Child care - Knowledge

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successful program of child care has been sought out and many different aspects have been changed over the years but it can be seen that there is an increase in early childhood education and care services (ECEC). ECEC services can be broken down into three different time periods and models which were implemented. The first would be in the 1970s when the Institute for Social Security focuses on covering children for mothers who were covered by Social Security services. This caused a huge gap in the children that could be covered due to the fairly large number of women working in the informal sector and being denied these services. The second stage would be in the early 200s when the Ministry of Public education made preschool mandatory for all children from ages 3 to 5. This was useful in theory because all of the children in this age range would be cared for, but in reality caused a strain in the amount of time that the parents had to go and work or dedicate their time elsewhere. The last stage would be in 2007 when the Ministry of Social Development created a childcare program in which was focuses on helping out children and mothers who were not covered by the social security services. This was successful since it targeted low income families specifically. For families to be eligible for this service the mothers had to be working or searching for a job, the income was taken into consideration in comparison to that of minimum wage, and that they did not have any other access to services. Women's participation in the workforce and be directly tied to the availability of childcare services and how it would affect their household.

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community, siblings and similar-aged children are responsible for younger children. Other factors of childcare that vary cross-culturally are the relative ages of both caretaker and child, parental expectations, demands of the child, culturally-varied conceptions of children's maturity, and factors affecting demographic makeup. They said that there are discrepancies attributed to the homestead and household environments. That is, the type of work performed by adult caretakers in a given community strongly influence the type of childcare used. Weisner said that children that receive informal care may or may not receive the same educational and preparatory regimens as those in a center- or home-based center often do. In many situations, there will be no curriculum or teaching schedule, and instead learning occurs informally as a direct result of the caretaker and charge's interactions. Learning and development occur differently for every individual. Different periods of a child's growth are known to affect the care taking styles associated with them, from the care of an infant to that of an older adolescent. Other influences on caretaking include the expectations of the three parties involved- the parents, caretakers, and children. Many agricultural communities highly value sibling- and peer- caretaking. Accounts from the

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while caring for their own child. There are also many family childcare providers who have chosen this field as a profession. Both state and county agency legislation regulate the ratios (number and ages of children) allowed per family child care home. Some counties have more stringent quality standards that require licensing for family child care homes while other counties require little or no regulations for childcare in individuals' homes. Some family child care homes operate illegally with respect to tax legislation where the care provider does not report fees as income and the parent does not receive a receipt to qualify for childcare tax deductions. However, licensing a family child care home is beneficial for family child care home providers so that they can have access to financial benefits from their state government, or the federal government where they are allowed to accept children from parents who meet the criterion to benefit from the government childcare subsidy funding. Examples of such benefits are: free Professional Development and training courses, Child and adult Care Food Program (which allows eligible childcare and family childcare home providers to claim a portion of costs relating to nutritious meals served to children), and more.

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services available but due to the high costs, they were mainly unavailable for the low income families. Childcare became a hot topic of discussion when more women were joining the workforce and the debate of how this would affect how the children would be raised. Another topic of debate is how would the women pay for these expensive services while working minimum wage jobs or having limited times they could work, so the idea of subsidies arose. In specific to the child, the topic of "street children", how and where children should grow up, was debated, and if they should be allowed to be considered part of the street instead of a particular home. This issue was of great debate because it not only affects the child but also the community the child is in, since they usually seek out public spaces for shelter, food and play. Childcare is generally broken into three general categories such as governmental institutions, religious organizations, and independent agencies (such as NGOS). All of these take on the same objectives which are "containment, paternalist cure approach and street education."

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children care for other children. This informal care includes verbal direction and other explicit training regarding the child's behavior, and is often as simple as "keeping an eye out" for younger siblings. Care given by unpaid providers in an informal setting affect multiple developmental and psychological dimensions in children. Whether the providers are the child's siblings or a member of the family/community, research dictates this type of care influences factors such as sense achievement, affiliation, conformity, and individual interests. More specifically, further research indicates that children being cared for by siblings or similarly aged children (a trend more commonly seen in agriculturally-based cultural communities) have certain psychological and developmental effects on those being cared for. These effects include but are not limited to: mother-child attachment, emergence of childhood developmental stages, formation of playgroups, development of social responsibility, sex differences, personality differences, cognition, and motivation and performance in the classroom.

1383: 1280: 1088:, or friends and family. The child is watched inside the home. Depending on the number of children in the home, the children utilizing in-home care could enjoy the greatest amount of interaction with their caregiver, in turn forming a close bond. There are no required licensing or background checks for in-home care, making parental vigilance essential in choosing an appropriate caregiver. Nanny and au pair services provide certified caregivers and the cost of in-home care is the highest of childcare options per child, though a household with many children may find this the most convenient and affordable option. Many nannies study towards childcare qualifications. This training is intended to teach a carer how to create a safe and stimulating environment for children to enjoy and thrive in. Typically, au pairs or nannies provide more than routine child care, often providing assistance with daily household activities which include running errands, shopping, doing laundry, fixing meals, and cleaning the house. 653:(NRHM). These standards were developed by WHO through an intensive study of six developing countries since 1997. They are known as New WHO Child Growth Standard and measure of physical growth, nutritional status and motor development of children from birth to 5 years age. Despite increasing funding over the past three decades, the ICDS fell short of its stated objectives and still faces a number of challenges. Also, though it has widespread coverage, operational gaps mean that service delivery is not consistent in quality and quantity across the country. The World Bank has highlighted certain key shortcomings of the programme including inability to target the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier children more than the poorer children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India. Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families. 1701: 496: 1120:

this is completely lawful. Licensing home daycares in Canada can help greatly with oversight, but at the cost of a large portion of the daycare provider's pay. Family child cares are small in size and also have the benefits of flexible hours, lower costs, accessibility, and cultural compatibility. Home-based providers can give more individualized care. In addition, family care generally has a smaller ratio of adults to children in care, allowing for more interaction between child and provider than would be had at a commercial care center. The providers are able to communicate each day with parents on a personal level and share information about the development of the child. Providers care for multi-aged groups of children allowing children to remain with one caregiver for many years which helps children develop a sense of

903: 1468:. Consistency of approach, skills and qualifications of caregivers have been shown in many studies to improve the chances of a child reaching his or her full potential. Child care in much of western society is currently in crisis: there are not enough daycare spots, the cost for most parents is beyond their means, and child care staff are grossly underpaid. Starting wages for Early Childcare Educators start at $ 11 or $ 12, causing a high turnover rate, and decreases the likelihood of potentially safe, effective, and loving child care providers from even entering the field. For preschool teachers the average salary is about $ 28,570. According to a survey done by HiMama, 68% of for-profit child care organizations ranked 'Labor' as their top risk and 65% ranked 'Talent and Recruitment' as their top priority for 2017. 991: 1728:

in a basement. It may specify the minimum floor space per child (for example 2.8 square metres) and the maximum number of children per room (for example 24). It may mandate minimum outdoor time (for example 2 hours for programs 6 hours or longer). Legislation may mandate qualifications of supervisors. Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision. Some legislation also establishes rating systems, the number and condition of various toys, and documents to be maintained. Typically, once children reach the age of twelve, they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated.

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edits, responds to, resists, searches for and constructs learning opportunities". This was adopted in other places, including Australia. Learning stories are documents that are used by caregivers and educators in childcare settings. They use a storytelling format instead of a traditional 'observation' report to document the different ways that young children learn, and capture the moment in greater detail and provide parents with a greater insight into the events that occur in their child's time in childcare. Learning stories include the story of the child's progress, pictures of the experiences, the child's strengths, interests and needs, and spaces for parent feedback

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care facility based on their mission statement and learning objectives they find necessary to be addressed. The child care provider must see how these objectives are most fit for the child and mend them case by case to their specific needs. In setting up activities for these objectives, both indoor and outdoor activities must be taken into account. The parents tend to give their input on what they deem as necessary when the needs of their children may be different. Parents are able to communicate with the staff of these facilities because workers who speak the same native language or language of preference must be available for these conversations.

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homemaker deserves credit for care work. Caregivers do not receive monetary compensation and, because they spend a significant amount of time raising their children, must pay a 'care-penalty' (the opportunity costs in both time and money that one pays for doing care work for a family member). Instead of taking care of a family member, a caregiver could spend time working or performing leisure activities. Care penalties are not strictly related to childcare – they can also refer to taking care of a sick family member, babysitting a younger sibling, or taking an elderly family member on errands such as grocery shopping or doctor's appointments.

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could be cheaper than putting multiple children in a daycare setting full-time. Proponents believe in-home care may provide stability for the child, due to the fact supervision takes place in an already familiar and comfortable setting for the child. Nannies may also provide care for sick children whereas nurseries typically do not. This enables working parents to continue working instead of leaving to pull a sick child out of day care, which may make in home care ideal for parents who work jobs that they cannot leave, such as nurses. Depending on local laws, some carers can be subject to visits from their local childcare regulatory bodies.

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those that are younger than them, by using patience and taking different approaches at presenting the data. A study done by Erik Dearing proved that negative social behavioral patterns are not directly connected to daycare. By studying a large selection of children from the Norwegian childcare system, he concluded that the number of hours a child spends at a daycare and their behavior do not have a dependent relationship. Though in America, children who attend childcare systems have a higher risk of externalizing the symptoms of negative social behavior, exhibiting these traits can directly correlate with their time spent in the center.

1138: 1600: 1514:, the first humans were few; then the population "exploded Population expansion on such a scale is inconsistent with female tolerance of infanticide, harassment, or the heavy costs to mothers of male philandering and double standards. If unusually large numbers of unusually large-brained offspring were being successfully raised to maturity, the quality of childcare must have been exceptional. We know what the optimal solution would have been. There can be no doubt that mothers would have done best by taking advantage of every available childcare resource." 1158:. Not only is this age crucial for the improvement of their social skills, but also it begins the stages of understanding a classroom setting. Childcare is seen as a reasonable option because it is different from parenting, since it can be seen as more of a routine for the child. Children are placed into centers of socialization and learn many similarities and differences from one another from a very young age. Children are also placed into settings to develop their linguistics and cognitive abilities, which can be measured through observations. 681:

of children requiring childcare. Fees are reduced by 50% for the second child requiring care and waived for the third child or low-income households. Licensed childcare for ages 3 to 5 is free for a single-parent or when both parents are working. The national government only covers the cost of core childcare program and does not cover the cost of transportation, special activities, meals or snacks, although meals and snacks are partially covered for low-income households.

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willing to spend teaching, listening to, playing with, and exploring with the child the more socially, emotionally, and educationally developed the child will become. Whether that child receives the majority of his or her care at a center or at its house, the biggest factor in deciding what will have the best effect on the child will be those willing to put in the time and effort it takes to properly develop a child's social, physical, and academic skills.

