3339:
4578:
4465:
3279:) had launched a counter-attack against the Cimmerians: Rusa I had gathered almost all of the Urartian armed forces to campaign against the Cimmerians, with Rusa I himself as well as his commander in chief and thirteen governors personally participating in this campaign. Rusa I's counter-attack was heavily defeated, and the governor of the Urartian province of Uišini was killed while the commander in chief and two governors were captured by the Cimmerian forces, attesting of the significant military power of the Cimmerians.
4710:
78:
5392:. While Cimmerian activities in Anatolia and Scythian activities in Media are attested, the claim that the Scythians arrived in Media while pursuing the Cimmerians is unsupported by evidence, and the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after that of the Cimmerians suggests that there is no available evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account of the Cimmerians crossing the Caucasus and moving south into West Asia under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories.
3919:), with the opportunity to attack Mannai and recover some of the settlements which the Mannaeans had previously captured. And although Aḫšēri himself was able to withstand the Neo-Assyrian invasion, he had depended on the Cimmerians to suppress internal opposition to his rule, and their absence weakened him enough that he was soon deposed and killed by a popular rebellion which his son Uallî repressed before ascending to the throne of Mannai and submitting to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
301:
3221:
41:
4590:
4154:
3579:
5195:, on whose eastern borders the Cimmerians were still living in the 8th century BC. Thus, Homer's source on the Cimmerians was the Argonautic myth, which itself recorded of their existence when they were still living in northern Transcaucasia: the location of the Cimmerians as recorded by the Argonautic myth corresponds to the same one recorded by the late 7th century BC poem
5506:
where was believed to be the entrance to Hades; these "underground
Cimmerians" visited each other using tunnels through which they would also admit strangers to the also underground oracle: according to this legend, these "underground Cimmerians" had an ancestral custom according to which they should never see the sun and were allowed to go out only at night;
3967:Ḫubišna, nor were they able to secure the borders of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, leaving Que vulnerable to incursions from Tabal, Kuzzurak and Ḫilakku, who were allied to the western Cimmerians who were establishing themselves in Anatolia at this time and might still have maintained connections with them even after Esarhaddon's victory at Ḫubišna.
3637:, with messengers travelling between the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Hubuskia being at risk of being captured by hostile Cimmerian, Mannaean, Scythian or Urartian forces. Neo-Assyrian records also referred to these joint Cimmerian-Scythian forces, along with the Medes and Mannaeans, as a possible threat against the collection of tribute from Media.
3799:. Nonetheless, since the Cimmerians were distant foreigners with a very different culture, and therefore did not fear the Mesopotamian gods, Esarhaddon's diviner and advisor Bēl-ušēzib referred to these eastern Cimmerians instead of the Scythians as possible allies of the Mannaeans and advised Esarhaddon to spy on both them and the Mannaeans.
3611:) welcomed the Cimmerians and the Scythians as useful allies who could offer both protection and favourable new opportunities to his kingdom, which in turn allowed him to become an opponent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, with him subsequently remaining an enemy of Sennacherib and his successors Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal.
3506:, after which they consequently became active in West Asia. This Scythian expansion into West Asia, nonetheless, never lost contact with the core Scythian kingdom located in the Ciscaucasian Steppe and was merely an extension of it, as was the concurrently occurring westward Scythian expansion into the Pontic Steppe.
3102:
over the course of the late-8th to late-7th centuries BC disrupt the balance of power which had prevailed between the states of Elam, Mannai, the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Urartu on one side and the mountaineer and tribal peoples on the other, eventually leading to significant geopolitical changes in this region.
3242:) through the territory of the kingdom of Mannai, after the Mannaean king Ullusunu had invited them to attack Urartu through his kingdom's territory. This attack therefore took the Urartians by surprise and forced the governor of Uišini to ask for support from the king of the neighbouring small state of
4768:
in
Anatolia in the west to the Caspian Sea and the eastern borders of Media in the east, and from Transcaucasia in the north to the northern borders of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the south. And, following the defeat of the Cimmerians and the disappearance of these states, it was the new Lydian Empire
4760:
The
Cimmerians completely disappeared from history following this final defeat, and they were soon assimilated by the various populations and polities of Anatolia, such as Lydia, Media, and Pteria. It was also around this time that the last still-existing Syro-Hittite and Aramaean states in Anatolia,
4537:
succeeded him as king of Lydia and resumed diplomatic activity with the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the hope of military support which
Ashurbanipal again did not provide. As a result, Ardys might possibly have been forced to submit to the Cimmerians, although the Cimmerians themselves never ruled Lydia.
4270:
These
Cimmerian attacks also destroyed the relations between Lydia and Phrygia, and archaeological evidence from the Lydian site of Daskyleion shows that the Cimmerian invasion ended the development of trade and economic production in the early 7th century BC which had contributed to integrating both
3934:
This
Cimmerian movement into Anatolia consisted of a large scale migration, with Cimmerian families taking their mobile possessions, animals, as well as conquered booty, along with them. This migration is archaeologically attested in the form of the expansion of the Scythian culture into this region,
3907:
However, some time in the late 660s or early 650s BC, the eastern
Cimmerians left the Iranian Plateau and retreated to the west into Anatolia to join the western Cimmerians operating there: since Aḫšēri had depended on his alliance with the Cimmerians and Scythians to protect his kingdom from attacks
3823:
The Neo-Assyrian Empire did not remain on a defensive footing in response to the activities of the allied
Cimmerian, Mannaean and Scythian forces, and it soon undertook diplomatic initiatives to separate Aḫšēri from his allies: by 672 BC, the Scythians had become the allies of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3461:
The
Cimmerian and Scythians movements into Anatolia and the Iranian Plateau would act as catalysts for the adoption of Eurasian nomadic military and equestrian equipments by various West Asian states: it was during the 7th and 6th centuries BC that "Scythian-type" socketed arrowheads and sigmoid bows
4136:
The disturbances experienced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire as result of the activities of the
Cimmerians in Anatolia led to many of the rulers of this region to try to break away from Neo-Assyrian overlordship, with Ḫilakku having become an independent polity again under the king Sandašarme by the time
3930:
At an unknown time, the western Cimmerian group moved into Anatolia, where it would be particularly active in the regions of Tabal, Phrygia and Lydia and would be involved in wars against these latter two states as well as against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which itself avoided confrontations with the
3586:
With the Cimmerian victory on Urartu and Sargon II's successful campaign there in 714 BC having eliminated it as a threat against the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Mannai had ceased being useful as a buffer zone for Neo-Assyrian power, while the Mannaeans themselves saw the Neo-Assyrian imperial demands as a
3380:
The Cimmerians might however have possibly ended their hostilities with Urartu and acted as mercenaries in the Urartian army during this period, under the reign of Argišti II. Some of these Cimmerians serving in the Urartian army might have been responsible for the creation of several human funerary
2849:
Ancient West Asia sources are however lacking for any such pressure on the Cimmerians by the Scythians or of any conflict between these two peoples at this early period. Moreover, the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after the Cimmerians did so suggests that there is no available
2801:
Therefore, the Scythians and the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex were closely related populations who shared a common origin, culture, and language, and the earliest Scythians were therefore part of a common Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia, with the
2608:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian
6601:
These settlements were administered by leaders who were part of a hierarchical system, and who were either Cimmerians themselves or belonged to the various ethnic groups living within the Cimmerian kingdom in Anatolia. The Neo-Assyrian Empire considered these leaders to be equivalents of the rulers
5569:
drawing on the similarity of the names of the Cimmerians and Cimbri, Posidonius equated these two peoples with each other, and then claimed that the Cimmerians who passed into West Asia were merely a small body of exiles, while the bulk of the Cimmerians lived in the thickly wooded and sun-less far
4675:
Dugdammî soon broke his oath and attacked the Neo-Assyrian Empire again, but during his military campaign he contracted a grave illness whose symptoms included paralysis of half of his body and vomiting of blood as well as gangrene of the genitals, and he consequently committed suicide in 640 BC in
4271:
Lydia and Ionia into the Mediterranean economy. Lower class Ionian Greeks and Carians affected by this Cimmerian invasion appear to have formed a significant part of the colonists who went to set up new settlements throughout the shore of the Black Sea in the 7th century BC, such as the colonies of
4258:
Since it was due to the threat of the Cimmerians that Gyges had made friendly overtures to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Ashurbanipal considered the Cimmerian presence in Anatolia more useful than fighting them. Therefore, he adopted a policy of accepting whatever gifts and praise that Gyges would offer
3802:
This second Assyrian invasion of Mannai however met little success because the Cimmerians with whom Esarhaddon had negotiated had deceived him by accepting his offer only to attack his invasion force, and the relations between Mannai and the Neo-Assyrian Empire remained hostile while the Cimmerians
3632:
Around this time, Aḫšēri was hindering operations by the Neo-Assyrian Empire between its own territory and Mannai, while the Scythians were recorded by the Neo-Assyrians along with the eastern Cimmerians, Mannaeans and Urartians as possibly menacing communication between the Neo-Assyrian Empire and
3465:
Cimmerian and Scythian trading posts and settlements on the borders of the various West Asian states at this time also supplied them with goods such as animal husbandry products, not unlike the trade relations which existed the mediaeval period between the eastern steppe nomads and the Chinese Tang
3389:
By 680 and 679 BC, Cimmerian detachments composed of individual soldiers were serving in the Neo-Assyrian army. These might have been Cimmerian captives or Cimmerians recruited into the Neo-Assyrian military or merely Assyrian soldiers equipped in the "Cimmerian style," that is using Cimmerian bows
3307:
According to Neo-Assyrian reports from the reign of Sargon II itself, the king of the Cimmerians, whose name was not mentioned in these reports, had set up his camp in a region named Uṣunali. At another point, this Cimmerian king had departed from Mannai to attack Urartu, where he plundered several
3282:
After this defeat, the Urartian forces retreated to Quriani, while Rusa I left for the Urartian province of Wazaun. Although Neo-Assyrian intelligence reports claimed that the Urartians were fearing an attack by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and that panic spread had among them following this defeat, the
3121:
There appears to have been very little direct connection between the Cimmerians' migration into West Asia and the Scythians' later expansion into this same region. Thus, the arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after the Cimmerians did so suggests that there is no available evidence
5395:
Moreover, Herodotus's account also ignored the earlier Cimmerian activities in West Asia during the reigns of Sargon II to the ascension of Ashurbanipal, including the two separate invasions of Lydia, and instead contracted them into a single event during which Lydgamis led the Cimmerians from the
4666:
However, Mussi died before the planned attack on Neo-Assyrian Empire and his kingdom collapsed when its elite fled or was deported to Assyria, while Dugdammî carried it out but failed because, according to Neo-Assyrian sources, he became ill and fire broke out in his camp. Following this, Dugdammî
4199:
In 671 to 670 BC, Cimmerian contingents were serving in the Assyrian army, and Neo-Assyrian sources were referring to the spread of military technology and animal husbandry products referred to in Assyrian sources as "Cimmerian leather straps" and "Cimmerian bows" into the Neo-Assyrian Empire from
3315:
Thus, the Cimmerians were attacking Urartu by passing through the routes in Mannai, thanks to which they were able to establish areas of influence on the northeastern borders of Urartu, which also provided them with access to the Anatolian Plateau and allowed them to replace Urartu as the dominant
3101:
Thus, the Cimmerians and Scythians became active in West Asia in the 7th century BC, where they would vacillate between supporting either the Neo-Assyrian Empire or other local powers, and serve them as mercenaries, depending on what they considered to be in their interests. Their activities would
6837:, and they produced a Scythian-like material culture. Archaeological remains typical of Iron Age steppe nomads found in Caucasia and Transcaucasia, consisting of kurgans, weapons, horse harness parts, horses, stirrups, arrowheads, and Animal Style ornaments, might have belonged to the Cimmerians.
5505:
Strabo, himself citing Ephorus, claimed that, because the inhabitants of Magna Graecia placed the setting of the Odyssey's Nekyia around Lake Arvernus, they also depicted the Cimmerians as a people living in this area in underground houses tunnels around the nearby Ploutonion (oracle of the dead)
4247:
However, the Lydian forces were initially not able to resist this invasion, and Gyges sought to find help to face the Cimmerian invasions by initiating diplomatic relations with the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 666 BC: without accepting Assyrian overlordship, Gyges started to send regular embassies and
4023:, they had established their rule over native Anatolian settlements as well as formed their own settlements in Central Anatolia, with the city of Ḫarzallē or Ḫarṣallē being the capital city of the Cimmerian king Dugdammî. Each of these settlements had rulers referred to by Neo-Assyrian sources as
3966:
Despite this victory, and although Esarhaddon had managed to stop the advance of Cimmerians in the Neo-Assyrian province of Que so that this latter region remained under Neo-Assyrian control, the military operations were not successful enough for the Assyrians to firmly occupy the areas around of
3835:
The marriage between Bartatua and the Šērūʾa-ēṭirat likely took place, in consequence of which the Scythians ceased to be referred to as an enemy force in the Neo-Assyrian records and the alliance between the Scythian kingdom and the Neo-Assyrian Empire was concluded, following which the Scythian
3678:
Meanwhile, Mannai, which had been able to grow in power under Aḫšēri, possibly thanks to its adaptation and incorporation of steppe nomad fighting technologies borrowed from its Cimmerian and Scythian allies, was able to capture the territories including the fortresses of Šarru-iqbi and Dūr-Illil
6871:
By the time the Cimmerians had moved into West Asia, their culture along with the pre-Scythian culture of the Scythians had evolved into the Early Scythian culture: several "Early Scythian" remains are known from West Asia which correspond to the activities of the Cimmerians in this region, with
5387:
Herodotus's account of the Cimmerians' flight contracted the actual events into a more condensed story where they moved south by following the shore of the Black Sea under the leadership of Lygdamis, while their Scythian pursuers followed the Caspian Sea's coast, thus leading the Cimmerians into
5371:
These inconsistencies suggest that Herodotus's narrative of an eastern flight of the Cimmerians was a later folk tale invented by Greek colonists on the north shore of the Black Sea to explain the existence of ancient tombs, reflecting the motif of assigning old tombs and buildings with mythical
5367:
The story of the fratricidal war of the Cimmerian "royal tribe," that is of the defeat and destruction of its ruling class, is contradicted by how powerful the Cimmerians were according to the Assyrian records contemporaneous with their presence in West Asia. Another inconsistency in Herodotus's
4777:
The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the dominant great powers of Assyria, Urartu, and Phrygia, and also caused the decline and destruction of
4455:
In the 650s BC, the Cimmerians were allied to Urartu and were serving as auxiliaries in the service of its king Rusa II, who was then attempting to attack the newly conquered Assyrian province of Šubria near the Urartian border. Urartu was thus integrating steppe nomad mercenaries into its armed
3784:
Since the Cimmerians had left their Ciscausian homelands and moved into West Asia to seek booty, they had no interest in the local affairs of the West Asian states and therefore fought for whoever was capable of paying them the most: therefore Esarhaddon took advantage of this and, at some point
3286:
This defeat against the Cimmerians had nonetheless weakened Urartu significantly enough that, when Sargon II campaigned against Urartu in 714 BC itself, in the month of Tamūzu, he was able to defeat the Urartians in the region of mount Wauš, and annex Muṣaṣir, while Rusa I consequently committed
2853:
The remnants of the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe were assimilated by the Scythians, with this absorption being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles, thus transferring the dominance of this region from the Cimmerians to the Scythians who were assimilating them, after
2678:
ever recording them living in this area; moreover the groups of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex from the Pontic Steppe and Central Europe have so far not been identifiable with the historical Cimmerians. Instead, the main grouping of Iranic nomads of Central Asian origin belonging to the
5462:
Homer's description of the Cimmerians as living deprived from sunlight and close to the entrance of Hades influenced later Graeco-Roman authors who, writing centuries after the disappearance of the historical Cimmerians, conceptualised of this people as the one described by Homer, and therefore
4902:, had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the dominant great powers of Assyria, Urartu, and Phrygia, and also caused the decline and destruction of several of these states' power, consequently to the rise of multiple new powers such as the empires of the
6867:
The movement of the Cimmerians and Scythians into West Asia archaeologically corresponds to the movement of these pre-Scythian archaeological cultures into this region, where both groups used identical arrowheads, thus making it difficult to distinguish the Cimmerians from the early Scythians.
6597:
After the Cimmerians who had migrated into West Asia had divided into two groups, the western horde living in Anatolia had become sedentary and were living in settlements, some of which were fortified, and which had either been founded by them or were native Anatolian settlements over whom the
6039:
And, while the Cimmerians are archaeologically, culturally and linguistically indistinguishable from the Scythians, all Mesopotamian and Greek sources contemporary to their activities sources both nevertheless clearly distinguished between the Cimmerians and the Scythians as separate political
4408:
These setbacks, along with Ashurbanipal's refusal to provide military support to Lydia, discredited Neo-Assyrian power enough that Gyges understood that he could not rely on Assyrian support against the Cimmerians, and, once the Cimmerians had moved to the east and their attacks on his kingdom
4132:
The core territories of the western Cimmerians were in Central Anatolia between the Konya Plain and the Neo-Assyrian province of Que, but also extended to parts of the Konya Plain itself, including its western parts, and to Cappadocia, as well as to the west of Tabal, implying that some of the
3872:
and Dusanni of Šaparda became powerful enough that their respective polities were seen by the Neo-Assyrian Empire as major forces in Media. And when Kaštaritu rebelled against the Neo-Assyrian Empire and founded the first independent kingdom of the Medes after successfully liberating them from
3311:
Urartu mobilised its armed forces to fight against this Cimmerian invasion, although the Urartians preferred to wait until it was snowing to attack the Cimmerians, due to how snow could block roads and hinder the mobility of the horses that the Cimmerians depended on to carry on their attacks.
