456:
429:
816:
485:
141:
1368:
2837:
20:
1323:(執帛, silk bearer). Their political offices also differed in name even where scope of responsibilities did not. Noble ranks, bestowed primarily as reward for military and civil service, and not in principle heritable, came with a state stipend. Holders of the highest ranks also received fiefs and the honorific title
1311:, the aristocratic ancestral temples and clan lineages sufficing to determine social position, without an additional expressly political dimension. Chu's formal system of rank appeared around the late Spring and Autumn period, similar to the remainder of the Zhou confederation, but with different titles such as
106:, this system retained its essential character, albeit with modifications in titles and their relative rankings, and fluctuating power dynamics between the great families, the imperial house, the ministerial and mercantile classes, and other stakeholders in the political economy of the times. After the
1407:
Other titles might be tailored down to a single individual being officially honored for a particular achievement, with or without executive portfolio following the granting of the title, and might truly be titles outside the executive government structure, even when words used in their phrasing would
235:
Titles translated in
English as "prince" and "princess" were generally immediate or recent descendants of sovereigns, with increasing distance at birth from an ancestral sovereign in succeeding generations resulting in degradations of the particular grade of prince or princess, eventually to nullity.
855:
as a model precedent in principles of government, so ranks of nobility in later regimes both in periods of unified sovereignty and of competing smaller states would typically draw from its catalog of peerage. From Zhouli, later
Confucian political philosophy and government publications, and from the
182:, denoted overlordship of several subordinate kings while refraining from claiming the title of emperor. Sovereigns holding the title of king of an individual state within and without the shifting borders of the Chinese political realm might be fully independent heads of foreign states, such as the
993:
period, ranks were not systematized. There were titles that indicated political authority as well as those concerned with seniority in the ancestral temple. These were not mutually exclusive, and the names of some ranks could also be used as generic terms of respect to varying degrees in different
1109:
As central authority crumbled, the aristocracy found itself needing to signal who had more land, power, and resources. During this time the titles they had been using started to take on a more systematized structure. After a few hundred years, political thinkers saw this emergent structure and
338:
innovated the new term huangdi which would become the new standard term for "emperor." The title "Wang" should not be confused with the common surname, which, at least by middle and later
Chinese historical usage, has no definite royal implications. Rulers of these dynasties are conventionally
1421:
On the other hand, victorious generals were often granted official praise-names or names implying particular old and new duties or some combination of these, which would be quasi-executive or fully executive titles honored as much like peerage as like actual military rank, as in the case of
231:
Family members of individual sovereigns were also born to titles – or granted them – largely according to family tree proximity. This included blood relatives and affinal relatives. Frequently, the parents of a founding dynast would be posthumously elevated to honorary sovereignty.
514:, "Grand Empress") regardless of which spousal ranking she bore prior to the emperor's accession. In practice, many Chinese Empresses Dowager wielded great power— either as official regent for a young sovereign or with the influence of position within family social ranks. From
236:
Rulers of smaller states were typically styled with lesser titles of aristocracy, which could be upgraded or downgraded with or without royal assent. Sometimes such an alteration in grade reflected real power dynamics; in other cases it was merely an act of public relations.
208:, a term for king or prince, although the sovereignty of such relatives was limited. Local tribal chiefs could also be termed "king" of a particular territory ranging from vast to tiny, using convenient terms of the form "(locality)" + "king" such as Changshawang, "King of
819:
Funeral Drape of Lady Dai, personal name (married surname Li though in
Chinese custom she may have used a maiden surname even after marriage) Xinzhui (辛追), Marchioness of Dai, wife of the first Marquis of Dai, personal name Li Cang (利蒼) who was appointed chancellor of
306:. For the lists of the earliest, mythological rulers, both titles are conventionally translated in English as "Sovereigns", though translation as "Emperor" is also seen, which continues backwards in time the concept of an enduring political unity.
649:
It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and enfeoff a member of the dynasty which they overthrew, so that they could maintain sacrifices to their ancestors. This practice was referred to as "the two crownings and three respects."
1019:. A term of highest respect, certain rulers (typically senior in the ancestral temple to the royal house), a term of address for any ruler within their own state, any ancestor within their own ancestral shrine, the highest government ministers.
1174:
present in its roughly analogous translations. These lineages, granted some of the largest and most promising peerages at the beginning of the
Western Zhou, tended to possess the most political resources, despite being technically second
1089:
could be used as a term of respect for anybody, could indicate the son of an extremely high-ranking aristocrat or minister, or could be used as a title for any ruler who did not accept the authority of the Zhou royal house over
798:
of 1911, when the
Republic of China allowed the last Qing Emperor to stay in the Forbidden City and keep his title, treating him as a foreign monarch until 1924. The descendants of Confucius were maintained in the title of
1232:
Titles of female members of the aristocracies varied in different dynasties and eras, each having unique classifications for the spouses of the emperor. Any female member excluding a spouse of an emperor can be called a
131:
ended the official imperial system. Though some noble families maintained their titles and prestige for a time, new political and economic circumstances forced their decline. Today, this class has virtually disappeared.