1162: 749:, President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa created a Social Program named "Programa de Estancias Infantiles" that included more than 8,000 daycare spaces for children between 1 and 3.11 years old. This program subsidizes mothers that work and study and also single fathers in a vulnerable situation. It has a great success having more than 125,000 children over the country. This is regulated by the Social Development Minister (Secretaría de Desarrollo Social). 927: 250: 271:' is usually written as a single word. Although most parents spend a significant amount of time caring for their child(ren), childcare typically refers to the care provided by caregivers who are not the child's parents. Childcare is a broad topic that covers a wide spectrum of professionals, institutions, contexts, activities, and social and cultural conventions. Early childcare is an important and often overlooked component of 1360:

Bad daycare puts the child at physical, emotional and attachment risk. Higher quality care was associated with better outcomes. Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 4½ years of life than those in lower quality care. They were also somewhat more cooperative than those who experienced lower quality care during the first 3 years of life.

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training courses to understand the principles of childcare, before being able to open their business in which they would be given money to furnish the facility as necessary for a safe caring center to be created. Another way this program was set into place was by subsidizing the care of non-profits, private for profits, or religious institutions who were based in the area of need.

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machetes safely and skillfully while American middle-class adults do not trust their young children with knives. Child development is not just biological or psychological—it is also a cultural process and it is not universal. In countries where children are given more responsibility the adults serve as "occasional supervisors" and children take pride in their responsibilities.

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childcare of a lower quality. The study also reported that teachers found children from childcare to be "disobedient", fight more frequently, and more argumentative. The study reported the increases in both aggression and vocabulary were small. "The researchers emphasized that the children's behavior was within the normal range and were not considered clinically disordered."

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facility but in the home of a woman who is not a professional child care administrator. Certain scholars and individuals accredit the near universal participation in the Danish child care system as a model that other countries should follow in order to increase educational attainment and equality. Danish policies that support families also include parental leave programs.

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child development. States with quality standards built into their licensing programs may have higher requirements for support staff such as teacher assistants. In Head Start programs, by 2012, all lead teachers must have a bachelor's degree in Early Childhood Education. States vary in the standards set for daycare providers, such as teacher to child ratios.

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not graduated from high school. Likewise, parents who have a higher income level are more willing to part with their money to purchase a private tutor or nanny to assist the parent in the education of their child. They also tend to stress the importance of being socially inept. The first few years of a child's life are important to form a basis for good

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caregiver:child ratio which is too high could be very serious . However, many states allow a higher numbers of toddlers to caregivers and some centers do not comply consistently. For example, within the US: Pennsylvania, ages 1–3, 1 teacher to 5 children; Missouri: age 2, 1 teacher to 8 children; North Carolina: 1 teacher to 10 children.

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and enhances a child's early sense of purpose. Children caring for sick or disabled parents also experience less anxiety surrounding their parents compared to children who have an additional caregiver for their disabled parent. This is because the children understand more about the illness and feel more in control over the situation.

815:). Care for children under five is split into childcare on domestic premises (childminding and daycare). In the UK being a 'Childminder' is a protected title and can only be used by registered professionals. Registered childminders are trained, insured and qualified in Pediatric First Aid. They comply and work with the 1472:

article "Suited for Service: Racialized Rationalizations for the Ideal Domestic Servant from the Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century" argue that the racial legacy of domestic service in the United States has created a relationship of servitude between those who hire domestic caregivers and the caregivers themselves.

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irregular working hours of working parents, low- socioeconomic families are more likely to utilize informal childcare. Those low income families are also more apt to work longer hours on an irregular and inflexible schedule, which ultimately makes using a childcare facility, that has regular business hours, unlikely.

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salary is because mothers typically perform about 10 different job functions throughout the week. Some of these job functions are poorly paid, including cleaning, driving, caring for children, and washing laundry, but others, especially financial and managerial tasks that the survey equated with being the

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Additionally, legislation typically defines what constitutes daycare (e.g., so as to not regulate individual babysitters). It may specify details of the physical facilities (washroom, eating, sleeping, lighting levels, etc.). The minimum window space may be such that it precludes day cares from being

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Child development researcher Lian Tong analysed the results from a Haley and Stansbury experiment and concluded that, "parent responsiveness also facilitates cognitive, social, and emotional development and reduces negative emotions in infants." That is, the amount of time that a parent or teacher is

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is responsible for improving care and education for children from birth to age eighteen. Inspection reports include feedback from staff and parents as well as the inspectors, aiming to provide parents and carers information to help them decide whether a particular child care setting is providing good

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after their third birthday is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. Childcare is primarily funded by parents after this age, however, the Single Funding Formula (pre-school funding) can be used at some day nurseries, playgroups and schools for a maximum of 5 sessions per week, after a

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For all providers, the largest expense is labor. Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. In Canada, the workforce is predominantly female (95%) and low paid, averaging only 60% of average workforce wage. Some jurisdictions require licensing or

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Rules differ between states regarding family day care in Australia. To start a Family Day Care business in Victoria, an educator should be either have a Certificate III in Children's Services or be actively working towards the same. Additionally, a current police check, current first aid training and

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Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful. In some cases, good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and

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on 14 November 1844 in Paris, The Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Originating in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century, day cares were established in the United States by private charities in the 1850s, such as the Charity Organization Society founded by

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There are links between the income, education, and importance of consistency and the well-being of the child, to the parents, and the development of their child. Higher educated parents place more importance on the education of their children than the parents who do not have a college degree or have

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Several studies undertaken in the United States from 2000 to 2007, said that good daycare for non-infants is not harmful. In some cases, good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two years old and are ready to interact with other children.

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In monetary- and production-based societies (such as in the United States), informal childcare is seen in families who do not have enough funds to finance placing their children in a more expensive child care facility. A study done by Roberta Iversen and Annie Armstrong explains that due to long and

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day cares have some structural advantages over for-profit operations. They may receive preferential treatment in rent payments, especially if they are affiliated with a church that is otherwise unoccupied during the week, or with a school that has surplus space. Location within a school may have the

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Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers, affecting staffing requirements. Laws may mandate staffing ratios (for example 6 weeks to 12 months, 1:4; 12 to 18 months, 1:5; 18 to 24 months, 1:9; et and even higher ratios for older children). Legislation may mandate qualifications

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In a childcare center, teachers focus on the physical and mental developments of their students. In order to have a greater understanding of the student, teachers in centers must incorporate a relationship with their students that benefits their wants and needs while pushing them toward a higher set

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also supported the bill, saying "it is important to emphasize the value of quality school-age child care to achieve positive outcomes for children, including improved academic performance, work habits and study skills. On 12 September 2014, House and Senate leaders reached a bipartisan agreement to

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The World Economic Forum lauds Norway as one of the best countries to raise a child. Like other Scandinavian countries, Norway has a prominent welfare system that offers family benefits and policies. Norway's child care services include a Maternity Package that provides new mothers with products for

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Parents apply to licensed childcare in Japan through a single point of access by visiting their local municipal government, which handles all the payments and manages the master waiting list for the neighbourhood. The waiting list is not on a first-come, first-served basis but rather a priority list

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Japan has a universal childcare system and childcare is free or relatively affordable as the national government provides subsidies and a framework for working families. Fee schedules for a childcare age 2 and under are set by the local municipal governments based on household incomes and the number

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most day-cares accept children ranging from 6 months old to three years old. 91.2% of one-two-year-old children are enrolled in different types of day-care institutions. Most of these are managed by a municipality and mostly government funded. The different types of institutions ranges from separate

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In general, the geographic limitations and the diversity in type of daycare providers make child daycare a highly fragmented industry. The largest providers own only a very small share of the market. This leads to frustration for parents who are attempting to find quality child daycare, with 87% of

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Another consideration in the inequities in childcare is who is providing childcare disproportionately. Historically, the task has fallen onto Black and immigrant women—two groups who have not been able to advocate for themselves due to historical, structural, and social tensions. The authors of the

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Informal childcare is a childcare system that utilizes both family and community members. This includes but is not limited to grandparents, siblings, and both children and adult neighbors. This system is inexpensive and many cultures utilize and embrace informal childcare as beneficial to a child's

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Family child care homes can be operated by a single individual out of their home. In most states, the legal age of 18 is only required. There may be occasions when more than one individual cares for children in a family childcare home. This can be a stay-at-home parent who seeks supplemental income

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Active children may thrive in the educational activities provided by a quality commercial care center, but according to the National Center for Early Development and Learning, children from low quality centers may be significantly less advanced in terms of vocabulary and reading skills. Classes are

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State legislation may regulate the number and ages of children allowed before the home is considered an official daycare program and subject to more stringent safety regulations. Each state has different regulations for teacher requirements. In some states, teachers must have an associate degree in

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As of 2001, more than one half of the children in the United States attend childcare facilities. This number has increased as the number of working parents has increased. The increase in the number of children that are required to have some sort of childcare service has brought childcare facilities

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Childminders have the same responsibilities for education as nurseries and reception classes. They generally work from their own homes and are always self-employed setting their own terms and conditions. The Professional Association for Childcare & Early Years promotes and supports high-quality

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start daycare between 10 months and 3 years old. Funded parental leave for working parents is either 44 weeks with full pay, or 54 weeks with 80% pay (both up to a certain level only). The government guarantees daycare for all children that are at least 1 year old by 1 August. Coverage is still not

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The Danish government claims that most families in Denmark take advantage of the guaranteed access to center-based child care in the county. These institutions for child care in Denmark include those run by municipalities and some private facilities. Some facilities are not centered in a child care

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Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification. Parents may also turn to independent rating services, or rely on recommendations and referrals. Some places develop voluntary quality networks, for example in Australia most childcare services are part of a national Quality Assurance system.

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Another factor favoring large corporate daycares is the existence of childcare facilities in the workplace. Large corporations will not handle this employee benefit directly themselves and will seek out large corporate providers to manage their corporate daycares. Most smaller, for-profit daycares

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of a company, are highly paid. Neither a nanny nor a housekeeper makes nearly as much money, and almost all of these tasks except direct child care also have to be done by non-parents. The value of unpaid childcare is also an important figure in various legal entities. Expert witnesses (most often

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The National Institute of Health released a study in March, 2007 after following a group of children through early childhood to the 6th grade. The study found that the children who received a higher quality of childcare scored higher on 5th grade vocabulary tests than the children who had attended

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Developmentally, these child caretakers have shown certain positive associations that affect their future resilience in the face of adversity. Caring for disabled parents raises their sense of responsibility and maturity, increases social and life skills, fosters closer parent-child relationships,

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Commercial care center also known as daycares are open for set hours, and provide a standardized and regulated system of care for children. Parents may choose from a commercial care center close to their work, and some companies may even offer care at their facilities. Parents may decide the child

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The most common way to find a nanny is online on dedicated websites specializing in child care services, or through a nanny agency. Nanny agencies may provide a more thorough check of an applicant's references and run a criminal background check on the candidate. Depending on local prices, a nanny

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The program that was created in 2007 became known as the Federal Daycare Programme for Working Mothers. This program allowed for subsidized home and community based childcare. The one running the care centers would only have to have a training component, which consisted of a psychological test and

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In 2021, in reflection on the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Canadian government reflected upon the benefits and values of child care on child development and economic growth. As such, the government made it a goal to decrease the cost of child care. This policy change is reflected in

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Regulation is governed by the Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), a federal government body, which acts as a central body for the state bodies. As of 2021, minimum supervision ratios of educators to children were 1:4 for infants, 1:5 for 2–3 years old (except for

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in Kenya, where mothers in the horticultural society are often away working, which relies on siblings, cousins, and neighbors to care for children as young as 4 months old. In most cases children are taken care of by their parents, legal guardians, or siblings. In some cases, it is also seen that

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Studies have been done to get an annual salary estimate for a female caregiver. One survey suggested that the value of a mother's work, if she were paid the average wage for each task she performs in running the household and caring for her children, is $ 117,867 per year. The reason for the high

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Based on the previous sections in this article, it is evident that various countries focus on childcare as a means of supporting their workforces, that childcare leads to beneficial health and developmental outcomes for children, and that childcare takes many forms for many different communities.

