46:
321:
182:
207:(serotonin itself does not cause flushing). Potential causes of flushing in carcinoid syndrome include bradykinins, prostaglandins, tachykinins, substance P, and/or histamine, diarrhea, and heart problems. Because of serotonin's growth-promoting effect on cardiac myocytes, a serotonin-secreting carcinoid tumour may cause a tricuspid valve disease syndrome, due to the proliferation of myocytes onto the valve.
416:, and particularly the ovary. They do not produce sufficient hormonal substances to cause carcinoid or other endocrine syndromes. In fact, they more closely resemble exocrine than endocrine tumors. The term 'crypt cell carcinoma' has been used for them, and though perhaps more accurate than considering them carcinoids, has not been a successful competitor.
173:. They are known to grow in the liver, but this finding is usually a manifestation of metastatic disease from a primary carcinoid occurring elsewhere in the body. They have a very slow growth rate compared to most malignant tumors. The median age at diagnosis for all patients with neuroendocrine tumors is 63 years.
532:
The WHO now divides these growths into neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine cancers. Neuroendocrine tumors are growths that look benign but that might possibly be able to spread to other parts of the body. Neuroendocrine cancers are abnormal growths of neuroendocrine cells which can spread to
394:
tumor derived from crypt cells of the appendix. Histologically, it forms clusters of goblet cells containing mucin with a minor admixture of Paneth cells and endocrine cells. The growth pattern is distinctive: typically producing a concentric band of tumor nests interspersed among the
527:
redefined "carcinoid", but this new definition has not been accepted by all practitioners. This has led to some complexity in distinguishing between carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors in the literature. According to the
American Cancer Society, the 2000 WHO definition
515:
appearance microscopically. The recognition of their endocrine-related properties was later described by Gosset and Masson in 1914, and these tumors are now known to arise from the enterochromaffin (EC) and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gut. Some sources credit
262:
or the effects of tumor bulk are the presenting symptoms. The most common originating site of carcinoid is the small bowel, particularly the ileum; carcinoid tumors are the most common malignancy of the appendix. Carcinoid tumors may rarely arise from the ovary or thymus.
479:
As the metastatic potential of a coincidental carcinoid is probably low, the current recommendation is for follow up in 3 months with CT or MRI, labs for tumor markers such as serotonin, and a history and physical, with annual physicals thereafter.
403:
of the appendiceal wall extending up the shaft of the appendix. This makes the lesion difficult to suspect grossly and difficult to measure. Small tumor nests may be camouflaged amongst the muscle or in periappendiceal fat;
1024:
1163:
1144:
701:
Tsoli, Marina; Dimitriadis, Georgios K.; Androulakis, Ioannis I.; Kaltsas, Gregory; Grossman, Ashley (2000). Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Blackman, Marc R.; Boyce, Alison (eds.).
458:) and 131I-mIBG (meta iodo benzyl guanidine) for arresting the growth of the tumors and prolonging survival in patients with liver metastases, though these are currently experimental.
1028:
567:, head coach emeritus of the Northern State University men's basketball team. Meyer was found to have carcinoid cancer following an automobile accident in September 2009.
412:
stains are also helpful in identifying them. They behave in a more aggressive manner than do classical appendiceal carcinoids. Spread is usually to regional lymph nodes,
165:
Carcinoid tumors are the most common malignant tumor of the appendix, but they are most commonly associated with the small intestine, and they can also be found in the
593:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of carcinoid tumors. Part 1: The gastrointestinal tract. A statement from a Canadian National Carcinoid Expert Group"
1178:
1921:
2626:
2484:
1285:
2641:
372:. It is estimated that less than 6% of carcinoid patients will develop carcinoid syndrome, and of these, 50% will have cardiac involvement.
2152:
2028:
832:
Daffner KR, Sherman JC, Gilberto
Gonzalez R, Hasserjian RP (2008). "Case 35-2008 — A 65-Year-Old Man with Confusion and Memory Loss".
