398:, which became the deepest explored system in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.
53:
38:
664:, are necessary to reduce the impact of abrasions, falls, and falling objects. Synthetic fibers and woolens, which dry quickly, shed water, and are warm when wet, are vastly preferred to cotton materials, which retain water and increase the risk of hypothermia. It is also helpful to have several layers of clothing, which can be shed (and stored in the pack) or added as needed. In watery cave passages,
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normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key.
627:("a type of bacterial infection spread by animals" including rats) is a distinct threat, owing to the presence of rat urine in rainwater or precipitation that enters the caves water system. Complications are uncommon, but can be serious. Safety risks while caving can be minimized by using a number of techniques:
675:
Cave passages look different from different directions. In long or complex caves, even experienced cavers can become lost. To reduce the risk of becoming lost, it is necessary to memorize the appearance of key navigational points in the cave as they are passed by the exploring party. Each member of a
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During very long trips, it may be necessary to camp in the cave – some cavers have stayed underground for many days, or in particularly extreme cases, for weeks at a time. This is particularly the case when exploring or mapping extensive cave systems, where it would be impractical to retrace the
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can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight as a breath. Research suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels can lead to "a higher equilibrium concentration of calcium within the drip waters feeding the speleothems, and hence causes dissolution of existing features."
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are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and
183:
Caving has also been described as an "individualist's team sport" by some, as cavers can often make a trip without direct physical assistance from others but will generally go in a group for companionship or to provide emergency help if needed. Some however consider the assistance cavers give each
1222:
Leptospirosis is a type of bacterial infection spread by animals. It's caused by a strain of bacteria called leptospira. In 90% of cases, leptospirosis only causes mild flu-like symptoms, such as a headache, chills and muscle pain. However, in some cases the infection is more severe and can cause
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are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialized courses, as
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Pollution is also of concern. Since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution may ultimately end up in someone's drinking water, and can even seriously affect the surface environment, as well. Even minor pollution such as dropping
164:. Tour companies have established an industry leading and guiding tours into and through caves. Depending on the type of cave and the type of tour, the experience could be adventure-based or ecological-based. There are tours led through lava tubes by a guiding service (e.g.
724:. Cave-dwelling species are accustomed to a near-constant climate of temperature and humidity, and any disturbance can be disruptive to the species' life cycles. Though cave wildlife may not always be immediately visible, it is typically nonetheless present in most caves.
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cave party shares responsibility for being able to remember the route out of the cave. In some caves it may be acceptable to mark a small number of key junctions with small stacks or "cairns" of rocks, or to leave a non-permanent mark such as high-visibility
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is a distinct, and more hazardous, sub-speciality undertaken by a small minority of technically proficient cavers. In an area of overlap between recreational pursuit and scientific study, the most devoted and serious-minded cavers become accomplished at the
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and T-shirts displayed by some cavers: "Cavers rescue spelunkers". Nevertheless, outside the caving community, "spelunking" and "spelunkers" predominately remain neutral terms referring to the practice and practitioners, without any respect to skill level.
511:-pads) are popular for protecting joints during crawls. Depending on the nature of the cave, gloves are sometimes worn to protect the hands against abrasion or cold. In pristine areas and for restoration, clean oversuits and powder-free, non-latex
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lights are most common. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light – one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails.
743:(WNS), the US Fish & Wildlife Service has called for a moratorium effective March 26, 2009, on caving activity in states known to have hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA, and WV) affected by WNS, as well as adjoining states.
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Some cave passages may be marked with flagging tape or other indicators to show biologically, aesthetically, or archaeologically sensitive areas. Marked paths may show ways around notably fragile areas such as a pristine floor of
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and much effort is put into trying to locate, enter and survey them. In well-explored regions (such as most developed nations), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires
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In 2008, researchers found evidence that respiration from cave visitors may generate elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in caves, leading to increased temperatures of up to 3 °C and a dissolution of existing features.
487:) material. Lighter clothing may be worn in warm caves, particularly if the cave is dry, and in tropical caves thin polypropylene clothing is used, to provide some abrasion protection while remaining as cool as possible.
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worn underground varies according to the environment of the cave being explored, and the local culture. In cold caves, the caver may wear a warm base layer that retains its insulating properties when wet, such as a
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uses ladders or single rope technique (SRT) to avoid the need for climbing passages that are too difficult. SRT is a complex skill and requires proper training and well-maintained equipment. Some drops that are
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Using teams of several cavers, preferably at least four. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way
339:, in France, as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110-metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Martel visited
467:
systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers, particularly on remote expeditions where electric charging facilities are not available.