4348:
they were not only in control of a large territory in Anatolia and were one of the main political forces operating in this region, but were also able conquer part of what had previously been secure western possessions of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as the province of Que or even part of the
2845:
The reasons for the departure of the Cimmerians are unknown, although they might possibly have migrated under the pressure from the Scythians, similarly to how various nomadic peoples drove each other into the peripheries of the steppes in Europe, West Asia and the Iranian Plateau during Late
2370:
However, while the Cimmerians were an Iranic people sharing a common language, origins and culture with the Scythians and are archaeologically indistinguishable from the Scythians, all sources contemporary to their activities clearly distinguished the Cimmerians and the Scythians as being two
4400:
This extraordinary situation meant that, under Dugdammî, who was their most powerful king, the Cimmerians had become a force feared by Ashurbanipal, and the Cimmerians' successes against the Neo-Assyrian Empire meant that they had become recognised in ancient West Asia as equally powerful as
2483:
to become nomadic pastoralists, so that by the 9th century BC all the steppe settlements of the sedentary Bronze Age populations had disappeared, and therefore led to the development of population mobility and the formation of warrior units necessary to protect herds and take over new areas.
3569:
The arrival of the Scythians in West Asia about 40 years after that of the Cimmerians suggests that there is no available evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account of the Cimmerians crossing the Caucasus and moving south into West Asia under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their
3287:
suicide and his son Melarṭua was crowned as the new king of Urartu. Although Urartu's power was so shaken by these defeats that it stopped harassing Mannai and the Neo-Assyrian provinces on the Iranian Plateau, it nevertheless remained a major power in West Asia under Melarṭua's successor,
2880:
Over the course of the second half of the 8th century BC and the 7th century BC, the equestrian steppe nomads from Ciscaucasia expanded to the south, beginning with the Cimmerians, who migrated from the Caspian Steppe into West Asia, following the same dynamic of the steppe nomads like the
3959:, or the Cimmerians might have attempted to invade this region on their own. The Neo-Assyrian Empire reacted to maintain its control of Cilicia by conducting a campaign in 679 BC during which Esarhaddon killed the Cimmerian king Teušpâ and annexed a part of the territory of the kingdom of
6858:
Both the Cimmerians and the early Scythians thus belonged to pre-Scythian archaeological cultures, and the material culture of the Cimmerians was therefore similar enough to that of the later Scythians who followed them that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk and Proto-Scythian cultures are
2793:
Like the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, the Scythians originated in Central Asia in the steppes corresponding to either present-day eastern Kazakhstan or the Altai-Sayan region, which is attested by the continuity of Scythian burial rites and weaponry types with the
3082:. And, as the populations of the nomads of the Ciscaucasian Steppe continued to grow, their aristocrats would lead their followers southwards across the Caucasus Mountains in search of adventure and plunder in the volatile status quo then prevailing in West Asia, not unlike the later
5368:
description of the flight of the Cimmerians is the direction through which they retreated: according to this narrative, the Cimmerians moved from the Pontic Steppe to the east into Caucasia to flee from the Scythians, who were themselves moving from the east into the Pontic Steppe.
16726:
2620:, these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore expand deep into this region over a very long period of time, so that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from
4195:
might also have been destroyed by the Cimmerians so that it had to be re-founded at a later date. Thus, it was at this time that the Cimmerians first came into contact with the Greeks in Anatolia, constituting the first encounter between the ancient Greeks and steppe nomads.
4404:
This situation remained unchanged throughout the rest of the 650s and the early 640s BC, with the Cimmerian aggressions worrying Ashurbanipal regarding the security of his northwestern border so much that he often sought answers regarding this situation through divination.
2857:
The arrival of the Scythians and their establishment in this region in the 7th century BC corresponded to a disturbance of the development of the Cimmerian peoples' Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, which was thus replaced through a continuous process over the course of
6539:
The Cimmerians might have been a confederation composed of several tribes spread across Anatolia and the western Iranian Plateau, and which was in turn divided into larger groups depending on political changes. A similar structure is attested in mediaeval times among the
5761:
Research in the late 20th century AD eventually concluded that the various "Cimmerian" toponymies from the Pontic Steppe were invented during the 6th century BC, that is when the Pontic Steppe was under Scythian rule, long after the historical Cimmerians had disappeared.
4796:
These Cimmerian and Scythian activities also influenced the developments in West Asia through the spread of the steppe nomad military technology brought by them into this region, and which were disseminated during the periods of their respective hegemonies in West Asia.
4124:
In the early 660s BC, the power of the Cimmerians grew drastically and they became the masters of Anatolia, where they controlled a large territory bordering Lydia in the west, covering Phrygia around Gordion and the Sangarios river, and reaching the Taurus Mountains in
5577:
Since the Cimmerians and Cimbri had similar names, and they were also both perceived by the Graeco-Romans as ferocious and barbarian peoples who caused death and destruction, the ancient Greek literary traditions progressively equated and identified them with each
4417:, who had himself been a Neo-Assyrian vassal who was then eliminating the other Neo-Assyrian vassal kinglets in Lower Egypt to unite the whole of Egypt under his own rule. Ashurbanipal responded to Gyges's disengagement with the Neo-Assyrian Empire by cursing him.
4913:
These Cimmerians and Scythians also influenced the developments in West Asia through the spread of the steppe nomad military technology brought by them into this region, and which were disseminated during the periods of their respective hegemonies in West Asia.
6976:: "As the Cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the Scythians, it is possible to speculate about their Iranian origins. In the Neo-Babylonian texts (according to D’yakonov, including at least some of the Assyrian texts in Babylonian dialect)
4667:
was faced with a revolt against himself, after which ended his hostilities against the Neo-Assyrian Empire and sent tribute to Ashurbanipal to form an alliance with him, while Ashurbanipal forced Dugdammi to swear an oath to not attack the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4530:, that is on his own independent actions, by claiming that the Cimmerians invaded Lydia and killed him as punishment for him providing Psamtik I with the troops he used to eliminate the other pro-Assyrian Egyptian kinglets and unify Egypt under his sole rule.
4639:
itself, immediately after their third invasion of Lydia and the attack on the Asian Greek cities. There, Dugdammî allied with Mugallu's son and successor as king of the then rebellious Assyrian vassal state of Tabal, Mussi, to attack the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4686:
The power of the Cimmerians dwindled quickly after the death of Dugdammî, although the Lydian kings Ardys and Sadyattes might however have either died fighting the Cimmerians or were deposed for being incapable of efficiently fighting them, respectively in
3109:
to a warrior, and containing typical steppe nomad equipment, suggests that nomadic warriors had already been arriving in West Asia since the 9th century BC. Such burials imply that some small groups of steppe nomads from Ciscaucasia might have acted as
3035:), which had established several installations including a system of fortresses and provincial centres over regional communities in eastern Anatolia and the northwest Iranian Plateau, was contesting its southern borderlands with the Neo-Assyrian Empire;
3438:
The two groups of the Cimmerians might themselves have continued to remain part of the same steppe nomad polity, which was itself nevertheless organised along various divisions depending on political changes. Such a structure was also present among:
3803:
remained allied to Mannai until the period lasting from 671 to 657 BC. As a result of this failure, the Neo-Assyrian Empire resigned itself to waiting until the Cimmerians were no longer a threat before mounting any further expedition in Mannai.
6036:, although they may have been an ethnically heterogeneous tribal confederation living under an Iranic aristocracy, not unlike how the polity of the Scythians consisted of various peoples living under the dominance of the Iranic Royal Scythians.
16946:
16648:
5247:
the approach of the Scythians led to a civil war among the Cimmerians because the "royal tribe" wanted to remain in their lands and defend themselves from the invaders, while the rest of the people saw no use in fighting and preferred to
4112:
The western Cimmerians were thus active in Tabal, Ḫilakku and Phrygia in the 670s BC, and, in alliance with these former two states, were attacking the western Neo-Assyrian provinces. At unknown dates, the western Cimmerians also invaded
2781:
from Central Asia into the Caucasian Steppe, which started in the 9th century BC, when a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian Steppe started after the early Scythians were expelled out of Central Asia by either the
4917:
After the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and following the conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire which had succeeded it by the Persian Achaemenids, the Babylonian scribes of the Achaemenid Persian Empire used the name of the Cimmerians
4168:
were first starting to make expeditions in the Black Sea, and encounters with friendly native populations quickly stimulated trade relations and the development of more regular commercial transits, which in turn led to the formation of
17416:
17382:
15308:
6415:
3675:(House of the New Year Festival) of this city, which later had to be rebuilt by Esarhaddon. These attacks into their heartlands shocked the Assyrians, who sought to know if they were to face more such invasions through divination.
2213:
4433:, who had supported Šamaš-šuma-ukin, and, although Ashurbanipal would nevertheless be able to maintain control over Babylonia for the rest of his reign, the Neo-Assyrian Empire finally emerged from this crisis severely worn out.
14767:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2023). "The Phantom Menace? The Chronology of Cimmerian Expeditions, Territories and Zones of Influence in Anatolia". In Draycott, Catherine M.; Branting, Scott; Lehner, Joseph W.; Özarslan, Yasemin (eds.).
3640:
During these attacks, the Scythians, along with the eastern Cimmerians who were located on the border of Mannai, were able to reach far beyond the core territories of the Iranian Plateau and attack the Neo-Assyrian provinces of
3308:
regions, including the district of Arḫi, and reached the city of Ḫuʾdiadae near the core territory of Urartu, forcing the governor of Uišini to request military aid for the people of Pulia and Suriana from Urzana of Muṣaṣir.
6875:
Despite textual sources attesting of Cimmerian activities in Anatolia which strongly affected the polities in that region, their presence there has largely still not been identified in the archaeology of Iron Age Anatolia.
5729:, they fled north to the region near Sinope, from where they migrated into East and Central Europe and became the Scythians and Cimmerians, who themselves moved to north-west Europe and became the supposed ancestors of the
4429:, who had succeeded him as king of Babylon, rebelled against his younger brother Ashurbanipal: it took Ashurbanipal four years to fully suppress the Babylonian rebellion by 648 BC, and another year to destroy the power of
3462:
ideal for use by mounted warriors, which were the most advanced shooting weapon of their time and were both technically and ballistically superior to native West Asian archery equipment, were adopted throughout West Asia.
2854:
which the Scythians settled between the Araxes river to the east, the Caucasus mountains to the south, and the Maeotian Sea to the west, in the Ciscaucasian Steppe where were located the Scythian kingdom's headquarters.
6851:, due to which the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe and forest-steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
4382:), which in the Mesopotamian worldview was a title that could belong only a single ruler in the world at any given time, and was normally held by the King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This attribution of the title of
4318:
The defeat of the Cimmerians by Gyges in turn weakened their allies, Mugallu of Tabal and Sandašarme of Ḫilakku, enough that they were left with no choice but to submit to the authority of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in
3935:
although the further details of the exact time and trajectory through which the Cimmerians moved into Anatolia, and whether these movements consisted of a single group or of disparate divisions, are however unknown.
3806:
Around this same time, the Indaraeans were also active around the northern boundary of Elam, and some of them might have moved to the southern Iranian Plateau, where they possibly introduced Bronze articles from the
3376:
due to which the Cimmerians ceased being mentioned in Neo-Assyrian records under his reign and would re-start being mentioned by the Assyrians only under the reign of Sennacherib's own son and successor Esarhaddon.
4308:, possibly through campaigns in western Central Anatolia to the east of Sardis and the south of the core Phrygian territory, after which he sent captured Cimmerian city-lords as diplomatic gifts to Ashurbanipal.
5363:
Herodotus likely used Bosporan Greek folk tales as source for these claims, although some of the "Cimmerian" toponyms in the Bosporan region might have originated from a genuine Cimmerian presence in this area.
5922:, who were another nomadic Iranic tribe related to the Cimmerians, and the claim in earlier scholarship that the Cimmerians lived in the Pontic Steppe appears to be erroneous and lacks evidence to support it.
5171:
who, in ancient Greek mythology, lived in a permanently sunlit land on the eastern borders of the world. Due to this location, the Ancient Greek name of the Cimmerians was identified with the word for mist,
3328:, who had previously been a bitter opponent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, ended hostilities with the Neo-Assyrians in 709 BC and sent a delegation to Sargon II to attempt to form an anti-Cimmerian alliance.
6982:
and similar forms designate the Scythians and Central Asian Saka, reflecting the perception among inhabitants of Mesopotamia that Cimmerians and Scythians represented a single cultural and economic group"
5162:
with records of real events, and naturalism with supernatural elements, and therefore contained no reliable information about the real Cimmerian people. This image was created as a poetic opposite of the
4881:
The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC, which were early precursors of the later invasions of West Asia by steppe nomads such as the
17630:
The Danubian Lands Between the Black, Aegean and Adriatic Seas (7th Century BC-10th Century AD): Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Belgrade - 17-21 September 2013)
15144:
4631:
Sensing the exhaustion of Neo-Assyrian power following the suppression of the revolt of Šamaš-šuma-ukin, the Cimmerians and Treres moved to Cilicia on the north-west border of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in
4761:
which had been either independent or vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Phrygia, Urartu, or of the Cimmerians, also disappeared, although the exact circumstances of their end are still very uncertain.
5251:
since neither side could be persuaded by the other, the "royal tribe" divided themselves into two equally numerous sides that fought each other till death, after which the commoners buried them by the
3138:, during the 8th century BC, the Cimmerians settled in a region located to the east of Colchis, in the areas of central Transcaucasia to the immediate south of the Darial and Klukhor passes and on the
3693:, possibly to relieve the pressure on the trade routes across the Iranian Plateau and the steppes from the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Medes. Urartu remained a major power under Argišti II's successor
5232:
in 513 BC, later started the tradition of locating Homer's Cimmerians and "Cimmerian" places (such as a "Cimmerian city") in the Scythian-dominated Pontic Steppe between the Araxes and the Bosporus.
3130:
During the early phase of their presence in West Asia until the early 660s BC, the Cimmerians moved into Transcaucasia, which acted as their initial centre of operations: after having passed through
4081:
When Esarhaddon conquered the nearby state of Šubria in 673 BC, Rusa II supported him, attesting of a period of non-aggression between Urartu and Assyria under the reigns of Rusa II and Esarhaddon.
3098:), with the occasional raids eventually leading to longer expeditions, in turn leading to groups of nomads choosing to remain in West Asia in search of opportunities as mercenaries or freebooters.
5685:
The eastern Greeks living on the north shore of the Black Sea, who were familiar with the Cimmerian activities in Asia, nevertheless criticised these western locations assigned to the Cimmerians.
2670:
The Cimmerians were thus the first large nomadic confederation to have inhabited the Ciscaucasian Steppe, and they never formed the basic mass of the population of the Pontic Steppe, with neither
6872:"Scythian" arrowheads have been found among the weapons of besieging armies of ruined cities in parts of Anatolia where Cimmerians are attested have operated but where Scythians were not active.
2850:
evidence to the later Graeco-Roman account that it was under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories that the Cimmerians crossed the Caucasus and moved south into West Asia.
3792:, he started secret negotiations with the eastern Cimmerians, who confirmed to the Assyrians that they would remain neutral and promised not to interfere when Esarhaddon invaded Mannai again in
3283:
situation within Urartu remained calm, and the king Urzana of Muṣaṣir personally, as well as a messenger from the kingdom of Ḫubuškia, went to meet Rusa I to reaffirm his allegiance to Urartu.
3024:, in the southeast of West Asia and the southwest of the Iranian plateau, where they were the main power, with their ruling classes being divided into pro-Assyrian and pro-Babylonian factions;
5066:
Due to the fear that the Cimmerian invasions caused among the Greeks of Ionia, they were remembered in Greek tradition, and an inscription from 283 BC mentioned that the Greek city-states of
2643:
of Central Europe: among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.
6047:. However the proposal of a Thracian origin of the Cimmerians is untenable and arose from a confusion by Strabo of Amasia between the Cimmerians and their allies, the Thracian tribe of the
6571:
The Cimmerians had military assemblies composed of their troops, which the king had the power to convene to assist him. Cimmerian warlords were also capable of rebelling against the king.
6898:
The site of Büklükale, where was discovered Scythian-type animal style ornaments, might have been the location of a Cimmerian settlement, although this identification is still uncertain.
6847:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from
4996:). The Greeks similarly used the name of the Scythians as a generalising term for all stepp nomads, and the Byzantines later also similarly used it as an archaising term to designate the
3354:
After Sargon II's death, Gurdî's kingdom grew in power while the Neo-Assyrian Empire lost control of Tabal, which largely came under Gurdî's rule; although Sargon II's son and successor
3122:
to the later Graeco-Roman account that it was under pressure from the Scythians migrating into their territories that the Cimmerians crossed the Caucasus and moved south into West Asia.
17582:
4735:
conquered Urartu, entered Central Anatolia, and defeated the Cimmerians and Treres. This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes's Scythians, whom
6563:
The Cimmerians were ruled by a supreme king whose power was passed down in a single dynasty. The names of three Cimmerian kings have been recorded: Teušpâ, Dugdammî, and Sandakšatru.
4356:
These Cimmerian aggressions worried Ashurbanipal about the security of the northwest border of the Neo-Assyrian Empire enough that he sought answers concerning this situation through
5244:
after the Scythians were expelled from Central Asia by the Massagetae, they moved to the west across the Araxes, and took possession of the Cimmerians' lands after chasing them away;
4145:
Soon, in the late 660s or early 650s BC, the western Cimmerians were reinforced by the eastern Cimmerians who had left the western Iranian plateau to move to the west into Anatolia.