189:
While most carcinoids are asymptomatic through the natural life and are discovered only upon surgery for unrelated reasons (so-called
2177:
138:
substances from well-differentiated carcinoids. A neuroendocrine paraneoplastic syndrome involves neoplastic secretion of functional
2832:
1914:
2615:
2402:
2262:
957:
2661:
1070:
1947:
295:
424:
Carcinoid syndrome involves multiple tumors in one out of five males. The incidence of gastric carcinoids is increased in
2606:
2477:
2451:
2407:
1907:
1760:
1189:
2679:
2636:
1329:
1278:
2014:
2822:
2656:
2310:
1810:
455:
1814:
1647:
472:
analogues) may decrease the secretory activity of the carcinoid, and may also have an anti-proliferative effect.
2470:
2412:
2215:
2172:
2143:
1435:
2598:
2123:
1752:
1271:
642:
Gade, Ajay K.; Olariu, Eva; Douthit, Nathan T.; Gade, Ajay K.; Olariu, Eva; Douthit, Nathan T. (2020-03-05).
2441:
2115:
1938:
1541:
332:
357:, which are released into the systemic circulation, and which can lead to symptoms of cutaneous flushing,
320:
2535:
2381:
2157:
2133:
1799:
1716:
1349:
2837:
2611:
2397:
2138:
2119:
1992:
1856:
1838:
1748:
1699:
429:
753:
2734:
2621:
2305:
2234:
1930:
1833:
1756:
1593:
1419:
1382:
524:
738:
2651:
2552:
2530:
2257:
2111:
1861:
1794:
1729:
1603:
1583:
1550:
1528:
1490:
1200:
807:
447:, if feasible, is the only curative therapy. If the tumor has metastasized (most commonly, to the
2646:
2562:
2505:
2446:
2195:
1964:
1339:
127:
45:
754:"Paraneoplastic syndromes and other systemic disorders associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms"
2783:
2287:
2075:
2037:
1722:
1546:
1486:
400:
309:
1240:
2631:
2518:
2147:
1884:
1608:
489:
381:
305:
204:
96:
2827:
2671:
2292:
1712:
1571:
1508:
1344:
1324:
500:
92:
451:) and is considered incurable, there are some promising treatment modalities, such as the
8:
2749:
2462:
1848:
1500:
1334:
1167:
452:
369:
362:
2801:
2571:
2352:
2334:
2274:
2103:
2099:
1681:
1513:
1476:
1372:
1354:
1183:
1172:
1110:
934:
909:
789:
726:
678:
643:
619:
592:
559:
350:
275:
250:
120:
112:
2708:
2497:
2419:
2371:
2362:
2085:
1987:
1956:
1825:
1211:
1102:
1098:
1066:
1003:
939:
890:
849:
781:
773:
708:
683:
665:
624:
433:
279:
238:
234:
70:
62:
1114:
793:
2547:
2220:
2094:
2009:
1997:
1786:
1704:
1518:
1430:
1094:
1058:
995:
987:
961:
929:
921:
880:
841:
765:
673:
655:
614:
604:
223:
155:
1263:
1251:
2062:
2045:
1804:
1467:
1205:
1555:
999:
769:
2729:
2579:
2376:
2339:
2269:
2167:
2107:
2050:
1979:
1969:
1481:
1410:
1054:
702:
476:
treatment is also effective, and usually combined with somatostatin analogues.
324:
1216:
1157:
609:
2816:
2739:
2320:
2002:
1899:
982:
777:
669:
517:
218:
151:
1153:
1062:
925:
2775:
2513:
2282:
1739:
1691:
1635:
1536:
1106:
1007:
943:
894:
853:
845:
785:
712:
687:
628:
573:, professor and legal scholar, died of carcinoid cancer on October 5, 2011.