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and the formal publication of their efforts. These are usually published freely and publicly, especially in the UK and other
European countries, although in the US they are generally more private.
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Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organize a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in
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which may be thousands of years old, dating from the last time water flowed through the cave. Such deposits may easily be spoiled forever by a single misplaced step. Active formations such as
148:. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers, while others are engaged in cave photography. Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on
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are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which
657:(hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person, but two lights is common practice among European cavers.
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can be similarly marred with a muddy footprint or handprint, and ancient human artifacts, such as fiber products, may even crumble to dust under all but the most gentle touch.
720:
Cave-dwelling species are also very fragile, and often, a particular species found in a cave may live within that cave alone, and be found nowhere else in the world, such as
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Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and
1933:
421:, that he had developed by adapting the Jumar to vertical caving. Pursuing these developments, Petzl started in the 1970s a caving equipment manufacturing company named
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are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric
884:
283:…Note that (in this case) the term 'spelunker' denotes someone untrained and unknowledgeable in current exploration techniques, and 'caver' is for those who are.
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Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. The oldest of these is the
1326:
1269:
Baker, A.; Genty, D. (June 1998). "Environmental pressures on conserving cave speleothems: effects of changing surface land use and increased cave tourism".
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are used to protect the cave itself from contaminants. Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches (single rope technique or SRT) or for protection.
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113:," cavers do not commonly use this terminology and typically dislike the term being used in reference to caving, as it implies a disregard for safety.
93:
The challenges involved in caving vary according to the cave being visited; in addition to the total absence of light beyond the entrance, negotiating
406:
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life-threatening problems, including organ failure and internal bleeding. In its most severe form, leptospirosis is also known as Weil's disease.
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An international speleological congress was proposed at a meeting in
Valence-sur-Rhone, France in 1949 and first held in 1953 in Paris. The
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1001:
784:(originally Société de spéléologie) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology,
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and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems extended the practice and safety of vertical exploration to a wider range of cavers.
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413:(SRT) in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the
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made important explorations in the area and in the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the
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417:. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Fernand Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the
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route back to the surface regularly. Such long trips necessitate the cavers carrying provisions, sleeping, and cooking equipment.
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In 1988, concerned that cave resources were becoming increasingly damaged through unregulated use, Congress enacted the
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650:, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions).
766:, giving land management agencies in the United States expanded authority to manage cave conservation on public land.
405:(NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver
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225:, an American caver of the 1940s, wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout
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256:. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US.
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2557:
1357:
Iraola, Roberto (October 2005). "Statutory overview: The
Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of 1988".
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Caving, in certain areas, has also been utilized as a form of eco and adventure tourism, for example
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26:"Potholing" redirects here. The term may also refer to digging small deep holes to look for buried
332:
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1949:
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963:... people start... as sporting cavers and develop... other interests such as... cave diving...
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cave showing common caving wear: coveralls, helmet-mounted lights, heavy boots and gloves.
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788:. The first University-based speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in
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In addition to the equipment already described, cavers frequently carry packs containing
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may be worn if the cave is particularly wet or involves stream passages. On the feet
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977:"Extreme Caving - Gorgeous settings present dangers and challenges in Omnimax film"
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are also commonly carried. On longer trips, containers for securely transporting
479:("furry") suit or polypropylene underwear, and an oversuit of hard-wearing (e.g.,
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1995:
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in the US was founded in 1941 (originally formed as the
Speleological Society of
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vulnerable. Due to an affliction affecting bats in the northeastern US known as
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them. In the UK, drowning accounts for almost half of all caving fatalities (see
616:, a fungal infection that is contracted from bird or bat droppings. It can cause
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were prominent figures of that time, surveying mostly caves in
Southwest France.
363:) transformed cave exploration into both a scientific and recreational activity.
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796:, a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica.
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are worn – hiking-style boots in drier caves, or rubber boots (such as
244:("cave, cavern, den"). This is regarded as the first use of the word in the
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2012:
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among experienced enthusiasts. In 1985, Steve
Knutson – editor of the
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kits, emergency equipment, and food. Containers for securely transporting
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or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to
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A caver begins rope descent of a vertical shaft using an abseil rack.