6594:
way of life similar to that of the Scythians, which is reflected by how West Asian sources mentioned Cimmerian arrows, bows and horse equipment, which are typical of steppe nomads.
3653:
in the valley of the Diyala river. One Scytho-Cimmerian attack which had invaded Ḫubuškia from Mannai was even able to threaten the core Neo-Assyrian territories by passing through
6691:
might have been a reference to the Cimmerians, who had this lifestyle in common with the Scythians, as attested by Hesiod's description of the Scythians as living in the same way.
4447:
Meanwhile, Dugdammî might have taken advantage of the civil war within the Neo-Assyrian Empire caused by Samas-suma-ukin's rebellion to attack northwestern Neo-Assyrian provinces.
16079:
Cimmerians and Scythians: Cultural, Historical and Chronological Problems of the Archeology of the Eastern European Steppes and the Caucasus in the Pre- and Early Scythian Periods
4805:
It has been hypothesised that some Cimmerians might have migrated into Eastern, Southeast and Central Europe, although this identification is presently considered very uncertain.
2911:
4105:, an Assyrian oracular text recorded that the Cimmerians, together with the Phrygians and the Cilicians, were threatening the Neo-Assyrian Empire's newly conquered territory of
3922:
Thus, Ashurbanipal's situation improved once he was finally re-establish Neo-Assyrian overlordship over Mannai thanks to the retreat of the Cimmerians from the Iranian Plateau.
3368:
Nonetheless, although the Neo-Assyrian Empire stopped intervening in Anatolia, Sennacherib was able to secure the new northwestern Neo-Assyrian borders running from Cilicia to
2598:
of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of
4721:
themselves appear to have adopted Cimmerian military practices such as the use of mounted cavalry, with the Lydians fighting using long spears and archers, both on horseback.
4137:
that Esarhaddon had been succeeded as king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by Ashurbanipal, so that by then the Cimmerians had effectively ended Neo-Assyrian control in Anatolia.
3897:, the eastern Cimmerians experienced a defeat by the Neo-Assyrian army and were forced to retreat into their own territory, and they were still on the territory of Mannai by
6459:
in Greek shows that its first consonant had experienced the change of the sound /d/ to /l/, which is consistent with the phonetic changes attested in the Scythian languages.
3238:
The oldest known activities of the Cimmerians in West Asia date from the mid-710s BC, when they launched a sudden attack on Urartu's province of Uišini (whose capital was
2805:
This western migration of the early Scythians lasted through the middle 8th century BC, and archaeologically corresponded to the movement of a population originating from
3839:
The eastern Cimmerians meanwhile remained hostile to Assyria, and, along with the Medes, were the allies of Ellipi against an invasion by the Neo-Assyrian Empire between
16474:
La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
14453:: "It seems that Cimmerians and Scythians (Sakai) were related, spoke among themselves different Iranian dialects, and could understand each other without interpreters."
6552:
The Cimmerians, like the Scythians, were organised into a tribal nomadic state with its own territorial boundaries, and comprising both pastoralist and urban elements.
3249:
The first recorded mentions of the Cimmerians date from spring or early summer of 714 BC and are from the intelligence reports of the then superpower of West Asia, the
6891:
which contains typically Early Scythian weapons and horse harnesses. Another Cimmerian burial, located at about 100 km to the east of İmirler and 50 km from
3196:
The territory of the Cimmerians at this time was separated from the kingdom of Urartu by a Urartian vassal country named Quriani, itself located near the countries of
2534:. The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.
264:
250:
225:
211:
6574:
Once the Cimmerians in Anatolia had become sedentary, they formed settlements which were ruled by city-lords not unlike those who ruled the city-states of the Medes.
2813:
in the late 9th century BC towards the west, and arriving in the 8th to 7th centuries BC into Europe, especially into Ciscaucasia, which it reached some time between
16472:
4873:
into Central Europe, whose local native populations did not wear trousers before the arrival of the first wave of steppe nomads of Central Asian origin into Europe.
5746:
movement, British Israelists claim to be the most authentic heirs of the ancient Israelites while rejecting Jews as being "contaminated" through intermarriage with
2367:
The Late Babylonian scribes of the Achaemenid Empire used the name "Cimmerians" to designate all the nomad peoples of the steppe, including the Scythians and Saka.
3457:, who were organised into a single kingdom ruled through two divisions, each of which was composed of several tribes and was ruled by a member of the same dynasty.
3146:
in modern-day central and southern Georgia. Archaeologically, this Cimmerian presence is attested by remains associated to nomadic populations dating from between
4222:
With their eastern and southeastern borders abutting the Neo-Assyrian, which had been powerful enough to defeat their king Teuspa some years earlier, in the late
6410:
3509:
Once they had finally crossed into West Asia, the Scythians settled in eastern Transcaucasia and the northwest Iranian plateau, between the middle course of the
3491:
After having settled into Ciscaucasia, the Scythians became the second wave of steppe nomads to expand southwards from there, following the western shore of the
3474:
The eastern group of Cimmerians would remain on the northwestern Iranian plateau, where they were initially active in Mannai before later moving southwards into
6222:
The Iranologist Ľubomír Novák considers Cimmerian to be a relative of Scythian which exhibited similar features as Scythian, such as the evolution of the sound
4757:, Ashurbanipal thanked the god Marduk for the fate which had struck Sandakšatru, suggesting that he had experienced a horrifying death not unlike his father's.
5240:
Herodotus of Halicarnassus wrote a legendary account, partly based on Hecataeus's narrative, of the arrival of the Scythians into the lands of the Cimmerians:
5070:
and Priene were still engaging in a lawsuit disputing the territory of Batinetis which had been abandoned during the Cimmerian invasion of Ionia and Aeolia.
3646:
4244:
had been filling the power vacuum in Anatolia created by the destruction of the Phrygian Empire and was establishing itself as a new rising regional power.
6718:
from the local inhabitants of Ḫilakku and Tabal. The name of the god Šanta might possibly appear as a theophoric element in the name of the Cimmerian king
6855:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
2827:, thus following the same general migration path as the first wave of Central Asian Iranic nomads who had formed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
2616:
Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on
2613:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
16429:
3951:
with Cilicia, might have demanded help from the Cimmerians against possible Neo-Assyrian attempts to take control of their region following the death of
2208:
4315:, which provided an impetus for the formation of new Greek colonies in the Propontis and therefore made the Black Sea accessible to Greeks from Ionia.
6555:
Such nomadic states were managed by institutions of authority presided over by the rulers of the tribes, the warrior aristocracy, and ruling dynasty.
4360:. And, as a result of these Cimmerian conquests, by 657 BC, the Assyrian astrologer Akkullanu was calling the Cimmerian king Dugdammî by the title of
4334:
Facing resistance from the Lydians in the west, the Cimmerians moved eastwards, against the Neo-Assyrian Empire: despite their defeat by Gyges in the
3769:), who had succeeded him as the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and carried out a retaliatory campaign which reached deep into Median territory until
2537:
The Cimmerians corresponded to a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, to whose development three main cultural influences contributed to:
3588:
16074:Киммерийцы и скифы: Культурно-исторические и хронологические проблемы археологии восточноевропейских степей и Кавказа пред- и раннескифского времени
5849:. The derivation of the name of Crimea from that of the Cimmerians is however no longer accepted, and it is now thought to have originated from the
4769:
of Alyattes which became the dominant power of Anatolia, while the city of Sinope was re-founded by the Milesian Greek colonists Kōos and Krētinēs.
17755:
17066:
4388:
to a foreign ruler was an unprecedented situation of which there is no other known occurrence throughout the duration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
4191:
The Cimmerians destroyed Sinope during the 7th century BC and killed its founder, Habrōn, after they had invaded Paphlagonia. The Greek colony of
4764:
Scythian power in West Asia thus reached its peak under Madyes, with the West Asian territories ruled by the Scythian kingdom extending from the
2552:
2503:
The Cimmerians originated as a section of the first wave of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to
4440:
had promised to him that the Cimmerians would be defeated similarly to how Ashurbanipal himself had defeated the Elamites and killed their king
6241:
According to Igor Diakonoff, the Cimmerians spoke a Scythian language belonging to the eastern branch of the Iranic language. The Scythologist
5699:
as living on the western shore of the Oceanus, some earlier modern interpretations tried to locate them in the far north of Europe, such as in
4952:, because of their similar nomadic lifestyles. The Achaemenid Babylonian scribes therefore designated the bows used by Saka mounted archers as
4789:
The Cimmerian and Scythian activities in West Asia also hampered the development of trade, and overland trade routes in the region such as the
4129:
and the borders of Urartu in the east, and encompassing the area bounded by the Black Sea in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.
3338:
2906:
2086:
16343:
14732:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In
4620:
16201:
16113:
5221:
The Greeks living in Anatolia in the 6th century BC still evoked the memory of the Cimmerians with fear a century after their disappearance.
4743:, who was himself the son of Sadyattes as well as the grandson of Ardys and the great-grandson of Gyges, whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus and
2786:, who were a powerful nomadic Iranic tribe from Central Asia closely related to the Scythians, or by another Central Asian people called the
5372:
heroes or with lost ancient valiant peoples, similarly to how the Greeks within Greece proper claimed similar remains had been built by the
2272:
started with /k/ rather than with /g/ as in the original name due to its transmission to the Greek language through the intermediary of the
2050:
4294:
Gyges's struggle against the Cimmerians soon turned in his favour without Neo-Assyrian support, so that he was able to defeat them between
2872:
by the early Scythian culture in southern Europe, which itself nevertheless still showed links to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
15145:"Japanese archaeologists have revealed that Büklükale was the first settlement of the ancient nomadic people, the Cimmerians, in Anatolia"
2663:, which acted as their eastern border separating them from the Scythians; to the west, the territory of the Cimmerians extended until the
5797:
1248:
3335:
in Anatolia, during which he probably also fought the Cimmerians, and was killed in battle against the Tabalian ruler Gurdî of Kulummu.
3078:
caused by the rivalries of the great powers of West Asia thus proved to be a very attractive source of opportunities and wealth for the
2491:
pastoralists constantly moving their herds from one pasture to another in the steppe, and to search for better pastures to the west, in
5408:
claimed that the Cimmerian Bosporus had been named after the Cimmerians, who were once powerful in that region, and that the city of "
3434:
in the area near Mannai, where they had been settled since the time of Sargon II, thus forming the eastern division of the Cimmerians.
16753:
The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sînšarraiškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria
3860:
It consequently became more difficult for the Neo-Assyrian Empire to control the Median city-states and the various polities in the
17108:
3777:. Išpakāya was killed in battle against Esarhaddon's forces during this campaign, and he was succeeded as king of the Scythians by
17659:
Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In
14738:
Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco- Roman World, Inner Asia and China
6879:
The few known Cimmerian archaeological remains from the period of their presence in Anatolia include a burial from the village of
6544:, whose single kingdom was divided into two wings each ruled by a member of the same dynasty and each made up of several tribes.
5751:
4236:, the Cimmerians under Dugdammî instead redirected their activities towards western Anatolia, where they attacked the kingdom of
3741:
to the northwest of the Lake, all intended to monitor the activities of the allied forces of the Scythians, Mannaeans and Medes.
16303:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
15939:
3536:, and this part of Transcaucasia settled by the Scythians consequently became known in the Akkadian sources from Mesopotamia as
2924:, after which Cimmerians eventually became active in the West Asian regions of Transcaucasia, the Iranian Plateau and Anatolia.
2842:
to the lands of the Cimmerians, who around this time were leaving their homelands in the Caspian Steppe to move into West Asia.
17730:
9584:
9580:
7190:
7186:
7161:
7157:
7127:
4577:
17700:
17649:
17327:
17269:
16966:
16931:
16843:
16808:
16773:
16715:
16668:
16630:
16590:
16536:
16404:
16291:
16185:
16094:
16058:
15969:
15925:
15874:
15796:
15750:
15714:
15663:
15612:
15561:
15518:
15445:
15254:
15199:
15133:
15082:
15039:
15001:
14971:
14917:
14863:
14800:
14789:
14757:
13485:
12815:
12724:
12538:
12364:
11551:
5942:
During the initial phase of their presence in West Asia, the Cimmerians lived in a country which Mesopotamian sources called
4058:): these administrators consisted of both Cimmerians and members of other ethnic groups who lived within Dugdammî's kingdom.
2057:
2029:
6714:
The western group of the Cimmerians who migrated into West Asia appeared to have adopted the worship of the Anatolian deity
16485:
6880:
5891:
The original homeland of the Cimmerians before they migrated into West Asia was in the steppe situated to the north of the
5209:, who both described the Cimmerians as having once dwelt in the steppe to the immediate north of the Caspian Sea, with the
5145:, and which was covered with mists and clouds and therefore remained permanently deprived of sunlight although the Sun-god
2511:, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the
2182:
908:
14820:
5624:
in which he assumed that Homer did not know of the Cimmerians and therefore renamed them in his text as the "Cerberians" (
4522:
except for its citadel, and Gyges was killed during this attack. The Neo-Assyrian sources blamed Gyges's death on his own
4409:
decreased, he therefore ended diplomacy with the Neo-Assyrian Empire and instead sent troops to help the Egyptian kinglet
17745:
17735:
6841:
6819:
5758:, the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre."
2516:
2263:
Igor Diakonoff later abandoned his own etymology to support Ivantchik's proposed etymology of the name of the Cimmerians.
2014:
216:
77:
58:
16396:
6256:
of Asia Minor on them after their migration there. Only a few personal names in the Cimmerian language have survived in
17765:
17760:
5141:
river which encircles the world, in a land towards which Odysseus sailed to obtain an oracle from the soul of the seer
4084:
Assyrian sources from around this same time also recorded a Cimmerian presence in the area of the Neo-Hittite state of
3118:
in West Asia, which laid the ground for the later large scale movement of the Cimmerians and Scythians into West Asia.
2790:, thus forcing the early Scythians to the west, across the Araxes river and into the Caspian and Ciscaucasian Steppes.
2079:
2036:
967:
17404:
16251:
15371:
15330:
15014:(2001). "Cimmerians and Early Scythians: the Transition from Geometric to Orientalising Style in the Pontic Area". In
5907:; the Cimmerians thus originally lived in the Caspian and Caucasian steppes, in the area corresponding to present-day
4835:
The proponents of this hypothesis of a Cimmerian invasion also suggest that it would have also affected south-eastern
4546:
After sacking Sardis, Lydgamis and Kobos led the Cimmerians and the Treres into invading the Greek city-states of the
17473:
16871:
6598:
Cimmerians had established their rule. The capital of these Anatolian Cimmerians was a city by the name of Ḫarzallē.
5266:
Herodotus also referred to the presence of several "Cimmerian" toponyms as existing in the Bosporan region, such as:
3836:
kingdom therefore remained on friendly terms with the Neo-Assyrian Empire and maintained peaceful relations with it.
2314:
300:
6055:, the possibility of the Cimmerians being Thracian-speakers is less likely than that of them being Iranic-speakers.
17725:
15810:
14586:
6753:
in October 2018 examined the remains of three Cimmerians buried between around 1000 and 800 BC. The two samples of
4941:
2043:
807:
6790:
in July 2019 examined the remains of three Cimmerians. The two samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroups
4869:
The peoples of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of which the Cimmerians were part of introduced the use of
4597:
The Cimmerians and Treres remained on the western coast of Anatolia inhabited by the Greeks for three years, from
3235:, where they helped the inhabitants of Colchis and of the nearby regions defeat attacks by the kingdom of Urartu.
3071:, were local rulers who negotiated for their own interests by vacillating between the various rival great powers.
17343:
17304:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
16696:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
16567:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15691:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15640:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15589:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
15110:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
6040:
entities, suggesting that the Scythians and Cimmerians were merely two member tribes of a single cultural group.
4073:
of wheat in the underground granaries of the Phrygian village of Syassos that they used as food for a long time.
318:
4663:), who had been a Neo-Assyrian vassal, was at this time also forced to accept the suzerainty of the Cimmerians.
17521:
17283:
16173:
6619:
6602:
of the contemporary Median city-states, due to which they referred to the leaders of these Cimmerian rulers as
6308:, meaning "swelling with strength", although Askold Ivantchik has criticised this proposal on phonetic grounds.
4944:
to indiscriminately and anachronistically refer to all of the nomads of the steppes, including both the Pontic
4778:
several of these states' power, consequently led to the rise of multiple new powers such as the empires of the
4040:
2469:
2286:
1899:
1674:
1078:
54:
14770:
From Midas to Cyrus and Other Stories: Papers on Iron Age Anatolia in Honour of Geoffrey and Françoise Summers
3829:
17680:
17660:
17307:
17287:
17249:
16757:
16679:
16570:
16550:
15905:
15885:
15776:
15764:
15694:
15674:
15643:
15623:
15592:
15572:
15541:
15529:
15424:
15179:
15167:
15113:
15093:
15062:
15050:
14951:
14931:
14897:
6675:
6655:
5634:
5528:
5430:) used a trench and a mount to close the isthmus. According to Strabo, there was in Crimea a mountain called
5349:
5326:
5303:
5280:
5263:, Herodotus claimed the tombs of the Cimmerian princes could still be seen in his days near the Tyras river.