570:
547:
508:
469:
461:
425:
2793:
2589:
2525:
2347:
2300:
2243:
2187:
1677:
1452:
1364:
1235:
831:
507:, or "carcinoma-like", to describe the unique feature of behaving like a
496:
405:
308:
throughout the gut. Over two-thirds of carcinoid tumors are found in the
259:
58:
1136:
660:
2744:
2433:
1588:
1457:
1447:
1303:
885:
868:
473:
465:
413:
282:, with 28% of all cases—per PAN-SEER data (1973–1999). The
230:
135:
100:
1085:
Cunningham JL, Janson ET (2011). "The
Hallmarks of Ileal Carcinoids".
2780:
2690:
2329:
2252:
1640:
1316:
1312:
1246:
564:
512:
391:
354:
131:
27:
20:
2713:
2703:
2392:
464:
is of little benefit and is generally not indicated. Octreotide or
387:
358:
353:. This is due to the over-production of many substances, including
301:
242:
210:
181:
159:
147:
75:
910:"Carcinoid heart disease: presentation, diagnosis, and management"
700:
327:
of a typical carcinoid tumor of the lung, with prominent rosettes.
2698:
1598:
1405:
1377:
493:
444:
366:
197:
170:
143:
139:
104:
1194:
2767:
2542:
2493:
1875:
1668:
1462:
1295:
1148:
543:
396:
283:
267:
196:
About 10% of carcinoids secrete excessive levels of a range of
166:
193:), all carcinoids are considered to have malignant potential.
158:
between tumor tissues and normal host tissues, resulting in a
1396:
448:
409:
271:
116:
108:
2389:
338:
2492:
1049:
Haschek, Wanda; Rousseaux, Colin; Wallig, Matthew (2013).
1051:
Haschek and
Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology
1025:"ACS :: What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor?"
704:
Paraneoplastic
Syndromes Related to Neuroendocrine Tumors
245:, is associated with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea.
200:, most notably serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), causing:
57:(center of image) that encroaches into the lumen of the
1404:
1048:
591:
Maroun J, Kocha W, Kvols L, et al. (April 2006).
641:
1126:
1293:
958:"Medical Reviews | The Carcinoid Cancer Foundation"
229:The outflow of serotonin can cause a depletion of
1042:
2814:
1084:
869:"A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors"
590:
408:preparations best demonstrate the tumor cells;
61:(pathology specimen). The prominent folds are
1929:
278:. The next most commonly affected area is the
2478:
1915:
1279:
1019:
1017:
985:, Mayer RJ (March 1999). "Carcinoid tumors".
866:
751:
386:This is considered to be a hybrid between an
344:
975:
950:
752:Guilmette, Julie; Nosé, Vânia (2019-07-01).
550:secretion encourages carcinoid development.
867:Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M (February 2003).
860:
584:
103:may occur. Carcinoid tumors of the midgut (
2485:
2471:
1922:
1908:
1286:
1272:
1014:
981:
907:
44:
2178:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
933:
884:
707:. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.
677:
659:
618:
608:
488:They were first characterized in 1907 by
248:This constellation of symptoms is called
185:Primary site of a carcinoid cancer of gut
16:Slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor
375:
319:
180:
2403:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
337:Carcinoid tumors are also found in the
2815:
65:, a characteristic of the small bowel.
2662:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
2466:
1903:
1267:
176:
812:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
349:Metastasis of carcinoid can lead to
296:Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor
266:They are most commonly found in the
2452:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
1761:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
289:
13:
2153:Polymerase proofreading-associated
1330:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
537:
14:
2849:
2015:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
1122:
26:Carcinoid is sometimes a type of
2311:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
1099:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02537.x
758:Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology
162:of clinical signs and symptoms.
