Carlisle Indian Industrial School

893: 932: 1072:, and one of the first department stores in the United States. Luther was told by Pratt: "My boy you are going away from us to work for this school. Go and do your best. The majority of white people think the Indian is a lazy good-for-nothing. They think he can neither work nor learn anything; that he is very dirty. Now you are going to prove that the red man can learn and work as well as the white man. If John Wanamaker gives you the job of blacking his shoes, see that you make them shine. Then he will give you a better job. If you are put into the office to clean, don't forget to sweep up under the chairs and in the corners. If you do this well, he will give you better work to do." While riding on street cars in Philadelphia, Luther did not care to listen to the vulgar language used by white boys on the way to work. At the end of his internship, the entire Carlisle school students and faculty traveled to a large meeting hall in Philadelphia where Pratt and Wanamaker spoke. Luther was asked to come to the stage, and Wanamaker told the students that Luther had been promoted from one department to another every month getting better work and better money and in spite of the fact that he employed over one thousand people, he never promoted anyone as rapidly as Luther. 785:, President of Dickinson College, led the first worship service at the Indian School in 1879. It was Mrs. Pratt who had initiated the contact between the Indian School and Dickinson. Upon Pratt's absence one Sunday, Mrs. Pratt wrote to President McCauley and requested his aid as a minister which he graciously accepted. The relationship did not stop there with Richard Pratt noting that, "from that time forward Dr. McCauley became an advisor and most valued friend to the school.". The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school. Dr. McCauley helped Pratt to develop a board of trustees and a Board of Visitors composed of different heads of leading national educational institutions and wealthy donors. Dickinson College professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Indian School, and college students volunteered services, observed teaching methods and participated in events. Dickinson College also provided Carlisle Indian School students with access to the Dickinson Preparatory School ("Conway Hall") and college level education. Thomas Marshall was one of the first Native American students at Dickinson. Carlisle is also home to the 1576: 1388: 1456:, to be instructor of the first Native arts course at the Carlisle. De Cora agreed to accept the position at Carlisle only if she "shall not be expected to teach in the white man's way, but shall be given complete liberty to develop the art of my own race and to apply this, as far as possible, to various forms of art, industries and crafts." The project was ambitious, and in 1907 students constructed the Leupp Indian Art Studio. The studio was strategically positioned to the entrance to the campus and designed as an exhibition hall and artist studio. Materials were purchased by using profits from the prior Carlisle Indians football season. Public demand for Native American arts was growing, and proceeds from sales were used to raise funds for individuals on reservations and to cultivate public interest in Indian crafts. Students enjoyed Plains art and drawing traditional pictographs on paper and slates. The studio showcased paintings, drawings, leather work, beadwork, 905: 2121: 886:, near a place called Tagg's Run. Students lived in tents and picked berries, hunted and fished. Luther Standing Bear recalled: "In 1881, after the school closed for the summer vacation, some of the boys and girls were placed out in farmers' homes to work throughout the summer. Those who remained at school were sent to the mountains for a vacation trip. I was among the number. When we reached our camping place, we pitched out tents like soldiers all in a row. Captain Pratt brought along a lot of feathers and some sinew, and we made bows and arrows. Many white people came to visit the Indian camp, and seeing us shooting with the bow and arrow, they would put nickels and dimes in a slot of wood and set them up for us to shoot at. If we knocked the money from the stick, it was ours. We enjoyed this sport very much, as it brought a real home thrill to us." 2006:, a colloquialism meaning "one who performs" or "Show Man", a title of great honor and respect. Its usage began in the early days of the Buffalo Bill Cody Wild West shows. The phrase "Show Indians" likely originated among newspaper reporters and editorial writers as early as 1891. By 1893 the term appears frequently in Bureau of Indian Affairs correspondence. Some believe that the term is derogatory describing the "phenomenon of Native exploitation and romanticization in the U.S." Arguments of a similar nature were made by the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the popularity of Wild West shows in the United States and Europe. Many Carlisle students, mostly Lakota, had parents, family and friends who were Wild Westers. Ben American Horse and Samuel American Horse, sons of Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse from the 613:, said that "The parents of these Indian children are ignorant, and know nothing of the value of education... Parental authority is hardly known or exercised among the Indians in this agency. The agent should be endowed with some kind of authority to enforce attendance. The agent here has found that a threat to depose a captain if he does not make the children attend school has had a good effect." Ward reiterated the US government's self-appointed position as a patriarchal ward over natives. Government officials treated tribal nations as dependents, and acted as if they could justifiably force a childlike nation to do what was best for them. The US officially legalized the denial of native parental rights in 1891, leading to mass forced removal of native children from their families. It was not until the 1976 562:

it was agreed that they should be. You signed that paper, knowing only what the interpreter told you it said. If anything happened when the paper was being made up that changed its order, if you had been educated and could read and write, you could have known about it and refused to put your name on it. Do you intend to let your children remain in the same condition of ignorance in which you have lived, which will compel them always to meet the whiter man at a great disadvantage through an interpreter, as you have to do? As your friend, Spotted Tail, I urge you to send your children with me to this Carlisle School and I will do everything I can to advance them in intelligence and industry in order that they may come back and help you.

1005:

Hyde insisted that Maggie make her bed every day and keep her room clean. Instead of retaliating, Miss Hyde stood her ground and Maggie acquiesced. Like most of the Carlisle students, Maggie was enrolled in the Summer Outing Program. After her arrival to her country home, Maggie wrote a letter to Pratt. "Dear Captain Pratt: What shall I do? I have been here two weeks and I have not bathed. These folks have no bath place. Your school daughter, Maggie Stands Looking." Pratt advised her to do as he had done on the frontier and signed his letter "Your friend and school father. R.H. Pratt." Maggie replied, "After filling a wash basin with water and rubbing myself well, have had a bath that made me feel as good as jumping into a river."

1252: 4030:: "It was one thing to portray docile natives who had not progressed much since the late fifteenth century, but quite another matter to portray some of them as armed and dangerous." Indian Commissioner John H. Oberly explained in 1889: "The effect of traveling all over the country among, and associated with, the class of people usually accompanying shows, circuses and exhibitions, attended by all the immoral and unchristianizing surroundings incident to such a life, is not only most demoralizing to the present and future welfare of the Indian, but it creates a roaming and unsettled disposition and educates him in a manner entirely foreign and antagonistic to that which has been and now is the policy of the Government. 1412: 1400: 2129: 920: 2400:(USAHEC), in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, is the U.S. Army's primary historical research facility. With its oldest part established in 1967, and later reorganized in 1999 and reorganized again in 2013, the center consists of the U.S. Army Military History Institute (U.S.A.M.H.I.) (of 1967), the Army Heritage Museum (A.H.M.), the Digital Archives Division, the Historical Services Division, the Research and Education Services, and the U.S.A.H.E.C. Staff. The U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center is part of the United States Army War College, but has its own 56-acre (230,000 m2) campus in Middlesex Township nearby the Carlisle Barracks. 5999: 1135:

Carlisle, a touchdown, extra point and four field goals. During the program's 25 years, the Carlisle Indians compiled a 167–88–13 record and winning percentage (.647), which makes it the most successful defunct major college football program. The Carlisle Indians developed a rivalry with Harvard and loved to sarcastically mimic the Harvard accent. Even players who could barely speak English would drawl the broad Harvard "a" as in the Boston accent is non-rhotic, typically pronounced "pahk the cah in Hahvad Yahd". Carlisle students labeled any excellent performance, whether on the field or in the classroom, as "Harvard style".

1555: 2102: 570: 2170:, whose women are known for speaking out against the colonization and expansionism of American settlers. Some Cherokee women also attained the rank of chief. "They were not, as Euro-Americans imagine, merely chattel, servants to man, wives, and mothers." It wasn't uncommon for Native women to be warriors, statesmen, religious leaders, and shamans (the equivalent of doctors). Carlisle instructors forced the women to learn the industrial and domestic skills appropriate to European American gender roles. For many of them, this cultural assault led to confusion, alienation, homesickness and resentment. 1772: 670: 2192:

Luther was proud to be compared to a white boy, but some would not shake his hand. Some returning Carlisle students had become ashamed of their culture, while some tried to pretend that they did not speak Lakota. The difficulties of returning Carlisle I.I.S. students disturbed white educators. Returning Carlisle students found themselves between two cultures, not accepted by either. Some rejected their educational experiences and "returned to the blanket," casting off "white ways"; others found it more convenient and satisfying to remain in white society. Most adjusted to both worlds.

87: 1532: 2368: 1602:, Progressive Reformists fought a war of images with Wild West shows before the American public at world fairs, expositions and parades. Pratt and other reformist progressives led an unsuccessful campaign to discourage Native Americans from joining Wild West shows. Reformist Progressives vigorously opposed to theatrical portrayals of Native Americans in popular Wild West shows and believed Wild West shows portrayed Native Americans as savages and vulgar stereotypes. Reformist progressives also believed Wild West shows exploited and demoralized Native Americans. 1509: 1949:, in his regalia including war paint, sitting astride his horse, also in war paint, in the center of the street. It was reported that: "The Chiefs created a sensation, eclipsing the intended symbolism of a formation of 350 uniformed Carlisle students led by a marching band," and "all eyes were on the six chiefs, the cadets received passing mention in the newspapers and nobody bothered to photograph them." The Carlisle Band led by Claude M. Stauffer and cadets led by Captain William A. Mercer, superintendent of the school and member of the 7th Cavalry. 112: 626: 1752: 1294: 727:, with a population of 6,209 people. The shoe factory in town employed over 800 residents. There were two railroads, three banks and ten hotels in Carlisle by the time Pratt established his school. By the late 19th century, there were 1,117 "colored residents" in Carlisle. Carlisle boasted a low unemployment rate and a high literacy rate at the time of the census. It was considered a good location, as it was not in a big city. It was not so far West that the students would be able to run away back to their families. The historic 1670:

Indians to the white man's culture. The first and best known photographer of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was John Nicolas Choate. "After replacing Indian dress with military uniforms and cutting their hair in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed." Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, charitable donors and to reservations to recruit new students. "Pratt's powerful photographs showing his quick results helped persuade Washington that he was doing vital work.

944: 557:(Lakota word for white man, loosely translates to Takes the Fat) had been able to take their land was that the Indians were uneducated. He said that the Natives were disadvantaged by being unable to speak and write English and, if they had that knowledge, they might have been able to protect themselves. Pratt used this speech to convince chief Spotted Tail to send his children to the school. At first he had been reluctant to relinquish his children to the government that had stolen native land and violated their treaties. 743:(founded 1773, chartered 1783). When the first Indian School students arrived in Carlisle on October 6, 1879, they were in tribal dress. "For the people of Carlisle it was a gala day and a great crowd gathered around the railroad. The older Indian boys sang songs aloud in order to keep their spirits up and remain courageous, even though they were frightened." "For years, it was a common event for the people of Carlisle to greet the Carlisle Indian football victors on their homecoming. Led by the Indian School Band, the 1964: 1279: 284: 1264: 585: 2183:

Luther agreed that it might be a good plan, so a permit was received from Washington. Sixty boys from Pine Ridge were mixed with 60 European-American boys. Teachers had hoped the Indians would learn the English language faster by this arrangement. "But lo and behold, the white boys began learning the Sioux language." The program was discontinued. Some Native Americans are angry about painful Indian boarding school experiences and Pratt's Progressive Reformist views on assimilation have been condemned.

2710: 1834:. Organizers wanted their exotic people to be interpreted by anthropologists in a modern scientific manner portraying contrasting images of Native Americans. A Congress of Indian Educators was convened and Oglala Lakota Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse, both eighty-three years old, and the best-known Native America orators at the St. Louis World's Fair, spoke to audiences. A model Indian School was placed on top on a hill so Indians below could see their future as portrayed by the 1331:, who became noted as its leader, composer and compiler of modified Native airs. Many students studied classical musical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions and every at national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed. Luther Standing Bear was a bugler for military calls and educated as a classical musician. On May 24, 1883, Luther Standing Bear led the Carlisle Indian band of brass instruments as the first band to cross the 300: 696: 1026: 1679: 1240: 2698: 1490: 2232:, was a major health problem on the reservation as well as the East. During the years of operation, hundreds of children died at Carlisle. Most died from infectious diseases common in the early 20th century that killed many children. More than 180 students were buried in the Carlisle Indian School Cemetery. The bodies of most who died were sent to their families. Children who died of tuberculosis were buried at the school, as people were worried about contagion. 2722: 1941:. When the contingent of "Wild Westers" and the "Carlisle Cadets" and Band came into view, President Roosevelt vigorously waved his hat and all in the President's box rose to their feet to behold the powerful imagery of the six famous Native American Chiefs on horseback adorned with face paint and elaborate feather headdresses, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian Industrial School Band and a brigade of 350 "Carlisle Cadets" at arms. Leading the group was " 1855: 6486: 1822:, who had recently returned from a tour of Europe, were contracted to perform in the show. Cody also brought in an additional one hundred Wild Westers directly from Pine Ridge, Standing Rock and Rosebud reservations, who visited the Exposition at his expense and participated in the opening ceremonies. Over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West outside the Columbian Exposition, often mistaking the show as an integral part to the World's Fair. The 1976: 769: 6496: 2153:, echoes controversy in an application to Carlisle when he answers a question about his marriage proudly, "it has been nearly ten years since I married my Race." Research suggests this was a subtle hint to the school's officials to prove that they have married their own race. Most likely, this backlash by the Natives is due to the fact that the school was trying to, "take the Indian out of the man." Additionally, Cathleen Cahill proves that the 1438:: "It seems to me that one of the errors good people fall into in dealing with the Indian is taking it for granted that their first duty is to make a white man out of him." He also stated, "The Indian is a natural warrior, a natural logician, a natural artist. We have room for all three in our highly organized social system. Let us not make the mistake, in the process, of absorbing them, of washing out of them whatever is distinctly Indian." 2337: 1606:

acquire new skills and customs, and change at their own pace and on their own terms. Both Pratt and Cody offered paths of opportunity and hope during time when people believed Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Notwithstanding his criticisms, Pratt invited his old friend Buffalo Bill Cody and his Wild West show to perform in Carlisle on June 24, 1898. The school paper

1588: 2021:, was a Carlisle "Wild Wester" with experience as a performer, interpreter and chaperon. Goings carefully chose the famous chiefs, the best dancers, the best singers, and the best riders; screened for performers willing to be away from home for extended periods of time and coordinated travel, room and board. He traveled with his wife and children, and for many years toured Europe and the United States with "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", 6006: 3456:. It further declares that those who have Indian boys "enjoy a rare privilege. The work is doubly interesting because one can be studying the characteristics of his scholars, at the same time learning many valuable lessons in methods of teaching." In addition, at the time of the Indian School commencement, it was traditional for a half day holiday to be given so Dickinson students could attend the "very interesting exercises." 1691: 757: 272: 662:. After Indian dress was replaced with military uniforms and the children's hair was cut in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed. In an effort to convince doubters of the transformation possible, Pratt hired photographers to present this evidence. Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, friends of the new school, and back to reservations to recruit new students. 1146:, between two of the top teams in the country. Pop Warner spoke to his team: "Your fathers and your grandfathers," Warner began, "are the ones who fought their fathers. These men playing against you today are soldiers. They are the Long Knives. You are Indians. Tonight, we will know if you are warriors." That dramatic evening Carlisle routed Army 27–6. That game, played just 22 years after the last Army battle with the 2352: 119: 94: 1803:, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers. Millions of visitors at world fairs, exhibitions and parades throughout the United States and Europe observed Native Americans portrayed as the vanishing race, exotic peoples and objects of modern comparative anthropology. Reformists Progressives fought a war of words and images against popular Wild West shows at world fairs, expositions and parades. 1483:. Designed by the school's art department, printed and in part written by students, the magazine gained a wide reputation for the quality of its appearance and content. Lone Star created cover designs for almost all of the 50 issues of the magazine between 1909 and 1914. During their time at Carlisle, Angel and Lone Star Dietz brought cultural awareness to students through innovative teaching programs. 1838:. On one side of the school, "blanket Indians", men or women who refused to relinquish their native dress and customs, demonstrated their artistry inside the school on one side of the hall. On the other side, Indian boarding school students displayed their achievements in reading, writing, music, dancing, trades and arts. The Carlisle Indian Band performed at the Pennsylvania state pavilion, and the 510:, who had supervised government Indian education on reservations west of the Missouri River, later wrote of Carlisle that organizing Indian boys into squads and companies appealed to their warrior traditions. She believed they complied because they wanted to earn officers' ranks, recognition, and privileges. She also observed that there was 'genuine affection' between the Captain and the students. 1614:

anthropologists, historians, linguists, journalists, photographers, portraitists and early movie-makers believed time was of the essence to study western Native American peoples. Many researchers and artists lived on government reservations for extended periods to study Native Americans before they "vanished." Their inspired effort heralded the "Golden Age of the Wild West." Photographers included

859:, taught students about Native American art and heritage and fought harsh assimilation methods. Students were instructed in Christianity and expected to attend a local church, but had their choice among those in town. Carlisle students were required to attend a daily service and two services on Sundays. Students were expected to participate in various extracurricular activities. In addition to the 2734: 4320:

for a fine day weather-wise. Fortunately, the travelers had lunch on the train because it was late in arriving in Washington. They were hurried into the last division of the Military Grand Division. Originally, they were to have been in the Civic Grand Division, but Gen. Chaffee transferred all cadets under arms to the military division, putting them in a separate brigade.