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551:. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal
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335:(1859–1938), who first achieved the descent and exploration of the
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are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Bats which
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and can disseminate in the body to cause continued infections.
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down may be as deep as several hundred meters (for example
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in 1847–8, returning there in the 1870s. In the mid-1880s,
90:
is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment.
79:
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Caving in warmer climates carries the risk of contracting
582:
443:
37:
1790:
727:
459:
1174:
Stenn, Frederick (1960). "Cave
Disease or Speleonosis".
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thermal underwear or wetsuits may be required to avoid
401:
In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the
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and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France (
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1262:
885:"Many find caving's challenges, thrills illuminating"
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Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the
2773:
Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
1259:
409:, known as "Vertical Bill", further developed the
116:Many caving skills overlap with those involved in
74:(United Kingdom and Ireland), is the recreational
331:Caving as a specialized pursuit was pioneered by
252:was the general term used for exploring caves in
2905:
109:Although caving is sometimes categorized as an "
97:, squeezes, and water hazards can be difficult.
704:Many cave environments are very fragile. Many
390:, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the
974:
717:can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.
347:in October 1912. In the 1920s famous US caver
324:. One of the oldest established caving clubs,
320:and in the 1890s, Balch was introduced to the
16:Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
1934:
1412:
596:Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia,
19:"Caver" redirects here. For other uses, see
2748:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
660:Sturdy clothing and footwear, as well as a
238:
2721:History of hard rock miners' organizations
1941:
1927:
1419:
1405:
1268:
916:
845: – Science of cave and karst systems
432:
2706:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
2553:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1327:"U.S Fish and Wildlife Service Advisory"
1296:Northeast Region Web Development Group.
1002:"Plunge into Roanoke's real underground"
912:
910:
581:
442:
279: – made the following distinction:
210:
184:other as a typical team sport activity.
51:
36:
1108:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1054:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
879:
877:
875:
867:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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229:. This group referred to themselves as
2906:
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304:explored potholes in England, notably
1922:
1400:
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907:
764:Federal Cave Resources Protection Act
200:, a word originating in the north of
1188:10.1001/archinte.1960.00270140003001
994:
872:
856:
699:
503:socks ("wetsocks") in wetter caves.
1271:Journal of Environmental Management
13:
2646:Journey to the Center of the Earth
2548:Naples underground geothermal zone
1248:. 2016. p. 11. Archived from
1220:from the original on Oct 3, 2017.
1030:
14:
2925:
2763:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
2758:International Union of Speleology
1438:Glossary of caving and speleology
816:International Union of Speleology
801:British Speleological Association
539:. Ropes are usually rigged using
287:This sentiment is exemplified by
56:Stephens Gap, a vertical cave in
1359:Fordham Environmental Law Review
1079:Yorkshire Rambler's Club Website
803:was established in 1935 and the
519:commonly used in caving are the
2753:Institution of Mining Engineers
2518:Underground Great Wall of China
1948:
1827:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
1426:
1369:
1350:
1319:
1289:
1228:
1202:
1167:
1142:
1113:
1097:
1081:. YRC Committee. Archived from
975:Chiacchia, Ken (6 April 2001).
782:French Federation of Speleology
300:In the mid-nineteenth century,
196:refers to the act of exploring
82:systems (as distinguished from
70:(United States and Canada) and
2768:Society of Economic Geologists
2736:National Speleological Society
2686:Wonderland (fictional country)
1246:National Speleological Society
1067:
1045:
1024:
1008:. 7 March 2008. Archived from
968:
936:
805:National Speleological Society
403:National Speleological Society
273:National Speleological Society
104:surveying and mapping of caves
1:
2193:Subterranean rivers of London
1238:A Guide to Responsible Caving
1176:Archives of Internal Medicine
923:Stuff.co.nz - Fairfax NZ News
891:. 8 June 2008. Archived from
849:
604:, falling rocks and physical
570:out of the cave are carried.
382:, an alpine team composed of
131:
41:Caving in a muddy section of
2726:National Mine Map Repository
2168:Jewel Cave National Monument
1880:List of UK caving fatalities
1332:. 2009-03-26. Archived from
1104:Caving equipment and culture
637:List of UK caving fatalities
623:In many parts of the world,
187:
7:
2731:National Mining Association
2558:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
1038:Online Etymology Dictionary
821:
818:(UIS) was founded in 1965.