95:originating in the cells of the
2833:Dermal and subcutaneous growths
1648:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
808:"Carcinoid Tumors and Syndrome"
2413:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
2216:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
2173:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1436:Familial adenomatous polyposis
901:
825:
800:
745:
694:
644:"Carcinoid Syndrome: A Review"
635:
1:
2680:Combined small-cell carcinoma
2642:Salivary gland–like carcinoma
2599:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
2221:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
1811:Paget's disease of the breast
1753:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
577:
456:Lutetium (Lu) DOTA-octreotate
130:, which involve discharge of
2442:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
2116:traditional serrated adenoma
1815:Extramammary Paget's disease
1542:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
960:. 2015-11-15. Archived from
439:
333:Typical lung carcinoid tumor
126:Sometimes, carcinoids cause
91:) is a slow-growing type of
7:
2616:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
2536:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
2382:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
1800:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
1717:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
1350:Transitional cell carcinoma
1000:10.1056/NEJM199903183401107
908:Fox DJ, Khattar RS (2004).
770:10.1053/j.semdp.2019.03.002
553:
10:
2854:
2398:Serous microcystic adenoma
1993:Signet ring cell carcinoma
1931:Digestive system neoplasia
1857:Medullary breast carcinoma
1839:Invasive lobular carcinoma
1749:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
1700:Signet ring cell carcinoma
483:
379:
345:Other sites and metastases
330:
293:
25:
18:
2792:
2766:
2735:Solitary pulmonary nodule
2722:
2688:
2670:
2622:Large-cell lung carcinoma
2597:
2588:
2570:
2561:
2504:
2432:
2361:
2319:
2306:Focal nodular hyperplasia
2242:
2233:
2208:
2186:
2084:
2061:
2036:
2027:
1978:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1874:
1847:
1834:Lobular carcinoma in situ
1824:
1785:
1774:
1757:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
1738:
1690:
1667:
1656:
1621:
1594:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
1564:
1527:
1499:
1418:
1395:
1383:Bartholin gland carcinoma
1363:
1311:
1302:
1294:Glandular and epithelial
1226:
1130:
610:10.3390/curroncol13020006
533:other parts of the body.
525:World Health Organization
69:
52:
43:
38:
30:but is more often benign.
2652:Papillary adenocarcinoma
2553:Laryngeal papillomatosis
2531:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2408:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
2258:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2112:sessile serrated adenoma
1862:Medullary thyroid cancer
1795:Mammary ductal carcinoma
1730:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
1584:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
1551:Adrenocortical carcinoma
1491:Hepatocellular carcinoma
419:
128:paraneoplastic syndromes
19:Not to be confused with
2823:Gastrointestinal cancer
2647:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2607:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2447:Peritoneal mesothelioma
2196:Squamous cell carcinoma
1965:Squamous cell carcinoma
1340:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1063:10.1016/c2010-1-67850-9
926:10.1136/hrt.2004.040329
430:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
315:
286:is also a common site.
191:coincidental carcinoids
2784:solitary fibrous tumor
2288:Hepatocellular adenoma
2076:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1723:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1547:Adrenocortical adenoma
1487:Hepatocellular adenoma
846:10.1056/NEJMcpc0804643
546:, chronically reduced
535:
503:, who coined the term
328:
310:gastrointestinal tract
306:enterochromaffin cells
186:
119:) are associated with
2632:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
2519:Esthesioneuroblastoma
1885:Acinic cell carcinoma
1609:Papillary hidradenoma
530:
490:Siegfried Oberndorfer
382:Goblet cell carcinoid
376:Goblet cell carcinoid
323:
300:Carcinoid tumors are
184:
97:neuroendocrine system
2672:Small-cell carcinoma
2657:Giant-cell carcinoma
2293:Cavernous hemangioma
2144:Familial adenomatous
2131:Polyposis syndromes:
1713:Mucinous cystadenoma
1572:Neuroendocrine tumor
1509:Renal cell carcinoma
1345:Basal-cell carcinoma
1325:Small-cell carcinoma
520:with the discovery.