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Whether at an expensive facility or relatively inexpensive, children who attend daycare facilities tend to develop social skills more quickly than children of the same age group that are reared at home. They communicate better with children of the same age and often try harder to communicate with

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Licensed or unlicensed home daycare is also referred to as family child care, or in home care. It refers to the care provided to a group of children in the home of a caregiver. State laws differ regarding rules for licensed versus unlicensed care. In Canada, most home daycares are unlicensed, and

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In Spain, beyond maternity leave provisions of four months, families frequently choose to enroll their children in pre-school programs, including about 95–97% of three to four year olds that attend a combination of state and private nurseries. The Spanish government does subsidize child care, and

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Childcare varies dramatically across cultures. While many global communities prefer children aged 7–10 for designated caregiving responsibilities, children no younger than 12 are preferred in the Western world where paid childcare is common. For example, very young children in Zaire regularly use

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or higher credentials. These higher credentials include Associate, Bachelor, and even master's degrees in the field of Early Childhood Education (ECE). Although childcare professionals may obtain a degree, many states require that they attend workshops yearly to upgrade their knowledge and skill

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Many organizations in the developed world campaign for free or subsidized childcare for all. Others campaign for tax breaks or allowances to provide parents a non-finance driven choice. Many of the free or subsidized childcare programs in the United States are also Child Development programs, or

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and families where both parents need or want to earn money. Many governments in higher-income countries provide subsidies for child care programs for the benefit of low-income families or parents in general. In the United States, where few subsidies are provided, there is a political debate over

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Family childcare may be less expensive than center-based care because of the lower overhead (lower ratios mean less staff are required to maintain regulated ratios. Many family childcare home providers may be certified with the same credentials as center based staff potentially leading to higher

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A number of universities and institutions undertake research on child care in the United States, including University of Florida's Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences (IFAS) from 2006, the Public Agenda from 2001, the National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center

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Access to and quality of childcare have a variety of implications for children, parents and guardians, and families. Child care can have long-term impacts on educational attainment for children. Parents, particularly women and mothers, see increased labor force attachment when child care is more

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included in its 1,182 pages virtually no reference to caretaking of children by anyone other than parents.reported on Their 1977 article reported on their study of over a hundred countries. They found that in agricultural/ horticultural societies where work is done to provide sustenance for the

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Developmental benefits are also seen for older siblings or relatives tasked to care for younger children. For example, children with siblings are more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors (such as the ability to take another's perspective or sharing with others) than children without siblings.

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By 2006, New Zealand began to use learning stories as a learning model in their curriculum called "Te Whaariki". It highlights children's learning outcomes as 'disposition' which are "situated learning strategies plus motivation-participation repertoires from which a learner recognize, selects,

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supported the bill, saying that it is "time to strengthen minimum protections for children," which they believed the reauthorization and amendments would do. The organization supported having background checks on workers, requiring training basic CPR and health training, and holding unannounced

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Childcare systems in France put great value into childcare providers having received a certain level of formal education in order to properly care for children. They have two separate branches of early childhood childcare. These two branches are called crèche and école maternelle. Crèche is the

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nurture and develop their children into being functional members of society. For centuries it has been assumed that women will stay home and take care of the children while their husbands go out and work. In most cases, the husbands get all the credit for providing for the family. However, the

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of family child care home facilities attempts to bring economies of scale to home daycare. A central operator handles marketing, administration and perhaps some central purchasing while the actual care occurs in individual homes. The central operator may provide training to the individual care

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Family child care providers care for children in the provider's own home. The children could be in a mixed age group with a low adult-to-child ratio. Care can also potentially be personalized and individual. The hours may be more flexible and the provider may offer evening and weekend care for

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may not represent the actual numbers as those parents who can afford may choose unlicensed childcare or baby sitters due to a lack of space in the licensed childcare system. Although unlicensed childcare and babysitters are also eligible for government subsidies, a parent must apply with local

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In English-speaking and other conservative countries, the vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives, neighbors or friends, but most children are in daycare centers for most of the day in Nordic Countries, for

861:

sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children's 'school readiness' and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right

752:

Childcare has been on the rise in Mexico due to the increasing interest it has within the people and the effect it has on the government. This is due to the rise of urban areas in developing countries and the need to keep up with the economic development. There has always been many child care

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The quality of childcare given by a facility is generally indicated by the center's cost of enrollment. If the center charges more for the service, it will generally provide better care to the children. Centers that charge more for their services can provide quality education, more current

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The creation of childcare programs in Mexico is quite different from others because it focuses on the "defeminization of labor and the defamilization of care." Female participation is a goal that the government has so it set in place many policies and modes to achieve this. The creation of a

728:

had the largest number of children on the waitlist at 3,690 children (1.19% of applicants). On a nationwide scale, the average percentage of children placed on the waitlist was 0.6% and there was an excess supply of licensed childcare with 2,679,651 children filling 2,888,159 spots available

1296:

Many types of childcare discuss the different ways in which children are cared for by adults or older children. One additional type of child care involves children caring for adults. Children as caretakers are most often seen in developing countries with restricted or hard-to-access medical

1199:

For all providers, the largest expense is labor. In a 1999 Canadian survey of formal child care centers, labor accounted for 63% of costs and the industry had an average profit of 5.3%. Given the labor-intensive nature of the industry, it is not surprising that the same survey showed little

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Legislation may mandate staffing ratios (for example, 6 weeks to 12 months, 1:4; 12 to 18 months, 1:5; 18 to 24 months, 1:9; etc.). The caregiver-to-child ratio is one factor indicative of quality of care. Ratios vary greatly by location and by daycare center. Potential consequences of a

486:

France also couples public child care services with private and family child care services. These services are part of the 3.6% of the French GDP spent on family policies. Services in France are offered to people with full-time French residence and people whose children are vaccinated.

374:'s Child Care Subsidy scheme provides assistance with child care costs, but this still leaves many families with a large out of pocket expense. The median weekly cost of center-based long day care in 2013 was approximately A$ 364 which puts it out of the reach of lower income earners. 959:

In 1996, the 104th Congress passed The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), consolidating three federal child care programs previously serving low-income families under the program formerly known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

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resources, and nicer facilities. These are all helpful when trying to educate a child academically. A higher standard for teachers, such as requiring a degree in early childhood education or a degree of the like, has shown to result in improved growth in the development of a child.

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of supervisors. Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision. Typically, once the child reaches the age of twelve, they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated.

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cover story entitled, "The Hell of American Day Care", said that there are potential benefits and harms related to formal child care.The article cited a National Institute of Child Health Development survey from 2007 that indicated the lack in quality of American healthcare centers.

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is often the term used to refer to child care centers that care primarily for 3 and 4-year-old children. Preschool can be based in a center, family child care home or a public school. Older children, in their turn, in most countries are cared in an educational setting, usually a

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afterschool programs which hire certified teachers to teach the children while they are in their care. There are often local industry associations that lobby governments on childcare policy, promote the industry to the public or help parents choose the right daycare provider.

623:) every day to every child below 6 years of age. For adolescent girls it is up to 500 kilo calories with up to 25 grams of protein every day. The services of Immunisation, Health Check-up and Referral Services are delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the 1124:

and security. Multi-aged settings allow children to learn from one another and allow siblings to stay together. Some family child care providers may offer parents more flexibility with hours of operation such as evening, weekend, overnight, and before and after school care.

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care for children from several families at the same time, either in their own home (commonly known as "family day care" in Australia) or in a specialized child care facility. Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment.

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offers both private and subsidized daycare centers. Some shortages of subsidized openings can lengthen the time needed to find a suitable childcare provider. To counter this, government or private enterprise sometimes enable parents to look for available spaces online.

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Family childcare can also be nationally accredited by the National Association of Family Childcare if the provider chooses to go through the process. National accreditation is only awarded to those programs who demonstrate the quality standards set forth by the NAFCC.

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are also a viable childcare option for many families, although they do not currently reap the benefits of the Government Child Care Subsidy. Nannies often offer many styles of services, including casual and permanent nannies, as well as au pairs and overnight nannies.

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Farah, Martha J.; Sternberg, Saul; Nichols, Thomas A.; Duda, Jeffrey T.; Lohrenz, Terry; Luo, Yi; Sonnier, Libbie; Ramey, Sharon L.; Montague, Read; Ramey, Craig T. (1 May 2021). "Randomized Manipulation of Early Cognitive Experience Impacts Adult Brain Structure".

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Considerable research has shown that non-profit child care facilities are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive." Not-for-profit organizations are more likely to provide quality childcare to lower income families.

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Evans, Ruth, and Saul Becker. "Children's and Young People's Caring Responsibilities within the Family." Policy Press at the University of Bristol, 2009, pp. 1–38. Global Issues and Policy Responses, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgvzh.5. Accessed 7 December

542:

Kitas are typically run by public (i. e. communal) and "free" carriers (such as the churches, other religious organizations, social organizations with a background in the trade unions and profit-orientated corporations), and subsidized by the states

1154:

usually largest in this type of care, ratios of children to adult caregivers will vary according to state licensing requirements. Some positive aspects of commercial care are that children may gain a sense of independence, academic achievement, and

352:

Therefore, an important aspect of childcare is considering the cultural differences and accepted behaviors in differing households. Children should be able to retain their cultural tradition and norms, while also being exposed to other cultures.

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portray infants being left to the care and guidance of other relatively young children in the community with adults and other tribe members merely within shouting distance should a problem arise. The same pattern of caregiving is seen in the

970:

Economics professor, Nancy Folbre, reported on a weakness of the Commission for the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress in Paris, saying that one of the major weaknesses of the press coverage of the commission's report in

1378:

said that the amount of time spent in daycare before four-and-a-half tended to correspond with the child's tendency to be less likely to get along with others, to be disobedient, and to be aggressive, although still within the normal range.

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have released detailed educational plans for daycare carriers who claim state subsidies. "Early pedagogics" has increasingly moved into the academic domain, with an increasing number of staff being trained at universities of applied science

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to their children when advised to do so by childcare workers and even if it is against the advice of health care providers. In particular, children in childcare are more likely to take antibiotics than children outside of childcare.

1246:

Local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers. In non-profits, the title of the most senior supervisor is typically "executive director", following the convention of most non-profit organizations.

390:

insurance (specifically for family day care) are necessary for starting a family day care. The house should be safe for children. A group of 15 educators works under one Supervisor who must have a Diploma in Children's Services.