892: 2010:, attended Carlisle and went "Wild Westing" with their father. Often entire families worked together, and the tradition of the "Wild Wester" community is not unlike the tradition of circus families and communities. Carlisle Wild Westers were attracted by the adventure, pay and opportunity and were hired as performers, chaperons, interpreters and recruiters. 1862:, March 4, 1905. President Roosevelt vigorously waived his hat and all in the President's box rose to their feet to behold the powerful imagery of the six famous Native American chiefs on horseback adorned with face paint and elaborate feather headdresses, followed by the 46-piece Carlisle Indian School Band and a brigade of 350 Carlisle Cadets at arms. 1666:

Native Americans to white society, but they differed as to education models and speed of assimilation. Reformist progressives, a coalition led by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Native American educators and Christian organizations, promoted rapid assimilation of children through off-reservation Indian boarding schools and immersion in white culture.

546:(Sicangu), to compel the chiefs to surrender their children. The government believed that by removing the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota children from their homes, the US would have leverage against the tribes in their continuing attempt to acquire tribal land. Pratt said that, "The children would be hostages for the good behavior of the people." 1387: 2412:. Begun in 1974, the competition in ten sports is among the military's senior service schools, the Army, Navy and Air Force academies. The sports are played at Carlisle Barracks' historic Indian Field, where Jim Thorpe once displayed the teamwork, discipline and physical fitness that inspires the name of the athletic games at Carlisle. 70: 813:

contact with the Indian School, and who know of its work, have occasion to be agreeably surprised with the advance we are able to see." In June 1911, Reed addressed the one hundred and twenty-eighth commencement of Dickinson College, where he presented an Honorary Degree of Master of Arts to Pratt's successor, Superintendent

4350:"They were Quanah Parker of the Comanche, Buckskin Charlie from the Ute, Hollow Horn Bear and American Horse of the Sioux, Little Plume from the Blackfeet and the Apache warrior Geronimo. As they rode through the streets of Washington on horseback, despite criticism, Roosevelt applauded and waved his hat in appreciation." 1376:. Upon returning to Carlisle, she came into conflict with Pratt. She resented the rigid program of assimilation and argued that the curricula did not encourage Native American children to aspire to anything beyond lives spent in menial labor. In 1901 Zitkala-Ša was dismissed, likely for an article she had published in 415:. Pratt's Fort Marion program convinced him that "distant education" was the only way to totally assimilate the Indian. He wrote, the Indian "is born a blank, like all the rest of us. Transfer the savage born infant to the surroundings of a civilization and he will grow to possess a civilized language and habit." 467:

assimilate Indians into white culture. Whether this could be achieved and how rapidly it could be done was unknown. Pratt believed he could make use of the Carlisle facility. He thought its proximity to officials in Washington, D.C. would help him educate officials about the Indian capacity for learning.

1251: 4314:

A week or so before the inauguration, six famous chiefs from formerly hostile tribes, arrived in Carlisle to head the school's contingent in the parade. But, before they left for Washington, there was much to do. First, they spoke to an assembly of students through interpreters. A dress rehearsal was

2132:

Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, potential charitable donors, and to reservations to recruit new students. Pratt's powerful photographs showing quick results helped persuade Washington that he was doing vital work. "Chiricahua Apaches Four Months After Arriving

1669:

At Carlisle, Pratt developed a photographic record of the model school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by approximately a dozen professional photographers. The photographs evidenced that the school successfully acclimated

1605:

Other Progressives, such as "Buffalo Bill" Cody, who as Pratt believed Indians equals of whites, had a different approach. He allowed Indians to be Indians. New ideas were not to be thrust forcefully upon Native peoples. Cody believed Native Americans would observe modern life and different cultures,

1380:

describing the profound loss of identity felt by a Native American boy after being given an assimilationist education at Carlisle. Concerned with her mother's advanced age and her family's struggles with poverty, she returned to the Yankton Reservation in 1901. Zitkala-Ša dedicated her life to Indian

812:

In 1889, Dr. George Edward Reed assumed the position of President of Dickinson College and continued the close relationship between the Indian School and Dickinson College through Pratt's departure in 1904. Reed told an audience at the Indian School that "we who live in Carlisle, who come in constant

665:

The minimum age for students was fourteen, and all students were required to be at least one-fourth Indian. The Carlisle term was five years, and the consent forms which the parents signed before the agent so stated. Pratt refused to return pupils earlier unless they were ill, unsuitable mentally, or

513:

Children who could not adjust at Carlisle eventually returned to their families and homes. Some ran away because of being homesick and unhappy. According to Eastman, several years after one young man ran away, he approached Pratt in the lobby of a New York hotel. He said that he had found a good job,

457:

Two-thirds were children of leaders of the Plains Indian tribes, with whom the U.S. had recently been at war. The first class was made up of 84 Lakota, 52 Cheyenne, Kiowa and Pawnee, and 11 Apache. The class included a group of students, former prisoners from Fort Marion, who wanted to continue their

337:

Pratt had earlier supervised Native American prisoners of war, and supported some of them in gaining education at Hampton College. He became convinced that education was the key to assimilation. In his own words, Pratt's motto was, "Kill the Indian, save the man." The US applied this principle to the

2174:

and no two students from the same tribe were permitted to room together. The plan helped in the rapid acquisition of English, and although some were hereditary foes, Pratt believed the Indian students to be less inclined to quarrel than most white children. However, there were consequences. In 1879,

1008:

The Outing Program continued throughout the Carlisle's history, and of the thousands who attended Carlisle for the first twenty-four years, a least half participated in the program. Around 1909, Superintendent Friedman expanded the Outing Program by placing boys in manufacturing corporations such as

644:

American Horse "took a lively interest" in what Pratt had to say. He was a tribal leader and head of a large household with at least ten children. He believed that his children would have to deal with whites, and perhaps live with them, whether they liked it or not. He decided to send two sons and a

600:

Some tribes initially consented to sending their children to off-reservation boarding schools, but many were skeptical of the school system and its intentions. Many tribes did not believe the promises of the schools, as they were scarred by the genocidal tactics of the U.S. government. Once students

526:

to recruit Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota students for the new school. These tribes were selected by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ezra Hayt, because they had resisted ceding more territory to the United States government. It was less than three years after Lakota warriors and their allies had defeated

470:

As part of Pratt's curriculum in cultural and language immersion, the school's students were expected to learn English. School officials also required students to take new English names, either by choice or assignment. This was confusing, as the names from which they had to choose had no meaning for

4319:

predicted that the group would be one of the big parade's star attractions. Those marching in the parade were woken at 3:45 a.m., had breakfast at 4:30, and were the special train to Washington at 5:30. As the train rolled out of Carlisle, a heavy snow fell, but later the sun burned through, making

2428:

in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, houses an extensive collection of archival materials and photographs from the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Among the items are 39 years of weekly and monthly school newspapers, musical and athletic programs, brochures, letters, catalogs and the annual reports to the

2344:

In the late 20th century, there was a reexamination of assimilation efforts by the U.S. government, and practices at Carlisle and other similar schools served as the basis for some of that reexamination. Some Native Americans criticized the break-up of their families for years as students were sent

2161:

All children who attended Carlisle were subjected to "militaristic regimentation and disciplines," such as cutting of their hair, changing their dress, diets, names, and learning unfamiliar conceptions of space and time. They were also forced to let go of their cultural gender roles, and assimilate

2157:

matches the time in history that enveloped such assimilation, "During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, the federal government's strategies for changing Indian societies tacitly encouraged interracial marriage." Although this unwritten rule of interracial marriage was never proven, the

2050:

system as a hindrance to the civilization and assimilation of Native Americans ("American Indians"). "Better, far better for the Indians," he said, "had there never been a Bureau." As a result of the controversy, Pratt was forced to retire as superintendent of Carlisle after 24 years and was placed

1004:

Maggie Stands Looking, a daughter of Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse, was among the first wave of children brought from Rosebud and one of Captain Pratt's model students. Maggie had difficulty adjusting to the demands of her new lifestyle at Carlisle, and once slapped Miss Hyde, the matron, when

561:

Spotted Tail, you are a remarkable man. You are such an able man that you are the principal chief of these thousands of your people. But Spotted Tail, you cannot read or write. You claim that the government has tricked your people and placed the lines of your reservation a long way inside of where

2653:

is a book in poems and images documenting the author's life as well as that of his extended Family. Three of the author's grandparents attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the book details both the experience and the aftermath of their attendance there. Gansworth is an enrolled member of

2271:

investigation focused on management at the School and the out-sized role played by athletics. Pop Warner, Superintendent Moses Friedman and Bandmaster C.M. Stauffer were dismissed. After the hearings, attendance dwindled and morale declined. The reason for Carlisle's existence had passed. When the

2173:

During the first few weeks at Carlisle, when the Lakota and Dakota greatly outnumbered all other tribes, it was discovered that Cheyennes and Kiowas were learning to speak Lakota and Dakota. After that, English was the only language permitted on the campus. Dormitory rooms held three or four each,

2137:

Carlisle was created with the explicit goal of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream European-American culture. "The goal of acculturation was to be accomplished by "total immersion" in the white man's world." Pratt founded Carlisle to immerse Native American children in mainstream culture

845:

Carlisle curricula included subjects such as English, math, history, drawing and composition. Students also learned trade and work skills such as farming and manufacturing. Older students used their skills to help build new classrooms and dormitories. Carlisle students produced a variety of weekly

657:

News of the educational experiment spread rapidly, and many whites went to Carlisle to volunteer services and professional talents. Pratt developed a photographic record of the school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by

596:

The first group of inspectors, some 40 Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota chiefs representing nine Missouri River agencies, visited Carlisle in June 1880. Other tribal leaders followed. Before tribal delegations returned home, they usually spent a few days in Washington where they received the plaudits of

486:

The children were forced to change their manner of dress and to give up their traditional tribal ways. The boys all had long hair, which was a strong tradition in their cultures: it was cut short in Euro-American style. Students were required to wear school uniforms of American-style clothing, and

431:

Give me three hundred young Indians and a place in one of our best communities, and let me prove it! Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania, has been abandoned for a number of years. It is in the heart of fine agricultural country. The people are kindly disposed, and long free from the universal border

376:

As at Hampton, arriving students were shorn of their long hair, and even their names were changed. However, "unlike Hampton, whose purpose was to return assimilated educated Indians to their people, Carlisle meant to turn the school into the ultimate Americanizer". At Carlisle, Pratt established a

2191:

One student, Luther Standing Bear got a mixed reception at home on the reservation. Some were proud of his achievements while others did not like that he had "become a white man." He was happy to be home, and some of his relatives said that he "looked like a white boy dressed in eastern clothes."

2182:

and spoke through an interpreter. Later Luther Standing Bear was called to the superintendent's office and asked him if it was a good idea to get some Indian boys from the reservation and put them in school with white boys, expecting that the Indian boys would learn faster by such an association.

1665:

During this period, U.S. Government policy focused upon acquiring Indian lands, restricting cultural and religious practices and sending Native American children to boarding schools. Progressives agreed that the situation was serious and that something needed to be done to educate and acculturate

976:

arranged for students to work in homes as domestic servants or in farms or businesses during the summer. The program won praise from reformers and administrators alike and helped increase the public's faith that Indians could be educated and assimilated. The program gave students opportunities to

494:

The civilizing process at Carlisle began with clothes. Whites believed the Indian children could not be civilized while wearing moccasins and blankets. Their hair was cut because in some mysterious way long hair stood in the path of our development. They were issued the clothes of white men. High

384:

boarding schools that were ultimately developed in 15 states and territories. Some private boarding schools were sponsored by religious denominations. In addition, the government operated a total of more than 300 schools on reservations, many of which accepted boarding students from other tribes.

820:

Prof. Charles Francis Himes was a professor of natural science at Dickinson College for three decades and instrumental in expanding the science curriculum. Professor Hines took an interest in the Carlisle Indian School and his notable lectures on electricity ("Why Does It Burn"), "Lightning" and

681:

Anniversaries and other school events attracted whites of distinction. US senators, Indian commissioners, secretaries of the Interior, college presidents, and noted clergymen were among those invited to present the diplomas or address the graduating class upon these occasions. The gymnasium held

2276:

on April 6, 1917, there was an additional reduction of enrollment. Many Carlisle I.I.S. alumni and students served in the U.S. military during World War I. On the morning of September 1, 1918, a transfer ceremony took place. The American flag was lowered for the last time at the Carlisle Indian

1134:

In 1911, the Indians posted an 11–1 record, which included one of the greatest upsets in college football history. Legendary athlete Jim Thorpe and coach Pop Warner led the Carlisle Indians to an 18–15 upset of Harvard before 25,000 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thorpe scored all the points for

502:

Some children arrived at Carlisle able to speak some English; they were used by school officials as translators for other students. Officials sometimes took advantage of the children's traditional respect for elders to get them to inform on peers' misbehaviors. This was consistent with accepted

466:

in 1877, the Lakota people were impoverished, harassed and confined to reservations ... many believed that Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Thus the U.S. government urgently sought a 'progressive' educational model to quickly

453:

By October 1879, Lieutenant Pratt had recruited the first students for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School; 82 boys and girls arrived one night at midnight at the railroad station. They were met by hundreds of local residents who escorted them to the "Old Barracks". The Carlisle Indian School

1613:

During the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, there was an explosion of public interest in Native American culture and imagery. Newspapers, dime-store novels, Wild West shows and public exhibitions portrayed Native Americans as a "Vanishing Race." American and European

832:

Luther Standing Bear recalled that one day an astronomer came to Carlisle and gave a talk. "The astronomer explained that there would be an eclipse of the moon the following Wednesday night at twelve o'clock. We did not believe it. When the moon eclipsed, we readily believed our teacher about

4057:

Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians is a collaborative project of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of History with the assistance from the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at the University of

608:

required parental consent for children to be sent to off-reservation boarding schools, in practice children were regularly forcibly removed. US officials justified the practice of forceful removal because they believed that native parenting practices were seen as inferior to mainstream white

345:

Pratt wrote that he believed that Native Americans were 'equal' to European Americans, and that the school worked to immerse students into mainstream Euro-American culture. He believed that this would enable them to advance and thrive in the dominant society, and be leaders to their people.

1130:

and his teammates, bringing national recognition to the small school. By 1907, the Carlisle Indians were the most dynamic team in college football. They had pioneered the forward pass, the overhand spiral and other trick plays that frustrated their opponents. The Carlisle Indians have been

3504:

Charles Francis Himes, "The White Man's Way; Illustrated Talks on Scientific Subjects to "Indian Chiefs" on their Visits to the Carlisle Indian School." Read before the Historical Section of the Hamilton Library Association, Carlisle, PA. (Carlisle: Hamilton Library Association, 1916),

2367: 1817:

In style, Buffalo Bill established a fourteen-acre swath of land near the main entrance of the fair for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World" where he erected stands around an arena large enough to seat 18,000 spectators. Seventy-four "Wild Westers" from

422:

If all men are created equal, then why were blacks segregated in separate regiments and Indians segregated on separate tribal reservations? Why weren't all men given equal opportunities and allowed to assume their rightful place in society? Race became a meaningless abstraction in his

850:

was a teacher at Carlisle before she became one of America's leading poets. Music was a part of the program, and many students studied classical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Native American teachers eventually joined the faculty, such as

653:

Pratt was so successful in his correspondence and methods that many Western chiefs, whose people were suffering from cold and hunger on their reservations, begged him to bring more children East. The chiefs also wrote to Washington with a request to educate more of their children.

