
Preliminary English Test, LCE and CPE. After the war, a new three-level system was introduced: LCE, CPE and DES (The Diploma of English Studies). However, as an
894:
However, CPE was also influenced by Henry Sweet and his book published in 1900: A Practical Study of
Languages: A Guide for Teachers and Learners, which argued that "the most natural method of teaching languages was through conversation." Due to this influence, speaking was part of Cambridge English
890:
The main influence behind the design of the exam was the grammar-translation teaching approach, which aims to establish reading knowledge (rather than the ability to communicate in the language). In 1913, the first requirement for CPE candidates was to translate texts. Translation remained prominent
819:
There was a growing concern in
Britain with standards of school education and the transition from secondary to tertiary-level education. A number of schools "petitioned the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge means of comparing achievements of pupils across schools." The secondary education sector
1195:
BEC Preliminary (now known as B1 Business
Preliminary) examinations were first taken in 1993 by 5,000 candidates from seven cities across China. BEC Vantage (now known as B2 Business Vantage) was launched in 1994 and BEC Higher (now known as C1 Business Higher) in 1996. This was followed in 1997 by
1158:
The two sets of qualifications were integrated and syllabuses for the revised qualifications were developed in consultation with the ESL sector, in order to re-integrate the ESL and EFL teacher communities. In 1999 the RSA Certificate in
Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults (CTEFLA) and
997:
decided to accept CPE as representing the standard in
English required of all students, British or foreign, before the entrance to their university. To this day, CPE still serves as a qualification for entry to higher education. Following these changes CPE candidate numbers instantly began to rise,
982:
In 1932 it was decided to establish overseas exam centres. The first overseas centres were set up in Hamburg, Paris and San Remo (1933), followed by further centres in Italy (Rome and Naples), the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Latin America also became an exam area in the 1930s, with centres
1024:
UCLES tests were made available for prisoners of war in Britain and in Germany. In Britain, 1,500 prisoners of war took the exams, almost 900 of them Italians. In Germany, the War Organisation of the British Red Cross and Order of St John of Jerusalem made arrangements for UCLES examinations to be
954:
paper was included as it was thought to be useful in the teaching of pronunciation. The paper required candidates to make phonetic transcriptions of long pieces of continuous text; describe the articulation of particular sounds; explain phonetic terms, and suggest ways of teaching certain sounds.
856:
CPE was originally a qualification for teachers: "the Certificate of Proficiency in English is designed for Foreign Students who desire satisfactory proof of their knowledge of the language with a view to teaching it in foreign schools." The exam was only available for candidates aged 20 or over.
831:
UCLES was invited to set exams and inspect schools with the aim of raising educational standards. The University of Oxford also created its own examination board: the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE). UODLE and its partner, the Association of Recognised English Language
1046:
By 1947, there were over 6,000 UCLES candidates, with LCE double the size of CPE. Exam centres had been set up in Europe (17), Latin America (9), the Middle East (8), Africa (4) and the USA (1). Candidate numbers continued to grow, reaching over 20,000 by 1955, 44,000 by 1965, and over 66,000 by
1020:
Polish servicemen and women made up a large proportion of the candidature. In 1943, over a third of all LCE Certificates were awarded to candidates from the Polish army and air force. This pattern continued throughout the war and into the post-war period. On one single day in 1948, no fewer than
908:
The sentiments which animated Schiller's poetry were converted into principles of conduct; his actions were as blameless as his writings were pure. With his simple and high predilections, with his strong devotedness to a noble cause, he contrived to steer through life, unsullied by its meanness,
843:
In the mid to late 19th century, UCLES exams were taken by candidates based overseas – in Trinidad and Tobago (from 1863), South Africa (from 1869), Guyana and New Zealand (from 1874), Jamaica (from 1882) and Malaysia (from 1891). Many of these candidates were children of officers of the British
1095:
During this period there were also substantial revisions to the existing exams: B2 First and C2 Proficiency. These revisions included improving the authenticity of texts and tasks; increasing the weight on Listening and Speaking; improving the balance between grammar and vocabulary items in the
1032:
Exams were also maintained clandestinely in continental European exam centres, which frequently meant unusual measures, including acts of determination and courage. However, UCLES was unable to fund and support the growing international network of English language examination centres around the
1028:
Examiners were asked to report on "disturbance, loss of sleep, etc., caused by air raids, and on any exceptional difficulties ... during the examination period." One report noted that the candidates had been spending "most of each day in the air-raid shelter"; that candidate 5224, a probationer
1224:
In 1988, with just two established exams (B2 First and C2 Proficiency), exam candidature was around 180,000. By 2002, with a more comprehensive range of exams, the exam candidature was over 1 million; by 2007, it was over 2 million, by 2013, it was over 4 million; and by 2017, it was over 5.5
1208:
In the 1990s, there was growing demand from Cambridge English centres in the Far East, Latin America and Europe for assessments designed specifically for younger learners. At the time, relatively little research had been carried out into the assessment of second language learning in children.