502:: Empress, Queen, Empress Consort) was a title granted to an official primary spouse of the polygynous male Chinese Emperor. It was also used for the mother of the Emperor, typically elevated to the rank of
1126:) below the royal ranks. This idealized structure was later implemented as policy during the early imperial period. Much later English translators attempted to map European-style feudal titles onto these.
261:
wielded varying degrees of power between different emperors and different dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power in the hands of court factions,
1437:(modern-day Indonesia), the Dutch authorities appointed Chinese officers to the colonial administration to oversee the governance of the colony's Chinese subjects. These officials bore the ranks of
1150:: "duke", "lord"), held by some of the oldest lineages, still a term of highest respect in the Eastern Zhou, but with a more political character than the old sense of aristocratic honour.
1287:
eventually evolved into the generic honorific for all young gentry. Today it is either used as a flattering way to address an interlocutor's son, or a pejorative term for a wealthy man.
791:
159:. The title of the sovereign has changed over time, together with the connotations of the respective titles. Three levels of sovereignty could be distinguished: supreme rule over
627:, spurred by a royal house too militarily weak to defend its own lands, in combination with an aristocracy flexing its power in novel ways. A later example of this title is
1207:: "viscount", "master", "unratified lord"). Still a term pregnant with multiple meanings, by the late Eastern Zhou this title had found a place in the new graded hierarchy.
413:
allowed for a change in dynasty, and an emperor could be replaced by a rebel leader. The overthrow of an imperial house was sufficient evidence of the loss of the
Mandate.
409:
or consort of lower rank, but this rule was not universal and disputed succession was the cause of a number of civil wars. The emperor's regime in the political theory of
473:, rather than playing the role of a sovereign's consort or regent for a sovereign during his age of minority. Official Chinese histories list only one reigning empress,
1985:
Khayutina, Maria (2014). "Marital alliances and affinal relatives (sheng 甥 and 婚購) in the society and politics of Zhou China in the light of bronze inscriptions".
1059:. A birth order term of seniority within the aristocracy indicating the most senior male member of a sublineage along the primary (patrilineal) line of descent.
843:, the first empire whose realm would subsequently be considered to extend broadly enough to be national in the context of the territorial concept of China, the
2191:
1536:
623:-protector), asserted official overlordship of several subordinate rulers while refraining from claiming the royal title. This practice began in the
1307:
surnamed Xiong and its branch lineages of Qu, Jing, and Zhao formed the main nobility of Chu. Within the elite, Chu's early period mirrored that of
803:
until 1935 when the title was changed to
Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which remains as a position to this day, currently held by
163:, relatively autonomous local sovereignty, and tributary vassalage. The supreme sovereign is the only office translated into English as the term "
2155:
Tackett, Nicolas. "Violence and the 1 Percent: The Fall of the
Medieval Chinese Aristocracy in Comparison to the Fall of the French Nobility."
2602:
2463:
2370:
856:
surrounding historical literature of particular individuals, localities and events, the following social classifications have been attested.
2740:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2627:
2498:
1279:
These honorifics occasionally became heritable titles, no longer indicating relation with the reigning king. Some clans even took them as
405:. Most often, the first-born son of the primary wife inherited the office, failing which the post was taken up by the first-born son of a
1477:
1379:
1451:, and had extensive political and legal jurisdiction over the local Chinese community. Their descendants bore the hereditary title of
478:
2622:
2576:
2184:
1482:
1357:
1976:
Li Feng (2008). "Transmitting
Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the "Five Ranks"". In Kuhn, Dieter; Stahl, Helga (eds.).
2793:
91:, by the end of which a clear delineation of ranks had emerged. This process was a function of the interface between the ancient
2780:
1966:
1617:
1583:
2815:
2526:
2511:
2261:
2177:
3165:
590:
470:
1110:
projected it idealistically and anachronistically backwards into a past where it had not actually held. This was called
317:
called themselves Di (Chinese: 帝 dì); titles of these rulers are generally translated as "king" and rarely as "emperor".
2531:
1904:
303:
2420:
1870:
1526:
1430:
to a rank phrased as General Who Exterminates Bandits (蕩寇將軍) during the active course of Guan Yu's military career.
758:
period were enfeoffed by their overthrowers and subsequently killed anyway. This specific vicissitude was shared by
3511:
3354:
2733:
2521:
1328:
1487:
1191:: "earl", "count"). This birth order term (meaning "eldest") came to carry a fully independent political meaning.
2707:
2669:
2652:
2403:
1860:
463:
1249:
Besides the systematized ranks listed above, there were also other familial appellations used as titles, e.g.
3506:
3410:
3377:
3329:
3224:
2687:
2617:
2561:
2273:
1609:
Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary
2787:
2607:
2365:
455:
1548:
2858:
2803:
2726:
474:
111:
1936:(2018). "Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation".