2296:

From 1879 until 1918, more than 10,000 Native American children from 140 tribes had attended Carlisle. The school's 1911 Annual Report included the results of an employment survey of 532 graduates and 3619 other ex-students. Tribes with the largest number of students included the

1475:. At the age of 23, Dietz enrolled at Carlisle where he studied art in Philadelphia in the Summer Outing Program. After his marriage to De Cora he continued in the roles of student and assistant art teacher. In 1909, the school launched a monthly literary magazine known as the 1662:. Exposition organizers assembled Wild Westers representing different tribes who portrayed Native Americans as a "vanishing race" at "The Last Great Congress of the Red Man", brought together for the first and last time, apparently to commiserate before they all vanished. 2138:

and teach them English, new skills, and customs. Pratt's slogan was "to civilize the Indian, get him into civilization. To keep him civilized, let him stay." Pratt's approach was harsh but an alternative to the tendency towards physical extermination of Native Americans.

408:. He gradually introduced them to classes in the English language, art, guard duty, and craftsmanship. The program became well-known. Distinguished visitors began to visit from all over the country, especially as St. Augustine had become a winter resort for the wealthy. 483:) was one of the first students when Carlisle began operations in 1879. He was asked to choose a name from a list on the wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall, and was renamed as Luther. The school assigned his father's name, Standing Bear, as his surname. 2165:

The Documents Concerning Mary Welch, from the Carlisle Indian Digital Resource Center, provide validation of Welch's completion of seven years at the Carlisle school, and say that she would make a fine housekeeper or seamstress. However, Welch was a member of the

2055:. In retirement, Pratt and his wife Anna Laura traveled widely, often visiting former students and lecturing and still writing on Indian issues. Pratt continued to advocate for Native American rights until his death at the age of 83 on March 15, 1924, at the old 6451: 3431:

Dr. James Andrew McCauley, Professor Charles Francis Himes, Dr. George Edward Reed, Stephen Baird and Joshua Lippincott fostered the relationship between the institutions through religious services, advisory meetings, lectures and commencement speeches. See

1367:

for the first time in several years to recruit students. She was greatly dismayed to find there that her mother's house was in disrepair and her brother's family in poverty, and that white settlers were beginning to occupy the land promised to the

931: 677:

Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees a year. In 1905, a survey of 296 Carlisle graduates showed that 124 had entered government service (often with reservation agencies), and 47 were employed off the reservations.

6446: 2162:

to what white men believed they should do in society. Native women traditionally held important political, social and economic power within their communities, as most Native cultures promoted gender equality, and this was disrupted at Carlisle.

836:

In addition to academic contact, the two institutes had contact in the public venue as well. The best known instances include the regular defeats of Dickinson College by the Carlisle Indian School football team and other athletic competitions.

1734:. Dr. Montezuma joined Pratt at the Carlisle Indian School as a resident physician from 1895 to 1897. Montezuma, a correspondent with Pratt since 1887, was drawn to the noble experiment at Carlisle. The physician Charles Eastman and his wife, 1710:. The organization was influenced by the Carlisle experience and dedicated to self-determination and preserving Native American culture. From 1911 to 1923, the society was forefront in the fight for Indian citizenship and the passage of the 1411: 3421:

noted that, "We had the advantage of contacting and contending with our distinguished neighbor, Dickinson College, with its more than a century of success in developing strong and eminent men to fill the highest places in our national

1293: 1000:

Students were required to write home at least every month, and as often as they chose. Nearly all the students lovingly inquired after absent brothers and sisters, and many sent money home ten or twenty dollars of their own earnings.

747:

paraded in their nightshirts down the streets of Carlisle and on to the school on the edge of town." Residents of Carlisle stood on their doorsteps and cheered as the Carlisle Band led a snake dance from one end of town to the other.

2499:

depicts a parade drill by the cadet corps of the American Indian School which includes many representatives of the Native American tribes. In 1902 Marvin produced another documentary, "Club Swinging at Carlisle Indian School" for

6105: 6100: 1706:, the first Indian rights organization created by and for Indians. The society was a group of about fifty prominent Native American intelligentsia who exchanged views collectively confronting their tribes and gave birth to 8464: 6095: 6277: 461:

Pratt believed Native Americans were the equal of whites, and founded Carlisle to immerse their children in white culture and teach them English, new skills and customs, in order to help them survive. After the end of

6460: 6357: 3447:

The presence of Native Americans on campus generated great interest among Dickinson students. Dickinson students enjoyed visiting the Indian School to offer their talents and services. Indeed, the October 24, 1896

6322: 6272: 2469:. Additionally, the project is advised by a number of subject-area experts and cultural advisers. The project seeks to aggregate collections of primary source materials held at various repositories, including the 2433:. The society has over 3,000 photographs and recorded oral histories from school alumni, relatives of former students and local townspeople. In 2000, the Cumberland County 250th Anniversary Committee worked with 601:

were in school, communication with home was virtually cut off. Letters from parents were left unsent by Indian Agents, and parents were not notified promptly when their children were ill or even after they died.

8469: 6750: 6347: 6302: 6262: 6207: 6187: 6137: 6117: 2219:

industry. While Standing Bear left the confinement of the reservation, he continued his responsibilities as an Oglala Lakota chief, fighting to preserve Lakota heritage and sovereignty through public education.

1346:

in Boston. In 1899, she took a position at the Carlisle Indian School where she taught music to the children and conducted debates on the treatment of Native Americans. In 1900, Zitkala-Ša played violin at the

6212: 6197: 6030: 6025: 6317: 6312: 6237: 6217: 6172: 6147: 6132: 6127: 6055: 5940: 977:

interact and live in the white world and found jobs for students during the summer months with middle-class farm families where they earned their first wages. Many students worked in the homes and farms of

6362: 6337: 6267: 6252: 6232: 6222: 6202: 6192: 6162: 6142: 6122: 6112: 6090: 6075: 6070: 6040: 772:

Dickinson College provided Carlisle Indian Industrial School students with access to preparatory and college level education, and Dickinson professors served as chaplains and special faculty to the Indian

5802: 1399: 6342: 6307: 6297: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6227: 6182: 6177: 6167: 6085: 6080: 6065: 6035: 4183:

Financial difficulties, however, led the Bureau of Indian Affairs to withdraw its sponsorship and left the ethnological Indian Villages exhibit under the directorship of Frederick W. Putnam of Harvard's

6456: 6352: 6332: 6327: 6282: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6020: 2145:

who felt they were pushed to marry interracially. As Katherine Ellinghaus notes in her book, "There was considerable resistance to the school's unspoken policy regarding interracial marriage." On the

6398: 6367: 6292: 6157: 2178:'s son Baldwin Blue Horse, age 12, was in the first group of Oglala Lakota students to arrive at Carlisle. In 1888, Chief Blue Horse met with Baldwin at a performance of Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1986:), Pratt's model student, was attracted to "Wild Westing" for the adventure, pay, and opportunity. Standing Bear is notable as a 20th-century Native American author, educator, philosopher and actor. 6383: 6152: 904: 6388: 2351: 1257:

The 1911 "Carlisle Indians" football team pose with a game ball from the upset of Harvard. Coach "Pop" Warner (standing, third from right) and Jim Thorpe (seated, third from right) are pictured.

6423: 6413: 6408: 2541:, who was Thorpe's longtime mentor. Bickford also narrated the film, which told of Thorpe's athletic rise and fall, ending on an upbeat note when he was asked by a group of boys to coach them. 2277:

School and presented to Major A.C. Backmeyer, who raised it again over the new U.S. Army Base Hospital Number 31, a pioneering new type of rehabilitation hospital to treat soldiers wounded in

1434:

from 1904 to 1909, had a strong influence over the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Leupp encouraged promoting Indian culture by teaching native arts and craft. In 1905, Leupp wrote for the

342:

efforts of the larger American Indian boarding school system, by requiring children to speak only English, practice Christianity, take on new names and wear European-American style clothing.

6532: 1464:. As head of the Leupp Art Studio from 1906 to 1915, De Cora emphasized design, and encouraged students to apply tribally-specific designs to marketable modern art media such as book plates, 2195:

In 1905, Standing Bear decided to leave the reservation. He was no longer willing to endure existence under the control of an overseer. Luther sold his land allotment and bought a house in

8429: 1575: 6418: 6403: 7015: 6428: 5933: 3142:

Herman J. Viola, "Diplomats in Buckskins: A History of Indian Delegations to Washington", (1981), p.50, citing "Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1880", p.viii.

6928: 4253:

Indians performing included Oglala Lakotas from Pine Ridge Reservation with Cummins's Wild West Show and Brulé Lakotas from Rosebud Reservation with the Department of Anthropology.

7065: 5108:

The policy of forbidding students to speak in their native tongue, as part of his "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man," provided the philosophical foundation of his program.

629:

American Horse at Carlisle, 1882, with his daughter Maggie Stands Looking with other Indian students and teachers. Maggie Stands Looking was one of Captain Pratt's model students.

1278: 1263: 1126:

led a highly successful football team and athletic program at the Carlisle School, and went on to create other successful collegiate programs. He coached the exceptional athlete

7070: 1086:

During the early 20th century, the Carlisle Indian School was a national football powerhouse, and regularly competed against other major programs such as the Ivy League schools

3974: 2244:

schools in the West, children no longer needed to travel to a distant Eastern school in Pennsylvania. Successive superintendents at Carlisle Indian School after Pratt: Captain

1531: 357:, who were former prisoners of war, Lieutenant Pratt was authorized to establish the first all-Indian school, and founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School at the historic 1508: 1393:

The Carlisle Indian Band performed at world fairs, expositions and at every national presidential inaugural celebration until the school closed - Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1915

7847: 6489: 6393: 6287: 5949: 5926: 4341: 8424: 1610:

reported that students were "privileged to witness the best exhibition of some rude manners and customs of the people of the western frontier in the fifties and sixties."

4289:. J. McGee portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans and was critical of BIA programs destroying Native cultures and turning Indians into "counterfeit Caucasians." 2569:(1992) tells the story of Richard Pratt and the founding of the Carlisle School. It was directed by Christine Lesiak, and part of the American history documentary series 876: 8439: 6525: 872: 868: 5023: 1994:" were portals to education, opportunity and hope, and came at a time when the Lakota people were depressed, impoverished, harassed and confined. Wild Westers from 1013:. Over sixty of the boys from Carlisle were subsequently hired and worked steadily for Ford. During the later part of World War I, about forty had good jobs in the 781:, less than two miles from the Carlisle Indian School, America's 16th oldest college. Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School collaboration began when Dr. 6999: 1814:

in Chicago, Illinois. Instead, a feature of the Exposition was a model Indian school and an ethnological Indian village supported by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

7009: 6989: 6810: 1351:

with the school's Carlisle Indian Band. In the same year, she began writing articles on Native American life which were published in such popular periodicals as

802: 2345:

off to such boarding schools and were seen as efforts to force children away from their families' cultures. Pratt's views on assimilation also were criticized.

829:

and Yellow Tail, and brought Indian students to the Dickinson laboratory to give lectures. Himes also promoted Carlisle's success in national academic circles.

7040: 1631: 566:

Consent to send students to Carlisle was often gained with concessions, such as the promise to allow tribal leaders inspect the school soon after it opened.

8444: 6760: 6518: 2340:

Carlisle Indian School pennant, school song, motto and yell. "Min-ni-wa-ka! Ka-wa-wi! Woop her up! Woop her up! Who are we? Carlisle! Carlisle!! Carlisle!!!"

760:

The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school.

499:

Standing Bear said that red flannel underwear caused "actual torture." He remembered the red flannel underwear as "the worst thing about life at Carlisle."

454:

formally opened on November 1, 1879, with an enrollment of 147 students. The youngest was six and the eldest twenty-five, but the majority were teenagers.

8449: 7509: 6860: 5889: 2845: 2815: 503:

practice in the large European-American families of the time, where older children were often required to care for and discipline their younger siblings.

6565: 6470: 6466: 5988: 5978: 5450:

Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs: Jim Thorpe and Pop Warner's Carlisle Indian School Football Immortals Tackle Socialites, Bootleggers, Students, Moguls..

2521:. Historian Mark Rubinfeld says, "The movie stands out as an important cultural document in both American and Native American history." The film starred 2245: 2240:

Beginning in the early 1900s, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School began to diminish in relevance. With growth of more localized private and government

2042:

Pratt came into conflict with government officials over his outspoken views on the need for Native Americans to assimilate. In 1903, Pratt denounced the

898:

Carlisle Students in School Uniform Exercising Inside Gymnasium; Some with Indian Clubs, Others with Gymnastic Equipment; Non-Native Group Watching, 1879

798: 7528:

This list is incomplete: It includes schools directly operated by the BIE and those in association with the BIE along with those of predecessor agencies

3153: 682:

3,000 persons and was generally filled with an audience of townspeople and distinguished visitors showing their support for aspiring Carlisle students.

318:

authorization, Carlisle Indian Industrial School was an early federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school initiated by the U.S. government.

8479: 6635: 5833: 2175: 2474: 2425: 8336: 6745: 846:

and monthly newspapers and other publications that were considered part of their "industrial training," or preparing for work in the larger economy.

86: 673:

Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees a year. "Educating the Indian Race. Graduating Class of Carlisle, PA." ca. 1890s

8459: 8090: 7231: 7045: 7020: 6870: 6830: 6805: 919: 111: 7050: 5612:

Daniel E. Witte and Paul Mero, "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice"

3170: 522:

In November 1878, Pratt was ordered by the War Department to report to the Secretary of the Interior for 'Indian education' duty. He traveled to

1040:

told the assembled Carlisle School that he employed as many as one thousand people in his establishment and never promoted anyone as rapidly as

7035: 2623: 2450: 2146: 377:

highly structured, quasi-military regime. He was known to use corporal punishment, which was not uncommon in society at the time, on students.

1239: 7690: 7363: 7075: 1866:

On March 4, 1905, Wild Westers and Carlisle portrayed contrasting images of Native Americans at the First Inaugural Parade of 26th President

442:

Pratt and his supporters successfully lobbied Congress to establish the off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans at the historic

54: 2621:; the impact of those and similar schools on their communities; and community efforts to overcome those impacts. Examples include: the film 427:

Pratt believed an industrial school model similar to the Hampton Institute would be useful for educating and assimilating Native Americans.

8419: 7800: 6560: 2487: 2470: 739:, ) were vacant and available for use. The military site was less than two miles from an already well established educational institution, 4663:

Cahill, Cathleen (2008). ""You Think It Strange That I Can Love an Indian": Native Men, White Women, and Marriage in the Indian Service".

3173:

Indian education: a national tragedy, a national challenge. 1969 report of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate

1579:"Twenty five Indians from the Carlisle Indian College, Pennsylvania, are learning to build ships in the greatest shipyard in the world at 7409: 6499: 4185: 2120: 1967:

Samuel American Horse was a "Carlisle Wild Wester". Since 1887, "Wild Westing" has been family tradition with many Pine Ridge families.

1417:

The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Carlisle Indian School Band and Battalion - Carlisle, Pennsylvania, c. 1911

400:

was assigned to supervise former warriors, several dozen Native American prisoners selected from among those who had surrendered in the

8414: 7060: 6896: 6845: 6730: 6675: 495:

collar stiff-bosomed shirts and suspenders fully three inches in width were uncomfortable. White leather boots caused actual suffering.

4159:

David R.M. Beck, "The Myth of the Vanishing Race", Associate Professor, Native American Studies, University of Montana, February, 200.

8484: 8454: 7534: 7004: 6984: 6630: 6585: 5870: 5614: 5247:

Marlene Atleo, et al. "A critical review of Ann Rinaldi's My Heart Is on the Ground: The diary of Nannie Little Rose, a Sioux girl."

3983: 3761: 3398: 2602: 2092: 506:

School discipline was strict and consistent, according to the military tradition. Students faced 'courts-martial' for serious cases.

339: 2453:

is a publicly accessible digital archive of material pertaining to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. The project is run by the

1554: 943: 8023: 7502: 7120: 7080: 6994: 6615: 6555: 2545:

portrayed Thorpe's first wife. Warner Bros. used a number of contract players in the film, as well as a few Native American actors.

7399: 5797: 7025: 6840: 6755: 6620: 6580: 5973: 2492: 2397: 1998:

enrolled their children at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School from its beginning in 1879 until its closure in 1918. Known as "

736: 315: 5635:

Leahy, Todd, and Nathan Wilson, eds. "My First Days At The Carlisle Indian School By Howard Gansworth An Annotated Manuscript."

2281:. Remaining pupils were sent home or to other off-reservation boarding schools in the United States. In the spring of 1951, the 6720: 6590: 1938: 1465: 8005: 6850: 6690: 6600: 5859: 5781: 5438: 5398: 4869: 3888: 2868: 2434: 2142: 276: 5881: 7747: 6923: 6886: 6695: 2766: 1926: 532: 370: 239: 36: 3171:

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Special Subcommittee on Indian Education. (1969).