776:
The Cambridge English EFL Evaluation Unit was established in 1989 and was the first dedicated research unit of its kind. This unit is now called the Research and Validation Group and is the largest dedicated research team of any English language assessment body. Research is published in the
351:
These qualifications are designed for adult learners. A2 Key, B1 Preliminary and B2 First have the same exam format (e.g. number of papers, number of questions, time allowance) as the schools' versions of these qualifications, but use different topics and content suited to adult learners.
1037:
had a brief to disseminate British culture and educational links. In March 1941 a formal 'Joint Agreement' was signed between the two organisations to collaborate on the distribution of UCLES exams around the world. This started a long-lasting relationship, which continues to this day.
1073:
In the 1980s and 1990s, the levels stabilised and the suite of exams we recognise today became established. A five-level system was developed, which characterises Cambridge English's general English exams to the present day and laid the foundations for the levels in the CEFR.
1244:
B2 First, C1 Advanced and C2 Proficiency have reported results on the Cambridge English Scale since January 2015. A2 Key and A2 Key for Schools, B1 Preliminary and B1 Preliminary for Schools and Business Certificates have reported results on the scale since February 2016.
839:
Female candidates were accepted by UCLES on a trial basis in 1864 and on a permanent basis from 1867. Cambridge University itself did not examine female students until 1882 and it was not until 1948 that women were allowed to graduate as full members of the university.
1128:
An English Language Testing Service (ELTS) test was first launched in 1980 with tasks based on language use in academic and occupational contexts in the "real world". However, the ELTS test was very complex to administer and only two full versions were ever produced.
970:
The 1913 CPE exam was taken by just three candidates. The candidates "were able to converse fluently, expressing themselves on the whole, with remarkable ease and accuracy." However, all three candidates failed the exam and none of them was awarded a CPE certificate.
852:
In 1913 UCLES created the first exam for non-native speakers of English – the Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE – now known as C2 Proficiency). This may have been prompted by the development of English exams "for foreigners" by other universities.
1191:
developing its market economy very rapidly. Recognising the importance of English as a language of international business and trade, the Chinese government asked Cambridge Assessment English to develop a suite of Business English Certificates (BEC).
1240:
Candidates get more detailed results – receiving an overall score and a score for each skill/paper. In addition, the Cambridge English Scale makes it easier to see the progression and compare performance across different Cambridge English exams.
1029:
nurse, had been showing strain caused by helping with "rescue work"; and that the house of candidate 5222 had been bombed, whilst she was at school, with fatalities. Such were the circumstances of wartime exam takers and administrators.
974:
In its second year (1914), CPE gained in popularity, with 18 candidates and four passing. However, for the next 15 years candidature remained static. Italian and Spanish were added as languages for the translation paper in 1926.
903:
Candidates were required to translate from English into French/German and translate from French/German into English. Here is a short segment from one of the passages candidates were asked to translate from English into German:
1170:
At the start of the 21st century, there was growing demand from government ministries and schools for a professional qualification without any in-service (teaching practice) component. This led to the introduction of the
748:
In 2019 Cambridge Assessment English acquired English Language iTutoring (ELiT), an artificial intelligence developed off technology from the University of Cambridge, to support new English language assessment products.
2851:
University of Cambridge (1913), Class List and Supplementary Tables for the June 1913 University of Cambridge Higher Local Examination and Examination for Certificates of Proficiency in Modern Languages and Religious
925:
section were borrowed from the university's Language and Literature matriculation exams for native speakers and included questions on Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Milton's Paradise Lost. Here is an example question:
2330:
915:
the effect of political movements upon nineteenth-century literature in England; English Pre-Raphaelitism; Elizabethan travel and discovery; the Indian Mutiny; the development of local self-government; or Matthew
2405:
2303:
765:
1081:
Level 2: the Preliminary English Test (PET) was originally used during the Second World War years. It reappeared in 1980 under close monitoring and was fully launched in the 1990s. It is now known as B1
1096:
Reading paper; and adding a broader range of texts in the Composition and Use of English papers, (e.g. letter-writing, dialogues, speeches, note-taking, and discursive and descriptive compositions).
1017:
exam, at a lower level than LCE, was also offered in 1944 as a special test to meet the contingencies of war. These were the first steps toward developing language assessments at different levels.
1913:
2794:
1160:
986:
In 1935 CPE started providing alternatives to the Literature paper, with an Economic and Commercial Knowledge paper – an early forerunner of English for Specific Purposes.
1006:
From 1939 onwards, thousands of refugees from the Spanish Civil War and occupied Europe started arriving in the UK and began taking UCLES exams while stationed in the UK.
1167:
qualifications. These qualifications were joined in 2004 by ICELT (a revised version of its predecessor, COTE) – which is a purely in-service professional qualification.
1139:
It was clear that different forms of the test would need to be equated. All IELTS materials were therefore pretested and calibrated to a common scale on the basis of the
2739:
1475:
1600:
1164:
3241:
2562:
1973:
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The exam board provided little or no formal structure. Concepts such as audience and purpose, and the length of the essay, were left for the candidate to decide.