114:, undermining the power of the hereditary aristocracy. Historians have noted the disappearance by 1000
3207:
2446:
2254:
1383:
1303:
had a notably distinct culture from the central plain states, including the nobility system. The royal
1167:
186:. In some cases, they could be subordinate to foreign emperors just as territorial or tribal sovereign
123:
The last, well-developed system of noble titles was established under the final imperial dynasty, the
3501:
3013:
2927:
2664:
2360:
1492:
1253:(叔, a birth order term meaning "younger", used by extension to denote a father's younger brother) or
767:
61:
1166:: "marquess", "marquis", "margrave"), usually with the same emphasis on being a national borderland
1117:
751:
the title of "Marquis of Guiming". Sun Hao's sons were made junior officials in the Jin government.
3292:
3199:
2398:
2289:
2244:
947:
would inherit the title and retained the same rank within the system. Other sons from the consort,
763:
721:, who granted the previous emperor the title Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). His line persisted until 309.
624:
65:
3062:
3056:
3049:
2487:
2068:
Pines, Yuri (2014). "Zhou History and Historiography: Introducing the Bamboo manuscript Xinian".
1291:, on the other hand, is used today as the generic translation for the sons of a foreign monarch.
880:
560:, the next lower rank, but these were also titles of significance within the imperial household.
92:
83:
families existed as early as the semi-mythical and early historical periods, but the systems of
3306:
2027:"The Xinian: an ancient historical text from the Qinghua University collection of bamboo books"
1038:
213:
96:
1862:
The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837–1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society
556:
Imperial Consorts, ranking below Empress, aren't often distinguished in English from imperial
3128:
2506:
2408:
2330:
2294:
1573:
1472:
979:
771:
167:". An emperor might appoint, confirm, or tolerate sub-sovereigns or tributary rulers styled
3344:
2798:
2135:
The Aristocratic Families in Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-Ling Ts'ui Family
1894:
1339:
538:
488:
469:
It was generally not accepted for a female to succeed to the throne as a sovereign regnant
2164:
The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order
8:
3312:
3258:
3194:
3123:
3085:
2571:
2556:
2350:
779:
759:
744:
714:
491:, Regent of China considered de facto sovereign of China for 47 years during AD 1861–1908
410:
3372:
3339:
3217:
3212:
3189:
3034:
2948:
2895:
2775:
2679:
2222:
2114:
2085:
2056:
2048:
2010:
2002:
1945:
1658:
428:
212:". Changsha was briefly recognized as a kingdom, but was usually a political subunit. "
204:
Some Chinese emperors styled many or all close male relatives of certain kinds such as
1304:
815:
3319:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3253:
3248:
2922:
2820:
2581:
2566:
2516:
2325:
2234:
2217:
2118:
2060:
2014:
1962:
1900:
1866:
1650:
1613:
1579:
1522:
1434:
1280:
795:
593:
through historical periods, mainly regarding ranks of imperial spouses below Empress.
128:
3364:
3359:
3263:
3183:
3151:
3134:
3118:
2872:
2315:
2299:
2239:
2106:
2077:
2038:
1994:
1646:
1642:
1351:
1308:
952:
852:
821:
417:
342:
258:
209:
31:
216:" leaders could also be referred to by names such as Yiwang, "king of the Eastern
3334:
3160:
3112:
2980:
2586:
1607:
804:
503:
484:
459:
439:
432:
1338:
took a bit longer to overcome Chu's distinct culture, such that the Han founder
1268:(王孫, royal scion). Similarly, sons and grandsons of dukes and lords were called
3324:
3242:
3178:
3172:
3068:
3008:
2879:
2476:
2471:
2413:
2345:
2227:
2201:
2169:
2022:
682:
140:
3074:
2110:
2081:
3495:
3470:
3079:
2551:
2249:
1654:
944:
940:
884:(clan law). Male subjects were classified into, in descending order of rank:
800:
755:
663:
602:
402:
370:
356:
314:
299:
254:
183:
23:
774:, representing consecutive dynasties between 421 and 558. The child emperor
515:
3465:
2632:
2481:
1633:
Kohn, Livia (1992). "Review of State and Society in Early Medieval China".
1438:
1241:(公主), and incorporated her associated place into her title if she had one.
1136:
999:
990:
865:
836:
696:
691:
686:
675:
436:
321:
190:
124:
107:
88:
47:
3447:
3402:
3039:
2657:
2441:
2320:
2266:
1603:
1459:
1453:
1335:
1300:
958:
As time went by, all terms had lost their original meanings nonetheless.
840:
825:
659:
638:
569:
states that Emperors are entitled to the following simultaneous spouses:
382:
335:
310:
72:
27:
2089:
2052:
2006:
1949:
1662:
1367:
3439:
2612:
2043:
2026:
1998:
1933:
1547:, PhD dissertation: Columbia University, pp. 94–95, archived from
1260:
Sons of kings who did not receive other titles were generically called
859:
740:
667:
198:
3421:
2825:
2718:
2355:
2340:
1599:
948:
869:
848:
829:
557:
406:
103:
2964:
1100:). Rarely seen title applied to the rulers of two particular states.
736:, he and his family were granted noble titles under the new regime.