3046: 658:

approximately a dozen professional photographers. The first and best known photographer of the Carlisle Indian School was

7933: 7495: 7472: 6949: 6770: 5016: 2610: 1489: 251: 5689:

The Indian Industrial School - Carlisle, Pennsylvania - Its origins, purposes, progress, and the difficulties surmounted

4602:

Taking Assimilations to Heart: Marriages of White Women and Indigenous Men in the United States and Australia, 1887-1937

641:, Pratt had met strong opposition from Chief Red Cloud. He distrusted white education but had no school-age children. 7594: 6911: 6825: 6775: 6725: 3529: 1806:

In 1893, the fight for the image of the Native American began when Reformist Progressives pressured organizers to deny

4292: 3348:

Nancy Van Dolsen. "Carlisle 1880: A Historical Demographical Approach." Honors History diss., Dickinson College, 1982.

8474: 7943: 7530: 7243: 6655: 5762: 5717: 5673: 5602: 5561: 5540: 5519: 5457: 5419: 5320: 5101: 4614: 4369: 3863: 3205: 2597:

Numerous additional works address the stories of former residents of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and other

1839: 1784: 1343: 3434: 637:

was one of the earliest advocates of 'western' (Euro-immigrant) education for Native Americans. While recruiting at

7964: 7261: 6955: 6917: 6740: 6710: 5431:

Carlisle vs. Army: Jim Thorpe, Dwight Eisenhower, Pop Warner, and the Forgotten Story of Football's Greatest Battle

2598: 2141:

While assimilation was a crucial part of the Carlisle School's plan, it was also looked at controversially by some

2096: 1921:

Theodore Roosevelt sat in the presidential box with his wife, daughter and other distinguished guests, and watched

1190: 1045: 231: 5209: 4878: 514:

was working hard, and had saved some money. "Hurrah!" the Captain exclaimed. "I wish all my boys would run away!"

8434: 7865: 7319: 6780: 6715: 6575: 5225: 4638: 4070: 3314: 3120: 2681: 973: 967: 720: 2823: 7927: 7912: 7610: 7427: 7201: 7055: 7030: 6855: 6815: 6765: 5808: 5741: 2948: 1922: 1711: 1431: 1115: 990: 255: 250:, however, the school was closed, and the property on which it was located was transferred back for use by the 2785: 8179: 7954: 7615: 7600: 7195: 7144: 7138: 6891: 6865: 6820: 6790: 6700: 6670: 6660: 6605: 4711:

Davis, Julie (2001). "American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Recent Studies from Native Perspectives".

2554: 2505: 1823: 1776: 1348: 883: 790: 536: 7664: 7487: 5726:

Richard Henry Pratt Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

4746: 2128: 8044: 7842: 7654: 7114: 6901: 6795: 6705: 6685: 6680: 6665: 6625: 6595: 6570: 4606: 3230: 2438: 1811: 1647: 1307: 994: 986: 5918: 3198:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for ... the year 1886

8293: 8277: 8237: 8149: 7649: 7644: 7631: 7605: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7313: 7307: 7219: 7168: 7108: 6979: 6933: 6906: 6640: 6610: 3976:

American Indian Artist Angel DeCora: Aesthetics, Power, and Transcultural Pedagogy in the Progressive Era

2562: 2072: 1703: 1202: 1119: 761: 4574: 3576:

Carmelita A. Ryan, "The Carlisle Indian Industrial School" (Thesis, Georgetown University, 1962), p. 67.

3552:

Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (1999). "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism".

2846:" BIA's Impact on Indian Education Is an Education in Bad Education." 30 Jan 2011. Retrieved 3 Nov 2013. 1460:, and basketry made by students, and some produced on reservations. The floor was covered with colorful 1405:

Carlisle Indian Students at the Centennial of the Constitution Parade - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1887

8330: 8309: 8267: 8060: 8033: 7763: 7710: 7518: 7432: 7237: 7092: 6800: 6650: 4109:

Laura Turner,"John Nicholas Choate and the Production of Photography at the Carlisle Indian School" at

3509: 3402: 3386: 2688: 2290: 2179: 1364: 1091: 982: 411:

The U.S. Commissioner of Education came to see firsthand what Pratt was doing, as did the president of

45: 5687: 3452:"On the Campus" section tells of the new volunteer Sunday School teachers from the college chapter of 8320: 8210: 8194: 8189: 7980: 7922: 7897: 7821: 7795: 7669: 7659: 7574: 7278: 7255: 7249: 7189: 6835: 5875: 3920: 2549: 2267:

Around 1913, rumors circulated at Carlisle that there was a movement to close the school. In 1914, a

2256:(1914-1917) and John Francis Jr. (1917–1918), were besieged by faculty debate and pressures from the 2200: 2060: 2022: 1081: 744: 5841:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School, (1879-1918). Barbara Landis, Carlisle Indian School Biographer. ]

4190:

Trennert, Robert A. (1987). "Selling Indian Education at World's Fairs and Expositions, 1893–1904".

8324: 8154: 8080: 8038: 8028: 8000: 7917: 7902: 7816: 7731: 7437: 7150: 7126: 6785: 6735: 6645: 5047:

The total number of students is listed as 10,595, with 1,842 list of names and nation unknown. See

3390: 2929:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public Policy, in cooperation with Hampton University. 2430: 2150: 2043: 2018: 1995: 1934: 1835: 1819: 1580: 1194: 1014: 806: 638: 614: 381: 4110: 2199:, where he worked as a clerk in a wholesale firm. After a brief job doing rodeo performances with 1686:

was drawn to the noble experiment at Carlisle, and served as resident physician from 1895 to 1897.

8164: 8085: 7621: 7442: 7422: 7389: 7213: 7156: 7132: 5594: 3783: 3393:, making it the first college to be founded in the newly recognized United States and founded by 2571: 2466: 2101: 2056: 1655: 1457: 1158:. "It was an exquisitely apt piece of national theater: a contest between Indians and soldiers." 528: 292: 5495:

Fear-Segal, Jaqueline. "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism",

5202:

Mark Rubinfeld, "The mythical Jim Thorpe: Re/presenting the twentieth century American Indian."

4936:

Phillip A. Greasily, "Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume 1: The Authors, (2001), p.472.

3480:"The Indian Craftsman (Address by Dr. Geo. E. Reed, President of Dickinson College, May 1909)". 1730:

and Chauncey Yellow Robe. The Society of American Indians printed a quarterly literary journal,

8272: 7938: 7779: 7639: 7225: 7177: 6510: 5968: 3382: 2421: 2268: 2154: 2007: 1915: 1771: 1735: 1522: 1151: 708: 700: 569: 507: 447: 323: 223: 141: 5235: 5219: 4888: 4302: 4286: 4258: 4027: 3539: 3418: 3324: 3130: 3056: 821:"Gunpowder" received a favorable reaction from parents and students. Himes lectured to Chiefs 669: 8106: 7685: 7447: 7290: 7102: 5983: 5963: 5639:

71.4 (2004): 479–493; memoir of alumnus of 1894. He praised Carlisle's influence; Gansworth (

5361: 5288: 4600: 4067:

Joel Phister, "Individually Incorporated Indians and the Multicultural Modern", (2004), p.72.

4035: 3523: 3466: 2958: 2771: 2409: 2358: 2282: 1911: 1643: 1635: 1139: 782: 732: 605: 331: 4080: 597:

government officials for allowing their children to participate in the Carlisle experiment.

8257: 7959: 7881: 5648: 2714: 2606: 2530: 1979: 1756: 1284: 1162: 1155: 1143: 1107: 1041: 786: 573: 472: 5611: 5261: 1968: 1615: 234:

in the United States from its founding in 1879 through 1918. It was based in the historic

8: 8262: 8174: 8169: 7826: 7626: 7183: 7162: 5812: 5683: 4385: 4322: 2702: 2663: 2538: 1442: 1359: 1123: 864: 793:, and in the early 1900s a few Carlisle Indian School graduates attended the law school: 659: 397: 311: 303: 5580:

Indians on the Midway: Wild West Shows and the Indian Bureau at World's Fairs, 1893–1904

4820:

The Wild West show notes of interest About the Exhibition and Buffalo Bill's Visitors",

1302:

graduated from the Dickinson School of Law and served as a Second Lieutenant under Gen.

981:

families in eastern Pennsylvania and surrounding states. Some were sent to farms in the

958:

or Pelhwan Meel is an exercise equipment tool of Persian origin introduced from India..

8159: 7556: 5391:

Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience 1875–1928

5147: 4791: 4728: 4688: 4680: 4207: 2594:(1999), tells the story of Nannie Little Rose, a Sioux girl sent to the school in 1880. 2261: 2241: 2052: 2047: 2026: 1867: 1859: 1755:

In 1893, over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's Wild West show perform during the

1738:, and children, resided at Carlisle in 1899, and were frequent visitors and lecturers. 1639: 1468:, and wallpaper. Carlisle boasted a state-of-the-arts photography studio for students. 1449: 1049: 1010: 350: 3856:

Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native America Author, Musician, and Activist

3381:

Dickinson College was chartered September 9, 1783, five days after the signing of the

2285:, founded 1901, senior educational institution of the U.S. Army, relocated to the old 1154:, featured not only Jim Thorpe, but nine future generals including a linebacker named 181: 8184: 7379: 7207: 6495: 5855: 5777: 5758: 5737: 5713: 5669: 5652: 5598: 5557: 5536: 5515: 5484: 5453: 5434: 5415: 5394: 5316: 5097: 4865: 4692: 4610: 4365: 3884: 3859: 3211: 3201: 3176: 2874: 2864: 2462: 2420:

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School is remembered and honored by the people of the

2374: 2286: 2257: 2253: 2014: 1875: 1807: 1659: 1619: 1591: 1328: 1287:

was the first Carlisle Indian School student to graduate from Dickinson College, 1912

1272:

was a graduate of the Carlisle Indian School and the Dickinson School of Law. c. 1905

1099: 778: 740: 728: 724: 443: 358: 235: 1751: 7907: 7726: 5644: 5504:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School: Indigenous Histories, Memories, and Reclamations

5165: 4783: 4720: 4672: 4199: 3561: 2676: 2659: 2576: 2575:, also produced by PBS. The documentary features interviews with Indian educators 2534: 2208: 2196: 2080: 1930: 1918:, for dress rehearsal on the main street to practice for the parade in Washington. 1903: 1887: 1715: 1683: 1678: 1427: 1353: 1303: 1222: 1218: 1170: 1111: 625: 523: 401: 354: 168: 5847:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 5285:

Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating unseen tears (AAT 1482210)

2441:

to commemorate the unique Carlisle Indian School, the students and their stories.

7949: 7454: 5752: 5731: 5707: 5663: 5618: 5588: 5551: 5530: 5476: 5409: 5148:"On Sacred Ground: Commemorating Survival and Loss at the Carlisle Indian School" 5091: 4859: 2726: 2655: 2580: 2542: 2330: 2113: 1827: 1796: 1760: 1719: 1695: 1651: 1518: 1472: 1461: 1332: 1269: 1230: 1226: 1198: 1103: 794: 463: 412: 319: 283: 5844: 5292: 2158:

conversation remains ongoing regarding the controversiality of this occurrence.

1963: 1854: 1147: 1056:

In 1883, Luther Standing Bear was sent to Philadelphia to work as an intern for

7374: 5816: 5306: 4774:

Oshana, Maryann (1981). "Native American Women in Westerns: Reality and Myth".

2738: 2650: 2522: 2514: 2377:

temporarily became U.S. Army Base Hospital No. 31 to treat soldiers wounded in

2249: 1907: 1895: 1369: 1061: 1057: 1037: 1029: 847: 814: 634: 366: 243: 3565: 2927:

To lead and to serve: American Indian education at Hampton institute 1878-1923

2878: 584: 349:

After the government assessed the initial success of older Indian students at

69: 8408: 7517: 5904: 5891: 5640: 4724: 3394: 3215: 2526: 2496: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2298: 2124:

Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle from Fort Marion, Florida 1886

2107: 2076: 2064: 1983: 1899: 1879: 1849: 1723: 1707: 1623: 1545: 1514: 1495: 1453: 1324: 1323:

The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation under a talented

1186: 577: 405: 288: 8465:

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania

4146: 3154:"Genocide of Native Americans: Historical Facts and Historiographic Debates" 1727: 1339: 299: 295:

in 1875; several of these veterans later attended Carlisle Industrial School

246:

for the purpose of establishing the school. After the United States entered

5948: 5709:

Battlefield and classroom: four decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904

3930: 3665: 3401:

and originally named "John and Mary's College" in honor of a signer of the

2944:. Juniata College: National Historical Publications and Records Commission. 2510: 2373:

In 1918, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School closed and the old historic

2336: 2229: 1999: 1991: 1958: 1445: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1182: 1069: 1065: 1033: 1025: 856: 610: 543: 362: 5139: 5048: 2942:

Twenty-Second Annual Report: The Papers of the Society of American Indians

2860:

Great Crossings : Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson

1570: 997:

counties and acquired what would be a lifelong Pennsylvania Dutch accent.

3180: 2793: 2591: 2503:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School was depicted in the 1951 movie classic

2408:

Jim Thorpe Sports Day is the biggest annual extracurricular event at the

2378: 2357:

Jim Thorpe Sports Day is the biggest annual extracurricular event at the

2278: 2273: 1842:

performed a mixture of classical, popular music and Dennison Wheelock's "

1831: 1800: 1787:

performed a mixture of classical, popular music and Dennison Wheelock's "

1764: 1690: 1599: 1311: 1233:

became professional athletes, coaches, educators, and community leaders.

955: 716: 695: 552: 389: 247: 5656: 5553:

The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation

4732: 4684: 2721: 2634: 1826:

of 1904, known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was the last of the great

8470:

National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania

5839: 5836:

US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

5828: 4795: 4676: 4342:"Who were the six Indian Chiefs in Teddy Roosevelt's Inaugural Parade?" 4211: 4147:"Charles Eastman as seen through the Carlisle Indian School Newspapers" 2635:"Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools" 2518: 2216: 2212: 2068: 1975: 1891: 1541: 1178: 1127: 826: 5310: 4053:

Buffalo Bill's Wild West and the Progressive Image of American Indians

2858: 768: 5803:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Archives & Special Collections

5665:

The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Anthropology Goes to the Fair

2614: 1780: 1741: 1373: 1299: 1174: 1166: 822: 589: 5822: 4787: 4315:

held on the main street of Carlisle to practice for the parade. The

4203: 2630:

Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears

2533:, as well as other footage of the real Thorpe (seen in long shots). 1587: 279:

students from 140 tribes attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School.

2458: 2314: 2306: 2204: 2167: 2083:

says "Erected In Loving Memory by his Students and Other Indians."

1942: 1883: 1871: 1499: 852: 5512:

White Man's Club: Schools and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation

4906: 1075: 756: 271: 5336: 2792:. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from 2761: 2618: 2477:, and the Archives and Special Collections at Dickinson College. 2454: 2444: 1627: 1363:. Also in 1900, Zitkala-Ša was sent by Captain Pratt back to the 1095: 1087: 978: 712: 542:

The War Department ordered Pratt to go to Red Cloud (Oglala) and

476: 393: 327: 6540: 6005: 5701:. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service. 5488: 3982:(Doctor of Education). The University of Montana. Archived from 2437:

from numerous tribes and non-natives to organize a "Pow-wow" on

2333:

values. Some believed Carlisle provided an excellent education.

330:

leaders and then funded by the U.S. government through the 1819

5774:

The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879–1918

5132:

The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879-1918

4111:

http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/studentwork/indian/4_choate.htm

3968:

Making Home Work: Domesticity and Native American Assimilation.

2632:, and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: 2310: 2302: 1946: 1846:" which included Native dances and war whoops by band members. 1767:, Native American performers were major draws and money-makers. 480: 5871:

Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report

3594: 2403: 1791:" which included Native dances and war whoops by band members. 1594:

and his Wild West show performed in Carlisle on June 24, 1898.

1245:

Jim Thorpe in his "Carlisle Indians" football uniform. c. 1909

5590:

Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933

4827: 2149:, this also proves evident. Isaiah Wasaquam, a member of the 549:

Pratt persuaded tribal elders and chiefs that the reason the

4894: 4167: 4165: 3835: 3728: 3716: 3704: 326:, was the first such boarding school, but was initiated by 8430:

Buildings and structures in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania

5866:

Life stories of 50 Carlisle Indian School football players.

5090:

Zitkala-Sa (2003). Davidson, Cathy N.; Norris, Ada (eds.).

4858:

Zitkala-Sa (2003). Davidson, Cathy N.; Norris, Ada (eds.).