5229:
5033:
4643:
Although the Urartians had sent tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 643 BC, the Urartian king Sarduri III (
4248:
diplomatic gifts to Ashurbanipal, with another Lydian embassy to the Neo-Assyrian Empire being attested from
3983:
2750:
2727:
2704:
2072:
1644:
913:
850:
651:
537:
6176:
4491:
and invaded Anatolia from the north-west, after which they allied with the Cimmerians, and, from around the
5743:
3228:
The Cimmerians appeared to have first become active in the territories to the south of the Caucasus in the
2134:
The Cimmerians themselves left no written records, and most information about them is largely derived from
1332:
835:
646:
641:
636:
531:
5593:
criticised Posidonius's theories as being based on conjecture rather than on concrete historical evidence.
3908:
by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, their departure provided Esarhaddon's successor to the Neo-Assyrian kingship,
14781:
6807:
6803:
5722:
3621:, which detail the first Scythian activities in West Asia and refer to the first recorded Scythian king,
3331:
In 705 BC, Sargon II led a campaign against a rebellious Neo-Assyrian vassal, the Neo-Hittite kingdom of
1649:
1144:
845:
724:
710:
691:
16835:
16800:
15461:"A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and Its Historical Implications"
3737:, as well as the fortresses of Pir Chavush, Qale Gavur and Qiz Qale around the administrative centre of
2802:
early Scythian culture being materially indistinguishable from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
17692:
17319:
17261:
16707:
16622:
16582:
15917:
15788:
15706:
15655:
15604:
15553:
15465:
15437:
15191:
15125:
15074:
14963:
14909:
14749:
7132:
4847:
as well, where distinctive Cimmerian horse trappings were found offered in dedication at the temple of
4397:, that is the world hegemony which rightfully belonged to him, from the Cimmerians who had usurped it.
3832:, and promised to form an alliance treaty with the Neo-Assyrian Empire in an act of careful diplomacy.
3689:
Under Argišti II, Urartu attempted to restore its power by expanding to the east towards the region of
2541:
present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native
987:
945:
545:
15902:
The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
14948:
The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C
5090:
2798:, as well as by the origin of the typically Scythian Animal Style art in the Mongolo-Siberian region.
15961:
15734:
6231:
6223:
6116:
5742:
being the supposed descendants of those among them who maintained their Cimmerian identity. Being an
4005:
so that they controlled a large area consisting of Phrygia from its western limits which bordered on
3057:, who were an Iranic people of West Asia to whom the Scythians and Cimmerians were distantly related.
2764:
However, a derivation of these names from the historical Cimmerian presence is still very uncertain.
2512:
2120:
2107:
1689:
1654:
1327:
631:
31:
17:
17019:
16823:
16788:
16416:"Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads"
9572:
7122:
6840:
The Cimmerians before their migration into West Asia archaeologically corresponded to a part of the
4683:, who continued Dugdammî's attacks against the Neo-Assyrian Empire but failed just like his father.
3365:) attacked Gurdî at Til-Garimmu in 695 BC, he was able to evade capture by the Neo-Assyrian forces.
15742:
15266:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"
5118:
4559:
3614:
The first ever recorded mention of the Scythians is from the records of the Neo-Assyrian Empire of
2690:, might have owed their origin to the historical presence of the Cimmerians in this area, such as:
2440:
which lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD. Other Iranic nomads, such as the
2391:
1949:
1839:
1659:
1190:
1022:
973:
869:
671:
626:
621:
541:
106:
17500:"Intolerable Clothes & a Terrifying Name: the Characteristics of an Achaemenid Invasion Force"
15217:. Centre for the Critical Study of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements; Panacea Charitable Trust
5467:
some Classical writers considered the western Mediterranean Sea as having been the setting of the
4765:
17750:
17740:
15510:
15246:
14993:
6233:
6225:
6101:
5873:
recounts an imaginary battle between Celts and enemies identified by the narrator as Cimmerians.
4436:
One of the oracular responses received by Ashurbanipal in 652 BC itself claimed that the goddess
4425:
Neo-Assyrian power experienced another significant blow in 652 BC, when Esarhaddon's eldest son,
3998:, although they appear to have neither settled within the city nor destroyed its fortifications.
2223:
2196:
2104:
1844:
1571:
681:
676:
666:
310:
17391:
16238:
15358:
15317:
4808:
Proponents of a Cimmerian migration into southeastern Europe suggest that it affected as far as
4426:
2893:
who would later invade West Asia via Caucasia. The Cimmerians entered West Asia by crossing the
2686:
Some later place names mentioned by the ancient Greeks in the 5th century BC as existing in the
2563:
cultures from Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of
2479:
to become cooler and drier than before. These changes caused the sedentary mixed farmers of the
2425:
The arrival of the Cimmerians in Europe was part of the larger process of westwards movement of
16942:
16644:
16149:
6666:
6646:
6248:
The recorded personal names of the Cimmerians were either Iranic, reflecting their origins, or
6106:
5850:
5658:
5625:
5519:
5452:), which had also been named because the Cimmerians had once ruled the region of the Bosporus.
5437:
5415:
5340:
5317:
5294:
5271:
5024:
4582:
4276:
4062:
3744:
These allied forces of the Cimmerians, Mannaeans and Scythians were defeated some time between
2741:
2718:
2695:
2504:
1834:
1806:
1590:
1492:
1258:
1104:
728:
566:
458:
397:
352:
292:
284:
16481:
2639:
This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the
17625:
16177:
16034:
15353:
15015:
14927:
14873:
6834:
4506:
The Cimmerians and Treres under Lygdamis and the Treran king Kōbos, and in alliance with the
1981:
1810:
718:
714:
699:
695:
16608:
16272:
The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World
6043:
Other suggestions for the ethnicity of the Cimmerians include the possibility of them being
2651:
Within the western sections of the Eurasian Steppe, the Cimmerians lived in the Caspian and
2522:
Among these tribal confederations were the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe, as well as the
16978:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
16954:
16656:
16433:
15392:"The Cimmerian invasions in Anatolia and the earliest Greek colonies in the Black Sea area"
6799:
6778:
6774:
6770:
5925:
The later claim by Greek authors that the Cimmerians lived in the Pontic Steppe around the
5225:
5073:
In the mediaeval period, Armenian tradition assigned the name of the Biblical Gōmer to the
4170:
3529:
in the steppes of what is presently Azerbaijan, which became their centre operations until
2131:
proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related and who displaced and replaced the Cimmerians.
1927:
1892:
1205:
888:
840:
777:
747:
705:
685:
549:
403:
6637:), which was the same designation that they had used for the Median petty-rulers as well.
1073:
8:
17720:
17668:
15349:
15304:
6591:
6249:
6200:
5771:
5515:
4793:
likely became dangerous to use, while also preventing the formation of new trade routes.
4790:
4464:
4312:
3947:, which occupied a strategic position containing many settlements and routes linking the
3869:
3828:, had asked for the hand of the eldest daughter of Esarhaddon, the Neo-Assyrian princess
3413:
under the leadership of the king Teušpâ, becoming the western division of the Cimmerians;
3250:
2937:
2461:
2135:
1200:
1195:
1091:
1015:
980:
903:
893:
752:
453:
448:
417:
16437:
15826:
5790:, the Cimmerians are a pre-Celtic people who were the ancestors of the Irish and Scots (
5000:, Slavs and other eastern peoples centuries after the actual Scythians had disappeared.
4739:
credits with expelling the Treres from Asia Minor, and of the Lydians led by their king
4391:
Akkullanu nevertheless also assured to Ashurbanipal that he would eventually regain the
3205:
17558:
17538:
17479:
17386:
17279:
17237:
17218:
17184:
17165:
17125:
17083:
17041:
17024:
16999:
16885:
16735:
16454:
16415:
16007:
15571:
Grayson, A. K. (1991a). "Assyria: Tiglath-pileser III to Sargon II (744-705 B.C.)". In
15474:
15285:
6435:
The Iranologist Ľubomír Novák has noted that the attestation of this name in the forms
6245:
also considers the Cimmerians to have been linguistically very close to the Scythians.
6208:
6121:
5794:). Moreover, a miscegenation of Cimmerians and Turanians was the origin of the Scyths.
4747:
claim permanently defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat.
4267:
while keeping him waiting and abstaining from providing any military support to Lydia.
4133:
Neo-Hittite states in and near the Konya Plain had become subjected to the Cimmerians.
3381:
statues in the region of Muṣaṣir which resemble the funerary statues of steppe nomads.
2894:
2777:
A second wave of migration of Iranic nomads corresponded with the arrival of the early
2679:
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex in the eastern parts of the Pontic Steppe were the
2508:
1906:
1857:
1791:
1775:
1400:
1053:
792:
478:
383:
378:
91:
17450:"Medes in Media, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia: Empire, Hegemony, Domination or Illusion?"
6844:
of the northern Pontic steppe regions over the course of the 9th to 7th centuries BC.
5644:) because of the Homeric location of this people at the entrance of Hades where dwelt
4009:
to its eastern boundaries neighbouring the Neo-Assyrian Empire, after which they made
3063:
Beyond the territories under the direct Assyrian rule, especially in its frontiers in
17696:
17645:
17483:
17469:
17323:
17299:
17265:
17045:
16982:
16962:
16927:
16903:
16867:
16839:
16804:
16769:
16711:
16691:
16664:
16626:
16586:
16562:
16532:
16459:
16400:
16330:
16287:
16181:
16108:
16090:
16054:
15965:
15921:
15897:
15870:
15792:
15746:
15728:
15710:
15686:
15659:
15635:
15608:
15584:
15557:
15514:
15441:
15415:
15289:
15250:
15195:
15129:
15105:
15078:
15035:
14997:
14967:
14943:
14913:
14889:
14859:
14785:
14753:
6762:
6478:
6253:
6212:
6111:
6052:
5997:
5993:
5714:
5711:
5096:
4563:
3518:
3135:
3075:
2640:
2542:
2465:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2219:
2139:
2124:
1920:
1886:
1878:
1822:
1816:
1798:
1769:
1748:
1734:
1726:
1496:
1357:
1297:
1279:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1177:
1172:
1001:
864:
513:
506:
499:
485:
471:
431:
410:
347:
339:
101:
15818:
15806:
6295:
6204:
2960:(Plain Cilicia) and the Central and Eastern Anatolian mountains in the north to the
2192:
17664:
17608:
17530:
17461:
17408:
17360:
17295:
17291:
17241:
17210:
17157:
17117:
17075:
17037:
17033:
16991:
16687:
16683:
16558:
16554:
16546:
16449:
16441:
16420:
16380:
16320:
16283:
16255:
16233:
16229:
16210:
16141:
16122:
16104:
16068:
16050:
16031:"The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality"
16026:
15999:
15979:
15935:
15893:
15889:
15768:
15760:
15682:
15678:
15631:
15627:
15580:
15576:
15533:
15419:
15375:
15334:
15277:
15210:
15171:
15163:
15101:
15097:
15054:
15031:
14939:
14935:
14885:
14877:
6823:
6750:
6491:
6311:
6299:
6242:
5929:
was a retroactive invention dating from after the disappearance of the Cimmerians.
5866:
5827:
5775:
5607:
5597:
5571:
5549:
5134:
3861:
3717:), the latter of whom carried out major fortification construction projects around
2965:
2531:
2433:
2243:
1914:
1864:
1681:
1487:
1375:
1315:
1292:
1235:
1230:
1167:
1154:
1149:
1139:
812:
425:
373:
365:
358:
48:
27:
Ancient nomadic Iranic people who invaded West Asia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC
17612:
16995:
16820:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
16146:
The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World
15724:
6852:
6587:
The Cimmerians shared a common culture and origin with the Scythians and lived an
4709:
3733:; other fortifications built by Rusa II were Qale Bordjy and Qale Sangar north of
2610:
2556:
2187:), of an ultimately uncertain origin for which there have been various proposals:
2123:, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia. Although the Cimmerians were
17577:
16857:
16307:
6884:
6786:
6093:
6029:
5908:
5726:
5587:
had been named after the Cimbri, whom he claimed the Greeks called "Cimmerians."
5490:
following Ephorus's narrative, Strabo and Pliny claimed that a "Cimmerian city" (
5456:
5016:
4571:
3812:
3431:
3398:
During the period corresponding to the rule of the Neo-Assyrian king Esarhaddon (
3079:
3068:
2973:
2921:
2795:
2633:
2625:
2599:
2560:
2429:
2343:
2273:
2113:
2110:
1995:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1935:
1871:
1850:
1828:
1413:
1302:
1225:
1134:
1067:
1008:
874:
606:
591:
581:
576:
492:
464:
111:
16372:
15814:
15622:
Grayson, A. K. (1991b). "Assyria: Sennacherib to Esarhaddon (704-669 B.C.)". In
5600:, using Posidonius as their sources, also equated the Cimmerians and the Cimbri.
4456:
forces, and was also trying to borrow the military technology of these peoples.
3669:, close the capital cities of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, where they destroyed the
3634:
3163:
The presence of the Cimmerians in this area led Mesopotamian sources to call it
2374:
In 1966, the archaeologist Maurits Nanning van Loon described the Cimmerians as
17688:
17672:
17637:
17315:
17257:
16703:
16640:
16618:
16600:
16578:
16516:
16504:
16169:
15913:
15842:
15822:
15784:
15702:
15651:
15600:
15549:
15456:
15433:
15312:
15242:
15230:
15187:
15121:
15070:
14959:
14905:
14777:
14745:
6795:
6791:
6758:
6074:
6017:
5985:
5841:
5820:
attempted to trace various place names to Cimmerian origins. He suggested that
5805:
5491:
5445:
5423:
5389:
5228:, drawing from information acquired by the army of the Persian army during its
5164:
5133:, which describes them as a people living in a city located at the entrance of
4895:
4887:
4534:
4272:
4241:
4162:
4001:
The western Cimmerians consequently settled in Phrygia and subdued part of the
3770:
3722:
3475:
3451:
2621:
2492:
2437:
1740:
1607:
1482:
1040:
994:
962:
898:
389:
17465:
16941:
Petrenko, Vladimir G. (1995). "1. Scythian Culture in the North Caucasus". In
16325:
16302:
16126:
15673:
Grayson, A. K. (1991c). "Assyria 668-635 B.C.: the reign of Ashurbanipal". In
7178:
7149:
6919:
6730:
The Cimmerians used the same types of weapons as the Scythians, and practised
6719:
5187:
Homer's passage relating to the Cimmerians had however used as its source the
4717:
Despite these setbacks, the Lydian kingdom was able to grow in power, and the
4680:
4619:, which forced a large number of the inhabitants of the coastal region called
2609:
steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
168:
17714:
17400:
17396:
17193:
16958:
16863:
16853:
16761:
16660:
16524:
16520:
16377:"Lydia, Phrygia and the Cimmerians: Mesopotamian and Greek evidence combined"
16247:
16243:
16214:
16161:
16157:
16153:
15986:[The Dog Warriors: Werewolves and Scythian invasions in Asia Minor].
15850:
15846:
15830:
15738:
15506:
15502:
15367:
15363:
15326:
15322:
15281:
15011:
14855:
14851:
14847:
6588:
6169:
5755:
5733:
5718:
5700:
5484:
4891:
4185:
4085:
3982:, under their king Dugdammî (the Lygdamis of the Greek authors), the western
3952:
3808:
3774:
3622:
3332:
3143:
3011:
2961:
2617:
2595:
2416:
archaeological data from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, Caucasia, and West Asia.
2171:
2000:
1464:
1380:
1097:
955:
817:
571:
6008:
The Cimmerians later split into two groups, with a western horde located in
3944:
787:
17641:
17364:
16881:
16463:
16445:
16334:
15494:
14839:
14733:
6848:
6703:
5977:
5904:
5900:
5862:
5817:
5787:
5730:
5584:
5499:
5004:
4157:
Reproduction of a depiction of Cimmerian mounted archers from a Greek vase.
3909:
3526:
3514:
3510:
3139:
2902:
2687:
2664:
2652:
2588:
2515:
regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the
2488:
2445:
2426:
1619:
1457:
931:
802:
601:
596:
586:
16785:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"
16003:
15957:
15884:
Hawkins, J. D. (1982). "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia". In
5808:, includes a chapter describing the (fictional) oldest book in the world,
5750:; or, they adhere to the antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming that Jews
4514:, attacked Lydia for a second time in 644 BC: this time they defeated the
3975:
With Urartu incapable of stopping the Cimmerian advance, some time around
3865:
3324:
Possibly out of fear from the danger of the Cimmerians, the Phrygian king
2551:
attesting of the Inner Asian origin, a strong material influence from the
2400:
There are three main sources of information on the historical Cimmerians:
2276:, which did not distinguish between the voiced and non-voiced velar stops.
17206:
16765:
16604:
16348:
16279:
16046:
15984:"LES GUERRIERS-CHIENS: Loups-garous et invasions scythes en Asie Mineure"
15027:
14981:
6949:
6907:
6541:
6314:
instead posits three alternative suggestions for an Old Iranic origin of
5915:
5892:
5779:
5566:
came from, elaborated some speculative interpretations of their origins:
5074:
4899:
4829:
4713:
A relief depicting mounted Lydian warriors on slab of marble from a tomb.
4414:
4260:
4259:
him, in exchange of which Ashurbanipa promised him support from the gods
4118:
3960:
3948:
3726:
3522:
3496:
3492:
3454:
3355:
3347:
3288:
3254:
3106:
2945:
2656:
2576:
1595:
1581:
1545:
1253:
144:
17169:
17145:
17087:
17061:
16344:"Japanese archaeologist reveal 1st settlement of Cimmerians in Anatolia"
16011:
15983:
15478:
6913:
5479:
in the 4th century BC located the Cimmerians near the Campanian city of
3447:, whose princes and nobles were divided into Eastern and Western groups;
782:
156:
17542:
17516:
17356:
17222:
17188:
16923:
16678:
Mihailov, G. (1991). "Thrace Before the Persian Entry into Europe". In
16316:
14881:
6400:
K. T. Vitchak has proposed that it was derived from an Old Iranic form
5981:
5833:
5559:
5539:
5373:
5213:
river forming their eastern border separating them from the Scythians.