666:, Xia descendants were given a title and fiefs by the Shang King in
339:
translated with the title "king" and sometimes "emperor" in English.
95:, an increasingly sophisticated apparatus of state, and an evolving
3349:
2867:
2810:
2760:
2749:
2451:
2436:
1415:
1234:
925:
874:
775:
733:
628:
477:. However, there have been numerous cases in Chinese history where
84:
80:
3476:
939:(宗法, clan law), which applied to all social classes, governed the
3393:
3044:
2986:
1598:
1427:
1423:
748:
729:
725:
620:
565:
187:
179:
164:
160:
156:
76:
1980:. Würzberg: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften. pp. 103–134.
943:
of rank and succession of other siblings. The eldest son of the
839:
not only preceded the full unification of early China under the
148:
16:
Traditional social structure of Ancient China and Imperial China
2970:
2836:
2335:
1744:
914:
893:
844:
718:
263:
217:
194:
2097:
Pines, Yuri (2020). "Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts".
1575:
Shape of the Turtle, The: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
19:
3457:
2375:
1223:: "burgrave", "baron"). Title held by precisely two lineages.
43:
3429:
2957:
2380:
1816:
1342:, being of Chu origin, also awarded distinctly Chu titles.
366:
168:
144:
1780:
60:, and remaining a significant feature of the traditional
42:
represented the upper strata of aristocracy in premodern
955:
would be given titles one rank lower than their father.
1037:. Solely political term for certain rulers of specific
994:
circumstances. The most common titles were as follows:
782:
experienced a similar narrative arc two decades later.
754:
A number of outgoing emperors during the kaleidoscopic
553:
1861–1908), some women unquestionably reigned supreme.
479:
a woman was the actual power behind the imperial throne
1804:
1693:
1606:; Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999).
689:, the Zhou King granted a Shang royal scion the title
359:
of China from its invention by the Qin dynasty in 221
284:, initially an appellation for deceased ancestors) or
270:
In the mythical age, the sovereign was titled either
228:, "native chief") might be used for the same office.
1792:
1768:
1756:
1710:
1708:
860:
Honors and awards, and clan law, of the Zhou dynasty
135:
110:, most bureaucratic offices were filled through the
1681:
1538:
The Transformation of Medieval Chinese Elites (850–
1519:
The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy
1334:The full systematization of ranks pioneered by the
1085:. A term with many meanings, most not listed here,
644:
1828:
1732:
1402:
1122:), five (aristocratic) peerage ranks (abbreviated
728:came from a cadet branch of the Han dynasty. When
397:. Many other unrelated appellations saw broad use.
2037:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 53–109.
1886:
1854:
1852:
1705:
1669:
973:
747:, the Jin Emperor granted the Eastern Wu Emperor
120:of the powerful clans that had dominated China.
3493:
2199:
1993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 39–99.
1978:Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
1720:
423:
847:, Rites of Zhou were subsequently canonized by
637:), who styled himself Xīchǔ Bàwáng, Hegemon of
1931:
1849:
1750:
1378:Material may be incorporated from the article
1244:
34:, which is translated as "emperor" in English.
2734:
2603:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
2185:
1463:or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia.
1115:
1892:
1571:
1478:Chinese noble titles in the imperial period
1380:Chinese noble titles in the imperial period
810:
2741:
2727:
2192:
2178:
1893:Blussâe, Lâeonard; Chen, Menghong (2003).
381:to form the new, grander title. Since the
2577:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
2042:
1984:
1961:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1699:
1483:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1358:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1345:
302:). These mythical rulers were called the
1959:Bureaucracy and the State in Early China
1896:The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia
1408:otherwise imply executive office, e.g.,
970:(士) became synonyms of court officials.
868:is sometimes referred to as the Chinese
814:
483:
454:
427:
139:
18:
2021:
1858:
1786:
1534:
1516:
3494:
2748:
2147:
220:", while in other cases terms such as
2722:
2173:
2096:
2067:
1798:
1774:
1762:
1687:
1264:(王子, king's son), and their children
1227:
899:the ministers (of the royal court) –
785:
266:, the bureaucracy or noble families.
1632:
1361:
878:(enfeoffment and establishment) and
151:, mythical early sovereigns of China
2595:
1975:
1956:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1675:
1129:
658:It is said that when the purported
591:Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China
193:might be subject to one of several
13:
2166:(Cambridge University Press, 2017)
2127:
702:
304:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
3523:
1535:Tackett, Nicolas Olivier (2006),
1170:lord as indicated by the element
401:The title of emperor was usually
239:
136:Sovereign and ruling family ranks
2835:
1366:
653:
645:Two crownings and three respects
155:The apex of the nobility is the
2105:(5–6). Leiden: Brill: 714–720.
2076:(4/5). Leiden: Brill: 287–324.
1840:
1612:. University of Hawai’i Press.