4556: 4554: 4264: 3453: 860: 8327:

school but is now directly overseen by the State of Alaska

5166:"Mission | Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center" 5049:

Carlisle Indian School Tribal Enrollment Tally (1879-1918)

2391: 1850:

The Inaugural Parade of President Theodore Roosevelt, 1905

5834:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School Photograph Collection" 4539: 4510: 4162: 3784:"Gridiron Guts: The Story of Football's Carlisle Indians" 3694: 3692: 3615:, p. v. The program worked in the East, but not the West. 3489:"The Red Man (Address by George Edward Reed, May 1913)". 2525:

as Thorpe and featured some archival footage of both the

840: 118: 93: 5751:

Standing Bear, Luther (1975) . Brininstool, E.A. (ed.).

5699:

How to deal with the Indians: the potency of environment

5572:

The Art of Americanization at the Carlisle Indian School

5111: 4551: 3027:

Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1998, cited in

2491:

is a silent film documentary made on April 30, 1901, by

8053: 5950:

US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania

4918: 4802: 4481: 4430: 4428: 4005: 3762:"Jim Thorpe leads Carlisle to upset of Harvard in 1911" 3623: 3621: 3584: 3582: 3292: 3290: 3265: 3263: 3069: 3067: 3065: 2586:

The "Dear America" Series young adult fictional diary,

2415: 1775:

In 1904, the Carlisle Indian Band performed during the

1571:

Progressive Era fight for the image of Native Americans

5411:

Lakota Portraits: Lives of the Legendary Plains People

4218: 4127: 3936: 3823: 3799: 3689: 3645: 3514:

Dickinson College - Archives & Special Collections

3363: 3330: 3302: 3192: 3190: 3096: 3034: 5798:

Carlisle Indian Industrial School Graduates 1889–1895

5776:. Carlisle PA: Cumberland County Historical Society. 5692:. Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society. 5529:

Hoffman, Elizabeth DeLaney, ed. (February 22, 2012).

5191:

Native Recognition: Indigenous Cinema and the Western

4997: 4985: 4939: 4115: 4086: 3993: 3275: 2993: 2686: 1702:

The Carlisle Indian School was a well-spring for the

1698:

was a frequent visitor and lecturer at Carlisle. 1897

380:

Carlisle emerged as the model for 26 off-reservation

287:

Lieutenant Pratt and Southern Plains veterans of the

5134:. Carlisle PA: Cumberland County Historical Society. 5054: 4425: 4413: 3948: 3897: 3811: 3677: 3633: 3618: 3579: 3351: 3287: 3260: 3248: 3108: 3062: 3005: 2964: 2583:

and Professor of American studies Lonna Malmsheimer.

1952: 1131:

characterized as the "team that invented football."

703:, signed a petition in favor of the proposed school 648: 8425:

Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America

5979:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

5287:(M.F.A.). State University of New York at Buffalo. 5093:

American Indian Stories, Legends and Other Writings

4861:

American Indian Stories, Legends and Other Writings

4469: 4440: 3187: 2893:

An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States

2086: 1646:. The "Vanishing Race" theme was dramatized at the 8333:(Trenton, ND) was BIE/OIE-funded from 1987 to 2008 6751:NE Ctr f/t Ed of Children who are Blind or Vis Imp 4401: 4046: 4044: 2579:and Henrietta Mann, as well as frontier historian 2223: 2112:. Photograph from the Richard Henry Pratt Papers, 2051:on the retired list as a brigadier general in the 1742:Native Americans in mainstream culture at the time 882:A summer camp was established in the mountains at 645:daughter for the first class at Carlisle in 1879. 8440:Defunct universities and colleges in Pennsylvania 8337:Template:Department of Defense Education Activity 5757:. illustrated, reprint. Univ. of Nebraska Press. 5506:(University of Nebraska Press, 2016). xiv, 398 pp 5204:The International Journal of the History of Sport 3467:"History of Conway Hall - Dickinson College Wiki" 2856: 2495:(AM&B) made in Carlisle. The cinematographer 2002:", Oglala Wild Westers referred to themselves as 961: 8406: 7016:Carol Martin Gatton Acad of Math & Sci in KY 5502:Fear-Segal, Jaqueline, ed., with Susan D. Rose. 4386:"Carlisle Indian School - 1905 Inaugural Parade" 4323:"Carlisle Indian School - 1905 Inaugural Parade" 1799:, from the late 19th century until the onset of 1763:, from the late 19th century until the onset of 5140:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879-1918)" 4041: 3881:Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers Volume 1 2628:, Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled 2228:Exposure to "white men's diseases", especially 1422: 817:, for his work at the Carlisle Indian School. 5882:"Fort Marion Artists", Smithsonian Institution 5829:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center 5574:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 5428: 5017:"Annual Report U.S. Indian School Carlisle PA" 4769: 4767: 4643:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center 4572: 3746:Sally Jenkins, "Excerpt on Carlisle Indians", 2905: 2903: 2901: 2451:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center 2445:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center 2289:. In 1961, the complex was later designated a 2147:Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center 1783:at the Pennsylvania state pavilion, while the 1746: 1673: 1138:On November 9, 1912, Carlisle was to meet the 7503: 7364:California Academy of Mathematics and Science 6920:(dorms closed in 2005, later closed entirely) 6526: 5934: 5750: 5729: 5266:: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors" 4912: 4900: 4833: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4533: 4504: 3841: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3612: 3600: 3535: 3495:Reprint by Johnson Reprint (New York), 1971). 3493:. Vol. 5, no. 9. 1913. p. 400. 3228: 3073: 3052: 2467:Community Studies Center at Dickinson College 2133:at Carlisle", Carlisle, Pennsylvania, undated 925:The Red Man, The Carlisle Indian Press (1910) 8445:Educational institutions established in 1879 7801:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School 6929:VA Sch f/t Deaf, Blind, & Multi-Disabled 6541:Public boarding schools in the United States 5661: 4298: 4282: 4270: 4254: 4236: 4076: 3914: 3912: 3486:Reprint by Johnson Reprint (New York), 1971. 3484:. Vol. 1, no. 4. 1909. p. 19. 2920: 2918: 2626:: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors 2488:Band and Battalion of the U.S. Indian School 2471:National Archives and Records Administration 2386: 1471:In 1908, De Cora married a Carlisle student 365:, and the property was transferred from the 8450:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania 8392:Operated by the BIE or a predecessor agency 5805:, Waidner-Spahr Library, Dickinson College. 5647:, from New York) later took two degrees at 4764: 4186:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 3666:"Carlisle Indian Industrial School History" 3389:between the newly independent U.S. and the 2898: 2778: 2548:Part of the 2005 mini-series on cable TV's 2455:Archives and Special Collections Department 2404:U.S. Army War College—Jim Thorpe Sports Day 2071:. Pratt's modest granite memorial stone in 1318: 867:Circle, the girls could choose between the 7510: 7496: 7066:SC Gov's Sch for the Arts & Humanities 6533: 6519: 5941: 5927: 5509: 5089: 4857: 4699: 4598: 3764:. National Collegiate Athletic Association 3551: 2820:National Historic Landmark summary listing 2509:, a biographical feature film produced by 2186: 2013:Frank C. Goings, the recruiting agent for 731:(established 1757, afterwards site of the 490:Standing Bear later wrote of this period: 487:girls were provided with uniform dresses. 68: 8480:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania 7535:Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute 5662:Parezo, Nancy J.; Fowler, Don D. (2007). 5305: 4339: 3909: 3878: 3435:"Influence from the Faculty at Dickinson" 3399:United States Declaration of Independence 2915: 2603:Canadian Indian residential school system 2329:. The Carlisle Indian School exemplified 2093:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 1858:First Inaugural Parade of 26th President 1048:, Wanamaker established a Post Office in 690: 37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8368: 5712:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5651:. He became a successful businessman in 5582:. South Dakota State Historical Society. 5483:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5145: 4189: 3759: 2924: 2335: 2127: 2119: 2100: 1974: 1962: 1853: 1770: 1750: 1689: 1677: 1586: 1574: 1024: 767: 755: 694: 668: 624: 583: 568: 298: 282: 270: 8460:Native American history of Pennsylvania 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 7076:TX Acad of Leadership in the Humanities 5825:, Cumberland County Historical Society. 5549: 5528: 5475: 5407: 5282: 5231: 5215: 5077: 4979: 4962: 4924: 4884: 4808: 4751:Carlisle Indian Digital Resource Center 4516: 4133: 4121: 4050: 3853: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3698: 3651: 3519: 3369: 3336: 3320: 3308: 3151: 3102: 3085: 2999: 2954: 2822:. National Park Service. Archived from 2493:American Mutoscope and Biograph Company 2398:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 2392:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 949:Susan Longstreth Literary Society, 1895 937:Young women students at gym class, 1880 737:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 592:(Oglala Lakota), at Carlisle, June 1880 8407: 7000:IN Acad for Sci, Math & Humanities 5771: 5447: 5129: 5117: 5072: 5060: 5029:from the original on February 15, 2021 5003: 4991: 4974: 4957: 4945: 4773: 4662: 4560: 4545: 4458: 4395: 4198:(2). Univ. of Nebraska Press: 203–20. 4104: 4092: 4011: 3999: 3954: 3942: 3903: 3683: 3639: 3627: 3588: 3357: 3296: 3281: 3269: 3254: 3114: 3090: 3040: 3028: 3011: 2982: 2970: 2762:"National Register Information System" 2756: 2754: 2662:. The book was in the longlist of the 1020: 841:Curricula and extracurricular programs 517: 351:Hampton Normal and Agricultural School 220:United States Indian Industrial School 8230: 8203: 8122: 7973: 7678: 7491: 7464: 6514: 5922: 5705: 5696: 5682: 5586: 5577: 5466: 5388: 4845: 4776:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 4710: 4665:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 4528: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4446: 4434: 4419: 4407: 4359: 4241: 4224: 4171: 4031: 4023: 3972: 3918: 3671: 3571: 3414: 3126: 2987: 2909: 2895:. Beacon Press: Boston, 2014, p. 151. 2808: 2037: 2032: 1870:. Six famous Native American Chiefs, 1381:reform, voting rights and education. 1076:The "Carlisle Indians" (sports teams) 8345: 7748:Shoshone Bannock Jr./Sr. High School 7010:Craft Acad for Exc in Sci & Math 6452:Native American archaeological sites 5532:American Indians and Popular Culture 5514:. Lincoln NA: Nebraska Univ. Press. 5471:. Central Missouri State University. 4340:Binkovitz, Leah (January 16, 2013). 3229:Roberta Estes (September 25, 2013). 2767:National Register of Historic Places 2475:Cumberland County Historical Society 2426:Cumberland County Historical Society 2416:Cumberland County Historical Society 2215:to seek full-time employment in the 2008:Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota 1565: 879:or the Invincible Debating Society. 751: 580:) at Carlisle Indian School, c. 1879 56:Pennsylvania state historical marker 8420:1879 establishments in Pennsylvania 6861:WI Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp 6831:TX Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp 6811:SD Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp 6566:AR Sch f/t Blind & Visually Imp 5623:Brigham Young University Law Review 3760:Richmond, Sam (November 11, 2015). 3510:"Charles Francis Himes (1838-1918)" 2857:Snyder, Christina (July 15, 2019). 2751: 2666:2020 for Young People's Literature. 2611:Mohawk Institute Residential School 275:Between 1879 and 1918, over 10,000 13: 7457:(DC, Maryland, Miami, Los Angeles) 6561:AZ State Schs f/t Deaf & Blind 5655:, and a leader in Indian affairs. 5629: 5206:23.2 (2006): 167-189, quote p 176. 5137: 4864:. Penguin Books. pp. 87–103. 4579:Chronicles of Dickinson University 3663: 2838: 2537:played the famed football coach - 1933:'s former unit that fought at the 1064:was the first department store in 458:education with Pratt at Carlisle. 254:. The property is now part of the 14: 8496: 8415:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 8130:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 7531:Haskell Indian Nations University 7308:Havasupai Boarding and Day School 7285:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 7244:Shiprock Associated Schools, Inc. 6887:IA Braille & Sight Saving Sch 5809:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 5791: 4364:. Yale Univ. Press. p. 257. 3921:"Improvement, Not Transformation" 3919:Leupp, Francis E. (May 4, 1905). 2939: 2563:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 1759:in Chicago, Illinois. During the 1344:New England Conservatory of Music 791:The Pennsylvania State University 649:Model U.S. Indian Boarding School 620: 228:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 29:Carlisle Indian Industrial School 8485:Boarding schools in Pennsylvania 8455:Native American boarding schools 7955:Te Tsu Geh (Tesuque) Oweenge Day 7021:LA Sch for Math, Sci, & Arts 6871:WV Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind 6841:UT Schs f/t Deaf & the Blind 6746:ND Vision Services/Sch f/t Blind 6494: 6485: 6484: 6004: 5997: 5469:Oskate Wicasa (One Who Performs) 5354: 5329: 5299: 5276: 5254: 5241: 5196: 5183: 5158: 5146:Anderson, Stephanie (May 2000). 5123: 5083: 5066: 5041: 5009: 4968: 4951: 4930: 4851: 4839: 4814: 4739: 4656: 4630: 4592: 4566: 4522: 4493: 4452: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2599:Native American boarding schools 2366: 2350: 2097:Native American boarding schools 2087:Assimilation efforts at Carlisle 1990:The Carlisle Indian School and " 1808:William F. ("Buffalo Bill") Cody 1714:. Founding members included Dr. 1560:Leupp Art Studio, Carlisle, 1907 1553: 1530: 1521:cover art and illustrations for 1507: 1488: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1292: 1277: 1262: 1250: 1238: 1046:United States Postmaster General 942: 930: 918: 903: 891: 117: 110: 92: 85: 7866:Northern Cheyenne Tribal School 7320:Northern Cheyenne Tribal School 7071:SC Gov's Sch for Sci & Math 7041:MO Acad of Sci, Math & Comp 6990:AR Sch for Math, Sci & Arts 6924:TX Blind, Deaf & Orphan Sch 6806:SC Sch f/t Deaf & the Blind 6736:Gov Morehead Sch (NC) f/t Blind 5852:Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs 5597:NM: Univ. of New Mexico Press. 5510:Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (2007). 4378: 4353: 4333: 4308: 4276: 4247: 4230: 4177: 4153: 4139: 4098: 4061: 4017: 3960: 3872: 3858:. Millbrook Press. p. 22. 3847: 3776: 3753: 3740: 3657: 3606: 3545: 3498: 3473: 3459: 3441: 3425: 3408: 3375: 3342: 3222: 3164: 3145: 3136: 3079: 3017: 2976: 2682:American Indian outing programs 2431:Commissioners of Indian Affairs 2235: 2224:Deaths from infectious diseases 2017:and other "Wild West" shows at 1656:Pan-American Exposition of 1901 968:American Indian outing programs 875:. The boys had a choice of the 617:that this practice was ended. 371:U.S. Department of the Interior 266: 238:, which was transferred to the 46:U.S. National Historic Landmark 7691:Truxton Canyon Training School 7537:are BIE-operated universities. 7521:(BIE) and predecessor agencies 6761:NM Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp 6636:IN Sch f/t Blind & Vis Imp 5730:Standing Bear, Luther (1933). 5587:Moses, Lester George (1999) . 5393:. University of Kansas Press. 5283:Douglas, Ronald James (2010). 4639:"Isaiah Wasaquam Student File" 4599:Ellinghaus, Katherine (2006). 3025:Telling Stories Out of School, 2933: 2885: 2850: 1712:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 1634:, while portraitists included 1432:Commissioner of Indian Affairs 962:Carlisle Summer Outing Program 911:The Carlisle Arrow and Red Man 310:Founded in 1879 by Lieutenant 176: 1: 8339:(U.S. military school system) 8180:Pierre Indian Learning Center 7344:Galena Interior Learning Acad 7202:Pine Hill Schs (Ramah Navajo) 7196:Pierre Indian Learning Center 6621:ID Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind 6616:HI Sch f/t Deaf and the Blind 6447:European archaeological sites 5706:Pratt, Richard Henry (2003). 5697:Pratt, Richard Henry (1983). 5578:Moses, Lester George (1991). 5389:Adams, David Wallace (1997). 5382: 4636: 3973:Shope, Suzanne Alene (2009). 3231:"Chief American Horse, Sioux" 1824:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 1777:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 884:Pine Grove Furnace State Park 606:Civilization Fund Act of 1819 126:Show map of the United States 8006:Cherokee Central High School 7843:Choctaw Tribal School System 7115:Choctaw Tribal School System 6756:Katzenbach (NJ) Sch f/t Deaf 6556:AL Inst f/t Deaf & Blind 5414:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5170:carlisleindian.dickinson.edu 4607:University of Nebraska Press 2658:, born and raised among the 2558:, takes place at the school. 1830:in the United States before 1812:Columbian Exposition of 1893 1648:Trans-Mississippi Exposition 1454:Smith College, Massachusetts 1423:Native American arts program 1308:American Expeditionary Force 1161:Many Carlisle Indians, such 685: 18:United States historic place 7: 8294:Oneida Nation School System 8238:Intermountain Indian School 7848:Choctaw Central High School 7314:Rock Point Community School 6912:Scranton State Sch f/t Deaf 6846:VA Sch f/t Deaf & Blind 6721:MT Sch f/t Deaf & Blind 6601:FL Sch f/t Deaf & Blind 6591:CO Sch f/t Deaf & Blind 6467:National Historic Landmarks 5736:. Univ. of Nebraska Press. 5668:. Univ. of Nebraska Press. 5617:September 16, 2012, at the 5497:Journal of American Studies 3927:. Vol. 1, no. 36. 3554:Journal of American Studies 2925:Hultgren, Mary Lou (1989). 2863:. Oxford University Press. 2670: 2539:Glenn Scobey ("Pop") Warner 2480: 2073:Arlington National Cemetery 1747:World fairs and expositions 1704:Society of American Indians 1674:Society of American Indians 1450:Hampton Institute, Virginia 762:Old West, Dickinson College 711:, was a thriving town as a 609:parenting. John S. Ward, a 74:Carlisle Indian School logo 10: 8501: 8331:Eight Mile School District 8310:St. Stephens Indian School 8024:Circle of Nations Wahpeton 7764:Meskwaki Settlement School 7711:Sherman Indian High School 7519:Bureau of Indian Education 6586:CA Sch f/t Deaf, Riverside 5845:Richard Henry Pratt Papers 5481:Pratt, the Red Man's Moses 5362:"Apple (Skin to the Core)" 4299:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4283:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4271:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4255:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4237:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4077:Parezo & Fowler (2007) 4051:Heppler, Jason A. (2011). 3403:United States Constitution 3387:American Revolutionary War 2790:Historical Marker Database 2291:National Historic Landmark 2180:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2090: 1956: 1925:army cadets and the famed 1598:From 1886 to the onset of 1079: 983:Pennsylvania Dutch Country 965: 833:geography and astronomy." 777:Carlisle was also home to 432:prejudice against Indians. 261: 252:U.S. Department of Defense 8323:in Alaska was formerly a 8321:Mt. Edgecumbe High School 8318: 8302: 8286: 8250: 8223: 8211:Chamberlain Indian School 8142: 8115: 8099: 8073: 8016: 7993: 7890: 7874: 7858: 7835: 7809: 7796:Hannahville Indian School 7788: 7772: 7756: 7740: 7719: 7703: 7587: 7575:Mt. Edgecumbe High School 7565: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7349:Nenana Student Living Ctr 7333: 7300: 7279:Albuquerque Indian School 7271: 7089: 7081:TX Acad of Math & Sci 7036:MS Sch for Math & Sci 7005:KS Acad of Math & Sci 6968: 6942: 6879: 6546: 6480: 6439: 6376: 6013: 5995: 5956: 5876:US Department of Interior 5772:Witmer, Linda F. (1993). 5733:Land of the Spotted Eagle 5535:. Two volumes. ABC-CLIO. 5130:Witmer, Linda F. (2002). 4747:"Mary Welch Student File" 4360:Utely, Robert M. (2012). 4192:American Indian Quarterly 3883:. ABC-CLIO. p. 100. 3879:Rappaport, Helen (2001). 3566:10.1017/S002187589900612X 3491:The Carlisle Indian Press 3482:The Carlisle Indian Press 3200:. Forgotten Books. 2016. 3175:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 3152:Rensink, Brenden (2011). 2786:"PHMC Historical Markers" 2639:Legacy of Hope Foundation 2588:My Heart Is on the Ground 2550:Turner Network Television 2506:Jim Thorpe – All-American 2387:Contemporary institutions 2361:, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 2201:Miller Brothers 101 Ranch 2061:Presidio of San Francisco 2023:Miller Brothers 101 Ranch 1544:, by Baldwin Blue Horse ( 1502:) taught arts at Carlisle 1441:In 1906, Leupp appointed 1082:Carlisle Indians football 877:Standard Literary Society 533:U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment 208: 200: 192: 187: 175:NRHP reference 174: 164: 156: 148: 135: 79: 67: 63: 52: 43: 34: 27: 23: 8475:Native American genocide 8325:Bureau of Indian Affairs 8054:No longer BIE-affiliated 8001:Cherokee Central Schools 7732:Miccosukee Indian School 7635:(former Chinle Boarding) 7595:Dishchii'bikoh Community 7172:(former Chinle Boarding) 7061:OK Sch of Sci & Math 7051:U. of NC Sch of the Arts 7046:NC Sch of Sci & Math 7026:ME Sch of Sci & Math 6985:AL Sch of Math & Sci 6897:Ctrl NC Sch f/t Deaf K-8 6581:CA Sch f/t Deaf, Fremont 5823:"Carlisle Indian School" 5593:. illustrated, reprint. 5499:, 33#2 (1999): 323–341. 5467:Boorn, Alida S. (2005). 5408:Agonito, Joseph (2011). 5366:National Book Foundation 5312:Apple (Skin to the Core) 3391:Kingdom of Great Britain 2816:"Carlisle Indian School" 2745: 2601:in Western New York and 2567:In the White Man's Image 2019:Pine Ridge, South Dakota 1935:Battle of Little Bighorn 1836:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1820:Pine Ridge, South Dakota 1732:American Indian Magazine 1581:Hog Island, Philadelphia 1319:The Carlisle Indian Band 1195:William Jennings Gardner 1015:Hog Island, Philadelphia 873:Susan Longstreth Society 805:, Victor M. Kelley, and 789:, (1834) - now part of 615:Indian Child Welfare Act 382:Bureau of Indian Affairs 165:Architectural style 152:24.5 acres (9.9 ha) 101:Show map of Pennsylvania 8086:Riverside Indian School 8034:Standing Rock Community 6950:Gov Baxter Sch f/t Deaf 6676:LA Sch f/t Visually Imp 6631:IL Sch f/t Visually Imp 5550:Jenkins, Sally (2008). 5477:Eastman, Elaine Goodale 5429:Anderson, Lars (2007). 