5078:
4679:
Dugdammî was succeeded as king of the Cimmerians in Cilicia by his son
4357:
4010:
3759:
3734:
3209:
2993:, held hegemony over Central and Midwest Anatolia and parts of Cilicia;
2957:
2917:
2783:
2580:
2564:
2480:
2449:
1558:
1350:
1115:
17129:
17103:
17003:
16977:
6694:
The Cimmerians used the same types of horse harness as the Scythians.
5725:
had been deported by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 721 BC and became the
4991:
4977:
4919:
4910:, thus irreversibly changing the geopolitical situation of West Asia.
4839:, where raids by Cimmerians allied to Thracians ended the hegemony of
4786:, thus irreversibly changing the geopolitical situation of West Asia.
3781:, with whom Esarhaddon might have immediately initiated negotiations.
3517:
rivers before expanding into the regions corresponding to present-day
3316:
power in some parts of the western Iranian Plateau and Transcaucasia.
2487:
These climatic conditions in turn caused the nomadic groups to become
2318:
17684:
17338:
17311:
17253:
17161:
17079:
16699:
16614:
16574:
16528:
16376:
15909:
15862:
15780:
15698:
15647:
15596:
15545:
15429:
15183:
15117:
15066:
14955:
14901:
14801:"The first settlement of the Cimmerians in Anatolia may be Büklükale"
14741:
6977:
6939:
6798:, while the three samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroups
6454:
6448:
6386:
6374:
6216:
6185:
6150:
6044:
6033:
5919:
5652:
5545:
5455:
In the 4th century BC, a town called Cimmeris was established in the
5431:
5409:
5381:
5206:
5196:
5188:
5173:
5168:
4945:
4840:
4744:
4612:
4524:
4480:
4410:
4067:
4002:
3662:
3343:
3258:
3239:
3111:
3083:
2953:
2941:
2933:
2882:
2787:
2778:
2680:
2572:
2523:
2441:
2174:
2128:
1761:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1502:
1370:
257:
17621:
17560:
Urartian Art: Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations
17534:
17214:
16831:
16819:
16796:
16751:
16072:
15460:
15265:
13995:
5548:
mentioned a "Cimmerian isthmus" and a "Cimmerian land" in his work,
4816:
allied with the Cimmerians to expand their territories by occupying
4593:
Reproduction of a depiction of a Cimmerian archer from a Greek vase.
4498:, the Cimmerians were nomadising in Anatolia along with the Treres.
4173:. The first Greek colony in the Black Sea, founded by settlers from
3220:
17564:
17517:"Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus"
17499:
17449:
17420:
17121:
16891:
16784:
16728:
Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
16353:
15953:
15391:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9445:
6944:
6632:
6509:
from a compound term consisting of the name of the Anatolian deity
6504:
6482:
6464:
6442:
6436:
6360:
6354:
6315:
6278:
6264:
6009:
5957:
5943:
5926:
5830:
5645:
5590:
5377:
5252:
5202:
5142:
5050:
4870:
4825:
4817:
4740:
4558:
on the western coast of Anatolia, where they destroyed the city of
4511:
4488:
4392:
4383:
4361:
4284:
4114:
4066:
4053:
3825:
3778:
3738:
3718:
3670:
3654:
3537:
3425:
3410:
3188:
3105:
Nevertheless, a 9th or 8th century BC barrow grave, belonging from
3064:
2979:
Surrounding the Neo-Assyrian Empire were several smaller polities:
2675:
2629:
2527:
2290:
1704:
1695:
1586:
1387:
1362:
1266:
757:
333:
182:
16196:
16030:
14876:(1975). "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age". In
14821:"Archaeologists Reveal First Settlement of Cimmerians in Anatolia"
10269:
7465:
7463:
6715:
5191:, which dealt with the region of the Black Sea and the country of
17622:"The Cimmerians: their origins, movements and their difficulties"
16919:
16895:
16392:
15493:
Fuchs, Andreas (2023). "The Medes and the Kingdom of Mannea". In
15092:
Brinkman, J. A. (1991). "Babylonia in the Shadow of Assyria". In
14894:
History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380-1000 B.C
14598:
14564:
14562:
6738:
6731:
6257:
6013:
5989:
5704:
5476:
5192:
5159:
5138:
5126:
4907:
4836:
4783:
4731:, and with Neo-Assyrian approval, the Scythians under their king
4718:
4611:, where later Greek tradition claimed that Lygdamis had occupied
4574:
joined Ephesus and Magnesia in resisting the Cimmerian invasion.
4567:
4515:
4507:
4441:
4280:
4192:
4174:
4126:
3995:
3987:
3854:
3730:
3694:
3690:
3626:
3444:
3243:
3224:
Cimmerian invasions of Colchis, Urartu and Assyria in 715–713 BC.
3201:
3197:
3131:
3115:
3047:
3005:
2990:
2986:
2810:
2545:, especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;
2473:
1754:
1718:
1711:
1509:
1129:
762:
230:
17104:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
16144:(2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.).
14212:
13799:
13315:
10434:
9442:
3853:. The eastern Cimmerians also attacked the Assyrian province of
3773:
and the country of Patušarra (Patischoria) on the limits of the
17677:
Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C
17633:
17568:
17202:
16915:
16512:
16388:
16357:
16275:
16165:
16086:
16082:
16042:
15866:
15858:
15838:
15773:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15538:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15238:
15176:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15059:
The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
15023:
14989:
14773:
14296:
14294:
14292:
7460:
7060:
7058:
6892:
6888:
6510:
5563:
5405:
5396:
steppes into Anatolia to sack Sardis under the reign of Ardys.
5146:
4848:
4844:
4821:
4809:
4736:
4732:
4616:
4551:
4523:
4519:
4484:
4437:
4350:
4288:
4264:
4165:
3956:
3943:
Around the same time, the rulers of the Neo-Hittite kingdom of
3642:
3373:
3262:
3041:
3032:
3028:
2969:
2949:
2898:
2671:
2568:
2476:
1477:
1431:
950:
767:
14574:
14559:
14511:
13920:
13918:
12386:
12259:
12203:
12137:
7952:
7950:
6511:
5984:
and the south of the Darial or Klukhor passes, in a region of
5463:
assigned to them various fantastical locations and histories:
4983:
4969:
4933:
4925:
2332:
2324:
15854:
15528:
Graham, A. J. (1982). "The colonial expansion of Greece". In
14535:
14103:
14101:
14099:
14097:
13881:
13879:
13587:
13585:
13293:
13291:
12584:
12376:
12374:
12103:
12101:
12099:
11725:
11723:
10975:
10973:
10257:
10188:
6766:
6754:
6737:
The Cimmerians who moved in Anatolia also adopted the use of
6392:
6380:
6048:
5896:
5791:
5786:
from 1932, is canonically a Cimmerian: in Howard's fictional
5611:
5480:
5260:
5210:
5179:
5122:
5067:
5008:
4903:
4813:
4779:
4555:
4547:
4237:
4106:
4006:
3991:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3495:
and bypassing the Caucasus Mountains to the east through the
3369:
3325:
3054:
2997:
2886:
2660:
2584:
2267:
2180:
2162:
2116:
1576:
1450:
1444:
1426:
797:
772:
243:
15501:. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4.
15215:
Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
14359:
14357:
14289:
14277:
14241:
11708:
11187:
11185:
11160:
11158:
10985:
10670:
10637:
10601:
10410:
10224:
9158:
9148:
9146:
9131:
9017:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8875:
8735:
8495:
8018:
7692:
7690:
7587:
7585:
7055:
4589:
4153:
3963:
and of the kingdom of Kundi and Sissû in the region of Que.
3499:, with the Scythians first arriving in Transcaucasia around
3409:
the bulk of the Cimmerians migrated from Transcaucasia into
2956:
valleys to rule and dominate a large territory ranging from
2835:
The westward migration of the Scythians brought them around
2655:
Steppes, situated on the northern and western shores of the
14986:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
14670:
14487:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14434:
14432:
14417:
14253:
14164:
14142:
14140:
14113:
14084:
14082:
14080:
14078:
14065:
14063:
14061:
14046:
14024:
14022:
13915:
13891:
13852:
13655:
13418:
11508:
11506:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11002:
11000:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10212:
9767:
9765:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9399:
9397:
9170:
8723:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8519:
8271:
8269:
7991:
7989:
7947:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7660:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7538:
7292:
7290:
6680:
6660:
6470:
6366:
6284:
6270:
5963:
5949:
5854:
5834:
5747:
5693:
Basing themselves on the location of the Cimmerians in the
5639:
5533:
5354:
5331:
5308:
5285:
5038:
4997:
4949:
4883:
4430:
4188:, in whose region the Cimmerians were active at this time.
3578:
3543:
3417:
3180:
3021:
3017:
2890:
2806:
2755:
2732:
2709:
2304:
2296:
1968:
16385:
Evidence Combined: Western and Eastern Sources in Dialogue
14094:
13876:
13582:
13288:
13237:
13225:
13213:
12831:
12371:
12220:
12218:
12125:
12096:
12084:
12019:
11720:
11491:
10970:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10422:
10099:
10097:
9861:
9849:
9596:
9594:
9432:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9235:
9233:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8567:
8565:
8456:
8454:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8384:
8382:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8281:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8086:
8084:
8030:
7974:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7780:
7778:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7677:
7675:
7650:
7648:
7480:
7478:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
5235:
3573:
3416:
a smaller group of the Cimmerians, called the Indaraeans (
2646:
2498:
17580:[The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description].
14736:; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.).
14646:
14610:
14499:
14354:
14231:
14229:
14227:
14007:
13715:
13531:
13016:
13004:
12950:
12328:
11961:
11959:
11908:
11819:
11807:
11698:
11696:
11280:
11182:
11155:
10958:
10946:
10730:
10718:
10625:
10398:
10335:
10157:
10145:
9888:
9409:
9218:
9206:
9182:
9143:
9119:
9107:
8887:
8863:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8399:
8397:
8059:
8057:
8008:
8006:
8004:
7687:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7082:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6003:
5518:
claimed that the Cimmerians lived in a "Cimmerian city" (
4468:
A Thracian mounted warrior followed by a warrior on foot.
3008:, conquered several times by the Assyrians, in the south;
2927:
2246:
derives the name of the Cimmerians from an original form
15835:
From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D
15020:
North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies
14658:
14634:
14622:
14595:, Supplementary Materials, Table S3 Summary, Rows 23-25.
14456:
14429:
14152:
14137:
14125:
14075:
14058:
14019:
13930:
13903:
13864:
13667:
13643:
13570:
13548:
13546:
13519:
13332:
13330:
13264:
13254:
13252:
12276:
12274:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11503:
11479:
11469:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11412:
11395:
11327:
10997:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10786:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10613:
10388:
10386:
9988:
9986:
9878:
9876:
9762:
9635:
9394:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9194:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8781:
8682:
8630:
8507:
8321:
8319:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
7986:
7851:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7702:
7628:
7597:
7562:
7448:
7287:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6032:
sharing a common language, origins and culture with the
3027:
and to the immediate north laid the powerful kingdom of
14405:
13703:
13679:
13631:
13621:
13619:
13606:
13604:
13602:
13600:
13558:
12249:
12247:
12245:
12215:
11681:
11585:
11143:
10803:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10200:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10094:
9654:
9623:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9591:
9466:
9464:
9421:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9250:
9248:
9230:
8793:
8764:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8562:
8483:
8451:
8409:
8379:
8293:
8220:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8182:
8157:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8096:
8081:
8069:
8042:
7918:
7893:
7870:
7834:
7811:
7790:
7775:
7739:
7727:
7672:
7645:
7550:
7475:
7344:
7266:
7070:
5721:
according to which, after population of the historical
5473:, and therefore located the Cimmerians in this region:
4016:
These western Cimmerians soon became sedentary, and by
3679:
from the Neo-Assyrian Empire and retain them until the
3582:
An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors
3038:
in the eastern mountains were several weaker polities:
14265:
14224:
14188:
14176:
13303:
12352:
11971:
11956:
11693:
11573:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8577:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8466:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8394:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8054:
8001:
7935:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7094:
7033:
7031:
7029:
6967:
6518:
6427:
6421:
6401:
5082:
4311:
Gyges then stationed Carian and Ionian mercenaries at
3087:
2472:
which caused the environment in the Central Asian and
15454:
15303:
15049:
Braun, T. F. R. G. (1982). "The Greeks in Egypt". In
14547:
14200:
13691:
13543:
13507:
13327:
13249:
12656:
12271:
12113:
11597:
11460:
10822:
10742:
10649:
10532:
10383:
10275:
9983:
9873:
9260:
8846:
8316:
8239:
7758:
7490:
6985:
6686:
5971:
5843:
5809:
5798:
5780:
5694:
5619:
5612:
5550:
5468:
5153:
5127:
5109:
4581:
Painting depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors from a
2767:
2156:
16951:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
16653:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
15730:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
14475:
14034:
13616:
13597:
13276:
12340:
12242:
12230:
11669:
11170:
10759:
10236:
10169:
9606:
9461:
9375:
9245:
8747:
8201:
8117:
7962:
7616:
7242:
7043:
6859:
archaeologically indistinguishable from each other.
6481:(1981) points out that the name may also be read as
5914:
The region of the Pontic Steppe to the north of the
5867:
5051:
5044:
5009:
4065:, the Cimmerians found several tens of thousands of
3486:
2983:
in Anatolia to the northwest, were the kingdoms of:
2347:
17423:[The name of the Cimmerian king Lygdamis].
16509:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
16430:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
8711:
8694:
8550:
8531:
8426:
8138:
7369:
7254:
7173:
7171:
7144:
7142:
7026:
5821:
5737:
5610:, in the 2nd century BC, wrote a commentary on the
5399:
2266:According to Ivantchik, the Greek form of the name
16643:(1995). "2. Scythians of Southeastern Europe". In
15960:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland);
14523:
6207:, the Cimmerians spoke a dialect belonging to the
5903:, and some Cimmerians might have nomadised in the
4341:, the Cimmerians' power soon grew much so that by
4140:
3587:now unneeded burden. Therefore, the Mannaean king
3405:), the Cimmerians split into two major divisions:
3384:
2936:happened in the context of the then growth of the
2495:and the forest steppe regions of western Eurasia.
17571:: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.
16414:Krzewińska, Maja; et al. (October 3, 2018).
16413:
15213:. In Crossley, James; Lockhart, Alastair (eds.).
14592:
9575:. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars.
5570:north, between the shores of the Oceanus and the
4148:
2594:in addition to this Central Asian influence, the
2548:the two other influences were of foreign origin:
17712:
17339:"Resizing Phrygia: Migration, State and Kingdom"
17278:
17150:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
17067:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
16859:The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth
15354:"MESOPOTAMIA i. Iranians in Ancient Mesopotamia"
14218:
14001:
13805:
13444:
13369:
13363:
13321:
11858:
11564:
11363:
11218:
11063:
10884:
10703:
10485:
10440:
10302:
9945:
9520:
9455:
9330:
9056:
8979:
7469:
7168:
7139:
5651:Proteus of Zeugma renamed the Cimmerians as the
5574:, and were the same people known as the Cimbri;
3649:and even until as far as Yašuḫ, Šamaš-naṣir and
2138:records of the 8th to 7th centuries BC and from
30:"Cimmerian" redirects here. For other uses, see
6582:
5583:Posidonius then, in turn, argued that that the
5404:Drawing on similar older Graeco-Roman sources,
4800:
2455:
2127:, they formed an ethnic unit separate from the
17504:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
16749:
16698:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3.
16549:(1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In
15208:
14170:
6494:
6477:): this is an Iranic reading of the name, and
6341:
6332:
6323:
6302:
5088:
3665:river and sack the small city of Milqiya near
3246:located on the Assyro-Urartian border region.
3093:
2830:
2378:, and referred to the Scythians proper as the
2234:
2227:
2199:
16202:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
16114:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
13484:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12814:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12723:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12537:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
11550:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
7202:
7200:
6490:According to János Harmatta, it goes back to
5102:
4541:
3994:committed suicide, and sacked its capital of
3887:, the eastern Cimmerians were allied to him.
3393:
2254:
2247:
2080:
17628:; Avram, Alexandru; Hargrave, James (eds.).
16300:
16109:"The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem"
15763:(1982). "Illyria, Epirus and Macedonia". In
15497:; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (eds.).
14604:
6420:, the original form of this name was likely
5778:in a series of fantasy stories published in
5259:Basing himself on Greek folk takes from the
5058:
2353:
17421:"Der Name des kimmerischen Königs Lygdamis"
16603:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In
15235:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe
6603:
6547:
6252:, reflecting the cultural influence of the
5800:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay
5666:
4953:
4459:
4367:
4061:According to a tradition later recorded by
4024:
3864:at this point. Soon, the Median chieftains
3551:
3430:) in Neo-Assyrian sources, remained on the
3164:
3086:tradition of the ritual plunder called the
2920:detachments would later take to invade the
2772:
2282:The name of the Cimmerians is attested in:
2165:
2142:authors from the 5th century BC and later.