1488:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
1403:Other historical Chinese titles
1294:
1104:
984:
543:
520:
445:
355:) was the title of the Chinese
2404:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2142:The Medieval Chinese Oligarchy
1647:10.1080/02549948.1992.11731237
1626:
1592:
1565:
1510:
1305:ancestral temple kinship group
1219:
1203:
1187:
1162:
1146:
974:Peer ranks of the Zhou dynasty
403:transmitted from father to son
351:
330:
294:
280:
1:
2618:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1944:(1). Academica Sinica: 1–27.
1498:
732:defeated the Shu Han Emperor
462:(left) with her older sister
424:Imperial spouses and consorts
420:, including forms of address.
129:Republican Revolution of 1911
85:enfeoffment and establishment
51:
1521:. Harvard University Press.
1503:
7:
1466:
1319:(執珪, jade scepter bearer),
1245:Other titles and honorifics
872:and was the combination of
681:When the Shang dynasty was
596:
389:began to be abbreviated to
112:imperial examination system
10:
3528:
2447:Bureau of Military Affairs
2371:Territorial administration
2255:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
2157:American Historical Review
1924:
1578:. SUNY Press. p. 59.
1414:(都護; Duhu) – for example,
1355:
1349:
977:
600:
588:
576:3 Madames or Consorts (夫人)
435:, favoured consort of the
415:
320:The sovereigns during the
309:The sovereigns during the
244:
3456:
3438:
3420:
3401:
3392:
3273:
3235:
3144:
3105:
3098:
3024:
2998:
2936:
2915:
2908:
2888:
2851:
2844:
2833:
2768:
2757:
2678:
2665:Embroidered Uniform Guard
2645:
2544:
2497:
2462:
2429:
2391:
2308:
2282:
2208:
2133:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley.
2111:10.1163/15685322-10656P06
2082:10.1163/15685322-10045P01
1517:Tackett, Nicolas (2014).
1493:Social structure of China
1214:
1198:
1182:
1157:
1141:
1116:
1097:
1066:
1048:
1026:
1004:
864:The social system of the
768:Emperor He of Southern Qi
671:
616:
579:9 Imperial Concubines (嬪)
507:
499:
346:
325:
289:
275:
225:
2628:Administrative divisions
2150:Rise of the Tang Dynasty
1825:, pp. 106–108, 126.
1276:(公孫, noble descendant).
811:Pre-imperial aristocracy
794:all the way through the
764:Emperor Shun of Liu Song
717:abdicated his throne to
625:Spring and Autumn period
324:called themselves Wang (
174:As a title of nobility,
3512:Social history of China
2759:(*) : state where
2488:Secretariat-Chancellery
2148:Romane, Julian (2018),
2144:(Westview Press, 1977).
373:combined the two words
93:patriarchal clan system
30:, created the title of
2159:124.3 (2019): 933–937.
1865:. Jakarta: Djambatan.
1859:Lohanda, Mona (1996).
1457:, and constituted the
1448:Luitenant der Chinezen
1376:This section is empty.
1346:After the Zhou dynasty
1039:ancient Chinese states
832:
662:was overthrown by the
585:81 Imperial Wives (御妻)
492:
466:
452:
365:until the fall of the
152:
97:geopolitical situation
87:only developed in the
35:
2562:Imperial Commissioner
2507:Ministry of Personnel
2409:Three Ducal Ministers
2331:Imperial examinations
2295:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
2137:(Cambridge UP, 1978).
1751:Chen and Pines (2018)
1473:Zhou dynasty nobility
1272:(公子, duke's son) and
1257:(舅, maternal uncle).
980:Zhou dynasty nobility
818:
772:Emperor Jing of Liang
589:Further information:
487:
458:
431:
416:Further information:
369:dynasty in 1911. The
143:
64:until the end of the
22:
3507:Chinese royal titles
2670:Qing Imperial Guards
2653:Tang Imperial Guards
1899:. Amsterdam: BRILL.
1572:Sarah Allan (1991).
1315:(通侯, marquis-peer),
888:the landed nobles –
851:among his Confucian
743:was defeated by the
539:Empress Dowager Cixi
489:Empress Dowager Cixi
371:first emperor of Qin
2821:South Africa (Zulu)
2572:Imperial Clan Court
2557:Remonstrance Bureau
2527:Ministry of Justice
2512:Ministry of Revenue
2366:Historical capitals
2351:Academies (Shuyuan)
1813:, pp. 120–123.
1327:(君, lord), such as
780:Northern Qi dynasty
760:Emperor Gong of Jin
745:Western Jin dynasty
715:Emperor Xian of Han
2162:Tackett, Nicolas.
2044:10.1017/eac.2016.2
1999:10.1017/eac.2014.7
1789:, pp. 64, 67.
1382:. You can help by
1228:Female aristocracy
906:the bureaucrats –
833:
792:practice continued
786:Later developments
607:Sovereigns styled
493:
475:Empress Wu of Tang
467:
453:
153:
102:In the subsequent
36:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3388:
3387:
3302:Baltic countries
3094:
3093:
2904:
2903:
2716:
2715:
2641:
2640:
2582:Viceroys in China
2567:Grand Secretariat
2540:
2539:
2532:Ministry of Works
2517:Ministry of Rites
2464:Three Departments
2421:Translated titles
2326:Five Directorates
1968:978-0-521-88447-1
1753:, pp. 15–16.