501:University of Munich
453:radiopharmaceuticals
304:that arise from the
270:at the level of the
93:neuroendocrine tumor
2750:Bronchial leiomyoma
1849:Medullary carcinoma
1335:Verrucous carcinoma
661:10.7759/cureus.7186
363:bronchoconstriction
2802:Mediastinal tumors
2627:Rhabdoid carcinoma
2353:Gallbladder cancer
2335:Cholangiocarcinoma
2275:Liver angiosarcoma
2209:Upper and/or lower
2158:Serrated polyposis
1682:Cystadenocarcinoma
1514:Endometrioid tumor
1477:Cholangiocarcinoma
1365:Complex epithelial
1355:Inverted papilloma
1227:External resources
886:10.1002/cncr.11105
560:Carcinoid syndrome
365:, and right-sided
351:carcinoid syndrome
329:
251:carcinoid syndrome
219:Abdominal cramping
187:
177:Signs and symptoms
121:carcinoid syndrome
2838:Pediatric cancers
2810:
2809:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2709:Immature teratoma
2498:respiratory tract
2460:
2459:
2428:
2427:
2420:Pancreatoblastoma
2372:exocrine pancreas
2229:
2228:
2204:
2203:
2023:
2022:
1988:Gastric carcinoma
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1870:
1869:
1826:Lobular carcinoma
1770:
1769:
1617:
1616:
1391:
1390:
1261:
1260:
1087:Eur J Clin Invest
1072:978-0-12-415759-0
840:(20): 2155–2164.
511:despite having a
434:pernicious anemia
280:respiratory tract
239:Niacin deficiency
99:. In some cases,
81:
80:
63:plicae circulares
33:Medical condition
2845:
2595:
2594:
2568:
2567:
2548:Laryngeal cancer
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2240:
2239:
2139:MUTYH-associated
2124:Cronkhite–Canada
2095:Colorectal polyp
2034:
2033:
2010:Linitis plastica
1998:Gastric lymphoma
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1817:
1787:Ductal carcinoma
1783:
1782:
1763:
1719:
1705:Krukenberg tumor
1665:
1664:
1519:Renal oncocytoma
1431:Linitis plastica
1420:Gastrointestinal
1416:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1077:
1076:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1027:. Archived from
1021:
1012:
1011:
988:N. Engl. J. Med.
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
948:
947:
937:
905:
899:
898:
888:
864:
858:
857:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
804:
798:
797:
749:
743:
742:
736:
732:
730:
722:
720:
719:
698:
692:
691:
681:
663:
639:
633:
632:
622:
612:
588:
290:Gastrointestinal
258:. Occasionally,
256:carcinoid crisis
241:, also known as
224:Peripheral edema
156:cross-reactivity
154:, and/or immune
48:
36:
35:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2788:
2754:
2745:Peripheral lung
2718:
2684:
2666:
2584:
2557:
2500:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2424:
2357:
2315:
2225:
2200:
2182:
2080:
2057:
2046:Duodenal cancer
2038:Small intestine
2019:
1974:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1889:
1866:
1843:
1820:
1809:
1805:Comedocarcinoma
1778:
1776:
1766:
1747:
1734:
1711:
1686:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1623:
1613:
1560:
1523:
1495:
1468:Somatostatinoma
1411:adenocarcinomas
1409:
1387:
1373:Warthin's tumor
1359:
1298:
1292:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1222:
1221:
1139:
1125:
1120:
1093:(12): 1353–60.