10:
2930:
2671:Tunnels in popular culture
2513:Underground City, Montreal
2508:Underground City (Beijing)
2453:816 Nuclear Military Plant
2183:Mammoth Cave National Park
952:British Caving Association
773:
589:
436:
425:. The development of the
345:Mammoth Cave National Park
295:
233:, a term derived from the
25:
18:
2781:
2698:
2623:
2602:
2595:
2478:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
2445:
2222:
2215:
2145:
1963:
1956:
1903:
1872:
1840:
1799:
1684:
1529:
1444:
1435:
1235:"What to Bring: Lights".
577:
322:caves of the Mendip Hills
277:American Caving Accidents
168:, the oceanic islands of
2844:Underground construction
2716:Cave Research Foundation
1856:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
809:the District of Columbia
326:Yorkshire Ramblers' Club
259:In the 1960s, the terms
248:. Throughout the 1950s,
2330:Missile launch facility
2203:Wind Cave National Park
1849:Diving into the Unknown
1121:"Minimum-Impact Caving"
981:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
919:"Caving in New Zealand"
483:) or waterproof (e.g.,
328:, was founded in 1892.
267:began to be considered
215:Caving in the north of
2483:Chicago Tunnel Company
2122:Subterranean waterfall
1895:Tham Luang cave rescue
1890:Riesending cave rescue
1283:10.1006/jema.1998.0208
1150:"How Spelunking Works"
587:
452:
433:Practice and equipment
285:
239:
219:
60:
49:
21:Caver (disambiguation)
2498:Kőbánya cellar system
2488:Houston tunnel system
2468:Almadén Mercury Mines
2463:The Caves of Ægissíða
1863:The Underground Eiger
948:british-caving.org.uk
863:Caving in New Zealand
838:List of deepest caves
833:List of longest caves
680:tied to a projection.
655:helmet-mounted lights
585:
507:-pads (and sometimes
446:
411:single-rope technique
333:Édouard-Alfred Martel
281:
214:
55:
40:
2893:Subterranean warfare
2666:Subterranea (comics)
2651:Moria (Middle-earth)
2631:Allegory of the cave
2615:Subterranean fiction
869:, Accessed 2012-11.)
776:Caving organizations
770:Caving organizations
2849:Tunnel construction
2573:Subterranean Toledo
2568:Subterranean London
2458:Caves of Maastricht
1885:Alpazat cave rescue
1530:Types and formation
1085:on 31 December 2013
741:white nose syndrome
722:Alabama cave shrimp
2871:Mining engineering
2856:Underground living
2681:Underland (Narnia)
2596:Fictional features
2375:Underground hangar
2117:Subterranean river
2112:Subterranean fauna
1812:Cave-dwelling Jews
1559:Estavelle/Inversac
1381:www.uis-speleo.org
1377:"What is the UIS?"
1057:A Latin Dictionary
588:
453:
337:Gouffre de Padirac
275:(NSS) publication
220:
204:for predominantly
78:of exploring wild
61:
50:
2901:
2900:
2789:Cave conservation
2694:
2693:
2591:
2590:
2437:Ventilation shaft
2216:Man-made features
2211:
2210:
1916:
1915:
1694:(Cave formations)
1457:Cave conservation
1031:Harper, Douglas.
895:on March 26, 2013
811:on May 6, 1939).
700:Cave conservation
394:cave system near
318:Wookey Hole Caves
126:urban exploration
32:vacuum excavation
2921:
2866:Mine exploration
2641:Greek Underworld
2600:
2599:
2578:Turda Salt Mines
2563:Shanghai tunnels
2427:Smuggling tunnel
2370:Underground base
2365:Underground city
2280:Dugout (shelter)
2230:Air raid shelter
2220:
2219:
2178:Lechuguilla Cave
2158:Castellana Caves
2127:Underground lake
1961:
1960:
1957:Natural features
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1539:Anchihaline cave
1521:Caves by country
1421:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1127:. Archived from
1117:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
966:
965:
960:
958:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
905:
904:
902:
900:
881:
870:
860:
715:organic material
533:alpine butterfly
439:Caving equipment
384:Pierre Chevalier
373:Norbert Casteret
316:began exploring
314:Herbert E. Balch
242:
157:or cave diving.