217:
Cambridge English Language Assessment / University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL) / University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES)
820:
was still voluntary in nature. Without support from the state, it was logical to seek help from universities that were long established and widely admired. The
2448:"The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the development of language policies: challenges and responsibilities - Council of Europe"
2472:
731:
agreed to form a not-for-profit collaboration known as CaMLA (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments). Cambridge Assessment English owns 65% of the venture.
17:
1216:
The YLE tests introduced a new level. The addition of the 'breakthrough' level created a six-level system that was mirrored by the CEFR, published in 2001.
1943:
1292:
1269:
1066:
1055:
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explain fully and comment on the following passages, stating the connexions in which they occur and any difficulties of reading, phraseology or allusion: "
813:
807:
758:
437:
239:
3216:
1125:
and the Australian International Development Programme (IDP), developed a test in the 1980s which focused specifically on English for academic purposes.
2969:
2684:
Morris, M (1961) A historian’s view of examinations, in Wiseman, S (Ed), Examinations and English Education, Manchester: University of Manchester, 1–43
1921:
1809:
867:
In 1913 the exam could be taken in Cambridge or London, for a fee of ÂŁ3 (approximately ÂŁ293 in 2012 prices). The exam lasted 12 hours and included:
3760:
945:
embody each of the following words into a sentence in such a way as to show that you clearly apprehend its meaning: commence, comment, commend ...
3453:
1085:
Level 3: LCE, operational since the Second World War, continued under a new name: the First Certificate in English. It is now known as B2 First.
3494:
3151:
2943:
McNamara, Tim; Knoch, Ute. (2012). The Rasch wars: The emergence of Rasch measurement in language testing. Language Testing. v29 n4 p555-576.
836:
reading aloud; dictation; and composition (on either the recently deceased Duke of Wellington; a well-known book or a letter of application).
734:
Since 2011 Cambridge Exams Publishing, a partnership between Cambridge Assessment English and the English Language Teaching (ELT) business of
3765:
3273:
3268:
1133:
721:
235:
3411:
3525:
3278:
1502:"The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the development of language policies: challenges and responsibilities"
436:
Multilevel tests are used to find out which English learning programme or exam is right for a student. These cover multiple levels of the
3448:
1999:
1858:"English Teacher Training Courses - Certificaciones Cambridge - CELTA - Teacher Training - Cursos de inglés - International House México"
2798:
2072:
242:(CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language skills, and its qualifications and tests are aligned with CEFR levels.
3001:
2771:
1857:
1402:
165:
3406:
3313:
2694:
2380:
1316:
2914:
2355:
3188:
1574:
1278:
1939: Lower Certificate in English (LCE) introduced. Renamed First Certificate in English (FCE) in 1975 and now known as B2 First.
603:
Flexible modular format combining coursework and exams. Distance learning support, local tutoring and assessed teaching practice.
3390:
1091:
Level 5: CPE, operational since 1913, became Cambridge English's highest level qualification. It is now known as C2 Proficiency.
3660:
1430:
273:
2864:
Roach, J O (1956) Part copy of JOR’s report on Examinations as an instrument of cultural policy. Cambridge Assessment Archives
2746:
2617:
2277:
1686:
1549:
1450:
3623:
3535:
3463:
3359:
3318:
1479:
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However, by the 1970s demand was growing for exams at more clearly defined levels of proficiency. This set the scene for the
957:
explain the terms: "glide", "narrow vowel", "semi-vowel" and give two examples of each in both phonetic and ordinary spelling
2252:
1611:
1143:. This was the first time that UCLES had used the Rasch model, which now forms the cornerstone of the level testing system.
1025:
offered at prisoner-of-war camps with many Indian prisoners of war, in particular, taking LCE or School Certificate exams.
513:
3098:
3755:
1977:
3458:
3724:
3561:
3556:
3197:
2784:
UCLES, 1913, Regulations for the Examination for Certificates of Proficiency in Modern Language and Religious Knowledge
1425:
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in foreign language teaching up until the 1960s. It was a core part of CPE until 1975 and an optional part until 1989.
3086:
2304:"New milestones confirm IELTS as the world's leading test of English for international migration and higher education"
1762:
3298:
1335:
1288:
1943–1947: Preliminary English Test (PET) introduced. It was reintroduced in 1980 and is now known as B1 Preliminary.
1197:
913:
In the English Essay paper, candidates were asked to write an essay for two hours, on one of the following subjects:
641:
284:
These English qualifications are to help school-age children and young people improve their English language skills.
74:
56:
3468:
3037:
1661:
3263:
2483:
790:
269:
231:
495:, produces Cambridge-branded IELTS resources and materials to help learners prepare and practise for their tests.
3750:
3692:
3338:
1951:
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which merged with Cambridge University Press to form Cambridge University Press & Assessment in August 2021.
52:
727:
In 2010 Cambridge Assessment English and the English Language Institute Testing and Certificate Division of the
3515:
3226:
45:
2430:
1831:
947:
At the time, this mirrored the approach to learning grammar in Latin and Greek (as well as modern languages).