1081:
1080:
1073:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1015:
980:
976:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
906:
902:
865:
861:
830:
826:
816:
814:
806:
805:
801:
750:
746:
734:
733:
724:
723:
717:
715:
699:
695:
640:
636:
589:
585:
580:
556:
540:
538:Other organisms
486:
442:
422:
384:
378:
347:
335:
318:
298:
292:
179:
89:carcinoid tumor
55:carcinoid tumor
34:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Pancoast tumor
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2612:Adenocarcinoma
2609:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2580:Tracheal tumor
2576:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2496:involving the
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
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2425:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:Adenocarcinoma
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2340:Klatskin tumor
2337:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:Hepatoblastoma
2267:
2266:
2265:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
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2218:
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2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Adenocarcinoma
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:Adenocarcinoma
2042:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1970:Adenocarcinoma
1967:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
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1887:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
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1845:
1844:
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1836:
1830:
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1822:
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1818:
1807:
1802:
1797:
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1789:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1742:
1736:
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1732:
1727:
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1725:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1624:skin appendage
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1565:Other/multiple
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1482:Klatskin tumor
1479:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1361:
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1358:
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1337:
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1327:
1321:
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1306:
1300:
1299:
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1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1160:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:Classification
1124:
1123:External links
1121:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1055:Academic Press
1041:
1013:
994:(11): 858–68.
974:
949:
920:(10): 1224–8.
900:
859:
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799:
764:(4): 229–239.
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555:
552:
539:
536:
485:
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441:
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380:Main article:
377:
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346:
343:
331:Main article:
325:Histopathology
317:
314:
294:Main article:
291:
288:
254:or (if acute)
227:
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178:
175:
152:growth factors
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2322:
2321:Biliary tract
2318:
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2302:
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2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
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2263:Fibrolamellar
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
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2219:
2217:
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2207:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:Peutz–Jeghers
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
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2049:
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2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:MALT lymphoma
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
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1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
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1932:
1925:
1920:
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1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
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1832:
1831:
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1823:
1816:
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1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:and medullary
1773:
1762:
1758:
1754:
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1743:
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1731:
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1724:
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1600:
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1129:
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1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1031:on 2016-11-05
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
989:
984:
978:
964:on 2015-11-15
963:
959:
953:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
896:
892:
887:
882:
879:(4): 934–59.
878:
874:
870:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
813:
809:
803:
795:
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787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
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748:
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728:
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583:
572:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
551:
549:
545:
534:
529:
526:
523:In 2000, the
521:
519:
518:Otto Lubarsch
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
454:
450:
446:
437:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
393:
389:
383:
373:
371:
370:valve disease
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
334:
326:
322:
313:
311:
307:
303:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
252:
246:
244:
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217:
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202:
201:
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183:
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172:
168:
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161:
157:
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149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:Picture of a
51:
47:
42:
37:
29:
22:
2776:Mesothelioma
2740:Central lung
2514:Nasal cavity
2388:
2370:
2346:
2328:
2299:
2281:
2251:
2164:
2130:
2104:hyperplastic
2093:
2086:Colon/rectum
2070:
1636:Hidrocystoma
1630:
1576:
1556:HĂĽrthle cell
1537:Prolactinoma
1442:
1427:
1245:
1234:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1177:
1162:
1143:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1050:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
991:
986:
977:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
952:
917:
913:
903:
876:
872:
862:
837:
834:N Engl J Med
833:
827:
815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
761:
757:
747:
716:. Retrieved
703:
696:
654:(3): e7186.
651:
647:
637:
603:(2): 67–76.
600:
596:
586:
571:Derrick Bell
548:gastric acid
542:Specific to
541:
531:
522:
509:benign tumor
504:
487:
478:
470:somatostatin
462:Chemotherapy
460:
443:
426:achlorhydria
423:
385:
348:
336:
299:
265:
255:
249:
247:
237:deficiency.