1648:, among two parent families with at least one working parent, 62% of parents handle the childcare themselves, 32% have other in-home care (nannies, relatives, neighbours or friends) and only 6.5% use a formal day care center. 1700: 945:

In 1990, the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 was enacted under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, creating a dedicated federal funding stream for child care subsidies to low-income families.

688:

Because of the popularity for licensed childcare and the increasing number of women in the workforce, many children are placed on a waiting list. This is one of the biggest social problems in Japan, known as "taiki jidō

1024:(R-NC), the agreement will enhance transparency, strengthen health and safety protections, and improve the quality of care. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the amended version of the bill on 15 September 2014. 619:, immunization, contraceptive counselling, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 500 kilocalories (with 12–15 gm grams of 2530: 1611: 3896:

Tong, Lian, et al. "Early Development of Empathy in Toddlers: Effects of Daily Parent–Child \Interaction and Home-Rearing Environment." Journal of applied Social Psychology. 42.10 (2012): 2457–2478. Web. 8 October

963:

By 2001, child care had become an important aspect of American society, with more than "thirteen million American children under 5 years of age experiencing some form of child care before entering formal school."

369:

has a large childcare industry, but in many locations (especially in inner-city suburbs of large cities and in rural areas) the availability is limited and the waiting periods can be up to several years. The

1426:

and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. Illnesses and diseases may also include ringworm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but

4478: 1422:. This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there is an individual with an infectious disease who may then spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include 385:

is available to help qualify staff with many years experience, but no qualifications). (Common more advanced qualifications are 'Diploma of Children's Services' and an Early Childhood Education degree).

1113: 2306:

Early Child Care Research Network, National Institute of Child Health (July 2003). "Does Amount of Time Spent in Child Care Predict Socioemotional Adjustment During the Transition to Kindergarten?".

2555: 1610:

In their 1977 Thomas S. Weisner and Ronald G. Gallimore article said that by 1969 there had been no crosscultural work reference to caretaking of children by anyone other than parents published in

1056: 1744:

levels. Many day cares require a teacher to obtain a certain amount of training. For example, Texas requires a minimum of 25 hours a year, and a first-year teacher is required to have 50 hours.

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economists) are occasionally brought into court cases to give estimates on the value of unpaid labor. By giving estimation, the plaintiff or defendant can be fairly compensated for their labor.

483:

program for infants and toddlers and école maternelle is part of the education system. They both require teachers to have a college degree with an occasional specialized degree on top of that.

1448:

Given the importance of these outcomes, an analysis of which communities are not able to receive adequate childcare can yield insight into various other issues about race, gender, and class.

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reauthorize the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act. Negotiated by Representatives John Kline (R-MN), George Miller (D-CA), Todd Rokita (R-IN), and David Loebsack (D-IA), and Senators

685:

based on the points system. A child from single-parent families, parents with illness or disabilities and low-income households are typically prioritized over children from other households.

591:) and regular universities. Non-academic personnel in daycare facilities have usually attended specialized schools for several years. In the state of Bavaria for example, daycare assistants ( 1313:

A variety of researchers have studied the impacts of childcare on child development, and these findings suggest the importance of childcare for development and health outcomes for children.

282:

may also take on this caregiving role. Another form of childcare is that of center-based childcare. In lieu of familial caregiving, these responsibilities may be given to paid caretakers,

1177:

environment. The children are supervised by a teacher who is responsible for their physical, intellectual, emotional and social development. In this regard, most western countries have

3203: 2394: 4453:

U.K. Board of Education (2006). "The Development of Infant Schools and of Separate Nursery Schools from 1905 to the Present Time". In Rod Parker-Rees and Jenny Willan (ed.).

1219:. In the United States, "child care worker" is the fifth most female-dominated occupation (95.5% female in 1999). In the US, staffing requirements vary from state to state. 1002:

program that included "some baseline changes to make sure there’s safe child care", said Nick Vucic, a senior government affairs associate at Child Care Aware of America."

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or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes. It can also take on a more formal structure, with education, child development, discipline and even

956:(SIPP), over 36% of families of preschoolers with working mothers primarily relied on childcare in the home of a relative, family daycare provider or other non-relative. 3411: 3382: 778:

their new child. Additionally, parents in Norway receive an allowance that can be used on child care. Norway also caps fees for child care in kindergarten at NOK 2,500.

1644:

The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents, in-house nanny or through informal arrangements with relatives, neighbors or friends. For example, in

1524:, argued that a system of child care would free women to participate in society. Among the early English authors to devote a book to child care in the modern sense was 1188: 3906:

Radboud University Nijmegen. "Children who go to daycare may benefit from a wider variety of social situations." ScienceDaily, 30 August 2013. Web. 6 October 2013.

3636:

Blaiklock, K (2008) A critique of the use of learning stories to assess the learning dispositions of young children, NZ Research in ECE Journal, Vol. 11, pg 77–87.

1109: 573:, "day mothers"), i. e. stay-at-home parents who provide commercial day care to other children. This form of daycare is also federally regulated through the KJHG. 340:

accessible and affordable. In particular, increased affordable child care opportunities have economic benefits for immigrant communities and communities of color.

4485: 3819: 2504: 2238:"State By State Daycare Search, City By City Daycare Search, Search Daycare Centers and Daycare Homes, Daycare Listings, Child Care Directory, Daycare Locations" 462:

The day-cares are play-based focusing on the children's perspective and involvement in day-to-day life. The day-cares are staffed by trained social educators or

1651:

However, for-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies. For instance, in North America,

1502:

Additionally, sibling caretakers have the opportunity to develop deeper communication skills as they teach younger siblings to participate in everyday tasks.

3649: 2720: 4065:"Early Child Care Linked to Increases in Vocabulary, Some Problem Behaviors in Fifth and Sixth Grades, March 26, 2007 – National Institutes of Health (NIH)" 2002:

Yazejian, Noreen (2001). "The Relation of Preschool Child-Care Quality To Children's Cognitive And Social Developmental Trajectories Through Second Grade".

4558: 2562: 999: 670: 550:

Preschool education, unlike school and university, is not in the exclusive domain of the states. The federal government regulates daycare through the

6531: 2651: 2032: 1679:

The availability of child care, whether with other family members or professional care, affects the ability of parents to work. This includes both

547:). In this case, the care is open to the general public—e. g. a Protestant or Muslim child may claim a place in a Kita run by the catholic church. 2395:

http://www.childforum.com/options-a-differences-between-ece-programmes/73-private-childcare-arrangements-making-your-own-and-what-is-involved.html

2096: 539:("preschool") and given special pedagogic attention; special preschool institutions comparable to the US-American kindergarten are the exception. 1243:

advantage of coordinated programs with the school and the advantage of a single location for parents who have older school-age children as well.

1616: 1211:

In Canada, the workforce is predominantly female (95%) and low paid, averaging only 60% of average workforce wage. Many employees are at local

3046: 5304: 3915:

Dearing, Erik, et al. "New study challenges links between daycare and behavioral issues." ScienceDaily, 17 January 2013. Web. 6 October 2013.

3484: 3458: 1108:

Child care facilities in the US have the option of becoming accredited. This standard is set and regulated by an outside agency. In centers,

2961: 267:, is the care and supervision of one or more children, typically ranging from two weeks to 18 years old. When describing a business class, ' 7151: 6341: 2020: 1769: 1739:

In the United States, childcare in regulated commercial or family childcare home setting is administered or led by teachers who may have a

1352:

scans showed that several brain region and total brain volumes were substantially larger in participants of the child care program than in

1030:

In addition to the cost of childcare in the United States, the quality of institutions and programs is inferior to other countries. A 2013

3442: 2486: 5273: 2187: 1910: 866:

child-minding expertise, and provides information for childminders and parents. The UK has a wide range of childcare options, including

6960: 4589: 4532: 4178:

Lee, MB; Greig, JD (October 2008). "A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations".

2799: 2056: 1548:

was known as the first day center for working mothers in the United States. Another at that time was the New York Day Nursery in 1854.

953: 434:

the 2021 Canadian budget, which invests up to $ 8.3 billion for child care services for early learning and for indigenous communities.

1267:

providers. Some providers even offer enrichment programs to take the daycare experience to a more educational and professional level.

823:. All pupils in the Early Years must follow a programme of education in seven areas, divided into 'prime areas' and 'specific areas'. 902: 381:

All childcare workers must have, or be undertaking, the minimum Certificate III in Children's Services in order to work in a center (

2153: 2123: 1898: 4302:"Suited for Service: Racialized Rationalizations for the Ideal Domestic Servant from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century" 1844: 4133: 1564:, or by extended family members including grandparents, aunts and uncles. Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a 665:, but each licensed daycare facilities are run by private or public organizations, which are licensed and inspected by the local 301:

or family daycare). The majority of child care institutions available require child care providers to have extensive training in

495: 6432: 6129: 4257: 1337: 662: 430:

certification. Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities (washroom, eating, sleeping, lighting levels, etc.).

3245:

Staab, Silke; Gerhard, Roberto (May 2010). "Childcare Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico: For Women or Children or Both?".

535:

for children who are older than three years and before school. Children in their last Kindergarten year may be grouped into a

6878: 5469: 5399: 4462: 4406: 4385: 3709: 2824:

Esping-Andersen, Gosta; Garfinkel, Irwin; Han, Wen-Jui; Magnuson, Katherine; Wagner, Sander; Waldfogel, Jane (1 March 2012).

2276: 624: 608: 5614: 1878:

in the American Heritage Dictionary child day care is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the child's

1027:

On 19 November 2014, President Barack Obama signed S.1086, the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014 into law.

6649: 6524: 4974: 2406: 2023:

From University of Florida/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Factors in choosing quality child care.

1955:

Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs

1655:, one of the largest of such companies, has approximately 1,600 centers located in 39 states and the District of Columbia. 923:(NCCIC) from 2009, the government resource, Childcare, and the IRS Child and Dependent Care Credit information from 2003. 4685: 3304: 2214:"Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women. Census 2000 Special Reports, May 2004" 561:

for children under the age of three and before Kindergarten (i. e. Kinderkrippe; this law becomes effective 1 August 2013)

6905: 6817: 5698: 5573: 4741: 2935: 935: 236: 4282: 3830: 3535: 6498: 5439: 4129:"Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review" 1724:. Such laws may add cost and complexity to childcare provision and may provide tools to help ensure quality childcare. 1587:

For-profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies.

1049: 878:

in England and Care Inspectorate Wales for Wales, which operate the application and inspection process for the sector.

4659: 3267:

Gigengack, Roy (1994). "Social Practices of Juvenile Survival and Mortality: Child Care Arrangements in Mexico City".

2508: 1181:

during which the great majority of children are at school starting from five or six years of age. The school will act

6468: 5474: 5339: 4029:

Erel O, Oberman Y, Yirmiya N (2000). "Maternal versus nonmaternal care and seven domains of children's development".

2444: 2069:

Wiltz, Nancy W. (2001). ""What do you do in child care?" Children's perceptions of high and low quality classrooms".