5249:Multicultural Education 4713:OAH Magazine of History 3235:Native Heritage Project 2891:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. 2647:Apple: Skin to the Core 2572:The American Experience 2187:Back on the reservation 2057:Letterman Army Hospital 1953:Carlisle "Wild Westers" 1342:played violin with the 869:Mercer Literary Society 787:Dickinson School of Law 293:St. Petersburg, Florida 8435:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 7780:Kickapoo Nation School 7616:Hunters Point Boarding 7145:Hunters Point Boarding 6995:IL Math & Sci Acad 5969:Keeper of the Register 5854:. Tuxedo Press. 2008. 4725:10.1093/maghis/15.2.20 3854:Capaldi, Gina (2011). 3158:University of Nebraska 2940:Pratt, Richard Henry. 2341: 2272:United States entered 2134: 2125: 2117: 1987: 1972: 1916:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 1863: 1792: 1768: 1736:Elaine Goodale Eastman 1699: 1687: 1595: 1584: 1523:Elaine Goodale Eastman 1443:Native American artist 1335:on its grand opening. 1053: 774: 765: 709:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 704: 701:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 691:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 674: 639:Pine Ridge Reservation 630: 593: 581: 564: 508:Elaine Goodale Eastman 497: 448:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 440: 425: 324:Scott County, Kentucky 307: 296: 280: 240:Department of Interior 232:Indian boarding school 224:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 142:Carlisle, Pennsylvania 8107:Chemawa Indian School 7686:Phoenix Indian School 7410:Randolph Academy UFSD 7291:Phoenix Indian School 5984:National Park Service 5964:Contributing property 4822:Philadelphia Inquirer 2772:National Park Service 2459:Waidner-Spahr Library 2410:U.S. Army War College 2359:U.S. Army War College 2339: 2283:U.S. Army War College 2131: 2123: 2104: 1978: 1966: 1857: 1774: 1754: 1693: 1681: 1636:Elbridge Ayer Burbank 1590: 1578: 1140:U.S. Military Academy 1028: 966:Further information: 803:Hastings M. Robertson 783:James Andrew McCauley 771: 759: 733:U.S. Army War College 698: 672: 628: 587: 572: 559: 492: 429: 420: 340:cultural assimilation 332:Civilization Fund Act 302: 286: 274: 256:U.S. Army War College 226:, generally known as 8278:Yakama Nation Tribal 8258:Chief Leschi Schools 8150:Cheyenne-Eagle Butte 7934:San Felipe Pueblo ES 7882:Pyramid Lake Schools 7650:Rough Rock Community 7645:Rock Point Community 7632:Many Farms Community 7220:Rough Rock Community 7169:Many Farms Community 7139:Greyhills Academy HS 7109:Cheyenne-Eagle Butte 6691:MN St Acad f/t Blind 5684:Pratt, Richard Henry 5649:Princeton University 5637:Pennsylvania History 5448:Benjey, Tom (2008). 4913:Standing Bear (1975) 4901:Standing Bear (1933) 4834:Standing Bear (1975) 4573:Phillip Earenfight. 4534:Standing Bear (1933) 4505:Standing Bear (1933) 4174:, pp. 131, 140. 3989:on November 4, 2013. 3842:Standing Bear (1975) 3735:Standing Bear (1975) 3723:Standing Bear (1975) 3711:Standing Bear (1975) 3613:Standing Bear (1933) 3601:Standing Bear (1975) 3536:Standing Bear (1975) 3074:Standing Bear (1975) 3053:Standing Bear (1975) 3031:, pp. 75, 323 n. 31. 2664:National Book Awards 2607:Thomas Indian School 2531:1932 Summer Olympics 1980:Luther Standing Bear 1910:) and Little Plume ( 1757:Columbian Exposition 1632:John Nicholas Choate 1548:), Carlisle, c. 1880 1285:Frank Mount Pleasant 1163:Frank Mount Pleasant 1156:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1144:West Point, New York 1052:at Luther's request. 1042:Luther Standing Bear 972:The Carlisle Summer 913:, school publication 666:a menace to others. 633:Oglala Lakota Chief 574:Luther Standing Bear 473:Luther Standing Bear 306:with a young student 209:Designated PHMC 7944:Shiprock Associated 7557:Wrangell Institute 6980:AL Sch of Fine Arts 6851:WA St Sch f/t Blind 6781:OH St Sch f/t Blind 6771:NY St Sch f/t Blind 6696:MN St Acad f/t Deaf 6656:KS St Sch f/t Blind 5901: / 5813:Library of Congress 5754:My People the Sioux 5570:Mauro, H.P., 2011. 5152:Central PA Magazine 2796:on December 7, 2013 2422:Borough of Carlisle 2015:"Buffalo Bill" Cody 1939:Pennsylvania Avenue 1840:Haskell Indian Band 1785:Haskell Indian Band 1479:, later changed to 1365:Yankton Reservation 1338:From 1897 to 1899, 1021:Student internships 660:John Nicolas Choate 518:Student recruitment 312:Richard Henry Pratt 304:Richard Henry Pratt 230:, was the flagship 201:Designated NHL 8268:Muckleshoot Tribal 8195:Tiospa Zina Tribal 8190:St. Francis Indian 7981:Albuquerque Indian 7822:Fond du Lac Ojibwe 7670:Tuba City Boarding 7256:Tuba City Boarding 7031:MS Sch of the Arts 6776:NY St Sch f/t Deaf 5556:. Broadway Books. 5315:. Levine Querido. 4960:, pp. 59, 89. 4824:, August 21, 1888. 4677:10.1353/fro.0.0014 4637:Wasaquam, Isaiah. 4609:. pp. 38–40. 4346:smithsonianmag.com 3966:Jane E. Simonsen. 3748:Sports Illustrated 3397:, a signer of the 3385:, which ended the 2342: 2135: 2126: 2118: 2110:, before and after 2053:United States Army 2038:Pratt's retirement 2033:Closing and legacy 2027:Sells Floto Circus 1988: 1973: 1868:Theodore Roosevelt 1864: 1860:Theodore Roosevelt 1793: 1769: 1700: 1688: 1640:Charles M. Russell 1596: 1585: 1054: 1050:Kyle, South Dakota 1011:Ford Motor Company 807:William J. Gardner 795:Albert A. Exendine 775: 766: 705: 675: 631: 594: 582: 404:at the end of the 373:for this purpose. 308: 297: 291:at Fort Marion in 281: 8402: 8401: 8246: 8245: 8219: 8218: 8155:Crow Creek Tribal 8138: 8137: 8069: 8068: 7989: 7988: 7913:Kha'p'o Community 7817:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig 7699: 7698: 7665:Tohono Oʼodham HS 7636: 7601:Greyhills Acad HS 7583: 7582: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7414: 7400:Taylor Int'l Dorm 7329: 7328: 7238:Sherman Indian HS 7208:Pine Ridge School 7173: 7127:Crow Creek Tribal 7121:Circle of Nations 6964: 6963: 6826:W TN Sch f/t Deaf 6731:E NC Sch f/t Deaf 6606:GA Acad f/t Blind 6508: 6507: 5974:Historic district 5905:40.209°N 77.178°W 5861:978-0-9774486-7-8 5783:978-0-9638923-0-0 5653:Buffalo, New York 5440:978-1-4000-6600-1 5400:978-0-7006-0838-6 5341:ericgansworth-new 5138:Landis, Barbara. 5096:. Penguin Books. 4871:978-0-14-243709-4 4519:, pp. 216–7. 4490:, pp. 101–3. 4466:, pp. 101–3. 4317:"Carlisle Herald" 4285:, p. 135-6, 354, 4244:, pp. 137–8. 4227:, pp. 210–5. 4058:Nebraska-Lincoln. 3890:978-1-57607-101-4 3674:, pp. 275–6. 3664:Landis, Barbara. 3603:, pp. 154–5. 2870:978-0-19-005382-6 2463:Dickinson College 2375:Carlisle Barracks 2287:Carlisle Barracks 2258:Indian Commission 2246:William A. Mercer 1969:Gertrude Käsebier 1876:Chiricahua Apache 1660:Buffalo, New York 1620:Frank A. Rinehart 1616:Gertrude Käsebier 1592:Buffalo Bill Cody 1566:Political context 1374:Dawes Act of 1877 1329:Dennison Wheelock 1116:Army (West Point) 799:Ernest Robitaille 779:Dickinson College 752:Dickinson College 741:Dickinson College 729:Carlisle Barracks 725:Susquehanna River 721:Cumberland County 444:Carlisle Barracks 359:Carlisle Barracks 236:Carlisle Barracks 216: 215: 188:Significant dates 8492: 8393: 8390: 8251:Washington State 8228: 8227: 8201: 8200: 8165:Flandreau Indian 8120: 8119: 8091:Sequoyah Schools 8051: 8050: 7971: 7970: 7960:T'siya (Zia) Day 7918:Mescalero Apache 7727:Ahfachkee School 7676: 7675: 7634: 7622:Kaibeto Boarding 7547: 7546: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7462: 7461: 7412: 7354:Mt. Edgecumbe HS 7269: 7268: 7214:Riverside Indian 7171: 7157:Kaibeto Boarding 7133:Flandreau Indian 7095:Indian Education 6907:OR Sch f/t Blind 6892:MI Sch f/t Blind 6877: 6876: 6816:TN Sch f/t Blind 6791:OK Sch f/t Blind 6711:MS Sch f/t Blind 6701:MO Sch f/t Blind 6661:KY Sch f/t Blind 6576:CA Sch f/t Blind 6549:blind & deaf 6535: 6528: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6498: 6488: 6487: 6008: 6001: 6000: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5865: 5787: 5768: 5747: 5723: 5702: 5693: 5679: 5608: 5583: 5567: 5546: 5525: 5492: 5472: 5463: 5452:. Tuxedo Press. 5444: 5433:. Random House. 5425: 5404: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5337:"Eric Gansworth" 5333: 5327: 5326: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5270:Films for action 5258: 5252: 5251:7.1 (1999): 34+. 5245: 5239: 5229: 5223: 5213: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4671:(2/3): 106–145. 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4251: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4048: 4039: 4021: 4015: 4014:, p. 78-80. 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3945:, pp. 78–9. 3940: 3934: 3928: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3757: 3751: 3750:, April 23, 2007 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3569: 3549: 3543: 3533: 3527: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3412: 3406: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3060: 3050: 3044: 3043:, pp. 12–3. 3038: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2758: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2677:Marianna Burgess 2642: 2577:N. Scott Momaday 2535:Charles Bickford 2513:and directed by 2435:Native Americans 2370: 2354: 2209:Indian Territory 2197:Sioux City, Iowa 2176:Chief Blue Horse 2143:Native Americans 2081:Washington, D.C. 1931:George A. Custer 1904:Hollow Horn Bear 1888:Buckskin Charlie 1844:Aboriginal Suite 1789:Aboriginal Suite 1716:Carlos Montezuma 1684:Carlos Montezuma 1557: 1534: 1511: 1492: 1477:Indian Craftsman 1436:"Carlisle Arrow" 1428:Francis E. Leupp 1414: 1402: 1390: 1378:Harper's Monthly 1360:Harper's Monthly 1354:Atlantic Monthly 1349:Paris Exposition 1304:John J. Pershing 1296: 1281: 1266: 1254: 1242: 1223:Ted St. Germaine 1219:Woodchuck Welmas 1171:Francis M. Cayou 1120:Navy (Annapolis) 946: 934: 922: 907: 895: 865:King's Daughters 745:Carlisle Indians 524:Dakota Territory 438: 402:Indian Territory 355:Upstate New York 196:October 15, 1966 178: 169:Colonial Revival 127: 121: 120: 114: 102: 96: 95: 89: 72: 57: 21: 20: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8314: 8298: 8282: 8273:Quileute Tribal 8242: 8215: 8199: 8134: 8111: 8095: 8065: 8049: 8039:Turtle Mountain 8012: 7985: 7969: 7939:Santa Fe Indian 7886: 7870: 7854: 7831: 7805: 7784: 7768: 7752: 7736: 7715: 7695: 7674: 7579: 7567: 7561: 7538: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7486: 7477: 7460: 7455:SEED Foundation 7413:Randolph Campus 7325: 7296: 7267: 7226:Santa Fe Indian 7094: 7091: 7085: 7056:NM Sch f/t Arts 6972: 6970: 6960: 6956:RI Sch f/t Deaf 6938: 6934:WY Sch f/t Deaf 6918:SD Sch f/t Deaf 6902:NE Sch f/t Deaf 6875: 6866:WI Sch f/t Deaf 6856:WA Sch f/t Deaf 6836:TX Sch f/t Deaf 6821:TN Sch f/t Deaf 6801:OR Sch f/t Deaf 6796:OK Sch f/t Deaf 6786:OH Sch f/t Deaf 6766:NM Sch f/t Deaf 6741:ND Sch f/t Deaf 6726:NC Sch f/t Deaf 6716:MS Sch f/t Deaf 6706:MO Sch f/t Deaf 6686:MI Sch f/t Deaf 6681:MD Sch f/t Deaf 6671:LA Sch f/t Deaf 6666:KY Sch f/t Deaf 6651:KS Sch f/t Deaf 6646:IA Sch f/t Deaf 6641:IN Sch f/t Deaf 6626:IL Sch f/t Deaf 6611:GA Sch f/t Deaf 6596:DE Sch f/t Deaf 6571:AR Sch f/t Deaf 6548: 6542: 6539: 6509: 6504: 6476: 6435: 6372: 6014:Lists by county 6009: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5952: 5947: 5910:40.209; -77.178 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5862: 5850: 5794: 5784: 5765: 5744: 5720: 5676: 5632: 5630:Primary sources 5619:Wayback Machine 5605: 5564: 5543: 5522: 5460: 5441: 5422: 5401: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5307:Gansworth, Eric 5304: 5300: 5281: 5277: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5230: 5226: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5189:Joanna Hearne, 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4788:10.2307/3346212 4772: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4709: 4700: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4358: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4204:10.2307/1184042 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4049: 4042: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3808:, pp. 2–6. 3804: 3800: 3792: 3790:. May 19, 2007. 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3383:Treaty of Paris 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3227: 3223: 3208: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3169: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990:, pp. 6–8. 2986: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2938: 2934: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2826:on May 29, 2009 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2774:. July 9, 2010. 2760: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2673: 2656:Onondaga Nation 2633: 2581:Robert M. Utley 2543:Phyllis Thaxter 2483: 2447: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2371: 2362: 2355: 2331:Progressive Era 2238: 2226: 2211:), he moved to 2189: 2168:Cherokee Nation 2155:Carlisle School 2114:Yale University 2099: 2091:Main articles: 2089: 2040: 2035: 1961: 1955: 1852: 1810:a place at the 1797:Progressive Era 1761:Progressive Era 1749: 1744: 1720:Charles Eastman 1696:Charles Eastman 1676: 1652:Omaha, Nebraska 1573: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1535: 1526: 1519:Lone Star Dietz 1512: 1503: 1493: 1473:Lone Star Dietz 1462:Navajo blankets 1425: 1418: 1415: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1333:Brooklyn Bridge 1321: 1314: 1297: 1288: 1282: 1273: 1270:Albert Exendine 1267: 1258: 1255: 1246: 1243: 1231:Albert Exendine 1227:Bill Winneshiek 1199:Martin Wheelock 1084: 1078: 1030:Wanamaker Store 1023: 970: 964: 950: 947: 938: 935: 926: 923: 914: 908: 899: 896: 843: 754: 693: 688: 651: 623: 611:US Indian Agent 537:Little Big Horn 520: 464:Great Sioux War 439: 436: 413:Amherst College 320:Choctaw Academy 316:U.S. government 277:Native American 269: 264: 212:August 31, 2003 140: 131: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 122: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97: 75: 59: 55: 48: 39: 30: 19: 12: 11: 5: 8498: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8343: 8342: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8207: 8205: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7997: 7995: 7994:North Carolina 7991: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7930:(Ramah Navajo) 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7680: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7618:(St. Michaels) 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7568:state-operated 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7390:Lahainaluna HS 7384: 7383: 7382: 7380:Woodstock Acad 7377: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7275: 7273: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7250:Shonto Prep HS 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7103:Chemawa Indian 7099: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6464: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Northumberland 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5989:Property types 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5867: 5860: 5848: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5817:Flickr Commons 5806: 5800: 5793: 5792:External links 5790: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5769: 5763: 5748: 5742: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5703: 5694: 5680: 5674: 5659: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5609: 5603: 5584: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5353: 5328: 5321: 5298: 5275: 5253: 5240: 5232:Hoffman (2012) 5224: 5216:Hoffman (2012) 5208: 5195: 5182: 5157: 5122: 5110: 5102: 5082: 5080:, p. 198. 5078:Jenkins (2008) 5065: 5053: 5040: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4982:, p. 292. 4980:Jenkins (2008) 4967: 4965:, p. 299. 4963:Jenkins (2008) 4950: 4938: 4929: 4927:, p. 247. 4925:Agonito (2011) 4917: 4905: 4893: 4885:Agonito (2011) 4877: 4870: 4850: 4838: 4836:, p. 189. 4826: 4813: 4811:, p. 206. 4809:Eastman (1935) 4801: 4763: 4738: 4698: 4655: 4629: 4615: 4605:. Lincoln NE: 4591: 4575:"Introduction" 4565: 4550: 4538: 4521: 4517:Jenkins (2008) 4509: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4451: 4439: 4437:, p. 131. 4424: 4422:, p. 219. 4412: 4400: 4377: 4370: 4352: 4332: 4307: 4291: 4275: 4273:, p. 134. 4263: 4246: 4229: 4217: 4176: 4161: 4152: 4138: 4136:, p. 276. 4134:Jenkins (2008) 4126: 4122:Jenkins (2008) 4114: 4107:, p. 115. 4097: 4095:, p. 113. 4085: 4069: 4060: 4040: 4016: 4004: 4002:, p. 120. 3992: 3970:2006: 203–208. 3959: 3947: 3935: 3908: 3896: 3889: 3871: 3864: 3846: 3844:, p. 149. 3834: 3832:, p. 212. 3830:Eastman (1935) 3822: 3818:Jenkins (2008) 3810: 3806:Jenkins (2008) 3798: 3796:, p. 198. 3794:Jenkins (2008) 3775: 3752: 3739: 3737:, p. 184. 3727: 3725:, p. 182. 3715: 3713:, p. 178. 3703: 3701:, p. 241. 3699:Eastman (1935) 3688: 3676: 3656: 3654:, p. 225. 3652:Eastman (1935) 3644: 3632: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3578: 3544: 3528: 3520:Jenkins (2008) 3497: 3472: 3458: 3450:"Dickinsonian" 3440: 3424: 3407: 3374: 3372:, p. 238. 3370:Jenkins (2008) 3362: 3350: 3341: 3339:, p. 219. 3337:Eastman (1935) 3329: 3321:Jenkins (2008) 3313: 3311:, p. 216. 3309:Eastman (1935) 3301: 3286: 3284:, p. 115. 3274: 3259: 3247: 3221: 3206: 3186: 3163: 3144: 3135: 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 232. 3103:Eastman (1935) 3095: 3088:, p. 209. 3086:Eastman (1935) 3078: 3061: 3045: 3033: 3016: 3004: 3000:Eastman (1935) 2992: 2975: 2963: 2955:Jenkins (2008) 2947: 2932: 2914: 2897: 2884: 2869: 2849: 2837: 2807: 2777: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2651:Eric Gansworth 2643: 2595: 2584: 2559: 2546: 2523:Burt Lancaster 2515:Michael Curtiz 2501: 2482: 2479: 2446: 2443: 2417: 2414: 2405: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2250:Moses Friedman 2237: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2217:motion picture 2188: 2185: 2088: 2085: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 1957:Main article: 1954: 1951: 1908:Sicangu Lakota 1896:American Horse 1851: 1848: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1675: 1672: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1494: 1487: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1385: 1370:Yankton Dakota 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1268: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1237: 1080:Main article: 1077: 1074: 1058:John Wanamaker 1038:John Wanamaker 1022: 1019: 974:Outing Program 963: 960: 952: 951: 948: 941: 939: 936: 929: 927: 924: 917: 915: 909: 902: 900: 897: 890: 848:Marianne Moore 842: 839: 815:Moses Friedman 753: 750: 723:, west of the 699:The people of 692: 689: 687: 684: 650: 647: 635:American Horse 622: 621:American Horse 619: 519: 516: 434: 396:in the 1870s, 367:War Department 268: 265: 263: 260: 244:War Department 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 185: 184: 179: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 160:1757 and after 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 139:122 Forbes Ave 137: 133: 132: 116: 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 61: 60: 53: 50: 49: 44: 41: 40: 35: 32: 31: 28: 25: 24: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8497: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:Jones Academy 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Salt River ES 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Many Farms HS 7638: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627:Leupp Schools 7625: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7474: 7473:Hopevale UFSD 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7178:Many Farms HS 7176: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6545: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377:Lists by city 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6007: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5764:9780803257931 5760: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5719:9780806136035 5715: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5675:9780803213944 5671: 5667: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5604:9780826320896 5600: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5563:9780767926249 5559: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5542:9780313379918 5538: 5534: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5521:9780803220249 5517: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5459:9780977448678 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5421:9780762768295 5417: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5322:9781646140138 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5118:Benjey (2008) 5114: 5105: 5103:9780142437094 5099: 5095: 5094: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5073:Witmer (1993) 5069: 5062: 5061:Benjey (2008) 5057: 5050: 5044: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5006:, p. 89. 