228:
195:
190:
188:
164:
125:
88:
84:
82:
54:
2828:Lung cancer
2794:Mediastinum
2723:By location
2526:Nasopharynx
2348:gallbladder
2301:hyperplasia
1678:Cystadenoma
1631:sweat gland
1622:Adnexal and
1453:Glucagonoma
1236:MedlinePlus
735:|work=
497:pathologist
406:cytokeratin
260:haemorrhage
233:leading to
59:small bowel
2817:Categories
2434:Peritoneum
1661:and serous
1604:Cylindroma
1589:Oncocytoma
1501:Urogenital
1458:Gastrinoma
1448:Insulinoma
1304:Epithelium
1212:DiseasesDB
1035:2011-06-02
968:2023-09-11
718:2023-02-19
597:Curr Oncol
578:References
505:karzinoide
474:Interferon
466:lanreotide
414:peritoneum
274:or in the
231:tryptophan
136:vasoactive
134:and other
101:metastasis
2781:Malignant
2691:carcinoma
2637:Carcinoid
2393:neoplasms
2330:bile duct
2253:malignant
2235:Accessory
2165:Neoplasm:
2148:Gardner's
2071:Carcinoid
1957:Esophagus
1659:mucinous,
1641:Syringoma
1577:Carcinoid
1529:Endocrine
1317:carcinoma
1313:Papilloma
1247:eMedicine
778:0740-2570
737:ignored (
727:cite book
670:2168-8184
565:Don Meyer
513:malignant
440:Treatment
392:endocrine
355:serotonin
148:cytokines
132:serotonin
85:carcinoid
71:Specialty
39:Carcinoid
28:carcinoma
21:Chancroid
2714:Melanoma
2704:Lymphoma
2563:Lower RT
2506:Upper RT
2363:Pancreas
2134:Juvenile
2108:juvenile
2063:Appendix
1939:GI tract
1777:lobular,
1692:Mucinous
1443:pancreas
1406:Adenomas
1115:31500259
1107:21605115
1008:10080850
983:Kulke MH
944:15367531
895:12569593
854:19005200
794:85514650
786:30910348
713:25905358
688:32257725
629:17576444
554:See also
388:exocrine
359:diarrhea
302:apudomas
276:appendix
243:pellagra
215:Wheezing
211:Diarrhea
205:Flushing
198:hormones
160:syndrome
144:hormones
140:peptides
113:appendix
76:Oncology
2699:Sarcoma
2572:Trachea
2100:adenoma
1980:Stomach
1775:Ductal,
1671:general
1657:Cystic,
1599:Apudoma
1378:Thymoma
1252:med/271
1206:D002276
1184:M8240/3
935:1768473
679:7124884
620:1891174
544:rodents
528:states:
499:at the
484:History
445:Surgery
367:cardiac
171:stomach
105:jejunum
2768:Pleura
2543:Larynx
2494:Cancer
2390:cystic
2283:benign
1876:Acinar
1740:Serous
1669:Cystic
1463:VIPoma
1428:tract:
1397:Glands
1296:cancer
1241:000347
1195:114900
1173:209.60
1113:
1105:
1069:
1006:
942:
932:
893:
873:Cancer
852:
817:5 July
792:
784:
776:
711:
686:
676:
668:
648:Cureus
627:
617:
494:German
432:, and
401:stroma
397:muscle
284:rectum
268:midgut
235:niacin
167:rectum
115:, and
87:(also
2244:Liver
2029:Lower
1948:Upper
1179:ICD-O
1158:E34.0
1111:S2CID
914:Heart
790:S2CID
449:liver
420:Cause
410:mucin
339:lungs
272:ileum
117:cecum
109:ileum
2689:Non-
2590:Lung
2188:Anus
1878:cell
1217:2040
1201:MeSH
1190:OMIM
1168:9-CM
1103:PMID
1067:ISBN
1004:PMID
940:PMID
891:PMID
850:PMID
819:2021
782:PMID
774:ISSN
739:help
709:PMID
684:PMID
666:ISSN
625:PMID
492:, a
399:and
390:and
316:Lung
169:and
1164:ICD
1154:C75
1145:ICD
1095:doi
1059:doi
996:doi
992:340
930:PMC
922:doi
881:doi
842:doi
838:359
766:doi
674:PMC
656:doi
615:PMC
605:doi
2819::
2396::
2122:,
2118:,
2114:,
2110:,
2106:,
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