17619:
17602:
17415:
17381:
17236:
17183:
17143:
17101:
16301:Järve, Mari; et al. (July 11, 2019).
15978:
15934:
15348:
14580:
14568:
14541:
14517:
14450:
14345:
14300:
14283:
14107:
13951:
13885:
13843:
13826:
13591:
13462:
13450:
13439:
13375:
13351:
13297:
13243:
13231:
13219:
13181:
13175:
13109:
13097:
13067:
13061:
13043:
12983:
12899:
12894:
12852:
12837:
12791:
12755:
12749:
12689:
12617:
12605:
12508:
12454:
12449:
12413:
12392:
12380:
12363:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Boer2021 (
12301:
12265:
12209:
12176:
12170:
12143:
12131:
12107:
12090:
12063:
12058:
12025:
11992:
11941:
11935:
11875:
11869:
11864:
11852:
11846:
11762:
11750:
11744:
11729:
11714:
11625:
11533:
11374:
11369:
11312:
11306:
11301:
11286:
11247:
11224:
11191:
11164:
11069:
10991:
10979:
10952:
10901:
10895:
10890:
10724:
10709:
10676:
10643:
10631:
10607:
10568:
10514:
10455:
10428:
10416:
10404:
10362:
10314:
10230:
10151:
10124:
10067:
10013:
9951:
9867:
9855:
9822:
9675:
9526:
9502:
9496:
9491:
9415:
9342:
9224:
9212:
9188:
9164:
9152:
9137:
9125:
9113:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9023:
8990:
8985:
8913:
8898:
8881:
8869:
8825:
8820:
8787:
8729:
8656:
8641:
8603:
7433:
7197:
7064:
7020:
6973:
6895:, contained 250 Scythian-type arrowheads.
6406:, meaning "owner of milk-producing sheep."
4623:to flee to the islands of the Aegean Sea.
3931:Cimmerians unless doing so was necessary.
3818:
2087:
2073:
2051:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
17059:
17022:[Urartu and the Mounted Nomads].
16902:
16817:
16782:
16639:
16610:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
16599:
16453:
16324:
16228:
16194:
16140:
16103:
16067:
16025:
15414:
14676:
14664:
14652:
14640:
14628:
14493:
14438:
14423:
14390:
14384:
14363:
14333:
14327:
14315:
14271:
14247:
14235:
14158:
14146:
14131:
14119:
14088:
14069:
14052:
14013:
13956:
13936:
13924:
13909:
13897:
13870:
13858:
13831:
13820:
13778:
13772:
13742:
13721:
13661:
13649:
13576:
13537:
13474:
13456:
13424:
13404:
13398:
13386:
13380:
13357:
12956:
12858:
12785:
12773:
12767:
12761:
12706:
12700:
12694:
12590:
12496:
12484:
12472:
12466:
11881:
11642:
11527:
11512:
11418:
11406:
11342:
11318:
11098:
11080:
11045:
10919:
10854:
10797:
10697:
10592:
10586:
10574:
10509:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10467:
10356:
10341:
10308:
10296:
10263:
10194:
10061:
9969:
9927:
9921:
9894:
9834:
9828:
9804:
9798:
9792:
9786:
9771:
9747:
9741:
9735:
9729:
9687:
9681:
9648:
9485:
9176:
9050:
8996:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8831:
8814:
8799:
8775:
8741:
8688:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8615:
8609:
8571:
8513:
8501:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8310:
8287:
8275:
8260:
8233:
8195:
8176:
8111:
8036:
8024:
7995:
7980:
7929:
7912:
7887:
7864:
7845:
7828:
7805:
7784:
7721:
7639:
7610:
7591:
7517:
7511:
7484:
7454:
7427:
7421:
7409:
7363:
7329:
7323:
7311:
7296:
7281:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7109:
7076:
7049:
6828:
4501:
4329:
4076:
3469:
2948:had expanded from its core region of the
82:The Cimmerian migrations across West Asia
17556:
17514:
17378:Terenozhkin A.I., Cimmerians, Kiev, 1983
17109:Journal of the American Oriental Society
16975:
16940:
16750:Novotny, Jamie; Jeffers, Joshua (2018).
16677:
16503:
16269:
15805:
15723:
15672:
15621:
15570:
15229:
15091:
14818:
14798:
14702:
14691:
14469:
14411:
14378:
14321:
13974:
13968:
13962:
13784:
13754:
13736:
13673:
13564:
13525:
13309:
13079:
13055:
13037:
12977:
12917:
12911:
12888:
12864:
12803:
12797:
12677:
12526:
12520:
12460:
12407:
12313:
12295:
12046:
12040:
11893:
11840:
11648:
11630:
11591:
11539:
11497:
11485:
11357:
11212:
11206:
11116:
11110:
11074:
11033:
11027:
11021:
11006:
10907:
10878:
10872:
10848:
10619:
10580:
10526:
10520:
10479:
10461:
10290:
10007:
9939:
9915:
9909:
9723:
9717:
9711:
9436:
9403:
9306:
9080:
9038:
8955:
8525:
8489:
8477:
8460:
8420:
8388:
8340:
8325:
8090:
8075:
8063:
8048:
8012:
7956:
7941:
7769:
7752:
7733:
7696:
7681:
7666:
7654:
7556:
7544:
7529:
7523:
7496:
7394:
7317:
7248:
7037:
6012:, and an eastern horde which moved into
5886:
5216:
4708:
4626:
4588:
4576:
4463:
4420:
4217:
4152:
3577:
3337:
3219:
2932:The involvement of the steppe nomads in
17756:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus
17575:
17336:
16880:
16852:
16828:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
16793:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
16545:
15883:
15759:
15389:
14926:
14872:
14505:
14259:
14194:
14182:
13685:
13479:
13392:
13049:
12971:
12809:
12779:
12718:
12532:
12490:
12443:
12437:
12431:
12358:
12334:
12224:
12164:
12052:
11977:
11965:
11929:
11825:
11813:
11756:
11702:
11687:
11636:
11545:
11149:
11092:
11057:
10925:
10866:
10860:
10816:
10691:
10473:
10218:
10206:
10118:
10103:
9933:
9366:
9336:
9300:
9294:
9239:
8588:
7260:
7088:
5236:According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus
5117:The first mention of the Cimmerians in
3938:
3574:Attacks against the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3215:
2647:In the Caspian and Ciscaucasian Steppes
2526:in the Pontic Steppe, and possibly the
2499:The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
59:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
17713:
17497:
17447:
17189:"Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia"
16470:
16383:; Fink, Sebastian; Ito, Sanae (eds.).
16341:
15527:
15142:
15010:
14838:
14712:
14707:
14553:
14339:
14206:
13837:
13336:
13103:
12743:
12478:
11768:
11579:
11086:
10913:
10019:
9585:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
9581:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
8949:
8214:
7415:
7335:
7191:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
7187:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
7162:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
7158:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
7128:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
6529:
6004:In Anatolia and on the Iranian Plateau
5980:river, to the north and north-west of
5876:
5152:This mention of the Cimmerians in the
4772:
3970:
2928:Reasons for southwards nomad expansion
2916:Passes, which was the same route that
17658:
17603:von Bredow, Iris (2006). "Cimmerii".
17209:: Artibus Asiae Publishers: 282–318.
17017:
16724:
16199:[Sinope and the Cimmerians].
15492:
15048:
14980:
14766:
14731:
14696:
14616:
14529:
14481:
14396:
13980:
13790:
13748:
13709:
13697:
13637:
13625:
13610:
13552:
13513:
13498:
13468:
13409:
13282:
13258:
13204:
13198:
13186:
13157:
13151:
13145:
13139:
13121:
13115:
13073:
13022:
13010:
12995:
12989:
12941:
12935:
12929:
12905:
12870:
12822:
12712:
12662:
12647:
12641:
12611:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12514:
12419:
12319:
12307:
12280:
12253:
12236:
12194:
12182:
12158:
12119:
12075:
12069:
12010:
12004:
11998:
11947:
11914:
11798:
11792:
11780:
11660:
11610:
11558:
11473:
11451:
11445:
11439:
11433:
11386:
11380:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11229:
11134:
11104:
11051:
10964:
10937:
10931:
10833:
10780:
10753:
10736:
10664:
10550:
10544:
10392:
10374:
10368:
10326:
10320:
10251:
10182:
10163:
10136:
10130:
10085:
10073:
10043:
10031:
10025:
9992:
9974:
9963:
9957:
9882:
9840:
9753:
9660:
9629:
9617:
9600:
9556:
9550:
9538:
9532:
9470:
9388:
9360:
9348:
9312:
9279:
9254:
9098:
9086:
9008:
9002:
8961:
8857:
8837:
8758:
8705:
8621:
8544:
8445:
8403:
8370:
8151:
8132:
7968:
7622:
7439:
7382:
7233:
7227:
6702:The Cimmerians used the same type of
6219:proper without needing interpreters.
5937:
5765:
5107:
4161:Beginning in the 8th century BC, the
3319:
2058:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2030:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
17605:Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity volumes
16371:
15837:. History of Humanity. Vol. 3.
15809:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In
15263:
15162:
14040:
14028:
13986:
13492:
13270:
13192:
13133:
13127:
12923:
12683:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12502:
12425:
12346:
12188:
11899:
11887:
11786:
11774:
11675:
11654:
11176:
11128:
11122:
11039:
10538:
10079:
10037:
9693:
9544:
9354:
9200:
9092:
9044:
8717:
8556:
7183:Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions online
7154:Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions online
6215:, and were able to communicate with
5562:, while trying to explain where the
4670:
3257:to his father the Neo-Assyrian king
3142:, which corresponds to territory of
16511:. Translated by Tabatabai, Soraia.
10533:Dugaw, Lipschits & Stiebel 2020
7123:"Gimirayu [CIMMERIAN] (EN)"
6842:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
6820:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
6784:Another genetic study published in
6534:
5710:In the 18th to 20th centuries, the
5059:
5020:
4812:, where between 700 and 650 BC the
4518:and captured their capital city of
4450:
3261:, recording that the Urartian king
3204:, to the east and northeast of the
3125:
2632:in the east, including present-day
2517:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
2354:
2015:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
217:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
24:
17557:van Loon, Maurits Nanning (1966).
17246:The Median and Achaemenian Periods
16397:Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
16387:. Melammu Symposia. Vol. 11.
15992:Review of the History of Religions
6769:extracted belonged to haplogroups
6503:Askold Ivantchik derives the name
5736:peoples of North Europe, with the
5380:, or how later Ossetian tradition
2970:the coast of the Mediterranean Sea
2768:The displacement of the Cimmerians
2683:to the north of the Lake Maeotis.
2037:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
17777:
17146:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II"
15988:Revue de l'histoire des religions
15166:(1982). "The Eastern Greeks". In
10276:Dandamayev & Medvedskaya 2006
6862:
5932:
5840:, which in turn gave rise to the
5814:, created by ancient Cimmerians.
5121:dates from the 8th century BC in
4876:
4843:around 650 BC, and possibly into
4013:into their centre of operations.
3487:Scythian expansion into West Asia
2407:cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia;
61: instead of cuneiform script.
17062:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I"
15733:. Translated by Walford, Naomi.
14844:Asimov's Chronology of the World
14682:
14444:
14369:
14306:
13942:
13811:
13763:
13727:
13430:
13342:
13166:
13088:
13028:
12962:
12879:
12843:
12734:
12668:
12596:
12398:
12286:
12149:
12031:
11983:
11920:
11831:
11735:
11616:
11518:
11424:
11348:
11292:
11238:
11197:
11012:
10839:
10682:
10559:
10446:
10347:
10281:
10109:
10052:
9998:
9900:
9813:
9777:
9702:
9666:
9577:State Archives of Assyria Online
9565:
9511:
9476:
9321:
9285:
9029:
8970:
8904:
8805:
6833:The Cimmerians were part of the
6640:
5992:corresponding to the modern-day
5400:In later Graeco-Roman literature
5388:Anatolia and the Scythians into
5382:recounted the death of the Narts
5137:beyond the western shore of the
3984:Cimmerians invaded and destroyed
2362:
2044:Journal of Indo-European Studies
808:Bible translations into Armenian
299:
262:
248:
223:
209:
76:
39:
17642:Archaeopress Publishing Limited
17620:Xydopoulos, Ioannis K. (2015).
17405:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
17102:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978a).
16663:: Zinat Press. pp. 27–61.
16252:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
15946:The Cimmerians in the Near East
15941:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
15396:Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
15372:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
15331:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
8647:
8594:
8331:
7502:
7400:
7302:
6624:
6512:
6472:
6368:
6286:
6272:
5965:
5951:
5158:was purely poetic and combined
4985:
4971:
4935:
4927:
4704:
4645:
4533:After this attack, Gyges's son
4141:Reunification of the Cimmerians
4045:
3914:
3764:
3699:
3593:
3545:
3419:
3400:
3385:Cimmerians in the Assyrian army
3360:
3293:
3267:
3208:and the north and northwest of
3182:
2875:
2579:with stirrup-shaped terminals,
2334:
2326:
2306:
2298:
319:List of Indo-European languages
17578:"Скифский язык: опыт описания"
17522:Journal of Biblical Literature
17038:10.7788/saeculum.1977.28.3.291
17020:"Urartu und die Reiternomaden"
16961:: Zinat Press. pp. 5–25.
16174:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
15209:Cottrell-Boyce, Aidan (2021).
7115:
6813:
6409:According to the Scythologist
5052:
5045:
4149:First contacts with the Greeks
3925:
2740:and the "Cimmerian Bosporus" (
13:
1:
17731:History of the North Caucasus
17681:The Cambridge Ancient History
17613:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e613800
17515:Vaggione, Richard P. (1973).
17349:Ancient Near Eastern Research
17337:Summers, Geoffrey D. (2023).
17308:The Cambridge Ancient History
17250:The Cambridge History of Iran
16996:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
16818:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b).
16783:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a).
16571:The Cambridge Ancient History
15906:The Cambridge Ancient History
15777:The Cambridge Ancient History
15695:The Cambridge Ancient History
15644:The Cambridge Ancient History
15593:The Cambridge Ancient History
15542:The Cambridge Ancient History
15425:The Cambridge History of Iran
15180:The Cambridge Ancient History
15114:The Cambridge Ancient History
15063:The Cambridge Ancient History
14952:The Cambridge Ancient History
14898:The Cambridge Ancient History
6955:
6923:
6765:, while the three samples of
6749:A genetic study published in
6566:
5918:was instead inhabited by the
5081:, which was therefore called
5063:), that is to the Scythians.
5003:The Cimmerians appear in the
4751:
4750:In an inscription from after
4725:
4695:
4688:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4605:
4598:
4492:
4473:
4342:
4335:
4320:
4302:
4295:
4249:
4230:
4223:
4208:
4201:
4178:
4099:
4092:
4017:
3976:
3917: 669 – 631 BC
3898:
3891:
3881:
3874:
3873:Neo-Assyrian overlordship in
3847:
3840:
3793:
3786:
3767: 681 – 669 BC
3752:
3745:
3710:
3703:
3680:
3615:
3604:
3597:
3530:
3500:
3403: 681 – 669 BC
3363: 705 – 681 BC
3297:
3271:
3229:
3154:
3147:
2866:
2859:
2836:
2821:
2814:
2602:heads and bimetallic daggers.
2464:itself happened in the early
2371:separate political entities.
1645:Proto-Indo-European mythology
914:Paleolithic continuity theory
17498:Tuplin, Christopher (2013).
17448:Tuplin, Christopher (2004).
17344:Altorientalische Forschungen
17286:(1991). "The Scythians". In
17144:Spalinger, Anthony (1978b).
16039:Ancient Greeks West and East
14219:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
14002:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13806:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13445:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13370:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13364:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
13322:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11859:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11565:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11364:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11219:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
11064:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10885:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10704:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10486:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10441:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
10303:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9946:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9521:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9456:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9331:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
9057:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
8980:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
7470:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
6978:
6960:
6681:
6661:
6633:
6583:Nomadism and sedentarisation
6577:
6519:
6505:
6483:
6465:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6428:
6422:
6402:
6387:
6375:
6361:
6355:
6316:
6279:
6265:
6023:
5958:
5944:
5855:
5835:
5653:
5640:
5534:
5432:
5410:
5355:
5339:and a "Cimmerian Bosporus" (
5332:
5309:
5286:
5197:
5174:
5039:
4992:
4978:
4920:
4864:
4801:Possible migration in Europe
4525:
4393:
4384:
4362:
4068:
4054:
3824:after Išpakāya's successor,
3671:
3538:
3481:
3426:
3346:(left) and the crown prince
3189:
2756:
2733:
2710:
2456:Beginning of steppe nomadism
2319:
2291:
2175:
2150:
1333:Northern Black Polished Ware
532:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
17302:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
17060:Spalinger, Anthony (1976).
16694:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
16565:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15689:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15638:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15587:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
15108:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
14782:British Institute at Ankara
9573:"Indaraya [1] (EN)"
6933:
6744:
6709:
6687:
6558:
6199:According to the historian
6058:
6051:. According to the scholar
5972:
5881:
5868:
5844:
5822:
5810:
5799:
5781:
5754:. According to the scholar
5738:
5695:
5620:
5613:
5551:
5469:
5154:
5128:
5110:
5083:
5010:
3253:, sent by the crown prince
3088:
2964:in the south, and from the
2831:Migration of the Cimmerians
2717:the "country of Cimmeria" (
2348:
2205:, meaning "union of clans."