1619:978-0-8248-1945-3
1585:978-0-7914-9449-3
1435:Dutch East Indies
1412:Protector General
1400:
1399:
796:Xinhai Revolution
298:, a deity of the
40:nobility of China
26:, founder of the
3519:
3502:Chinese nobility
3448:Marshall Islands
3399:
3398:
3274:Central, Eastern
3103:
3102:
2913:
2912:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2593:
2592:
2460:
2459:
2361:Tributary system
2316:Nine-rank system
2300:Scholar-official
2290:Grand Chancellor
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2140:Johnson, David.
2122:
2093:
2064:
2046:
2018:
1981:
1972:
1957:Li Feng (2008).
1953:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1700:Khayutina (2014)
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1635:Monumenta Serica
1630:
1624:
1623:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1514:
1395:
1392:
1370:
1362:
1352:Nine-rank system
1309:Predynastic Zhou
1221:
1216:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1164:
1159:
1148:
1143:
1130:Male aristocracy
1121:
1120:
1099:
1068:
1050:
1028:
1006:
853:Chinese classics
822:Changsha Kingdom
724:The Emperors of
712:
711:
673:
636:
635:
618:
552:
551:
547:
545:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
522:
509:
501:
471:in her own right
451:
449:
447:
418:Emperor of China
411:Heaven's mandate
364:
363:
353:
348:
332:
327:
296:
291:
282:
277:
227:
119:
118:
71:The concepts of
62:social structure
59:
58:
53:
46:, acting as the
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3452:
3434:
3416:
3384:
3275:
3269:
3231:
3173:The Netherlands
3140:
3090:
3020:
2994:
2932:
2900:
2884:
2840:
2831:
2764:
2753:
2747:
2717:
2712:
2674:
2646:Imperial guards
2637:
2591:
2587:Mandarin square
2536:
2522:Ministry of War
2493:
2458:
2430:Middle Imperial
2425:
2387:
2304:
2278:
2204:
2198:
2130:
2128:Further reading
2125:
2023:Milburn, Olivia
1969:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1469:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1297:
1247:
1230:
1132:
1107:
1075:unratified lord
987:
982:
976:
862:
813:
805:Kung Tsui-chang
788:
709:
708:
705:
703:Era of disunity
656:
647:
633:
632:
605:
599:
594:
549:
548:
542:
533:
532:
527:
526:
519:
504:Empress Dowager
444:
442:
440:Guangxu Emperor
426:
421:
361:
360:
259:Chinese emperor
247:
242:
138:
116:
115:
66:imperial period
56:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:Samoan Islands
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:United Kingdom
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3184:United Kingdom
3181:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:post-Columbian
2870:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2499:Six Ministries
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:Zhongshu Sheng
2474:
2472:Shangshu Sheng
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:Nine Ministers
2411:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2392:Early Imperial
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:Hanlin Academy
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:Imperial China
2200:Government of
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2094:
2065:
2019:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1932:Chen Minzhen;
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1906:978-9004131576
1905:
1885:
1871:
1848:
1839:
1837:, p. 127.
1827:
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 715.
1791:
1787:Milburn (2016)
1779:
1777:, p. 318.
1767:
1765:, p. 717.
1755:
1743:
1741:, p. 112.
1731:
1719:
1717:, p. 113.
1704:
1692:
1690:, p. 716.
1680:
1678:, p. 114.
1668:
1625:
1618:
1591:
1584:
1564:
1527:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1347:
1344:
1296:
1293:
1246:
1243:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1176:
1151:
1131:
1128:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1060:
1042:
1020:
986:
983:
978:Main article:
975:
972:
934:
933:
922:
911:
904:
897:
861:
858:
812:
809:
787:
784:
704:
701:
655:
652:
646:
643:
601:Main article:
598:
595:
587:
586:
583:
582:27 Shifus (世婦)
580:
577:
574:
573:1 Empress (皇后)
425:
422:
399:
398:
340:
334:). before the
318:
307:
249:Also known as
246:
243:
241:
240:Imperial house
238:
137:
134:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3524:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3200:Great Britain
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3014:Indo-European
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:pre-Columbian
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Grand Council
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Three Bureaus
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:Late Imperial
2543:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Son of Heaven
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1874:
1872:9789794282571
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 49.
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1702:, p. 47.
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1554:on 2016-03-04
1550:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1528:9780674492059
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1329:Lord Chunshen
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:The southern
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:lineage names
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:Regional lord
1032:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
996:
995:
992:
981:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:primogeniture
938:
932:(庶民 shù mín).