138:outdoor activity
86:). In contrast,
66:, also known as
43:Black Chasm Cave
28:public utilities
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2777:
2690:
2619:
2587:
2493:Kosvinsky Kamen
2441:
2300:Fallout shelter
2270:Crypt Mausoleum
2207:
2198:Veryovkina Cave
2188:Reed Flute Cave
2141:
2048:Solutional cave
1996:Communal burrow
1952:
1947:
1917:
1912:
1899:
1868:
1841:Popular culture
1836:
1795:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1626:Solutional cave
1531:
1525:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1298:"Page Redirect"
1294:
1290:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1210:"Leptospirosis"
1208:
1207:
1203:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1062:Perseus Project
1050:
1046:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
973:
969:
956:
954:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
917:Pearson, Anna.
915:
908:
898:
896:
883:
882:
873:
861:
857:
852:
824:
778:
772:
702:
684:Vertical caving
594:
580:
521:figure-of-eight
513:surgical gloves
441:
435:
407:Bill Cuddington
392:Dent de Crolles
298:
289:bumper stickers
190:
166:Lava River Cave
134:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2839:Trench warfare
2836:
2834:Tunnel network
2831:
2829:Tunnel warfare
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2782:Related topics
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Mount Yamantau
2535:
2530:
2528:Mines of Paris
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2395:Secret passage
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Hang Sơn Đoòng
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Lava tree mold
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Cave monastery
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Speleoseismite
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Breathing cave
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1349:
1318:
1288:
1277:(2): 165–175.
1258:
1255:on 2016-04-18.
1227:
1201:
1182:(2): 181–183.
1166:
1141:
1112:
1096:
1066:
1044:
1023:
993:
967:
944:"About Caving"
935:
906:
871:
854:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
835:
830:
823:
820:
792:, Romania, by
774:Main article:
771:
768:
701:
698:
697:
696:
681:
673:
658:
651:
644:
640:
614:histoplasmosis
579:
576:
525:figure-of-nine
437:Main article:
434:
431:
365:Robert de Joly
297:
294:
206:vertical caves
189:
186:
162:in New Zealand
142:mountaineering
133:
130:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2926:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Civil defense
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Cave painting
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:Organisations
2697:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Mustang Caves
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Semi-basement
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Subway system
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Utility vault
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Rock-cut tomb
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Passage grave
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Earth shelter
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Blast shelter
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Kazumura Cave
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Volcanic pipe
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Maternity den
2078:
2076:
2075:Magma chamber
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Burrow fossil
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Dogtooth spar
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Calcite rafts
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Speleogenesis
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Cave painting
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Biospeleology
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1339:on 2022-08-29
1335:
1328:
1322:
1308:on 2008-02-09
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1155:
1154:HowStuffWorks
1151:
1145:
1131:on 2021-06-28
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1012:on 2011-12-08
1011:
1007:
1006:Roanoke Times
1003:
997:
982:
978:
971:
964:
953:
949:
945:
939:
924:
920:
913:
911:
894:
890:
886:
880:
878:
876:
868:
864:
859:
855:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:List of caves
826:
825:
819:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
794:Emil Racovita
791:
787:
783:
777:
767:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
744:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
718:
716:
710:
707:
694:
693:Harwoods Hole
690:
685:
682:
679:
678:flagging tape
674:
671:
667:
666:polypropylene