875: 874:

and pre-school education at school. Childcare in both the state and public sector is regulated and registered by the

812: 3168:

Wong, Rebecca; Levine, Ruth (1992). "The Effect of Household Structure on Women's Economic Activity and Fertility".

1134:

of values. This type of teaching with a caring relationship will improve a student's moral and incidental learning.

638:(US$ 3.4 billion). Additionally, private childcare services also exist in the country for wealthier families. 6182: 5578: 5278: 4803: 3329: 1656: 806: 423:

said that not-for-profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive."

200: 6584: 6517: 6326: 6172: 5630: 5344: 2460: 2237: 3282: 1044:

has been "hampered" by one of its "most daunting obstacles"—"America's already fragile child-care system". In a

6493: 6483: 5394: 4569: 1764: 1684:

whether universal child care services should be provided by the government. Related debates include those over

1371:

for children of less skilled parents. From a parental perspective, good daycare can complement good parenting.

990: 3684: 3646: 3354: 3020: 1909:

in two words can in addition have the broader meaning of the care of a child by anyone, including the parents,

1137: 1052:'s Center for the Study of Child Care Employment said that the American child-care system had been "upended". 774:

100%, but most regions are getting close (2011). There's a maximum price to enable all families to afford it.

6579: 6488: 6213: 6029: 5850: 5419: 5326: 4828: 1713: 1511: 724:

had the highest percentage of children on the waitlist at 2.8% of all the applicants (1,702 children), while

650: 382: 378:

VIC – 1:4), 1:10 for preschoolers in NSW, TAS and WA, and 1:11 for preschoolers in ACT, NT, QLD, SA and VIC.

1386:

Adult brain volume differences due to a specific child-care program in children of low socioeconomic status.

558:

for children over the age of three and before school (i. e. Kindergarten; this law became effective in 1996)

6762: 6659: 6407: 6253: 6149: 6124: 5895: 5424: 5384: 4883: 3934: 3855: 3508: 1353: 858: 816: 1720:. Most countries have laws relating to childcare, which seek to keep children safe and prevent and punish 1283:

Children wring water from clothes at an orphanage, day care and after-school site in Paramaribo, Suriname.

7065: 6346: 6069: 5253: 5064: 5037: 3665:

Carr, M. (2012) Learning stories : constructing learner identities in early education. London: Sage.

3047:"Chapter 2: The integrated child development services program (ICDS) – Are results meeting expectations?" 1740: 1652: 1334: 3924:

Dewar, Gwen. "The Dark Side of Preschool:." The Dark Side of Preschool. N.p., 2013. Web. 7 October 2013.

2881: 2648: 6757: 6268: 6099: 6094: 5459: 5296: 5054: 4979: 4949: 3586:

Vucic, Nick (19 November 2014). "BREAKING: President Obama Signs CCDBG Reauthorization Bill into Law".

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Weisner, Thomas S.; Gallimore, Ronald G. (1977). "My Brother's Keeper: Child and Sibling Caretaking ".

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reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.

1191:

of parent supervision." In many locales, government is responsible for monitoring the quality of care.

6827: 2986: 7194: 7136: 6752: 6619: 6478: 6437: 6273: 5993: 5825: 5509: 5121: 4861: 4785: 1368: 646: 322: 111: 17: 4660:"About ADCO – ADCO :: The Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario :: Childcare Today" 7146: 6669: 5845: 4871: 1435: 820: 649:

standards for measuring and monitoring the child growth and development, both for the ICDS and the

4615: 4536: 4510: 4348: 3462: 2609: 2035:

Examines policy alternatives and public opinion on child care in the US, from Public Agenda Online

1663:'s childcare subsidy has allowed the creation of a large private-sector industry in that country. 967:

By 2003, almost 26% of families used organized childcare facilities as their primary arrangement.

321:

are normally a requirement. Child care can consist of advanced learning environments that include

293:

Professional caregivers work within the context of center-based care (including crèches, daycare,

7199: 6664: 6301: 5691: 5444: 5309: 5047: 4808: 4775: 4734: 3685:"AuPair Nanny Differences Au Pair Jobs | Family Care: Nanny, Sitter, Assistant, Senior Home Care" 3591: 2965: 1886:. Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods, such as the parents' time at 1849: 1839: 1660: 1494: 1121: 1105:. The cost in a family child care could be significantly lower on average than that of a center. 977: 694: 371: 229: 190: 3604: 3439: 3140: 3128: 1969: 6895: 6134: 5973: 5563: 5379: 4944: 4823: 2407:"Including Immigrant Mothers in the Child Care Discussion – Gender and Intersectional Analysis" 1423: 729:

throughout Japan. Of all children on the waitlist, 63% of applicants resided in larger cities.

463: 2191: 1599: 1040:

In the United States—unlike many other developing countries—a full economic recovery from the

607:

India has a system of universal childcare which is free and provided by the state through the

6654: 6463: 6024: 5948: 5875: 5840: 5558: 5414: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5183: 5136: 5131: 5099: 4919: 1918: 1759: 1345: 4593: 4443:, ed. Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy, (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 272. 2772: 987:

was the lack of consideration for unpaid work, such as that of family or community members.

737:

municipal government for funding and the maximum funding is capped at 37,000 yen per month.

6873: 6812: 6712: 6686: 6321: 6248: 6197: 5958: 5933: 5923: 5665: 5604: 5464: 5321: 5245: 5153: 5143: 4939: 4840: 4818: 4422: 4414: 1875: 1784: 1754: 1638: 1576: 1178: 1008: 871: 674: 666: 580:) is increasingly seen as an integral part of education as a whole; several states such as 407: 326: 95: 4013: 1591:

cognitive development during the first 4½ years of life than those in lower quality care.

1231:

Images inside of Milton District High School in Milton, Ontario, Canada. A daycare in 2009

8: 7189: 7141: 7126: 6336: 6263: 6187: 6008: 5988: 5943: 5880: 5763: 5715: 5568: 5479: 5434: 5334: 5193: 5111: 5094: 5059: 4914: 4835: 4795: 2623: 1824: 1685: 1671:

them describing the traditional search for child daycare as "difficult and frustrating".

1569: 1401: 983: 642: 3152: 1922: 6634: 6382: 6119: 5855: 5684: 5454: 5349: 5314: 5173: 5022: 4934: 4899: 4780: 4727: 4321: 4234: 4209: 4155: 4128: 3998: 3783: 3181: 3094: 2858: 2825: 2365: 1854: 1465: 1201: 950: 721: 616: 222: 3674:

Kearns, K, 2010. Birth to Big School. 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia."

2082: 1297:

assistance. Child caretakers are common in families where the parents are affected by

6848: 6787: 6609: 6473: 6316: 6238: 6218: 6089: 5968: 5963: 5928: 5905: 5835: 5820: 5533: 5409: 5148: 5089: 4929: 4909: 4904: 4458: 4402: 4381: 4313: 4239: 4187: 4160: 4109: 4046: 4002: 3990: 3787: 3612: 3185: 3098: 2863: 2845: 2841: 2440: 2369: 2323: 1977: 1834: 1689: 1545: 1525: 1434:

Due to social pressure, parents of sick children in childcare may be willing to give

1341: 1041: 310: 278:

Care can be provided to children by a variety of individuals and groups. The child's

272: 4338:

Folbre, Nancy. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. New York: New, 2001

2213: 886:

child reaches 3 years. The government introduced childcare vouchers for businesses.

6742: 6717: 6356: 6192: 6167: 6159: 5915: 5799: 5778: 5504: 5116: 4989: 4984: 4878: 4229: 4221: 4210:"The influence of children's day care on antibiotic seeking: a mixed methods study" 4150: 4142: 4099: 4038: 3980: 3972: 3775: 3173: 3084: 2853: 2837: 2742: 2357: 2315: 2078: 1914: 1183: 1032: 318: 158: 152: 121: 4064: 3717: 2284: 2174: 1579:

is a continuum from personal parental care to large, regulated institutions. Some

426:

Local governments, often municipalities, may operate non-profit day care centers.

7166: 7116: 7045: 7020: 6990: 6900: 6807: 6747: 6387: 6306: 6143: 6104: 6003: 5753: 5553: 5268: 5163: 5032: 4924: 4813: 4762: 3820:"The Impact of Day Care on Maternal Labor Supply and Child Development in Mexico" 3653: 3446: 2693: 2655: 2531:"Report on Government Services 2014 Volume B: Child care, education and training" 1461: 1017: 890: 790: 279: 54: 4376:, in Allen, Nicholas J., Hillary Callan, Robin Dunbar, & Wendy James, eds., 4042: 1055:

In 2023, the average cost of childcare in the U.S. exceeded $ 13,600 per child-.

7156: 7040: 6980: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6624: 6589: 6447: 6427: 6422: 6412: 6372: 6049: 5978: 5768: 5599: 5514: 5220: 5168: 4866: 4693: 3089: 3072: 2667: 1879: 1814: 1799: 1594: 1536: 1174: 587: 185: 136: 3779: 3519: 2939: 811:

In England, childcare is inspected and regulated by His Majesty's Inspectors (

7183: 7161: 7131: 7111: 6970: 6945: 6868: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6681: 6574: 6442: 6351: 6296: 6291: 6233: 6064: 5900: 5885: 5870: 5783: 5743: 5609: 5499: 5288: 5263: 5015: 4856: 4770: 4317: 4286: 3616: 2849: 1981: 1680: 1641:

is a continuum from personal parental care to large, regulated institutions.

1625: 1541: 1155: 939: 332:

As well as these licensed options, parents may also choose to find their own

116: 4208:

Rooshenas, L; Wood, F; Brookes-Howell, L; Evans, MR; Butler, CC (May 2014).

3116: 2319: 1367:

As a matter of social policy, consistent, good daycare, may ensure adequate

7000: 6995: 6975: 6955: 6941: 6885: 6732: 6614: 6564: 6392: 6243: 6228: 6084: 6074: 5860: 5645: 5225: 5178: 5126: 5084: 4719: 4710: 4663: 4243: 4191: 4164: 4113: 4050: 4024: 4022: 3994: 3647:

http://familydaycare.com.au/forms/feature%2041%20-%20Learning%20Stories.pdf

2867: 2327: 2264:

Jobs Aren't Enough: Toward a New Economic Mobility for Low-Income Families.

1819: 1804: 1428: 1212: 1021: 926: 314: 287: 131: 4225: 7106: 7101: 7075: 6965: 6950: 6931: 6890: 6858: 6853: 6691: 6569: 6509: 6402: 6377: 6223: 6059: 6044: 5830: 5758: 5748: 5635: 5230: 5188: 5106: 3976: 1794: 1721: 1580: 1263: 1227: 882: 867: 628: 500: 180: 164: 64: 4363:"Readings on the Development of Children", Mary Gauvain and Michael Cole 4347:"Mom Salary Wizard?2010. Mother's Day Paycheck for Mom's Job." Web. < 4325: 4301: 4019: 3985: 2277:"Child Care Linked To Assertive, Noncompliant, and Aggressive Behaviors" 7085: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7010: 6737: 6599: 6594: 6550: 6417: 6311: 6114: 5983: 5953: 5890: 5788: 5158: 5080: 4959: 4754: 3509:

National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center (NCCIC)

3073:"Public or private? Determinants of parents' preschool choice in India" 2152:

Saraiva, Catarina; Pickert, Reade; Rockeman, Olivia (29 January 2021).