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
867:
857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
827:
823:
817:
808:
806:
802:
801:Duke Yansheng
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Six Dynasties
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
679:
677:
669:
665:
664:Shang dynasty
661:
654:Ancient China
651:
642:
640:
630:
626:
622:
614:
610:
604:
603:Five Hegemons
592:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
568:
567:
566:Rites of Zhou
561:
559:
554:
540:
517:
513:
505:
497:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
465:
461:
457:
441:
438:
434:
430:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
357:head of state
354:
344:
341:
337:
333:
323:
319:
316:
315:Shang dynasty
312:
308:
305:
301:
300:Shang dynasty
297:
287:
283:
273:
269:
268:
267:
265:
260:
256:
255:Son of Heaven
252:
237:
233:
229:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
184:King of Korea
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
142:
133:
130:
126:
121:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:sovereignty,
74:
69:
67:
63:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
24:Qin Shi Huang
21:
3307:Ritterschaft
3305:
3276:and Caucasus
2985:
2963:
2956:
2943:
2763:still exists
2633:Zongli Yamen
2482:Menxia Sheng
2309:Institutions
2209:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2102:
2098:
2073:
2069:
2034:
2030:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1910:. Retrieved
1895:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1861:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1799:Pines (2020)
1794:
1782:
1775:Pines (2014)
1770:
1763:Pines (2020)
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1688:Pines (2020)
1683:
1671:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1608:
1594:
1574:
1567:
1556:, retrieved
1549:the original
1537:
1518:
1512:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1388:
1384:adding to it
1375:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1301:state of Chu
1298:
1295:Chu nobility
1288:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1135:
1123:
1112:Wǔděngjuéwèi
1111:
1108:
1105:Eastern Zhou
1093:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
991:Western Zhou
988:
985:Western Zhou
967:
963:
959:
957:
936:
935:
929:
918:
907:
900:
889:
879:
873:
866:Zhou dynasty
863:
837:Zhou dynasty
834:
789:
753:
738:
723:
706:
695:and fief of
690:
687:Zhou dynasty
680:
657:
648:
612:
608:
606:
564:
562:
555:
511:
495:
494:
468:
460:Consort Zhen
433:Consort Zhen
400:
394:
390:
386:
378:
374:
350:
345:or Huangdi (
329:
322:Zhou dynasty
293:
285:
279:
271:
250:
248:
234:
230:
221:
205:
203:
175:
173:
154:
122:
108:Song dynasty
101:
89:Zhou dynasty
79:titles, and
70:
48:ruling class
39:
37:
3403:Australasia
3179:Switzerland
3075:Philippines
3031:Indonesia*
2658:Shence Army
2442:Jimi system
2321:Nine Courts
2267:Consort kin
2031:Early China
1987:Early China
1934:Pines, Yuri
1641:: 421–426.
1604:Pei Songzhi
1460:Cabang Atas
1336:Qin dynasty
841:Qin dynasty
826:Han dynasty
660:Xia dynasty
464:Consort Jin
383:Han dynasty
336:Qin dynasty
311:Xia dynasty
199:Great khans
28:Qin dynasty
3496:Categories
3440:Micronesia
3345:Montenegro
3293:Azerbaijan
2811:Madagascar
2613:Lifan Yuan
2099:T'oung Pao
2070:T'oung Pao
1938:Asia Major
1912:3 November
1878:3 November
1835:Li (2008a)
1823:Li (2008a)
1811:Li (2008a)
1739:Li (2008a)
1727:Li (2008b)
1715:Li (2008a)
1676:Li (2008a)
1540:1000 C.E.)
1499:References
1426:promoting
1356:See also:
1350:See also:
1013:Excellency
953:mistresses
949:concubines
910:(大夫 dà fū)
741:Eastern Wu
683:overthrown
558:Concubines
516:Empress Lü
450:1871–1908)
73:hereditary
3458:Polynesia
3422:Melanesia
3411:Australia
3373:Ruthenian
3313:Lithuania
3025:Southeast
2752:by nation
2680:Dynasties
2356:Censorate
2341:Guozijian
2119:234449375
2061:232154371
2015:232153905
1655:0254-9948
1600:Chen Shou
1504:Citations
1017:Patriarch
966:(大夫) and
926:commoners
903:(卿 qīng),
896:zhū hóu),
870:feudalism
849:Confucius
830:Mawangdui
739:When the
541:of Qing (
407:concubine
214:Barbarian
161:the realm
157:sovereign
104:millennia
3369:Ukraine
3259:Portugal
3243:Holy See
3204:Ireland
3195:Scotland
3080:Thailand
3069:Cambodia
3057:Malaysia
3045:Javanese
3035:Balinese
2981:Nobility
2949:Mongolia
2845:Americas
2794:Ethiopia
2788:Eswatini
2761:monarchy
2750:Nobility
2452:Shumishi
2437:Jiedushi
2218:Monarchy
2210:Nobility
2090:24754918
2053:44075753
2025:(2016).