941:
give the past tense and past participle of each of the following verbs, dividing them into strong and weak ...
3745:
3618:
3602:
3581:
3473:
3364:
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1121:
With learners increasingly requiring English language certification for their studies, UCLES, along with the
1179:
to retrain all in-service teachers, and was incorporated into state university teacher training programmes.
3597:
3256:
3181:
554:
Online modular course with optional face-to-face elements. Assessed through an exam and teaching practice.
543:
Online modular course with optional face-to-face elements. Assessed through an exam and teaching practice.
2537:
2046:
3333:
961:
how would you teach a pupil the correct pronunciation of the vowel sounds in: fare, fate, fat, fall, far?
778:
1088:
Level 4: the Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) was launched in 1991. It is now known as C1 Advanced.
3708:
3530:
3303:
2227:
2203:"Cambridge English: ESOL Skills for Life (SfL) – English language tests for adults - Cambridge English"
2021:
1398:
1387:
1361:
1262:
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In 2013 Cambridge Assessment English formed a joint venture with the Box Hill Institute to deliver the
735:
492:
3025:
3014:
2819:
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extremely advanced exam, DES candidature never rose beyond a few hundred and was later discontinued.
931:
Wert thou the Hector, That was the whip of your bragg'd progency, Thou should'st not 'scrape me here.
742:
404:
These qualifications are designed for adult learners learning English for use in a business context.
185:
2102:
1382:
2020: The University of Cambridge announces its plans to merge two of its non-teaching departments,
816:). UCLES had been set up in 1858 to provide exams to students who were not members of a university.
3246:
1784:
1159:
the RSA Diploma in Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults officially became known as the
2590:
3174:
3062:
1255:
1234:
1172:
990:
825:
752:
250:
2901:
2874:
2127:
1737:
764:
3308:
728:
663:(Certificates in English Language Skills) modular qualifications for English language learners.
532:
Full-time/part-time. Face-to-face course or online course with face-to-face teaching practice.
2080:
3520:
3288:
3231:
1865:
1299:
1152:
936:
It was not until 1930 that a Literature paper was designed specifically for CPE candidates.
3221:
2473:"The Common European Framework of Reference: Development, Theoretical and Practical issues"
2331:"Cambridge University Press join hands with touchstone for the IELTS partnership programme"
2177:
2152:
1394:
1383:
1237:. The scale aims to provide exam users with more information about their exam performance.
994:
821:
738:, develops official Cambridge preparation materials for Cambridge English and IELTS exams.
246:
2508:
1275:
1913: Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) introduced. Now known as C2 Proficiency.
8:
2922:
2202:
1888:
2830:
Howatt, A (1984) A history of English Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1331:
1995: University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) becomes part of UCLES.
3354:
3135:
1338:
English Tests (YLE) introduced. Now known as Pre-A1 Starters, A1 Movers, and A2 Flyers.
922:
3146:
3141:
2995:
2765:
1104:
1051:
844:
colonial service and exams were not yet designed for non-native speakers of English.
122:
1078:
Level 1: the Key English Test (KET) was launched in 1994. It is now known as A2 Key.
589:
Part-time face-to-face course with teaching practice and distance learning support.
3087:
http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/167506-cambridge-english-scale-factsheet.pdf
2944:
1690:
1347:
2002: UCLES EFL renamed University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL).
687:(Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector) discontinued in November 2012.
608:
Certificate in EMI Skills (English as a medium of instruction in Higher Education)
261:
1636:
1132:
In 1989, a simplified and shortened test became operational under a new name: the
681:(International Diploma in Language Teaching Management) discontinued in June 2016.
2595:
1523:
1379:
2017: Cambridge English Language Assessment renamed Cambridge Assessment English.
1322:
1991: Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) introduced. Now known as C1 Advanced.
1282:
1122:
1109:
1034:
713:
51:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
2842:
Hawkey, R, Milanovic, M (2013) Cambridge English Exams. The first hundred years.
3571:
2726:
Hawkey, R, Milanovic, M (2013) Cambridge English Exams. The first hundred years
391:
370:
338:
317:
1099:
With increased weight on Listening and Speaking, UCLES joined forces with the
886:
Oral test: dictation (30 minutes); reading aloud and conversation (30 minutes)
874:
Translation from French or German into English, and English Grammar: 2.5 hours
753:
Alignment with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
3739:
3166:
2948:
1312:
launched. A simplified and shortened version named ELTS was launched in 1980.
717:
1914:"What are the differences between TEFL, TESOL, CERT TESOL, CELTA and CELT-P"
1712:
3576:
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1021:
2,500 Polish men and women of the Polish Resettlement Corps took the LCE.
757:
Cambridge Assessment English was involved in the early development of the
3676:
1140:
594:
470:
384:
331:
3432:
3251:
172:
2128:"BULATS was officially retired on 6 December 2019 - Cambridge English"
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The grammar section contained questions about grammar and lexis, e.g.