5005: 5004:Witmer (1993) 5000: 4994:, p. 90. 4993: 4992:Witmer (1993) 4988: 4981: 4977:, p. 89. 4976: 4975:Witmer (1993) 4971: 4964: 4959: 4958:Witmer (1993) 4954: 4948:, p. 16. 4947: 4946:Witmer (1993) 4942: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4903:, p. xx. 4902: 4897: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4618: 4616:9780803257351 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4561:Witmer (1993) 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546:Witmer (1993) 4542: 4536:, p. xx. 4535: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4507:, p. xx. 4506: 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4459:Witmer (1993) 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4398:, p. 26. 4397: 4396:Witmer (1993) 4391: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4371:9780300198362 4367: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4124:, p. 82. 4123: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105:Witmer (1993) 4101: 4094: 4093:Witmer (1993) 4089: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4064: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4013: 4012:Witmer (1993) 4008: 4001: 4000:Witmer (1993) 3996: 3985: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3957:, p. 31. 3956: 3955:Witmer (1993) 3951: 3944: 3943:Witmer (1993) 3939: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3906:, p. 77. 3905: 3904:Witmer (1993) 3900: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3865:9780761352570 3861: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3686:, p. 76. 3685: 3684:Witmer (1993) 3680: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3642:, p. 21. 3641: 3640:Benjey (2008) 3636: 3630:, p. 37. 3629: 3628:Witmer (1993) 3624: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3591:, p. 29. 3590: 3589:Witmer (1993) 3585: 3583: 3574:, p. 30. 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395:Benjamin Rush 3392: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3360:, p. 47. 3359: 3358:Witmer (1993) 3354: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3299:, p. 24. 3298: 3297:Witmer (1993) 3293: 3291: 3283: 3282:Witmer (1993) 3278: 3272:, p. 25. 3271: 3270:Witmer (1993) 3266: 3264: 3257:, p. 15. 3256: 3255:Witmer (1993) 3251: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3207:9781333007492 3203: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3117:, p. 13. 3116: 3115:Witmer (1993) 3111: 3104: 3099: 3093:, p. 23. 3092: 3091:Witmer (1993) 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3041:Witmer (1993) 3037: 3030: 3029:Witmer (1993) 3026: 3020: 3014:, p. 17. 3013: 3012:Witmer (1993) 3008: 3002:, p. 77. 3001: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2983:Witmer (1993) 2979: 2973:, p. 11. 2972: 2971:Witmer (1993) 2967: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2912:, pp. xi-xvi. 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2844:Hunt, Darek. 2841: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2715:United States 2706: 2704: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2555:Into the West 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497:Arthur Marvin 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465:, and by the 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Alaska Native 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2269:Congressional 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252:(1908-1914), 2251: 2248:(1904-1908), 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151:Ottawa Nation 2148: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2106:Tom Torlino, 2103: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077:Potomac River 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:San Francisco 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2044:Indian Bureau 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004:Oskate Wicasa 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1984:Oglala Lakota 1981: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937:, march down 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:Oglala Lakota 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:Quanah Parker 1877: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Angel De Cora 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Pan-Indianism 1705: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:Edward Curtis 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1546:Oglala Lakota 1543: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Angel De Cora 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:Angel De Cora 1491: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448:, trained at 1447: 1446:Angel De Cora 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Jimmy Johnson 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Hawley Pierce 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:in a game at 1141: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1017:, shipyards. 1016: 1012: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 969: 959: 957: 945: 940: 933: 928: 921: 916: 912: 906: 901: 894: 889: 888: 887: 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 818: 816: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 770: 763: 758: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 702: 697: 683: 679: 671: 667: 663: 661: 655: 646: 642: 640: 636: 627: 618: 616: 612: 607: 604:Although the 602: 598: 591: 586: 579: 578:Oglala Lakota 575: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 554: 547: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 525: 515: 511: 509: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 484: 482: 478: 474: 468: 465: 459: 455: 451: 449: 445: 433: 428: 424: 419: 418:Pratt wrote: 416: 414: 409: 407: 406:Red River War 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 383: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 343: 341: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 305: 301: 294: 290: 289:Red River War 285: 278: 273: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 193:Added to NRHP 191: 186: 183: 180: 173: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 113: 88: 78: 71: 66: 62: 58: 51: 47: 42: 38: 33: 26: 22: 16: 8329: 8263:Lummi Nation 8175:Marty Indian 8170:Little Wound 8143:South Dakota 8129: 8116:Pennsylvania 8045:White Shield 8017:North Dakota 7898:Alamo Navajo 7827:Nay Ah Shing 7606:Havauspai ES 7371:Connecticut 7366:(as of 1993) 7301:Dorms closed 7284: 7184:Marty Indian 7163:Lummi Nation 6971:gifted & 6943:Dorms closed 6471:Philadelphia 6394:Philadelphia 6358:Westmoreland 6288:Philadelphia 5886: 5869: 5851: 5773: 5753: 5732: 5708: 5698: 5688: 5664: 5636: 5622: 5589: 5579: 5571: 5552: 5531: 5511: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5468: 5449: 5430: 5410: 5390: 5371:December 12, 5369:. Retrieved 5365: 5356: 5346:December 12, 5344:. Retrieved 5340: 5331: 5311: 5301: 5284: 5278: 5269: 5264:Unseen Tears 5263: 5256: 5248: 5243: 5227: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5193:(2012) p 372 5190: 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5169: 5160: 5151: 5131: 5125: 5113: 5092: 5085: 5068: 5063:, p. 6. 5056: 5043: 5031:. Retrieved 5011: 4999: 4987: 4970: 4953: 4941: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4880: 4860: 4853: 4846:Adams (1997) 4841: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4804: 4782:(3): 46–50. 4779: 4775: 4754:. Retrieved 4750: 4741: 4716: 4712: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4642: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4601: 4594: 4582:. Retrieved 4578: 4568: 4541: 4529:Pratt (2003) 4524: 4512: 4502:, pp. xi-xv. 4500:Pratt (2003) 4495: 4488:Boorn (2005) 4483: 4478:, p. 8. 4476:Boorn (2005) 4471: 4464:Boorn (2005) 4454: 4449:, p. 6. 4447:Boorn (2005) 4442: 4435:Boorn (2005) 4420:Moses (1991) 4415: 4410:, p. 1. 4408:Boorn (2005) 4403: 4389: 4380: 4361: 4355: 4345: 4335: 4326: 4316: 4310: 4294: 4278: 4266: 4249: 4242:Moses (1999) 4239:, p. 6. 4232: 4225:Moses (1991) 4220: 4195: 4191: 4179: 4172:Moses (1999) 4155: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4100: 4088: 4072: 4063: 4052: 4032:Moses (1999) 4024:Moses (1999) 4019: 4007: 3995: 3984:the original 3975: 3967: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3929:See also in 3924: 3899: 3880: 3874: 3855: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3820:, p. 2. 3813: 3801: 3787: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3755: 3747: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3679: 3672:Pratt (2003) 3659: 3647: 3635: 3608: 3596: 3572:Pratt (1979) 3557: 3553: 3547: 3531: 3513: 3500: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3469:. Dickinson. 3461: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3415:Pratt (2003) 3410: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3344: 3332: 3316: 3304: 3277: 3250: 3238:. Retrieved 3234: 3224: 3197: 3172: 3166: 3157: 3147: 3138: 3127:Pratt (2003) 3122: 3110: 3098: 3081: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2988:Pratt (2003) 2985:, p. 3. 2978: 2966: 2950: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2910:Pratt (2003) 2892: 2887: 2859: 2852: 2840: 2828:. Retrieved 2824:the original 2819: 2810: 2800:December 20, 2798:. Retrieved 2794:the original 2789: 2780: 2765: 2703:Pennsylvania 2646: 2638: 2629: 2624:Unseen Tears 2622: 2587: 2570: 2566: 2565:documentary 2553: 2511:Warner Bros. 2504: 2486: 2448: 2439:Memorial Day 2419: 2407: 2395: 2343: 2295: 2266: 2239: 2236:20th century 2230:tuberculosis 2227: 2207:(former old 2194: 2190: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2140: 2136: 2116:. Circa 1882 2105: 2041: 2012: 2003: 2000:Show Indians 1992:Wild Westing 1989: 1959:Wild Westing 1920: 1865: 1843: 1816: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1731: 1701: 1668: 1664: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1538:Buffalo Hunt 1537: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1440: 1435: 1426: 1377: 1358: 1352: 1337: 1322: 1215:Bill Newashe 1211:Artie Miller 1207:Isaac Seneca 1191:Frank Hudson 1183:Bemus Pierce 1160: 1152:Wounded Knee 1148:Lakota/Sioux 1137: 1133: 1092:Pennsylvania 1085: 1070:Pennsylvania 1066:Philadelphia 1055: 1044:. Later, as 1034:Philadelphia 1007: 1003: 999: 971: 953: 910: 881: 857:Angel DeCora 844: 835: 831: 819: 811: 776: 706: 680: 676: 664: 656: 652: 643: 632: 603: 599: 595: 565: 560: 550: 548: 544:Spotted Tail 541: 521: 512: 505: 501: 498: 493: 489: 485: 469: 460: 456: 452: 441: 430: 426: 421: 417: 410: 387: 379: 375: 363:Pennsylvania 353:and some in 348: 344: 336: 309: 267:19th century 227: 219: 217: 204:July 4, 1961 15: 8160:Crazy Horse 8041:(ES-MS, HS) 7923:Navajo Prep 7836:Mississippi 7660:Shonto Prep 7423:Crane Union 7360:California 7232:Sequoyah HS 7190:Navajo Prep 6969:Schools for 6547:Schools for 6500:NRHP portal 6440:Other lists 6399:Center City 6323:Susquehanna 6273:Northampton 5908: / 5595:Albuquerque 5033:February 8, 4915:, p. xviii. 4719:(2): 20–2. 4584:February 2, 3240:February 2, 2645:The memoir 2617:, Southern 2592:Ann Rinaldi 2517:, honoring 2379:World War I 2321:, Iroquois 2279:World War I 2274:World War I 2254:Oscar Lipps 2242:reservation 2075:across the 2048:reservation 1927:7th Cavalry 1832:World War I 1801:World War I 1795:During the 1765:World War I 1650:of 1898 at 1644:John Hauser 1600:World War I 1481:The Red Man 1312:World War I 1062:Wanamaker's 956:Indian club 717:county seat 390:Fort Marion 361:in central 248:World War I 8409:Categories 8185:Pine Ridge 8061:Eight Mile 7965:Wingate HS 7891:New Mexico 7704:California 7611:Hopi J/SHS 7471:New York: 7433:Huntington 7262:Wingate HS 7151:Jones Acad 6384:Pittsburgh 6348:Washington 6303:Schuylkill 6263:Montgomery 6208:Lackawanna 6188:Huntingdon 6138:Cumberland 6118:Clearfield 5896:77°10′41″W 5893:40°12′32″N 5878:, May 2022 5743:0803258909 5383:References 4390:Tom Benjey 4327:Tom Benjey 3768:August 29, 3560:(2): 330. 2879:1090279399 2660:Tuscaroras 2519:Jim Thorpe 2213:California 2069:California 1996:Pine Ridge 1945:", of the 1923:West Point 1914:), met in 1728:Zitkala-Ša 1654:, and the 1542:ledger art 1340:Zitkala-Ša 1327:musician, 1179:Pete Calac 1128:Jim Thorpe 1124:Pop Warner 827:Roman Nose 8335:See also 8287:Wisconsin 7928:Pine Hill 7908:Jemez Day 7903:Isleta ES 7810:Minnesota 7597:(Cibecue) 7406:New York 7396:Michigan 7093:Bureau of 6424:Southwest 6414:Northwest 6409:Northeast 6389:Lancaster 6213:Lancaster 6198:Jefferson 6031:Armstrong 6026:Allegheny 5811:from the 5686:(1979) . 5645:Tuscarora 5293:757916758 5175:April 19, 5075:, p. xvi. 4756:April 18, 4693:162325934 4648:April 19, 4622:April 17, 4548:, p. xiv. 3925:The Arrow 3507:See also 3216:978555933 3076:, p. xii. 3057:pp. 136-8 2615:Brantford 2500:AM&B. 2262:U.S. Army 1971:, c. 1900 1912:Blackfeet 1781:St. Louis 1608:"Red Man" 1300:Gus Welch 1175:Joe Guyon 1167:Gus Welch 1108:Princeton 1100:Dartmouth 991:Lancaster 823:Red Cloud 707:In 1880, 686:Community 590:Red Cloud 242:from the 8074:Oklahoma 8029:Mandaree 7950:Taos Day 7789:Michigan 7438:Mitchell 6973:talented 6490:Category 6318:Sullivan 6313:Somerset 6238:Lycoming 6218:Lawrence 6173:Franklin 6148:Delaware 6133:Crawford 6128:Columbia 6056:Bradford 5615:Archived 5489:35021899 5479:(1935). 5309:(2020). 5289:ProQuest 5120:, p. ii. 5024:Archived 4733:25163421 4685:40071937 4563:, cover. 4531:, p. xv. 4461:, p. xv. 4362:Geronimo 3931:epix.net 3524:pp. 80-1 3131:pp.222-4 2727:Politics 2671:See also 2605:such as 2481:In media 2315:Cheyenne 2307:Cherokee 2260:and the 2205:Oklahoma 2046:and the 2025:and the 1943:Geronimo 1884:Comanche 1872:Geronimo 1500:Ho-Chunk 1466:textiles 1122:. Coach 871:and the 853:Ho-Chunk 735:, , and 553:Washichu 531:and the 435:— 182:66000658 136:Location 8303:Wyoming 7946:(NW HS) 7859:Montana 7720:Florida 7588:Arizona 7443:Paisley 7419:Oregon 7386:Hawaii 7375:Gilbert 7340:Alaska 7090:Tribal/ 6461:covered 6457:Bridges 6363:Wyoming 6338:Venango 6268:Montour 6253:Mifflin 6233:Luzerne 6223:Lebanon 6203:Juniata 6193:Indiana 6163:Fayette 6143:Dauphin 6123:Clinton 6113:Clarion 6091:Chester 6076:Cameron 6071:Cambria 6041:Bedford 5621:, 2008 5272:. 2009. 4796:3346212 4392:. 2009. 4329:. 2009. 4212:1184042 2830:July 2, 2739:Schools 2689:Portals 2619:Ontario 2457:of the 2293:(NHL). 2059:in the 1929:, Gen. 1628:Jo Mora 1583:", 1918 1458:jewelry 1372:by the 1306:in the 1150:at the 1096:Cornell 1088:Harvard 995:Lebanon 987:Dauphin 855:artist 773:School. 713:borough 535:at the 477:Sicangu 394:Florida 369:to the 328:Choctaw 262:History 8231:Closed 8204:Closed 8123:Closed 8100:Oregon 7974:Closed 7875:Nevada 7773:Kansas 7679:Closed 7550:Closed 7543:Alaska 7465:Merged 7428:Harper 7272:Closed 6880:Closed 6343:Warren 6308:Snyder 6298:Potter 6258:Monroe 6248:Mercer 6243:McKean 6228:Lehigh 6183:Greene 6178:Fulton 6168:Forest 6086:Centre 6081:Carbon 6066:Butler 6036:Beaver 5957:Topics 5858: 5780: 5761: 5740: 5716: 5672: 5657:online 5641:Seneca 5601: 5560: 5539: 5518: 5487: 5456: 5437: 5418: 5397: 5319: 5291: 5220:p. 134 5100: 4889:p. 241 4868: 4794: 4731: 4691: 4683: 4613: 4368: 4303:p. 156 4210: 4028:p. 133 3887: 3862: 3540:p. 155 3422:life." 3419:p. 316 3325:p. 216 3214: 3204: 3179: 3023:Bell, 2877: 2867: 2609:, and 2473:, the 2424:. The 2327:Oneida 2325:, and 2323:Seneca 2311:Apache 2303:Ojibwe 2299:Lakota 2108:Navajo 1947:Apache 1718:, Dr. 1525:, 1911 1325:Oneida 1229:, and 1114:, and 993:, and 979:Quaker 764:, 1810 588:Chief 529:Custer 481:Oglala 471:them. 314:under 144:, U.S. 7741:Idaho 7448:Spray 7334:Other 6419:South 6404:North 6353:Wayne 6333:Union 6328:Tioga 6283:Perry 6106:South 6101:North 6061:Bucks 6051:Blair 6046:Berks 6021:Adams 5236:p.120 5027:(PDF) 5020:(PDF) 4792:JSTOR 4729:JSTOR 4689:S2CID 4681:JSTOR 4259:p.131 4208:JSTOR 4036:p. 69 3987:(PDF) 3980:(PDF) 3181:55389 2959:p. 57 2746:Notes 2079:from 2063:, at 1828:fairs 1112:Brown 437:Pratt 423:mind. 398:Pratt 157:Built 8224:Utah 7757:Iowa 7533:and 7322:(MT) 7316:(AZ) 7310:(AZ) 7293:(AZ) 7287:(PA) 7281:(NM) 7264:(NM) 7258:(AZ) 7252:(AZ) 7246:(NM) 7240:(CA) 7234:(OK) 7228:(NM) 7222:(AZ) 7216:(OK) 7210:(SD) 7204:(NM) 7198:(SD) 7192:(NM) 7186:(SD) 7180:(AZ) 7174:(AZ) 7165:(WA) 7159:(AZ) 7153:(OK) 7147:(AZ) 7141:(AZ) 7135:(SD) 7129:(SD) 7123:(ND) 7117:(MS) 7111:(SD) 7105:(OR) 7012:(KY) 6952:(ME) 6914:(PA) 6429:West 6368:York 6293:Pike 6158:Erie 6096:East 5856:ISBN 5778:ISBN 5759:ISBN 5738:ISBN 5714:ISBN 5670:ISBN 5599:ISBN 5558:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5485:LCCN 5454:ISBN 5435:ISBN 5416:ISBN 5395:ISBN 5373:2020 5348:2020 5317:ISBN 5177:2017 5098:ISBN 5035:2021 4866:ISBN 4758:2017 4650:2017 4624:2017 4611:ISBN 4586:2021 4366:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3860:ISBN 3770:2018 3454:YMCA 3242:2021 3212:OCLC 3202:ISBN 3177:OCLC 2875:OCLC 2865:ISBN 2832:2008 2802:2013 2654:the 2561:The 2529:and 2527:1912 2449:The 2396:The 2095:and 1694:Dr. 1682:Dr. 1642:and 1630:and 1517:and 1452:and 1357:and 1118:and 1104:Yale 954:The 863:and 861:YMCA 715:and 218:The 149:Area 7566:Now 6153:Elk 5815:at 5625:377 4784:doi 4721:doi 4673:doi 4287:459 4200:doi 4081:p.6 3788:npr 3562:doi 3505:14. 2649:by 2613:in 2590:by 2461:at 2264:. 2203:in 1902:), 1894:), 1892:Ute 1886:), 1878:), 1779:in 1658:in 1310:in 985:of 719:of 446:in 388:At 334:. 322:in 222:in 177:No. 8411:: 8347:^ 5874:, 5364:. 5339:. 5268:. 5234:, 5218:, 5168:. 5150:. 5022:. 4887:, 4790:. 4778:. 4766:^ 4749:. 4727:. 4717:15 4715:. 4701:^ 4687:. 4679:. 4669:29 4667:. 4641:. 4577:. 4553:^ 4427:^ 4388:. 4344:. 4325:. 4301:, 4257:, 4206:. 4196:11 4194:. 4188:. 4164:^ 4079:, 4043:^ 4034:, 4026:, 3923:. 3911:^ 3786:. 3691:^ 3620:^ 3581:^ 3558:33 3556:. 3538:, 3522:, 3512:. 3417:, 3323:, 3289:^ 3262:^ 3233:. 3210:. 3189:^ 3156:. 3129:, 3064:^ 3055:, 2957:, 2917:^ 2900:^ 2873:. 2818:. 2788:. 2770:. 2764:. 2753:^ 2637:. 2552:, 2317:, 2313:, 2309:, 2305:, 2301:, 2067:, 2029:. 1726:, 1722:, 1638:, 1626:, 1622:, 1618:, 1540:, 1430:, 1225:, 1221:, 1217:, 1213:, 1209:, 1205:, 1201:, 1197:, 1193:, 1189:, 1185:, 1181:, 1177:, 1173:, 1169:, 1165:, 1110:, 1106:, 1102:, 1098:, 1094:, 1090:, 1068:, 1060:. 1036:. 1032:, 989:, 825:, 809:. 801:, 797:, 539:. 450:. 392:, 258:. 7511:e 7504:t 7497:v 6534:e 6527:t 6520:v 6473:) 6469:( 6463:) 6459:( 5942:e 5935:t 5928:v 5864:. 5819:. 5786:. 5767:. 5746:. 5722:. 5678:. 5643:- 5607:. 5566:. 5545:. 5524:. 5491:. 5462:. 5443:. 5424:. 5403:. 5375:. 5350:. 5325:. 5295:. 5262:" 5238:. 5222:. 5179:. 5154:. 5142:. 5106:. 5051:. 5037:. 4891:. 4874:. 4848:. 4798:. 4786:: 4780:6 4760:. 4735:. 4723:: 4695:. 4675:: 4652:. 4626:. 4588:. 4374:. 4348:. 4305:. 4261:. 4214:. 4202:: 4149:. 4083:. 4055:. 4038:. 3933:. 3893:. 3868:. 3772:. 3668:. 3568:. 3564:: 3542:. 3526:. 3516:. 3437:. 3405:. 3327:. 3244:. 3218:. 3183:. 3160:. 3133:. 3059:. 2961:. 2881:. 2834:. 2804:. 2691:: 2641:. 2381:. 1982:( 1906:( 1898:( 1890:( 1882:( 1874:( 1498:( 576:( 555:" 551:" 479:- 475:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Carlisle Indian Industrial School

Index