2007:24392462
1950:26571325
1846:穀梁传·僖公四年
1663:40726951
1467:See also
1444:Kapitein
1416:Ban Chao
1391:May 2023
1340:Liu Bang
1235:princess
875:fengjian
776:Gao Heng
734:Liu Shan
631:(d. 202
629:Xiang Yu
597:Hegemons
518:of Han (
210:Changsha
3477:Hawai‘i
3394:Oceania
3378:Galicia
3355:Romania
3340:Hungary
3335:Germany
3330:Georgia
3325:Bohemia
3320:Croatia
3298:Austria
3288:Armenia
3283:Albania
3213:Ireland
3190:England
3161:Kingdom
3157:France
3152:Belgium
3124:Iceland
3119:Finland
3113:Denmark
3086:Vietnam
3040:Chinese
3009:Princes
2987:Yangban
2953:Japan*
2923:Lebanon
2864:Mexico
2826:Morocco
2816:Somalia
2799:Nigeria
2781:Mamluks
2283:Offices
2262:Empress
2240:Emperor
2223:Dynasty
1925:Sources
1428:Guan Yu
1424:Liu Bei
1313:Tonghou
1274:Gongsun
1266:Wangsun
1239:gōngzhǔ
989:In the
945:consort
921:(士 shì)
824:by the
778:of the
749:Sun Hao
730:Cao Wei
726:Shu Han
707:In 220
685:by the
621:hegemon
546:
523:
512:Tai Hou
448:
387:Huangdi
352:huángdì
343:Emperor
264:eunuchs
253:, "The
245:Emperor
195:Khagans
180:hegemon
176:Ba Wang
165:emperor
77:peerage
32:Huangdi
3365:Serbia
3360:Russia
3350:Poland
3218:Norman
3208:Gaelic
3166:Empire
3135:Sweden
3129:Norway
3099:Europe
3063:Brunei
3005:India
2977:Korea
2965:Daimyō
2928:Turkey
2896:Brazil
2859:Canada
2804:Rulers
2769:Africa
2336:Taixue
2235:Titles
2117:
2088:
2059:
2051:
2013:
2005:
1965:
1948:
1903:
1869:
1661:
1653:
1616:
1582:
1558:15 May
1525:
1440:Majoor
1317:Zhigui
1289:Wangzi
1285:Gongzi
1270:Gongzi
1262:Wangzi
1071:master
937:Zongfa
930:Shumin
915:yeomen
894:pinyin
890:Zhuhou
881:zongfa
845:Zhouli
770:, and
719:Cao Pi
674:) and
613:Bawang
257:" the
251:Tianzi
188:Mongol
127:. The
50:until
3471:Tonga
3264:Spain
3254:Malta
3249:Italy
3236:South
3106:North
3050:Malay
2999:South
2971:Meiji
2944:China
2889:South
2852:North
2776:Egypt
2623:Ranks
2376:Yamen
2274:Harem
2228:Cycle
2115:S2CID
2086:JSTOR
2057:S2CID
2049:JSTOR
2011:S2CID
2003:JSTOR
1946:JSTOR
1659:JSTOR
1552:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1321:Zhibo
1175:rank.
1168:march
1124:Wǔjué
1090:them.
1079:ruler
1057:Chief
1053:Elder
964:Daifu
962:(卿),
908:Daifu
790:This
537:) to
531:– 180
391:huang
375:huang
281:huáng
272:huang
191:khans
169:kings
81:noble
54:1000
44:China
3430:Fiji
3145:West
2958:Kuge
2937:East
2916:West
2909:Asia
2880:Cuba
2708:Qing
2703:Yuan
2698:Liao
2693:Tang
2596:Qing
2399:King
2381:Tusi
2245:List
1963:ISBN
1914:2018
1901:ISBN
1880:2018
1867:ISBN
1651:ISSN
1614:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1560:2023
1533:via
1523:ISBN
1172:mar-
1147:gōng
1137:Gong
1118:五等爵位
1031:Lord
1009:Lord
1000:Gong
960:Qing
951:and
924:the
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901:Qing
892:(諸侯
835:The
697:Song
692:Gong
676:Zeng
563:The
437:Qing
377:and
367:Qing
331:wáng
313:and
222:tusi
206:wang
149:Nuwa
147:and
145:Fuxi
125:Qing
38:The
2688:Han
2107:doi
2103:106
2078:doi
2074:100
2039:doi
1995:doi
1643:doi
1454:Sia
1446:or
1433:In
1386:.
1325:Jun
1255:Jiu
1251:Shu
1237:or
1220:nán
1211:Nan
1163:hóu
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1094:Nan
1083:sir
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2101:.
2084:.
2072:.
2055:.
2047:.
2035:39
2033:.
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1991:37
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1942:31
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1851:^
1707:^
1657:.
1649:.
1639:40
1637:.
1602:;
1442:,
1418:.
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1087:zi
1081:,
1077:,
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807:.
766:,
762:,
713:,
710:CE
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668:Qi
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617:霸王
609:Ba
550:CE
544:r.
521:r.
510::
508:太后
481:.
446:r.
395:di
385:,
379:di
362:BC
349:;
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226:土司
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171:.
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3473:*
3413:*
3266:*
3245:*
3175:*
3154:*
3137:*
3131:*
3115:*
3082:*
3071:*
3065:*
3059:*
2861:*
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2080::
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2017:.
1997::
1971:.
1952:.
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670:(
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274:(
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