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
629:
628:
626:
625:leptospirosis
621:
619:
615:
610:
607:
603:
599:
593:
584:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Italian hitch
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:) often with
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
468:
466:
461:
457:
450:
445:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
388:Fernand Petzl
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:Guy de Lavaur
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Floyd Collins
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:John Birkbeck
293:
290:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
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2610:Hollow Earth
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2422:Storm cellar
2240:Burial vault
2102:Rock shelter
2013:Glacier cave
1861:
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1807:Cave dweller
1721:Cave popcorn
1660:Underground
1579:Karst spring
1569:Glacier cave
1471:
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2876:Mole people
2861:Mine rescue
2809:Cave rescue
2799:Cave diving
2543:Mogao Caves
2473:Coober Pedy
2432:Spider hole
2410:Septic tank
2350:Root cellar
2001:Paleoburrow
1950:Subterranea
1686:Speleothems
1599:Exploration
1499:Troglofauna
1467:Cave survey
1445:Main topics
1016:12 November
986:12 November
928:12 November
899:12 November
790:Cluj-Napoca
706:speleothems
670:hypothermia
592:Cave rescue
427:rappel rack
419:Petzl Croll
306:Gaping Gill
227:New England
99:Cave diving
2888:Speleology
2881:in fiction
2661:Pellucidar
2503:Kome Caves
2153:Balve Cave
2097:Pit crater
2053:Talus cave
1976:Ant colony
1822:Kome Caves
1786:Stalagnate
1781:Stalagmite
1776:Stalactite
1766:Soda straw
1756:Shelfstone
1716:Cave pearl
1691:Speleogens
1656:Talus cave
1589:Ley tunnel
1516:Speleology
1494:Stygofauna
1386:2019-04-28
1343:2022-10-10
1312:2009-04-09
1160:2021-03-01
1135:2021-06-28
1089:10 January
1075:"The Club"
850:References
843:Speleology
606:exhaustion
590:See also:
549:carabiners
261:spelunking
254:US English
250:spelunking
231:spelunkers
223:Clay Perry
132:Motivation
88:speleology
84:show caves
68:spelunking
47:California
2804:Cave gate
2676:Underdark
2624:Exemplars
2446:Exemplars
2385:Wine cave
2260:Catacombs
2146:Exemplars
2043:Show cave
2033:Lava tube
2028:Lava cave
1873:Incidents
1800:Dwellings
1741:Helictite
1736:Frostwork
1731:Flowstone
1701:Anthodite
1674:Waterfall
1646:Suffosion
1631:Show cave
1616:Salt cave
1584:Lava cave
1532:processes
1482:Equipment
1365:: 89–271.
1125:caves.org
1033:"spelunk"
957:31 August
757:flowstone
732:hibernate
618:pneumonia
560:first-aid
527:-) loop,
456:Hard hats
265:spelunker
194:potholing
192:The term
188:Etymology
118:canyoning
72:potholing
2908:Category
2417:Stepwell
2405:Sewerage
2315:Hypogeum
2295:Erdstall
2285:Dry well
2265:Casemate
2245:Borehole
2235:Basement
2107:Sinkhole
2038:Pit Cave
2023:Ice cave
1908:Category
1761:Snottite
1751:Rimstone
1746:Moonmilk
1636:Sinkhole
1621:Sea cave
1606:Pit cave
1574:Ice cave
1218:Archived
1196:13834312
1052:spelunca
822:See also
786:Spelunca
689:abseiled
633:drowning
602:flooding
501:neoprene
489:Wetsuits
396:Grenoble
361:Pyrenees
341:Kentucky
310:Alum Pot
269:déclassé
246:Americas
240:spēlunca
198:potholes
170:Tenerife
2711:Bergamt
2636:Batcave
2583:Yaodong
2320:Manhole
2310:Foxhole
2275:Dungeon
1981:Aquifer
1832:Yaodong
1706:Boxwork
1549:Cave-in
1302:fws.gov
736:migrate
653:Use of
598:falling
529:bowline
497:wellies
481:cordura
472:clothes
449:Alabama
378:During
357:Causses
296:History
217:England
202:England
174:Iceland
95:pitches
76:pastime
58:Alabama
2914:Caving
2819:Caving
2741:Grotto
2355:Tunnel
2340:Quarry
2250:Bunker
2137:Warren
2060:Cenote
2018:Grotto
1986:Burrow
1971:Alcove
1641:Spring
1554:Cenote
1477:Diving
1472:Caving
1430:topics
1194:
1106:(from
889:NewsOK
865:(from
662:helmet
578:Safety
553:ladder
547:, and
545:slings
535:, and
523:- (or
477:fleece
178:Hawaii
146:diving
64:Caving
30:: see
2603:Types
2305:Fogou
2223:Types
2065:Karst
1964:Types
1669:River
1611:Ponor
1564:Foiba
1506:Karst
1489:Fauna
1337:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
568:feces
564:urine
541:bolts
517:Knots
509:elbow
493:boots
423:Petzl
415:Jumar
235:Latin
150:Earth
2380:Well
2325:Mine
2085:Nest
2008:Cave
1689:and
1664:Lake
1651:Sump
1594:Mine
1428:Cave
1192:PMID
1091:2014
1018:2012
988:2012
959:2018
930:2012
901:2012
799:The
753:silt
749:sand
728:Bats
643:out.
505:Knee
371:and
359:and
353:Alps
263:and
176:and
124:and
122:mine
120:and
80:cave
2090:Bee
1791:Vug
1279:doi
1214:NHS
1184:doi
1180:105
1060:on
751:or
485:PVC
460:LED
180:).
144:or
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