860:
3328:
3156:
1233:
In January 2015, a new way of reporting results was introduced – the
951:
570:
503:
Qualifications and courses for teachers of all levels of experience.
132:
3129:
1367:
2013: Cambridge ESOL renamed Cambridge English Language Assessment.
828:, in particular, were "regarded as viable sources of supervision."
801:
377:
324:
3026:
http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/23119-research-notes-07.pdf
3015:
http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/23120-research-notes-08.pdf
2820:
http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/23124-research-notes-10.pdf
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to meet the demand for certification at a lower level than CPE. A
3369:
526:(Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)
256:
2447:
1501:
812:
The first Cambridge English exam was produced in 1913 by UCLES (
3655:
3566:
3063:"Cambridge English Scale results reporting - Cambridge English"
2641:
Bradbury, R (1983) Magazine of the Cambridge Society, 13, 31–38
363:
310:
202:
3099:"Cambridge University Press to join with Cambridge Assessment"
2278:"Teaching courses and modules discontinued from December 2016"
1763:"Cambridge Business English exam: everything you need to know"
1601:"English Language Exams A Guide for Parents - British Council"
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1989: Specialist EFL research and evaluation unit established.
548:
CELT-S (Certificate in English Language Teaching – Secondary)
3499:
3427:
3385:
3323:
3283:
3161:
2902:
http://www.topbooks.pl/store/31/3113080856344df7cd82d18cb.pdf
1419:
1414:
1354:
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1994: Key English Test (KET) introduced. Now known as A2 Key.
1309:
1188:
1176:
597:(Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)
523:
480:
180:
1268:
1858: University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (
583:
ICELT (In-service Certificate in English Language Teaching)
537:
CELT-P (Certificate in English Language Teaching – Primary)
3489:
2660:
1637:"Take a Cambridge English exam with British Council Greece"
2178:"ILEC discontinued from December 2016 - Cambridge English"
2153:"ICFE discontinued from December 2016 - Cambridge English"
1451:"Cambridge celebrates 100 years of English language exams"
929:
238:). The organisation contributed to the development of the
3540:
2661:"The University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations"
2650:
Roach, J (1971) Public Examinations in England, 1850–1900
1100:
1974:"Governments' get course of action for English teachers"
909:
unsubdued by any of its difficulties or allurements ...
2570:
www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-trade-investment
2228:"IDTLM discontinued from June 2016 - Cambridge English"
1575:"Cambridge have modified their CEFR versus exams chart"
871:
Translation from English into French or German: 2 hours
234:
and the International English Language Testing System (
1832:"Cambridge develops new digital English language test"
1357:
established (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments).
789:
In 2015, Cambridge Assessment English was awarded the
44:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
3038:"Cambridge Assessment English - Cambridge Assessment"
3019:
3008:
2813:
2695:"At last, a degree of honour for 900 Cambridge women"
2618:"Cambridge English wins Queen's Award for Enterprise"
614:
Online learning with optional face-to-face sessions.
565:
Online learning with optional face-to-face elements.
1360:
2011: Cambridge Exams Publishing joint venture with
1293:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
1061:
1056:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
943:, and questions about grammar and lexis usage, e.g.
814:
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate
808:
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate
759:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
462:
Cambridge English Placement Test for Young Learners
240:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
2959:
Hargreaves, P (1996), ELT News and Views, Argentina
2563:"Company Profiles - UK Trade and Investment (UKTI)"
1476:"About The 'Cambridge English Language Assessment'"
1373:
2016: Linguaskill reading and listening introduced.
1325:
1993: Business English Certificates (BEC) launched.
847:
2962:
1146:
1350:2002: One million Cambridge ESOL exam candidates.
491:Cambridge Exams Publishing, a joint venture with
3737:
1785:"Business English exams (BEC) - British Council"
1713:"Cambridge English exams at International House"
1662:"Why I Love Being a Cambridge Speaking Examiner"
802:Cambridge University's examination board (UCLES)
707:
2103:"Train the Trainer - International House Milan"
1422:, International English Language Testing System
712:In the 1980s Cambridge Assessment English, the
346:
3196:
1550:"CUP and Cambridge Assessment complete merger"
1302:(RSA) Examination Board becomes part of UCLES.
1228:
998:reaching 752 by the outbreak of World War II.
257:Current Cambridge English qualifications/exams
3182:
1182:
1134:International English Language Testing System
965:
2591:"Queen's Awards for Enterprise 2015 winners"
2509:"Results and Certificates - British Council"
2073:"EMI-English as Medium of Instruction - ICD"
1855:
796:
724:partnership which delivers the IELTS tests.
106:For profit, but part of a tax-exempt charity
3162:Cambridge University Press & Assessment
2431:"Cambridge Assessment, Achieve, April 2020"
2406:"Cambridge buys into Box Hill English test"
1403:Cambridge University Press & Assessment
166:Cambridge University Press & Assessment
114:A department of the University of Cambridge
3189:
3175:
3134:
667:Certificates in ESOL Skills for Life (SfL)
1370:2015: Cambridge English Scale introduced.