2157:
1650:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
17782:
17746:Ancient peoples of Ukraine
17736:Historical Iranian peoples
17693:Cambridge University Press
17320:Cambridge University Press
17262:Cambridge University Press
16708:Cambridge University Press
16623:Cambridge University Press
16583:Cambridge University Press
16197:"Sinope et les Cimmériens"
16195:Ivantchik, Askold (2010).
15962:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
15918:Cambridge University Press
15789:Cambridge University Press
15707:Cambridge University Press
15656:Cambridge University Press
15605:Cambridge University Press
15554:Cambridge University Press
15466:Israel Exploration Journal
15459:; Stiebel, Guy D. (2020).
15438:Cambridge University Press
15192:Cambridge University Press
15126:Cambridge University Press
15075:Cambridge University Press
14964:Cambridge University Press
14910:Cambridge University Press
14750:Cambridge University Press
14724:
7133:University of Pennsylvania
6817:
6725:
6670:
6650:
6623:
6471:
6447:in Akkadian and the forms
6393:
6381:
6367:
6294:According to the linguist
6285:
6271:
5964:
5950:
5859:, which means "fortress."
5662:
5629:
5523:
5441:
5419:
5344:
5321:
5298:
5275:
5207:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
5205:and the later writings of
5180:
5103:In Graeco-Roman literature
5028:
4984:
4970:
4934:
4926:
4859:
4542:Attack on Ionia and Aeolia
4044:
3544:
3418:
3394:Division of the Cimmerians
3181:
3174:the Land of the Cimmerians
2846:Antiquity and afterwards.
2745:
2722:
2699:
2575:types, horse gear such as
2420:
2389:
2385:
2333:
2325:
2305:
2297:
2268:
2181:
2170:, itself derived from the
2119:people originating in the
946:Domestication of the horse
29:
17766:Extinct languages of Asia
17761:Eastern Iranian languages
17466:10.1163/9789047405870_002
17240:(1985). "The Scyths". In
16945:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
16647:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
16326:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
16270:Jacobson, Esther (1995).
16127:10.1163/15700570152758043
14772:. BIAA Monograph Series.
6901:
6517:, and of the Iranic term
6183:
6167:
6148:
6143:
6090:
6080:
6070:
6065:
5688:
5487:in southern Italy, where
5316:a "country of Cimmeria" (
5089:
4854:
3134:and western Caucasia and
3094:
2460:The formation of genuine
1655:Historical Vedic religion
932:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
188:
178:
174:
162:
150:
138:
134:
126:
118:
97:
87:
75:
68:
16976:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
16215:10.1163/157005711X560318
15833:; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.).
15743:Rutgers University Press
15282:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008
15264:Dale, Alexander (2015).
14819:Altuntaş, Leman (2023).
14799:Altuntaş, Leman (2022).
6741:and unmounted infantry.
6665:) and "milk consumers" (
6548:Administrative structure
5752:descend from the Khazars
4460:Alliance with the Treres
3074:This state of permanent
2940:, which under its kings
2773:Arrival of the Scythians
2392:Indo-European migrations
2315:Late Babylonian Akkadian
2260:, of uncertain meaning.
2240:, meaning "mobile unit."
1660:Ancient Iranian religion
1023:Novotitarovskaya culture
870:Indo-European migrations
17726:Peoples of the Caucasus
17576:Vitchak, K. T. (1999).
17454:Ancient West & East
16943:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
16898:: Butzon & Bercker.
16826:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
16791:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
16725:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
16645:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
15511:Oxford University Press
15247:Oxford University Press
14994:Oxford University Press
6835:Scytho-Siberian horizon
6496:
6426:, formed from the word
6343:
6334:
6325:
6304:
5895:and to the west of the
5498:) was located near the
5203:Aristeas of Proconessus
5119:Graeco-Roman literature
4942:Neo-Babylonian Akkadian
4820:and the area up to the
4583:Klazomenian sarcophagus
4560:Magnesia on the Meander
4240:, which under its king
3819:Alliance with the Medes
3729:near what is presently
3296: 714 –
3053:the city-states of the
2922:Arsacid Parthian Empire
2694:the "Cimmerian ferry" (
2676:Aristeas of Proconnesus
2567:origin were especially
2256:
2249:
2236:
2229:
2201:
2145:
1161:Northern/Eastern Steppe
107:Ancient Iranic religion
17626:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.
17425:Milesische Forschungen
17365:10.1515/aofo-2023-0009
17018:Rolle, Renato (1977).
16471:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
16446:10.1126/sciadv.aat4457
16150:New Haven, Connecticut
14593:Krzewińska et al. 2018
6829:In the Eurasian Steppe
6757:extracted belonged to
6697:
6298:, it goes back to Old
6085:unknown-7th century BC
6028:The Cimmerians were a
5973:Land of the Cimmerians
5495:
5449:
5427:
4948:and the Central Asian
4824:at the expense of the
4714:
4594:
4586:
4502:Second attack on Lydia
4469:
4401:Ashurbanipal himself.
4330:Hegemony in the Levant
4158:
4077:Activities in Anatolia
4063:Stephanus of Byzantium
3583:
3470:On the Iranian Plateau
3351:
3225:
2989:, with its capital at
2452:, would later follow.
2195:, it was derived from
2166:
1632:Religion and mythology
1591:Medieval Scandinavians
882:Alternative and fringe
140:• Unknown–679 BC
47:This article contains
17417:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
17383:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
16887:Neo-Assyrian Toponyms
16836:Księgarnia Akademicka
16801:Księgarnia Akademicka
16342:Keskin, Buse (2023).
16178:Yale University Press
16004:10.3406/rhr.1993.1478
15390:de Boer, Jan (2006).
15149:Anatolian Archaeology
15143:Carola, Emma (2023).
14930:(1982). "Urartu". In
6620:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
5976:, located around the
5887:In the Caspian Steppe
5717:movement developed a
5293:a "Cimmerian ferry" (
5217:In the 6th century BC
5049:is closely linked to
4745:Polyaenus of Bithynia
4712:
4627:Activities in Cilicia
4592:
4580:
4467:
4421:Exhaustion of Assyria
4218:First attack on Lydia
4156:
4041:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
3758:by Sennacherib's son
3581:
3561:land of the Scythians
3341:
3223:
2513:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
2287:Neo-Assyrian Akkadian
2121:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1982:Indo-European studies
1345:Peoples and societies
88:Common languages
17644:. pp. 119–123.
17392:Encyclopædia Iranica
17322:. pp. 547–590.
17264:. pp. 149–199.
16947:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
16838:. pp. 101–140.
16824:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
16789:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
16710:. pp. 591–618.
16649:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
16585:. pp. 619–665.
16480:(PhD). Vol. 1.
16399:. pp. 261–294.
16239:Encyclopædia Iranica
16180:. pp. 146–153.
16089:: Paleograph Press.
16081:] (in Russian).
16053:. pp. 497–520.
15920:. pp. 372–441.
15869:. pp. 181–182.
15791:. pp. 261–285.
15709:. pp. 142–161.
15658:. pp. 103–141.
15513:. pp. 674–768.
15418:(1985). "Media". In
15359:Encyclopædia Iranica
15350:Dandamayev, Muhammad
15318:Encyclopædia Iranica
15194:. pp. 196–221.
14966:. pp. 314–371.
14912:. pp. 417–442.
14784:. pp. 209–228.
6645:The "mare-milkers" (
6329:"abductor of horses"
5560:Posidonius of Apamea
5226:Hecataeus of Miletus
5224:The Greek historian
4487:migrated across the
4377:King of the Universe
3939:Defeat by Esarhaddon
3625:, as an ally of the
3216:Conflict with Urartu
3020:, whose capital was
2968:and North Syria and
2411:Graeco-Roman sources
889:Anatolian hypothesis
841:Proto-Indo-Europeans
748:Hittite inscriptions
293:Indo-European topics
17583:Вопросы языкознания
17431:] (in German).
17280:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
16914:] (in German).
16803:. pp. 71–100.
16625:. pp. 97–117.
16482:University of Liège
16438:2018SciA....4.4457K
15607:. pp. 71–102.
15556:. pp. 83–162.
15440:. pp. 36–148.
15211:"British Israelism"
14262:, pp. 333–356.
14171:Cottrell-Boyce 2021
6592:nomadic pastoralist
6530:Social organisation
6397:) by Greek authors
6373:), and recorded as
6201:Muhammad Dandamayev
5877:Culture and society
5772:Conan the Barbarian
5516:Hecataeus of Abdera
5270:"Cimmerian walls" (
5230:invasion of Scythia
4791:Great Khorasan Road
4773:Impact in West Asia
4171:trading settlements
3971:Invasion of Phrygia
3277: – 714 BC
3251:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2972:in the west to the
2938:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2462:nomadic pastoralism
2222:derived it from an
2125:culturally Scythian
1145:Multi-cordoned ware
1016:Mikhaylovka culture
904:Indigenous Aryanism
894:Armenian hypothesis
753:Hieroglyphic Luwian
164:• 640–630s BC
16904:Parzinger, Hermann
16736:Charles University
16641:Melyukova, Anna I.
16035:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
15499:The Age of Assyria
15077:. pp. 32–56.
15034:. pp. 33–44.
15016:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
14752:. pp. 60–82.
14619:, p. 210-211.
14583:, p. 121-123.
14571:, p. 103-104.
14520:, p. 610-611.
14031:, p. 270-271.
14004:, p. 557-558.
13977:, pp. 111–112
13495:, pp. 267–269
13453:, pp. 124–125
13273:, p. 160-161.
13025:, p. 219-220.
13013:, p. 758-759.
12758:, pp. 308–309
12593:, p. 135-136.
12560:, pp. 272–273
12548:, pp. 264–265
12457:, pp. 104–105
12395:, p. 405-406.
12268:, p. 101-102.
12212:, p. 402-403.
12185:, pp. 757–758
12146:, p. 101-103.
11917:, p. 216-217.
11902:, pp. 264–265
11759:, pp. 644–645
11747:, pp. 401–402
11663:, pp. 214–215
11274:, pp. 218–219
11250:, pp. 103–104
11131:, pp. 288–289
11125:, pp. 273–274
10967:, p. 213-214.
10739:, p. 752-754.
10547:, pp. 749–750
10317:, pp. 326–327
10266:, p. 103-104.
10221:, p. 360-361.
10197:, p. 102-103.
10166:, p. 748-749.
10133:, pp. 747–748
10034:, pp. 747–748
9303:, pp. 420–421
9203:, p. 262-263.
9095:, pp. 262–263
9059:, pp. 558–559
8982:, pp. 558–559
8744:, p. 310-311.
8528:, p. 113-114.
8504:, p. 503-504.
8027:, p. 108-109.
7959:, p. 112-113.
7669:, p. 103-104.
7547:, p. 104-106.
7532:, pp. 112–113
7424:, pp. 307–308
7212:, pp. 319–320
7091:, p. 132-134.
7067:, p. 134-140.
6706:as the Scythians.
6704:"Animal-style" art
6254:native populations
5901:Cimmerian Bosporus
5766:In popular culture
5598:Diodorus of Sicily
5585:Cimmerian Bosporus
5356:Bosporos Kimmerios
5345:Βοσπορος Κιμμεριος
5310:porthmēia Kimmeria
5007:under the name of
4715:
4595:
4587:
4470:
4159:
3857:during this time.
3584:
3352:
3342:The Assyrian king
3320:Death of Sargon II
3226:
3114:, adventurers and
2895:Caucasus Mountains
2757:Bosporos Kimmerios
2746:Βοσπορος Κιμμεριος
2711:porthmēia Kimmeria
2509:Altai-Sayan region
2505:eastern Kazakhstan
725:Proto-Indo-Iranian
711:Proto-Balto-Slavic
692:Proto-Italo-Celtic
152:• 679–640 BC
17702:978-0-521-22804-6
17695:. pp. 1–52.
17665:Hammond, N. G. L.
17651:978-1-784-91192-8
17357:Walter de Gruyter
17329:978-1-139-05429-4
17296:Hammond, N. G. L.
17292:Edwards, I. E. S.
17271:978-1-139-05493-5
16983:World Archaeology
16968:978-1-885979-00-1
16933:978-3-406-50842-4
16845:978-8-371-88337-8
16810:978-8-371-88337-8
16775:978-1-575-06997-5
16717:978-1-139-05429-4
16688:Hammond, N. G. L.
16684:Edwards, I. E. S.
16670:978-1-885979-00-1
16632:978-0-521-24304-9
16592:978-1-139-05429-4
16559:Hammond, N. G. L.
16555:Edwards, I. E. S.
16538:978-0-415-67906-0
16491:on 9 October 2022
16406:978-3-700-18573-4
16293:978-9-004-09856-5
16230:Ivantchik, Askold
16187:978-1-588-39205-3
16142:Ivantchik, Askold
16105:Ivantchik, Askold
16096:978-5-895-26009-8
16069:Ivantchik, Askold
16060:978-9-004-11190-5
16027:Ivantchik, Askold
15980:Ivantchik, Askold
15971:978-3-727-80876-0
15936:Ivantchik, Askold
15927:978-1-139-05428-7
15894:Hammond, N. G. L.
15890:Edwards, I. E. S.
15876:978-9-231-02812-0
15821:; Litvak, J. K.;
15798:978-0-521-23447-4
15769:Hammond, N. G. L.
15761:Hammond, N. G. L.
15752:978-0-813-51304-1
15716:978-1-139-05429-4
15683:Hammond, N. G. L.
15679:Edwards, I. E. S.
15665:978-1-139-05429-4
15632:Hammond, N. G. L.
15628:Edwards, I. E. S.
15614:978-1-139-05429-4
15581:Hammond, N. G. L.
15577:Edwards, I. E. S.
15563:978-0-521-23447-4
15534:Hammond, N. G. L.
15520:978-0-190-68763-2
15447:978-0-521-20091-2
15420:Gershevitch, Ilya
15309:Medvedskaya, Inna
15256:978-0-198-82012-3
15201:978-0-521-23447-4
15172:Hammond, N. G. L.
15135:978-1-139-05429-4
15128:. pp. 1–70.
15102:Hammond, N. G. L.
15098:Edwards, I. E. S.
15084:978-0-521-23447-4
15055:Hammond, N. G. L.
15041:978-9-004-12041-9
15003:978-0-198-14936-1
14973:978-1-139-05428-7
14940:Hammond, N. G. L.
14936:Edwards, I. E. S.
14919:978-0-521-08691-2
14886:Hammond, N. G. L.
14878:Edwards, I. E. S.
14865:978-0-062-70036-0
14791:978-1-912-09011-2
14759:978-1-107-19041-2
14605:Järve et al. 2019
14544:, p. 95-125.
14250:, p. 89-109.
12066:, pp. 99–100
6759:haplogroups R1b1a
6679:
6659:
6631:
6479:Manfred Mayrhofer
6432:, meaning "milk."
6411:Sergey Tokhtas’ev
6203:and the linguist
6197:
6196:
5826:gave rise to the
5770:The character of
5723:kingdom of Israel
5715:British Israelist
5638:
5532:
5496:Cimmerium oppidum
5457:Sindic Chersonese
5353:
5330:
5307:
5299:πορθμηια Κιμμερια
5284:
5097:Armenian language
5037:
4671:Death of Dugdammî
4489:Thracian Bosporus
4281:Apollonia Pontica
4052:
3775:Great Salt Desert
3076:social disruption
3014:in the southwest;
2754:
2731:
2708:
2700:πορθμηια Κιμμερια
2641:Hallstatt culture
2543:Bilozerka culture
2466:1st millennium BC
2396:Andronovo culture
2380:Eastern Scythians
2376:Western Scythians
2209:Sergey Tokhtasyev
2155:The English name
2097:
2096:
1358:Anatolian peoples
1328:Painted Grey Ware
1216:Nordic Bronze Age
865:Kurgan hypothesis
818:Old Irish glosses
783:Gaulish epigraphy
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
236:
235:
102:Scythian religion
55:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
17773:
17706:
17655:
17616:
17599:
17597:
17595:
17572:
17553:
17551:
17549:
17511:
17494:
17492:
17490:
17444:
17442:
17440:
17429:Milesian Studies
17412:
17409:Brill Publishers
17375:
17373:
17371:
17333:
17275:
17233:
17231:
17229:
17180:
17178:
17176:
17162:10.2307/40000130
17140:
17138:
17136:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17080:10.2307/40001126
17056:
17054:
17052:
17014:
17012:
17010:
16972:
16937:
16899:
16877:
16849:
16814:
16779:
16746:
16744:
16742:
16733:
16721:
16674:
16636:
16601:Melyukova, A. I.
16596:
16542:
16500:
16498:
16496:
16490:
16484:. Archived from
16479:
16467:
16457:
16421:Science Advances
16410:
16368:
16366:
16364:
16338:
16328:
16297:
16284:Brill Publishers
16266:
16264:
16262:
16256:Brill Publishers
16225:
16223:
16221:
16191:
16137:
16135:
16133:
16100:
16064:
16022:
16020:
16018:
15975:
15951:
15931:
15880:
15811:Hermann, Joachim
15802:
15756:
15720:
15669:
15618:
15567:
15524:
15489:
15487:
15485:
15451:
15416:Diakonoff, I. M.
15411:
15409:
15407:
15386:
15384:
15382:
15376:Brill Publishers
15345:
15343:
15341:
15335:Brill Publishers
15300:
15298:
15296:
15260:
15226:
15224:
15222:
15205:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15139:
15088:
15045:
15032:Brill Publishers
15007:
14977:
14923:
14869:
14835:
14833:
14831:
14815:
14813:
14811:
14795:
14763:
14718:
14686:
14680:
14679:, p. 67-68.