1887: 1710: 1239: 1169: 1161: 1102: 1013: 294: 195: 4146: 4104: 4087: 2998: 2464: 2241: 1957:. Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2011. p. 79. 7070: 6936: 6915: 6797: 6722: 6674: 6604: 6559: 6108: 6079: 6054: 5938: 5793: 5707: 4750: 2435:

Rogoff, Barbara (2003). "Child Rearing in Families and Communities".

1905:

in Ireland and New Zealand. According to Oxford Living Dictionaries,

1774: 1717: 1553: 1480: 1453: 1442: 1411: 1407: 612: 366: 333: 302: 283: 210: 205: 126: 69: 2913: 2826:"Child Care and School Performance in Denmark and the United States" 7121: 7060: 7050: 6985: 6822: 6802: 6727: 6397: 6331: 5738: 5519: 5235: 4637: 3485:"1302.91 Staff qualifications and competency requirements. | ECLKC" 3451: 3177: 2823: 2587: 2361: 1829: 1779: 1659:

another of the largest has over 600 daycare centers. Similarly the

1604: 1457: 1298: 930:

A worker drops off her child at a California day care center, 1943.

249: 3801: 1003: 793:

of 16 weeks to mothers and 5 weeks of paternity leave to fathers.

7080: 7055: 6832: 6034: 5998: 5042: 4410: 4399:

Feminism, Economics and Utopia: Time Travelling Through Paradigms

2305: 1809: 1561: 1415: 1301:

and other illnesses that might limit their parental functioning.

1085: 620: 581: 512: 443: 254: 59: 4584: 4582: 4388:)), pp. 81–82 (author prof. anthropology, Univ. of East London). 4207: 7005: 6792: 6777: 6540: 6258: 6177: 5773: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5548: 5010: 5005: 4714: 4349:

http://swz.salary.com/momsalarywizard/htmls/mswl_momcenter.html

3859: 3766:

McKeon, Michael (23 February 2013). "The Morality of Daycare".

2721:"Budget 2021: A Canada-wide Early Learning and Child Care Plan" 1883: 1882:, typically performed by someone outside the child's immediate 1645: 1419: 1216: 1142: 770: 746: 412: 49: 3592:

https://info.childcareaware.org/blog/2014/11/obama-signs-ccdbg

6910: 5594: 5258: 5027: 4579: 4008: 3935:"Scientists say active early learning shapes the adult brain" 2147: 2145: 2044: 1789: 1620: 1565: 1557: 1517: 1081: 1000:

reauthorization of the Child Care and Development Block Grant

862:

foundation for good future progress through school and life.

786: 725: 595:) will have attended school for two years, daycare teachers ( 504: 394: 298: 74: 5676: 4258:"Fact Sheet: Troubling Pay Gap for Early Childhood Teachers" 2588:"Australian Children's Education and Care Quality Authority" 1913:

but US dictionaries do not record that spelling or meaning.

1595:

Early cross-cultural research on child care outside the home

661:

Licensed childcare in Japan falls under the jurisdiction of

6696: 5865: 4127:

Warren-Gash, C; Fragaszy, E; Hayward, AC (September 2013).

2556:"Regulation Impact Statement Child Care Assistance Package" 2262:

Iversen, Roberta Rehner, and Annie Laurie Armstrong. 2006.

1901:

in the United Kingdom, North America, and Australia and as

4126: 3645:

Kate Ryan. 2006. Family Daycare Australia. Available at:

3530: 3528: 3412:"Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage" 3383:"Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage" 2142: 1931: 1346:

resulted in significant changes in midlife brain structure

797:

state led childcare services require proof of low income.

599:) for three years with an additional two-year internship. 336:

or arrange childcare exchanges/swaps with another family.

6139: 4638:"Missouri Licensing Standards for Day Care Centers Homes" 4088:"Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education" 3961: 3743: 3305:"Why Nordic nations are the best places to have children" 1349: 1344:

center-based care starting between 3 and 21 weeks of age

938:

was passed by Congress, but was vetoed by then President

306: 3731:

National Association for the Education of Young Children

3077:

International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy

1110:

National Association for the Education of Young Children

4452: 3957: 3955: 3730: 3525: 2694:"Child care must serve kids not corporate shareholders" 2461:"About This Site | The Australian Childcare Index" 1874:

Day care in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

531:(crèche) for toddlers (age up to three years), and the 3355:"Everything You Need to Know About Childcare in Spain" 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2151: 2124:"Valuing Unpaid Work Matters, Especially for the Poor" 2914:"Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme" 894:

quality child care and meeting government standards.

519:(literally "children's day site", often shortened to 4417:), citing Rohrlich, R. & Elaine Hoffman Baruch, 4378:

Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction

3952: 3858:. doorwaystocare.ca. 22 January 2012. Archived from 3112: 3110: 3108: 3021:"Early childhood development and nutrition in India" 1316: 1141:

Elementary school teacher dictating students (2003,

1112:

institutes it. For family child care providers, the

4686:"Daycare Match – Daycare providers & Childcare" 4419:

Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers

4300:Branch, Enobong Hannah; Wooten, Melissa E. (2012). 3117:

Learn about free early childhood education and care

2692:Friendly, Martha; McCain, Margaret (7 March 2008). 2507:. Centrelink.gov.au. 15 August 2018. Archived from 2421: 4028: 3892: 3890: 3155:(Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 3143:(Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 1709:Some places require caregivers to take classes in 1443:Inequities in access to and provision of childcare 3590:. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. 3105: 1612:The Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research 1603:Children carrying firewood and tending sheep, in 1520:, according to Elaine Hoffman Baruch, around 394 1414:, typically because of contact among children in 7181: 4455:Early Years Education: Major Themes in Education 3588:Child Care Aware of America National Policy Blog 3461:. VeryTogether.com. 3 April 2009. Archived from 2347: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2154:"The Economic Recovery Has a Child-Care Problem" 2130:. The Economy and the Economics of Everyday Life 4551: 4441:The Feminist Companion to Literature in English 3887: 3204:"The Effects of Child Care Provision in Mexico" 2745:[More children are being looked after] 2719:Canada, Department of Finance (19 April 2021). 2115: 1530:The Rights of Infants, or... Nursing of Infants 1308: 1215:and are typically paid by the hour rather than 4592:. Ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us. Archived from 4359: 4357: 2962:"Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)" 2691: 1340:showed that 5 years of high-quality, targeted 692: 7035:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 6525: 5692: 4735: 4535:. Fool.com. 18 September 2003. Archived from 4283:"The HiMama 2017 Child Care Benchmark Report" 4085: 2334: 2047:Resources about daycare and early development 1695: 1291: 554:, which stipulates a legal claim to daycare: 451:), kindergartens with a day-care department ( 230: 4749: 4380:(Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2008 ( 4299: 4203: 4201: 3879: 3877: 3744:"National Association for Family Child Care" 3536:"History and Purposes of the CCDBG and CCDF" 3244: 2797: 1475: 565:Alternative daycare can be provided through 4616:"055 Pa. Code § 3270.51. Similar age level" 4354: 4086:Nesti, MM; Goldbaum, M (July–August 2007). 3377: 3375: 3211:Banco de México Documentos de Investigación 2687: 2685: 2059:Child and Dependent Care Credit information 700: 515:, preschool education is the domain of the 6539: 6532: 6518: 5699: 5685: 4742: 4728: 3520:US Department of Health and Human Services 3167: 2099:. Almanac of Policy Issues. Archived from 2062: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1342:cognitively and linguistically stimulating 1250: 954:Survey of Income and Program Participation 836:personal, social and emotional development 237: 223: 4421:(N.Y.: Schocken Books, 1984), and Plato, 4233: 4198: 4154: 4103: 3984: 3874: 3421:. Department for Education. 31 March 2021 3404: 3392:. Department for Education. 31 March 2021 3266: 3134: 3088: 2857: 2800:"Childcare facilities for young children" 2240:. Daycareunitedstates.com. Archived from 1961: 1128: 1114:National Association of Family Child Care 1095: 290:to provide care, housing, and schooling. 4177: 3802:"Home – FPG Child Development Institute" 3372: 3330:"Maternity and paternity leave in Spain" 3240: 3201: 3170:Economic Development and Cultural Change 3122: 3070: 2682: 2649:Childcare establishment locator > MFA 2487:"Govt 'misleading parents on childcare'" 2437:The Cultural Nature of Human Development 2001: 1845:Work-family balance in the United States 1699: 1598: 1381: 1278: 1226: 1160: 1136: 998:In March 2014, the U.S. Senate passed a 994:A daycare classroom in the United States 989: 925: 906:An American childcare development center 901: 494: 248: 4590:"Star Rated License: Program Standards" 4214:The British Journal of General Practice 4134:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3197: 3195: 3163: 3161: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 1938: 1932:References related to the United States 1704:A child playing with a toy in a daycare 1552:example. Child care in the child's own 1080:At home, care is typically provided by 356: 14: 7182: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3247:Gender and Development Programme Paper 3071:Ghosh, Saikat; Dey, Subhasish (2020). 2718: 2434: 2266:Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 2121: 1770:Ladies' Deborah and Child's Protectory 1395: 1338:Abecedarian Early Intervention Project 1204:between larger and smaller operators. 1075: 663:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 6513: 5680: 4723: 4533:"Bright Horizons for Bright Horizons" 4413:Ministry of Finance, & lecturer, 4079: 3119:. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan 2938:. sccommissioners.org. Archived from 2068: 1406:Childcare infection is the spread of 1374:One 2003 American study appearing in 1222: 1020:(R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), and 625:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 609:Integrated Child Development Services 527:), which is usually divided into the 6650:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 4484:. Fraserinstitute.ca. Archived from 3812: 3602: 3217: 3192: 3158: 2899: 2668:"City of Toronto: Child Care Finder" 2536:. Australian Productivity Commission 1967: 881:Every child in England at the first 819:statutory framework provided by the 552:Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetz (KJHG) 5574:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 4662:. Childcaretoday.ca. Archived from 4409:)), pp. 159–160 (author economist, 4374:Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal 3827:Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica 3754: 3560: 3440:BBC Parenting, Help with Child Care 3253: 2991: 2928: 2463:. Echildcare.com.au. Archived from 2185: 2122:Folbre, Nancy (21 September 2009). 1572:falling into the fold of services. 936:Comprehensive Child Development Act 297:and schools) or a home-based care ( 24: 6499:Parents Against Child Exploitation 4285:. 4 September 2018. Archived from 3039: 2830:Children and Youth Services Review 2775:[Guide to daycare, etc.]. 2190:. FOX News Network. Archived from 2071:Early Childhood Research Quarterly 1667:operate out of a single location. 1050:University of California, Berkeley 25: 7211: 6469:Mothers Apart from Their Children 4704: 3965:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3285:. regjeringen.no. 22 January 2007 3202:Calderon, Gabriela (April 2014). 2393:ChildForum Childcare Information 1487: 1317:Childcare centers and development 1116:Providers award the credentials. 876:Office for Standards in Education 813:Office for Standards in Education 800: 5579:Postpartum physiological changes 5279:Postpartum physiological changes 4804:Assisted reproductive technology 4678: 4652: 4630: 4608: 4525: 4503: 4471: 4446: 4434: 4391: 4366: 4007: 3603:Cohn, Jonathan (15 April 2013). 3153:「保育所等関連状況取りまとめ（平成31年４月１日）」を公表します 2999:"The WHO Child Growth Standards" 2886:Expat Guide to France | Expatica 2842:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.010 2590:. acecqa.gov.au. 7 December 2013 2439:. Oxford University Press, USA. 1968:Cohn, Jonathan (15 April 2013). 1919:The American Heritage Dictionary 1868: 1657:Bright Horizons Family Solutions 1390: 1333:A study that followed up on the 1270: 897: 807:Child care in the United Kingdom 631:, free childcare cost the state 201:Men in early childhood education 27:Care and supervision of children 6585:Breastfeeding and mental health 6327:Management of domestic violence 6173:Corporal punishment in the home 5631:Adaptation to extrauterine life 4401:(Oxon/London: Routledge, 2008 ( 4341: 4332: 4293: 4275: 4250: 4180:Journal of Environmental Health 4171: 4120: 4057: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3848: 3794: 3736: 3724: 3702: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3639: 3630: 3605:"The Hell of American Day Care" 3596: 3580: 3563:"Senate passes child care bill" 3554: 3513: 3502: 3477: 3433: 3347: 3322: 3297: 3275: 3146: 3064: 3013: 2980: 2954: 2874: 2817: 2791: 2765: 2735: 2712: 2660: 2642: 2616: 2610:"State and territory registers" 2602: 2580: 2299: 2269: 2256: 2230: 2206: 2179: 2168: 2089: 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2006:. Education Research Complete. 1995: 1970:"The Hell of American Day Care" 1556:is traditionally provided by a 1535:The first crèche was opened by 6484:National Fatherhood Initiative 5274:Maternal physiological changes 3522:Head Start Program information 2773:"Vejledning om dagtilbud m.v." 2743:"Flere børn bliver passet ude" 2548: 2523: 2497: 2479: 2453: 2399: 2387: 2283:. 16 July 2003. Archived from 2188:"The Pros and Cons of Daycare" 1765:Day care sexual abuse hysteria 1061: 13: 1: 6580:Breastfeeding and medications 6489:National Parents Organization 6214:Adverse childhood experiences 5706: 4829:partner-assisted reproduction 4511:"KinderCare Learning Centers" 3829:. August 2012. Archived from 3269:Community Development Journal 2936:"Supreme Court Commissioners" 2380: 2083:10.1016/S0885-2006(01)00099-0 651:National Rural Health Mission 383:Recognition of Prior Learning 7142:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 6763:Infant cognitive development 6660:Neonatal intensive care unit 6254:Effects of domestic violence 5896:Social emotional development 4559:"Documents – MyChild.gov.au" 4262:U.S. Department of Education 3710:"How to safely hire a Nanny" 1309:Effects on child development 859:Early Years Foundation Stage 817:Early Years Foundation Stage 361: 7: 7066:Supplemental nursing system 6070:Identification (psychology) 5065:Traditional birth attendant 4043:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.727 3001:. World Health Organization 1747: 1741:Child Development Associate 1653:KinderCare Learning Centers 1632: 1004:Child Care Aware of America 343: 10: 7216: 6818:Prenatal development table 6758:Irritant diaper dermatitis 6494:Parent–teacher association 6269:Parental abuse by children 6150:Positive Parenting Program 6100:Parent management training 6095:Normative social influence 5297:Brain health and pollution 3131:(Japanese). Cabinet Office 3090:10.1186/s40723-020-00068-0 2624:"Educator to child ratios" 1915:in Random House Dictionary 1890:. The service is known as 1696:Standards and requirements 1505: 1399: 1292:Children caring for adults 1276:upbringing and education. 853:expressive arts and design 830:communication and language 804: 710:'standby children problem' 490: 437: 405: 145:Institutions and standards 7137:Prenatal cocaine exposure 7094: 6925:Infant care and equipment 6924: 6842:Socialization and Culture 6841: 6753:Infant visual development 6705: 6620:Infant and toddler safety 6548: 6479:National Childbirth Trust 6456: 6365: 6282: 6274:Stress in early childhood 6206: 6158: 6017: 5994:Taking children seriously 5914: 5826:Applied behavior analysis 5809: 5714: 5658: 5623: 5587: 5541: 5532: 5510:Chorionic villus sampling 5492: 5287: 5244: 5213: 5206: 5073: 4998: 4967: 4958: 4892: 4862:Obstetric ultrasonography 4849: 4794: 4786:Pre-conception counseling 4761: 4457:. Routledge. p. 94. 3780:10.1007/s11406-013-9419-4 2491:The Sydney Morning Herald 2033:Issue Guide on Child Care 1674: 1476:Value of unpaid childcare 1369:early childhood education 1165:A pre-school in Sri Lanka 840:The four specific areas: 764: 740: 693: 647:World Health Organization 477: 453:Integrerede institutioner 401: 323:early childhood education 112:Early childhood education 7147:Parental child abduction 6670:Oral rehydration therapy 6135:The talk (sex education) 5846:Developmental psychology 5400:Intrahepatic cholestasis 4067:. Nih.gov. 26 March 2007 3652:23 November 2009 at the 3025:Oxford Policy Management 1861: 1436:unnecessary medical care 1194: 1070: 1042:COVID-19 pandemic crisis 911:into increasing demand. 821:Department for Education 781: 656: 602: 455:) and in-home day-care ( 309:certified. In addition, 7152:Parental responsibility 6665:Newborn care and safety 6342:Parental responsibility 6302:Cost of raising a child 5470:Motor vehicle emissions 5331:Concomitant conditions 5305:environmental toxicants 5048:Auxiliary nurse midwife 4809:artificial insemination 4776:Natural family planning 3540:childcareta.acf.hhs.gov 3459:"Childproof Your Home!" 2804:lifeindenmark.borger.dk 2320:10.1111/1467-8624.00582 1850:Cost of raising a child 1840:Forgotten baby syndrome 1495:chief executive officer 1251:Family child care homes 978:The Wall Street Journal 850:understanding the world 826:The three prime areas: 447:day-care institutions ( 319:reference verifications 191:Child Online Protection 6896:Grandparent visitation 5564:Postpartum confinement 4824:in vitro fertilisation 4479:"The Fraser Institute" 4306:Social Science History 2723:. Government of Canada 1705: 1607: 1544:. The Fitch Creche in 1424:influenza-like illness 1387: 1284: 1232: 1166: 1146: 1129:Center based childcare 1096:In the provider's home 995: 949:According to the 1995 931: 907: 508: 257: 6655:Infant sleep training 6464:Families Need Fathers 6025:After-school activity 5949:Concerted cultivation 5944:Buddha-like parenting 5876:Nature versus nurture 5841:Cognitive development 5559:Postpartum depression 5440:Pruritic folliculitis 5184:Unassisted childbirth 4226:10.3399/bjgp14x679741 3489:eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov 2916:. Government of India 2882:"Childcare in France" 1760:After-school activity 1703: 1661:Australian government 1602: 1385: 1282: 1230: 1164: 1140: 993: 929: 905: 627:. During the 2018–19 611:. It provides food, 576:Preschool education ( 503:children, with their 498: 372:Australian Government 252: 6813:Prenatal development 6713:Attachment parenting 6687:Shaken baby syndrome 6322:Right to family life 6249:Dysfunctional family 5959:Free-range parenting 5934:Attachment parenting 5924:Achievement ideology 5666:Gravidity and parity 5646:Congenital disorders 5605:Lactation consultant 5475:Pre-existing disease 5154:Childbirth positions 5144:Rupture of membranes 4841:Unintended pregnancy 4819:fertility medication 3977:10.1162/jocn_a_01709 3445:3 March 2009 at the 3309:World Economic Forum 2654:16 July 2007 at the 2505:"Centrelink website" 2350:Current Anthropology 2194:on 16 September 2012 1785:Corporate child care 1755:Adult daycare center 1179:compulsory education 1009:Afterschool Alliance 833:physical development 408:Child care in Canada 357:Childcare by country 327:elementary education 317:at all centers, and 104:Educational settings 96:Pre-school playgroup 7127:Infant ear piercing 6337:Parental alienation 6264:Narcissistic parent 6188:Positive discipline 6009:Work at home parent 5989:Strict father model 5974:Nurturant parenting 5881:Parental investment 5716:Kinship terminology 5569:Sex after pregnancy 5376:Endocrine diseases 5322:Prenatal depression 5194:Placental expulsion 5112:Uterine contraction 5095:cervical effacement 4836:Fertility awareness 4575:on 27 January 2014. 4513:. Book Room Reviews 4397:Schönpflug, Karin, 4092:Jornal de Pediatria 3720:on 19 October 2014. 2968:on 19 February 2019 2612:. 22 November 2017. 2287:on 11 December 2013 2186:Cerbasi, Jennifer. 2103:on 12 February 2003 1911:Oxford Dictionaries 1899:Oxford Dictionaries 1876:daycare or day care 1825:Forest kindergarten 1686:universal preschool 1570:preschool education 1402:Childcare infection 1396:Childcare infection 1076:In the child's home 984:The Financial Times 567:Tagespflegepersonen 6635:Infant food safety 6383:T. Berry Brazelton 6120:Social integration 5856:Identity formation 5345:Hypercoagulability 5174:Natural childbirth 5023:Postterm pregnancy 4781:Male contraceptive 4491:on 8 December 2006 3862:on 8 February 2009 3856:"Doorways To Care" 3359:Right Casa Estates 2798:lifeindenmark.dk. 2777:Retsinformation.dk 2751:Danmarks Statistik 2630:. 22 November 2017 2467:on 3 December 2013 2128:The New York Times 2021:Quality Child Care 1855:Reproductive labor 1706: 1608: 1466:social integration 1388: 1285: 1233: 1223:Non-profit daycare 1202:economies of scale 1167: 1147: 996: 973:The New York Times 951:U.S. Census Bureau 932: 908: 720:As of April 2019, 717:in larger cities. 