1317:Association of Language Testers in Europe
898:
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Department of the University of Cambridge
3142:Cambridge English Candidate Support Site
2860:
2858:
2838:
2836:
2734:
2732:
1151:In 1988, the EFL exams developed by The
859:
245:Cambridge Assessment English is part of
3761:Standardized tests for English language
3157:Cambridge Assessment Admissions Testing
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2531:
2529:
2000:"New qualification that's just the TKT"
1886:
1829:
793:in the 'international trade' category.
14:
3738:
3147:Cambridge English Teacher Support Site
3000:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2381:"Global growth | Cambridge Assessment"
1431:Teaching English as a Foreign Language
1285:– British Council centres established.
578:Exams with a flexible modular format.
274:Common European Framework of Reference
3170:
2875:"Oferta sprzedaĹĽy domeny topbooks.pl"
2855:
2833:
2729:
1944:"What's CELT-S - International House"
1376:2016: Linguaskill writing introduced.
1248:
1058:(CEFR), which was initiated in 1971.
691:Young Learner (YL) Extension to CELTA
657:(ILEC) discontinued in December 2016.
651:(ICFE) discontinued in December 2016.
631:
18:Cambridge English Language Assessment
3766:University of Cambridge examinations
2713:
2538:"The history of the Cambridge Exams"
2526:
1830:Kennedy, Kerrie (23 November 2017).
1765:. Language Partners. 16 October 2017
832:Schools, merged with UCLES in 1995.
669:(UK only) discontinued in June 2017.
514:Cambridge English Teaching Framework
29:
1887:Johnson, Jenny (30 November 2006).
1738:"General English - British Council"
431:
249:, a non-teaching department of the
24:
3212:Cambridge Assessment English exams
3152:Studies in Language Testing (SiLT)
2328:
1810:"Cambridge English Placement Test"
1426:Studies in Language Testing (SiLT)
1011:Lower Certificate in English (LCE)
763:
260:
25:
3777:
3121:
2797:. Bank of England. Archived from
1689:. Berlin: Lingoda. Archived from
1203:
1198:Business Language Testing Service
1062:Qualification at different levels
930:
562:Foundation/Developing/Proficient
454:Cambridge English Placement Test
2535:
2010:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
1478:. Link Education. Archived from
955:Here are two example questions:
848:The first Cambridge English exam
645:discontinued on 6 December 2019.
270:Cambridge English Qualifications
232:Cambridge English Qualifications
55:. Please discuss further on the
34:
3091:
3080:
3055:
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2120:
2095:
2065:
2039:
2014:
1992:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1880:
1849:
1823:
1802:
1777:
1755:
1730:
1705:
1687:"English Language Examinations"
1679:
1281:1941: Joint agreement with the
1213:6–12, which went live in 1997.
1147:RSA and teaching qualifications
1001:
895:exams from the very beginning.
625:Part-time face-to-face course.
3042:www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk
2385:www.cambridgeassessment.org.uk
2356:"ESL Directory - ESLDirectory"
1918:www.english-teacher-college.at
1654:
1629:
1593:
1567:
1542:
1516:
1494:
1468:
1443:
703:discontinued in December 2016.
693:discontinued in December 2016.
13:
1:
2480:www.nationaalcongresengels.nl
1889:"How to choose a Tefl course"
1436:
1219:
708:Partnerships and acquisitions
571:TKT (Teaching Knowledge Test)
3130:Cambridge Assessment English
883:English Phonetics: 1.5 hours
791:Queen's Award for Enterprise
649:Cambridge English: Financial
347:General and higher education
224:Cambridge Assessment English
90:Cambridge Assessment English
7:
1408:
1229:The Cambridge English Scale
1054:and the development of the
1041:
880:English Literature: 3 hours
779:Studies in Language Testing
771:
498:
399:
10:
3782:
3756:English-language education
3198:Language proficiency tests
2622:www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk
1524:"Colleges and Departments"
1399:Cambridge University Press
1388:Cambridge University Press
1362:Cambridge University Press
1263:Cambridge University Press
1183:China and Business English
983:in Argentina and Uruguay.
966:Revisions to the 1913 exam
805:
736:Cambridge University Press
493:Cambridge University Press
318:B1 Preliminary for Schools
279:
272:focuses on a level of the
3717:
3701:
3685:
3669:
3648:
3632:
3611:
3590:
3549:
3508:
3482:
3441:
3420:
3399:
3378:
3347:
3204:
2452:www.coe.int/en/web/portal
2022:"ICELT - British Council"
797:Qualification development
784:
743:Occupational English Test
720:formed the international
448:
445:
409:
357:
289:
211:
197:
171:
159:
149:
139:
128:
118:
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102:
94:
3067:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2949:10.1177/0265532211430367
2410:www.theaustralian.com.au
2282:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2257:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2232:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2207:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2182:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2157:www.cambridgeenglish.org
2132:www.cambridgeenglish.org
1200:(BULATS) for companies.
1116:
655:Cambridge English: Legal
415:B1 Business Preliminary
3103:University of Cambridge
1528:University of Cambridge
1256:University of Cambridge
1235:Cambridge English Scale
1173:Teaching Knowledge Test
991:University of Cambridge
826:University of Cambridge
636:In alphabetical order:
251:University of Cambridge
155:Francesca Woodward, CEO
3751:English language tests
3334:Trinity College London
2795:"Inflation Calculator"
1341:1997: BULATS launched.
1033:world. Meanwhile, the
989:Then, in 1937–38, the
911:
899:Exam questions in 1913
877:English Essay: 2 hours
864:
768:
729:University of Michigan
586:Developing/Proficient
575:Foundation/Developing
559:Language for Teaching
551:Foundation/Developing
540:Foundation/Developing
529:Foundation/Developing
512:Teaching level on the
265:
230:develops and produces
2513:www.britishcouncil.cz
2026:www.britishcouncil.kr
1789:www.britishcouncil.it
1742:www.britishcouncil.hk
1641:www.britishcouncil.gr
1608:www.britishcouncil.cz
1344:2001: CEFR published.
1300:Royal Society of Arts
1153:Royal Society of Arts
921:The questions in the
906:
863:
767:
264:
53:neutral point of view
3746:Cambridge Assessment
2360:www.esldirectory.com
1395:Cambridge Assessment
1384:Cambridge Assessment
1187:The early 1990s saw
995:University of Oxford
822:University of Oxford
420:B2 Business Vantage
325:B2 First for Schools
247:Cambridge Assessment
2051:www.theguardian.com
1954:on 29 December 2017
1504:. Council of Europe
1009:UCLES launched the
425:C1 Business Higher
161:Parent organization
91:
2982:on 7 December 2012
2915:"History of IELTS"
2752:on 10 January 2014
2335:The Economic Times
2308:www.prnewswire.com
1868:on 7 December 2017
1856:Play.Interactive.
1482:on 30 January 2018
1249:Timeline 1209–2021
1196:the launch of the
923:English Literature
865:
769:
632:Discontinued exams
622:Proficient/Expert
619:Train the Trainer
611:Proficient/Expert
600:Proficient/Expert
311:A2 Key for Schools
266:
89:
3733:
3732:
3355:Goethe-Zertifikat
3105:. 20 October 2020
2801:on 6 October 2014
2699:independent.co.uk
1666:teachinghouse.com
1579:teachersmadrid.es
1530:. 24 January 2013
1295:(CEFR) initiated.
1052:Council of Europe
629:
628:
489:
488:
429:
428:
397:
396:
344:
343:
228:Cambridge English
221:
220:
123:Examination board
85:
84:
77:
48:with its subject.
16:(Redirected from
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2987:
2981:
2975:. Archived from
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2932:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2911:
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2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
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2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
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1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1980:on 28 March 2022
1976:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1948:www.ihmexico.com
1940:
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1933:
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1920:. Archived from
1910:
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1853:
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1617:on 16 April 2018
1616:
1610:. Archived from
1605:
1597:
1591:
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1586:
1581:. 6 October 2017
1571:
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1472:
1466:
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1461:
1447:
1401:merge to become
933:
932:
745:, known as OET.
518:Course delivery
506:
505:
443:
442:
432:Multilevel tests
407:
406:
355:
354:
295:Pre A1 Starters
287:
286:
207:
204:
203:cambridgeenglish
92:
88:
80:
73:
69:
66:
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46:close connection
38:
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2972:
2970:"Archived copy"
2968:
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2954:
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2928:
2926:
2925:on 11 July 2015
2913:
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2596:Financial Times
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2047:"Beyond CELTA?"
2045:
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2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2002:. 17 April 2006
1998:
1997:
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1319:(ALTE) founded.
1283:British Council
1251:
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440:in one test.
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3718:Multilingual
3577:Kanji Kentei
3211:
3107:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
3021:
3010:
2984:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2964:
2955:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2918:
2909:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2881:
2869:
2847:
2826:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:the original
2789:
2780:
2754:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2703:. Retrieved
2698:
2689:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2621:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2484:the original
2479:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2307:
2302:USA, IELTS.
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2107:ihmilano.com
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:the original
2076:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2053:. 9 May 2008
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:the original
1917:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1893:The Guardian
1892:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1862:ihmexico.com
1861:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1717:www.ihes.com
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1607:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1364:established.
1243:
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1232:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1186:
1169:
1157:
1150:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:broadcasts.
1110:Woman's Hour
1108:
1098:
1094:
1082:Preliminary.
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:World War II
988:
985:
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283:
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244:
227:
223:
222:
173:Subsidiaries
129:Headquarters
111:Legal status
86:
71:
62:
43:
3677:Bergenstest
3109:25 February
2536:NEWS, ELT.
1559:25 February
1534:25 February
1141:Rasch model
1015:Preliminary
950:Finally, a
471:Linguaskill
449:CEFR level
385:C1 Advanced
332:C1 Advanced
95:Established
3740:Categories
3433:CELPE-Bras
3421:Portuguese
2986:10 January
2852:Knowledge.