617:primary healthcare 509: 419:A 2008 article in 258: 7177: 7176: 7037: 6874:Children's rights 6788:Object permanence 6610:Failure to thrive 6507: 6506: 6317:Family disruption 6239:Cinderella effect 6219:Child abandonment 6193:Tactical ignoring 6090:Moral development 5969:Helicopter parent 5964:Gatekeeper parent 5929:Atlas personality 5906:Social psychology 5851:Human development 5836:Child development 5821:Attachment theory 5674: 5673: 5659:Obstetric history 5654: 5653: 5615:Confinement nanny 5528: 5527: 5395:Acute fatty liver 5202: 5201: 5090:cervical dilation 4696:on 20 March 2006. 4464:978-0-415-32669-8 4407:978-0-415-41784-6 4386:978-1-4051-7901-0 4289:on 5 August 2017. 4147:10.1111/irv.12015 4105:10.2223/jped.1649 3939:medicalxpress.com 3561:Severns, Maggie. 2942:on 13 August 2009 2568:on 19 August 2016 2511:on 15 August 2018 2493:. 4 January 2007. 2409:. 26 January 2020 2308:Child Development 2004:Child Development 1835:Child development 1690:paid family leave 1546:Buffalo, New York 1526:Elizabeth Dawbarn 1523: 1376:Child Development 1354:the control group 870:, day nurseries, 769:Many children in 517:Kindertagesstätte 311:background checks 273:child development 247: 246: 16:(Redirected from 7207: 7195:Family economics 7033: 6718:Baby-led weaning 6534: 6527: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6357:Shared parenting 6168:Blanket training 6160:Child discipline 5800:In loco parentis 5779:Shared parenting 5701: 5694: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5539: 5538: 5505:Cardiotocography 5211: 5210: 5117:Vaginal delivery 4990:Nesting instinct 4965: 4964: 4950:Rudimentary horn 4879:Prenatal testing 4744: 4737: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4698: 4697: 4692:. Archived from 4690:daycarematch.com 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4568:. Archived from 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4395: 4389: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4220:(622): e302–12. 4205: 4196: 4195: 4186:(3): 24–32, 46. 4175: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4026: 4017: 4012:Available under 4011: 4006: 3988: 3971:(6): 1197–1209. 3959: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3835: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3716:. Archived from 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3609:The New Republic 3600: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3141:全国待機児童マップ（都道府県別） 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2964:. 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Archived from 2560: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2374: 2373: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2244:on 27 April 2011 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1974:The New Republic 1965: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1925: 1872: 1521: 1184:in loco parentis 1033:The New Republic 716: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 698: 697: 637: 635: 263:, also known as 239: 232: 225: 159:In loco parentis 153:Child protection 122:Pre-kindergarten 83:Outside the home 32: 31: 21: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7167:Paternity fraud 7117:Closed adoption 7090: 7046:Infant clothing 7021:Haberman Feeder 6991:Car seat safety 6920: 6901:Infant swimming 6879:UN Child rights 6837: 6748:Gestational age 6701: 6544: 6538: 6508: 6503: 6452: 6433:Matthew Sanders 6388:Rudolf Dreikurs 6361: 6347:Parents' rights 6307:Deadbeat parent 6284: 6278: 6202: 6154: 6130:The talk (race) 6013: 6004:Tiger parenting 5910: 5805: 5754:Extended family 5710: 5705: 5675: 5670: 5650: 5619: 5583: 5554:Postpartum care 5524: 5488: 5391:Liver diseases 5385:Thyroid disease 5283: 5269:Gestational age 5240: 5198: 5164:Labor induction 5069: 5060:Perinatal nurse 5033:Birth attendant 4994: 4954: 4888: 4884:Medical imaging 4845: 4814:fertility fraud 4790: 4757: 4748: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4666:on 10 July 2007 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4596:on 23 July 2013 4588: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4539:on 31 July 2012 4531: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4415:Univ. of Vienna 4396: 4392: 4372:Knight, Chris, 4371: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4206: 4199: 4176: 4172: 4125: 4121: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4027: 4020: 3960: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3764: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3689:greataupair.com 3683: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654:Wayback Machine 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3601: 3597: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3465:on 26 June 2009 3457: 3456: 3452: 3447:Wayback Machine 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3265: 3254: 3243: 3218: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3106: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3027:. 22 March 2018 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2911: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2690: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2656:Wayback Machine 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2433: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2346: 2335: 2314:(4): 976–1005. 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2156:. Bloomberg L.P 2150: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1923:Merriam-Webster 1880:legal guardians 1873: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1750: 1698: 1677: 1635: 1597: 1508: 1490: 1478: 1462:self-discipline 1445: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1319: 1311: 1294: 1273: 1260:level of care. 1253: 1225: 1197: 1131: 1098: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1018:Lamar Alexander 900: 891:Care Commission 809: 803: 791:maternity leave 784: 767: 743: 712: 709: 706: 703: 690: 659: 633: 632: 605: 588:Fachhochschulen 493: 480: 440: 410: 404: 364: 359: 346: 280:extended family 243: 55:Extended family 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7213: 7203: 7202: 7200:Home economics 7197: 7192: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7157:Parenting plan 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7041:Infant carrier 7038: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6981:Baby transport 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6645:Infant massage 6642: 6640:Infant formula 6637: 6632: 6630:Infant feeding 6627: 6625:Infant bathing 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6590:Bottle feeding 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6543:and their care 6537: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474:Mothers' Union 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6448:Benjamin Spock 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6428:Penelope Leach 6425: 6423:Annette Lareau 6420: 6415: 6413:Alan E. Kazdin 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6373:Mary Ainsworth 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6285:social aspects 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:Dishabituation 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5979:Slow parenting 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5810:Theories 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5789:Blended family 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5769:Nuclear family 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:Health visitor 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515:Nonstress test 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431:Skin diseases 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Amniotic fluid 5217: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169:Multiple birth 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975:Bradley method 4971: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4867:Pregnancy test 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4705:External links 4703: 4700: 4699: 4677: 4651: 4629: 4607: 4578: 4566:mychild.gov.au 4550: 4524: 4502: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4433: 4390: 4365: 4353: 4340: 4331: 4312:(2): 169–189. 4292: 4274: 4249: 4197: 4170: 4119: 4098:(4): 299–312. 4078: 4056: 4018: 3951: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3886: 3873: 3847: 3811: 3793: 3753: 3735: 3723: 3701: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3638: 3629: 3595: 3579: 3553: 3524: 3512: 3501: 3476: 3450: 3432: 3403: 3371: 3346: 3334:Expatica Spain 3321: 3296: 3283:"Kindergarten" 3274: 3252: 3216: 3191: 3178:10.1086/451997 3157: 3145: 3133: 3121: 3104: 3063: 3038: 3012: 2990: 2979: 2953: 2927: 2898: 2873: 2836:(3): 576–589. 2816: 2790: 2764: 2734: 2711: 2681: 2659: 2641: 2615: 2601: 2579: 2547: 2522: 2496: 2478: 2452: 2445: 2420: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2362:10.1086/201883 2356:(2): 169–190. 2333: 2298: 2268: 2255: 2229: 2205: 2178: 2167: 2141: 2114: 2088: 2077:(2): 209–236. 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2013: 1994: 1960: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1815:Nursery school 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800:Parental leave 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1697: 1694: 1681:single parents 1676: 1673: 1634: 1631: 1596: 1593: 1537:Firmin Marbeau 1507: 1504: 1489: 1488:Monetary value 1486: 1477: 1474: 1444: 1441: 1400:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1293: 1290: 1272: 1269: 1252: 1249: 1224: 1221: 1196: 1193: 1175:primary school 1130: 1127: 1097: 1094: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1048:interview the 899: 896: 855: 854: 851: 848: 845: 838: 837: 834: 831: 805:Main article: 802: 801:United Kingdom 799: 789:provides paid 783: 780: 766: 763: 742: 739: 732:The number of 671:ordinance city 658: 655: 604: 601: 563: 562: 559: 492: 489: 479: 476: 439: 436: 406:Main article: 403: 400: 393:In Australia, 363: 360: 358: 355: 345: 342: 245: 244: 242: 241: 234: 227: 219: 216: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 186:Child marriage 183: 175: 174: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 155: 147: 146: 142: 141: 140: 139: 137:Primary school 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 106: 105: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 85: 84: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 44: 43: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7212: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:Open adoption 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Child neglect 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6946:Hidden camera 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Child custody 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6783:Nursery rhyme 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Kangaroo care 6771: 6769: 6768:Infant crying 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Preterm birth 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Breastfeeding 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457:Organizations 6455: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:B. F. Skinner 6441: 6439: 6438:William Sears 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Thomas Gordon 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6297:Child support 6295: 6293: 6292:Child custody 6290: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Child neglect 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Homeschooling 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901:Socialization 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Paternal bond 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Maternal bond 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:Single parent 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5744:Alloparenting 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Monthly nurse 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500:Amniocentesis 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Vaginal flora 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5350:Substance use 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Fundal height 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5016:Preterm birth 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Hypnobirthing 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:3D ultrasound 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Birth control 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4640:. Daycare.com 4639: 4633: 4617: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4512: 4506: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141:(5): 738–49. 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037:(5): 727–47. 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3878: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3836:on 6 May 2018 3832: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3714:nannycity.com 3711: 3705: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3542:. 16 May 2020 3541: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3420: 3413: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3284: 3278: 3271:. 29. Num. 4. 3270: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3129:幼児教育・保育の無償化概要 3125: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3048: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2722: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2629: 2628:acecqa.gov.au 2625: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2589: 2583: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2532: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2448: 2446:9780195131338 2442: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2215: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2045:Childcare.gov 2041: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1637:The day care 1630: 1627: 1626:Kikuyu people 1622: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575:The day care 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1542:Ansley Wilcox 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1510:According to 1503: 1499: 1496: 1485: 1482: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1391:Health issues 1384: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1271:Informal care 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156:socialization 1151: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1007:inspections. 1005: 1001: 992: 988: 986: 985: 980: 979: 974: 968: 965: 961: 957: 955: 952: 947: 943: 941: 940:Richard Nixon 937: 934:In 1971, the 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 898:United States 895: 892: 887: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 863: 860: 852: 849: 846: 843: 842: 841: 835: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 818: 814: 808: 798: 794: 792: 788: 779: 775: 772: 762: 758: 754: 750: 748: 738: 735: 730: 727: 723: 718: 696: 686: 682: 678: 677:governments. 676: 672: 668: 664: 654: 652: 648: 644: 641:In 2008, the 639: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 600: 598: 594: 593:Kinderpfleger 590: 589: 583: 579: 578:Frühpädagogik 574: 572: 568: 560: 557: 556: 555: 553: 548: 546: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 506: 502: 497: 488: 484: 475: 471: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 445: 435: 431: 427: 424: 422: 417: 414: 409: 399: 396: 391: 387: 384: 379: 375: 373: 368: 354: 350: 341: 337: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 256: 253:A daycare in 251: 240: 235: 233: 228: 226: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 172: 171: 166: 163: 161: 160: 156: 154: 151: 150: 149: 148: 144: 143: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 117:Homeschooling 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107: 103: 102: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 47: 46: 45: 41: 40: 37: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7095:Other topics 7034: 7001:Cradle board 6996:Cloth diaper 6956:Baby shampoo 6942:Baby monitor 6932:Baby bouncer 6886:Circumcision 6863: 6733:Birth defect 6615:Immunization 6565:Birth weight 6393:David Elkind 6244:Codependency 6229:Child labour 6085:Latchkey kid 6075:Introjection 6039: 5861:Introjection 5811: 5798: 5764:Noncustodial 5640: 5340:Hypertension 5327:Immunization 5310:in pregnancy 5226:Amniotic sac 5179:Silent birth 5122:Presentation 5085:Bishop score 5055:Obstetrician 4945:Interstitial 4872:home testing 4694:the original 4689: 4680: 4668:. 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