2756:10 January
2542:eltnews.gr
2077:icd.org.pk
1455:www.gov.uk
1437:References
1298:1988: The
1272:) founded.
1220:Candidates
806:See also:
465:Pre A1-A2
305:A2 Flyers
300:A1 Movers
151:Key people
65:March 2018
3670:Norwegian
3329:TrackTest
2919:ielts.org
2904:, Page 8.
2805:5 January
2137:22 August
1225:million.
1136:(IELTS).
952:Phonetics
673:DTE(E)LLS
133:Cambridge
57:talk page
3686:Galician
3550:Japanese
3072:23 April
3047:23 April
2996:cite web
2887:23 April
2766:cite web
2705:23 April
2670:23 April
2627:23 April
2602:23 April
2547:23 April
2365:23 April
2314:23 April
2287:23 April
2262:15 March
2237:23 April
2212:23 April
2187:23 April
2162:23 April
2112:23 April
2087:23 April
2006:23 April
1898:23 April
1872:23 April
1841:23 April
1815:28 March
1769:23 April
1747:23 April
1722:23 April
1697:23 April
1671:23 April
1646:23 April
1486:23 April
1460:23 April
1409:See also
1265:founded.
1258:founded.
1042:Post-war
772:Research
697:TKT: KAL
499:Teaching
400:Business
378:B2 First
276:(CEFR).
3649:Swedish
3612:Russian
3509:Chinese
3483:Italian
3400:Spanish
3370:TestDaF
3205:English
2390:30 June
2253:"Error"
916:Arnold.
280:Schools
198:Website
119:Purpose
3656:Swedex
3633:Polish
3591:Korean
3567:J-Test
3442:French
3348:German
3269:G-TELP
3217:CELPIP
2929:8 July
2575:14 May
2518:14 May
2493:14 May
2457:14 May
2415:14 May
2340:14 May
2057:14 May
2031:14 May
1984:14 May
1958:14 May
1928:14 May
1794:14 May
1621:14 May
1585:14 May
1508:14 May
1393:2021:
1353:2010:
1334:1997:
1315:1990:
1308:1989:
1291:1971:
1261:1534:
1254:1209:
1047:1975.
785:Awards
642:BULATS
509:Exams
485:A1-C2
475:A1-C2
457:A1-C2
446:Tests
410:Exams
364:A2 Key
358:Exams
290:Exams
145:Global
3702:Irish
3693:CELGA
3661:TISUS
3640:CEPFL
3624:TORFL
3603:TOPIK
3536:TOCFL
3500:PLIDA
3428:CAPLE
3386:CNaVT
3379:Dutch
3324:TOEIC
3319:TOEFL
3294:MTELP
3284:MELAB
3274:IELTS
3252:Eiken
3247:EFSET
2980:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2878:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2434:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1420:IELTS
1415:CaMLA
1355:CaMLA
1310:IELTS
1270:UCLES
1189:China
1177:Chile
1165:DELTA
1161:CELTA
1117:IELTS
1067:UCLES
722:IELTS
685:PTLLS
679:IDLTM
595:Delta
524:CELTA
481:IELTS
268:Each
236:IELTS
181:CaMLA
3725:TELC
3619:RLPT
3598:KLAT
3562:JLPT
3557:BJPT
3526:LPAT
3495:CILS
3490:CELI
3454:DELF
3449:DALF
3412:DELE
3407:CELU
3339:YLTE
3314:TEPS
3304:PETS
3299:MUET
3279:LPAT
3264:GEPT
3242:ECPE
3237:ECCE
3111:2022
3074:2018
3049:2018
3002:link
2988:2014
2931:2015
2889:2018
2807:2017
2772:link
2758:2014
2707:2018
2672:2018
2629:2018
2604:2018
2577:2018
2549:2018
2520:2018
2495:2018
2459:2018
2417:2018
2392:2020
2367:2018
2342:2018
2316:2018
2289:2018
2264:2017
2239:2018
2214:2018
2189:2018
2164:2018
2139:2022
2114:2018
2089:2018
2059:2018
2033:2018
2008:2018
1986:2018
1960:2018
1930:2018
1900:2018
1874:2018
1843:2018
1817:2022
1796:2018
1771:2018
1749:2018
1724:2018
1699:2018
1673:2018
1648:2018
1623:2018
1587:2018
1561:2022
1536:2022
1510:2018
1488:2018
1462:2018
1397:and
1386:and
1163:and
1107:and
993:and
959:and
824:and
716:and
699:and
661:CELS
438:CEFR
205:.org
190:ELiT
135:, UK
103:Type
98:1913
3709:TEG
3582:NNS
3541:ZHC
3531:PSC
3521:HSK
3516:CRE
3474:TNF
3469:TFI
3464:TEF
3459:TCF
3391:NT2
3365:NTD
3360:KMK
3309:PTE
3289:MET
3257:EPT
3232:DET
3227:CRE
3222:CET
2945:doi
1101:BBC
226:or
186:OET
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