14674:
14668:
14662:
14656:
14650:
14644:
14638:
14632:
14626:
14620:
14614:
14608:
14602:
14596:
14590:
14584:
14578:
14572:
14566:
14557:
14551:
14545:
14539:
14533:
14527:
14521:
14515:
14509:
14508:, p. 53-54.
14503:
14497:
14496:, p. 93-94.
14491:
14485:
14479:
14473:
14467:
14454:
14448:
14442:
14436:
14427:
14426:, p. 92-93.
14421:
14415:
14409:
14403:
14373:
14367:
14361:
14352:
14342:, pp. 43–44
14336:, pp. 92–93
14310:
14304:
14303:, p. 57-94.
14298:
14287:
14286:, p. 19-55.
14281:
14275:
14269:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14245:
14239:
14233:
14222:
14216:
14210:
14204:
14198:
14192:
14186:
14180:
14174:
14168:
14162:
14156:
14150:
14144:
14135:
14129:
14123:
14122:, p. 88-89.
14117:
14111:
14105:
14092:
14086:
14073:
14067:
14056:
14055:, p. 84-85.
14050:
14044:
14038:
14032:
14026:
14017:
14011:
14005:
13999:
13993:
13959:, pp. 78–79
13946:
13940:
13934:
13928:
13927:, p. 75-76.
13922:
13913:
13907:
13901:
13900:, p. 74-75.
13895:
13889:
13883:
13874:
13868:
13862:
13861:, p. 73-74.
13856:
13850:
13834:, pp. 72–73
13815:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13767:
13761:
13731:
13725:
13719:
13713:
13712:, p. 75-76.
13707:
13701:
13695:
13689:
13683:
13677:
13671:
13665:
13664:, p. 93-94.
13659:
13653:
13647:
13641:
13640:, p. 75-77.
13635:
13629:
13623:
13614:
13608:
13595:
13589:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13541:
13535:
13529:
13523:
13517:
13511:
13505:
13489:
13471:, pp. 74–75
13434:
13428:
13427:, p. 23-24.
13422:
13416:
13346:
13340:
13334:
13325:
13319:
13313:
13307:
13301:
13295:
13286:
13280:
13274:
13268:
13262:
13256:
13247:
13241:
13235:
13229:
13223:
13217:
13211:
13170:
13164:
13092:
13086:
13032:
13026:
13020:
13014:
13008:
13002:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12883:
12877:
12847:
12841:
12835:
12829:
12819:
12812:, pp. 20–21
12738:
12732:
12728:
12721:, pp. 20–21
12703:, pp. 91–92
12672:
12666:
12660:
12654:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12582:
12542:
12493:, pp. 44–45
12402:
12396:
12390:
12384:
12378:
12369:
12368:
12356:
12350:
12344:
12338:
12337:, p. 44-45.
12332:
12326:
12304:, pp. 74–76
12290:
12284:
12278:
12269:
12263:
12257:
12251:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12213:
12207:
12201:
12153:
12147:
12141:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12105:
12094:
12088:
12082:
12035:
12029:
12023:
12017:
11987:
11981:
11975:
11969:
11963:
11954:
11924:
11918:
11912:
11906:
11872:, pp. 97–98
11835:
11829:
11828:, p. 46-49.
11823:
11817:
11816:, p. 45-46.
11811:
11805:
11765:, pp. 96–97
11739:
11733:
11727:
11718:
11717:, p. 96-97.
11712:
11706:
11700:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11620:
11614:
11608:
11595:
11589:
11583:
11577:
11571:
11555:
11522:
11516:
11510:
11501:
11500:, p. 29-30.
11495:
11489:
11483:
11477:
11471:
11458:
11428:
11422:
11416:
11410:
11404:
11393:
11352:
11346:
11340:
11325:
11296:
11290:
11284:
11278:
11242:
11236:
11201:
11195:
11189:
11180:
11174:
11168:
11162:
11153:
11147:
11141:
11016:
11010:
11004:
10995:
10994:, p. 73-74.
10989:
10983:
10977:
10968:
10962:
10956:
10950:
10944:
10904:, pp. 60–61
10898:, pp. 57–58
10843:
10837:
10831:
10820:
10814:
10801:
10795:
10784:
10778:
10757:
10751:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10686:
10680:
10679:, p. 83-84.
10674:
10668:
10662:
10647:
10646:, p. 90-91.
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10610:, p. 92-93.
10605:
10599:
10595:, pp. 19–21
10563:
10557:
10517:, pp. 92–93
10500:, pp. 19–21
10450:
10444:
10438:
10432:
10426:
10420:
10419:, p. 88-89.
10414:
10408:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10381:
10365:, pp. 76–77
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10234:
10233:, p. 78-79.
10228:
10222:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10149:
10143:
10127:, pp. 85–87
10113:
10107:
10101:
10092:
10056:
10050:
10002:
9996:
9990:
9981:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9853:
9847:
9817:
9811:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9760:
9706:
9700:
9670:
9664:
9663:, p. 69-70.
9658:
9652:
9646:
9633:
9632:, p. 63-63.
9627:
9621:
9615:
9604:
9603:, p. 62-63.
9598:
9589:
9588:
9569:
9563:
9515:
9509:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9459:
9453:
9440:
9434:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9392:
9386:
9373:
9325:
9319:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9258:
9252:
9243:
9237:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9179:, p. 18-19.
9174:
9168:
9167:, p. 39-40.
9162:
9156:
9150:
9141:
9140:, p. 22-23.
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9071:, pp. 21–22
9033:
9027:
9026:, p. 21-22.
9021:
9015:
8974:
8968:
8946:, pp. 90–91
8916:, pp. 25–26
8908:
8902:
8896:
8885:
8884:, p. 47-48.
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8844:
8809:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8762:
8756:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8732:, p. 26-28.
8727:
8721:
8715:
8709:
8703:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8628:
8606:, pp. 26–28
8598:
8592:
8586:
8575:
8569:
8560:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8464:
8458:
8449:
8443:
8424:
8418:
8407:
8406:, p. 65-66.
8401:
8392:
8386:
8377:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8314:
8308:
8291:
8290:, p. 95-96.
8285:
8279:
8273:
8264:
8258:
8237:
8231:
8218:
8212:
8199:
8193:
8180:
8174:
8155:
8149:
8136:
8130:
8115:
8109:
8094:
8088:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8039:, p. 98-99.
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
7999:
7993:
7984:
7983:, p. 81-82.
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7916:
7910:
7891:
7885:
7868:
7862:
7849:
7843:
7832:
7826:
7809:
7803:
7788:
7782:
7773:
7767:
7756:
7750:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7700:
7699:, p. 35-37.
7694:
7685:
7679:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7643:
7637:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7595:
7589:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7473:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7367:
7361:
7342:
7338:, pp. 43–44
7332:, pp. 92–93
7306:
7300:
7294:
7285:
7279:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7024:
7018:
6983:
6981:
6971:
6928:
6925:
6824:Scythian culture
6751:Science Advances
6734:just like them.
6690:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6636:
6630:romanized:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6535:Tribal structure
6522:
6515:
6514:
6508:
6499:
6486:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6468:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6405:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6312:Askold Ivantchik
6307:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6268:
6243:Askold Ivantchik
6237:
6229:
6213:Iranic languages
6179:
6162:
6153:
6096:
6086:
6063:
6062:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5938:In Transcaucasia
5899:river until the
5871:
5869:La Tribu de Dana
5858:
5847:
5838:
5825:
5813:
5802:
5784:
5776:Robert E. Howard
5741:
5698:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5616:
5608:Crates of Mallos
5572:Hercynian Forest
5554:
5552:Prometheus Bound
5537:
5527:
5525:
5472:
5443:
5435:
5421:
5413:
5406:Strabo of Amasia
5358:
5348:
5346:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5289:
5287:Kimmeria teikhea
5279:
5277:
5200:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5157:
5131:
5113:
5094:
5093:
5086:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5013:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4900:Mediaeval Period
4756:
4753:
4737:Strabo of Amasia
4730:
4727:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4676:Cilicia itself.
4662:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4635:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4528:
4497:
4494:
4478:
4475:
4451:Attack on Šubria
4396:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4325:
4322:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4254:
4251:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4183:
4180:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4071:
4057:
4051:romanized:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
3981:
3978:
3918:
3916:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3862:Zagros Mountains
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3685:
3682:
3674:
3620:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3505:
3502:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3404:
3402:
3364:
3362:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3234:
3231:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3126:In Transcaucasia
3097:
3096:
3091:
3031:(centred around
2966:Taurus Mountains
2915:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2532:Pannonian Steppe
2470:climatic changes
2357:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2252:
2244:Askold Ivantchik
2239:
2232:
2217:
2204:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2161:is derived from
2160:
2089:
2082:
2075:
1930:
1923:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1778:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1488:Germanic peoples
1478:Hellenic peoples
1467:
1460:
1453:
1376:Mycenaean Greeks
1365:
1293:Thraco-Cimmerian
1191:Globular Amphora
1168:Abashevo culture
1107:
1100:
1070:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
813:Tocharian script
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
434:
420:
413:
406:
392:
368:
361:
342:
303:
280:
279:
266:
265:
252:
251:
240:
239:
227:
226:
213:
212:
206:
205:
190:
189:
80:
66:
65:
49:cuneiform script
43:
42:
21:
17781:
17780:
17776:
17775:
17774:
17772:
17771:
17770:
17711:
17710:
17709:
17703:
17683:. Vol. 4.
17652:
17593:
17591:
17547:
17545:
17535:10.2307/3263121
17488:
17486:
17476:
17438:
17436:
17369:
17367:
17330:
17310:. Vol. 3.
17272:
17252:. Vol. 2.
17242:Gershevitch, I.
17227:
17225:
17215:10.2307/3249059
17174:
17172:
17134:
17132:
17092:
17090:
17050:
17048:
17008:
17006:
16969:
16934:
16924:Verlag C.H.Beck
16874:
16846:
16811:
16776:
16768:. p. 309.
16758:University Park
16756:. Vol. 1.
16740:
16738:
16731:
16718:
16671:
16633:
16593:
16573:. Vol. 3.
16539:
16505:Liverani, Mario
16494:
16492:
16488:
16477:
16407:
16362:
16360:
16308:Current Biology
16294:
16260:
16258:
16219:
16217:
16188:
16131:
16129:
16097:
16061:
16016:
16014:
15972:
15956:, Switzerland;
15949:
15928:
15908:. Vol. 3.
15877:
15819:Harmatta, János
15807:Harmatta, János
15799:
15779:. Vol. 3.
15753:
15717:
15697:. Vol. 3.
15666:
15646:. Vol. 3.
15615:
15595:. Vol. 3.
15564:
15544:. Vol. 3.
15521:
15483:
15481:
15457:Lipschits, Oded
15448:
15428:. Vol. 2.
15405:
15403:
15380:
15378:
15339:
15337:
15294:
15292:
15257:
15231:Cunliffe, Barry
15220:
15218:
15202:
15182:. Vol. 3.
15153:
15151:
15136:
15116:. Vol. 3.
15085:
15065:. Vol. 3.
15042:
15004:
14974:
14954:. Vol. 3.
14920:
14900:. Vol. 2.
14866:
14829:
14827:
14809:
14807:
14792:
14760:
14727:
14722:
14721:
14717:
14687:
14683:
14675:
14671:
14663:
14659:
14651:
14647:
14639:
14635:
14627:
14623:
14615:
14611:
14603:
14599:
14591:
14587:
14581:Ivantchik 1993a
14579:
14575:
14569:Ivantchik 1993a
14567:
14560:
14552:
14548:
14542:Ivantchik 1993a
14540:
14536:
14528:
14524:
14518:Tokhtas’ev 2007
14516:
14512:
14504:
14500:
14492:
14488:
14480:
14476:
14468:
14457:
14451:Dandamayev 2015
14449:
14445:
14437:
14430:
14422:
14418:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14374:
14370:
14362:
14355:
14351:
14346:Xydopoulos 2015
14311:
14307:
14301:Ivantchik 1993a
14299:
14290:
14284:Ivantchik 1993a
14282:
14278:
14270:
14266:
14258:
14254:
14246:
14242:
14234:
14225:
14217:
14213:
14205:
14201:
14193:
14189:
14181:
14177:
14169:
14165:
14157:
14153:
14145:
14138:
14130:
14126:
14118:
14114:
14108:Xydopoulos 2015
14106:
14095:
14087:
14076:
14068:
14059:
14051:
14047:
14039:
14035:
14027:
14020:
14012:
14008:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13952:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13947:
13943:
13935:
13931:
13923:
13916:
13908:
13904:
13896:
13892:
13886:Xydopoulos 2015
13884:
13877:
13869:
13865:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13844:Xydopoulos 2015
13827:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13816:
13812:
13804:
13800:
13796:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13732:
13728:
13720:
13716:
13708:
13704:
13696:
13692:
13684:
13680:
13672:
13668:
13660:
13656:
13648:
13644:
13636:
13632:
13624:
13617:
13609:
13598:
13592:Xydopoulos 2015
13590:
13583:
13575:
13571:
13563:
13559:
13551:
13544:
13536:
13532:
13524:
13520:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13483:
13463:Xydopoulos 2015
13451:Ivantchik 1993a
13440:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13435:
13431:
13423:
13419:
13415:
13376:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13352:Spalinger 1978a
13347:
13343:
13335:
13328:
13320:
13316:
13308:
13304:
13298:Spalinger 1978a
13296:
13289:
13281:
13277:
13269:
13265:
13257:
13250:
13244:Ivantchik 1993a
13242:
13238:
13232:Ivantchik 1993a
13230:
13226:
13220:Ivantchik 1993a
13218:
13214:
13210:
13182:Tokhtas’ev 1991
13176:Spalinger 1978a
13171:
13167:
13163:
13110:Xydopoulos 2015
13098:Ivantchik 1993a
13093:
13089:
13085:
13068:Ivantchik 1993a
13062:Ivantchik 1993a
13044:Spalinger 1978a
13033:
13029:
13021:
13017:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12984:Ivantchik 1993a
12967:
12963:
12955:
12951:
12947:
12900:Ivantchik 1993a
12895:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12884:
12880:
12876:
12853:Ivantchik 1993a
12848:
12844:
12838:Ivantchik 1993b
12836:
12832:
12828:
12813:
12792:Xydopoulos 2015
12756:Ivantchik 1993b
12750:Ivantchik 1993a
12739:
12735:
12731:
12722:
12690:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12673:
12669:
12661:
12657:
12653:
12618:Ivantchik 1993a
12606:Spalinger 1978a
12601:
12597:
12589:
12585:
12581:
12536:
12509:Xydopoulos 2015
12455:Ivantchik 1993a
12450:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12414:Spalinger 1978a
12403:
12399:
12393:Spalinger 1978a
12391:
12387:
12381:Spalinger 1978a
12379:
12372:
12362:
12357:
12353:
12345:
12341:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12302:Ivantchik 1993a
12291:
12287:
12279:
12272:
12266:Ivantchik 1993a
12264:
12260:
12252:
12243:
12235:
12231:
12223:
12216:
12210:Spalinger 1978a
12208:
12204:
12200:
12177:Ivantchik 1993a
12171:Ivantchik 1993a
12154:
12150:
12144:Ivantchik 1993a
12142:
12138:
12132:Ivantchik 1993a
12130:
12126:
12118:
12114:
12108:Ivantchik 1993a
12106:
12097:
12091:Spalinger 1978a
12089:
12085:
12081:
12064:Ivantchik 1993a
12059:Tokhtas’ev 1991
12036:
12032:
12026:Ivantchik 1993a
12024:
12020:
12016:
11993:Ivantchik 1993a
11988:
11984:
11976:
11972:
11964:
11957:
11953:
11942:Ivantchik 1993a
11936:Ivantchik 1993a
11925:
11921:
11913:
11909:
11905:
11876:Ivantchik 1993a
11870:Ivantchik 1993a
11865:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11853:Spalinger 1978a
11847:Spalinger 1978a
11836:
11832:
11824:
11820:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11763:Ivantchik 1993a
11751:Spalinger 1978a
11745:Spalinger 1978a
11740:
11736:
11730:Xydopoulos 2015
11728:
11721:
11715:Ivantchik 1993a
11713:
11709:
11701:
11694:
11686:
11682:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11626:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11621:
11617:
11609:
11598:
11590:
11586:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11549:
11534:Xydopoulos 2015
11523:
11519:
11511:
11504:
11496:
11492:
11484:
11480:
11472:
11461:
11457:
11429:
11425:
11417:
11413:
11405:
11396:
11392:
11375:Ivantchik 1993a
11370:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11353:
11349:
11341:
11328:
11324:
11313:Ivantchik 1993a
11307:Ivantchik 1993a
11302:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11297:
11293:
11287:Ivantchik 1993a
11285:
11281:
11277:
11248:Ivantchik 1993a
11243:
11239:
11235:
11225:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11202:
11198:
11192:Ivantchik 1993a
11190:
11183:
11175:
11171:
11165:Ivantchik 1993a
11163:
11156:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11070:Tokhtas’ev 1991
11017:
11013:
11005:
10998:
10992:Ivantchik 1993a
10990:
10986:
10980:Ivantchik 1993a
10978:
10971:
10963:
10959:
10953:Ivantchik 1993a
10951:
10947:
10943:
10902:Ivantchik 1993a
10896:Ivantchik 1993a
10891:Tokhtas’ev 1991
10844:
10840:
10832:
10823:
10815:
10804:
10796:
10787:
10779:
10760:
10752:
10743:
10735:
10731:
10725:Ivantchik 1993a
10723:
10719:
10715:
10710:Ivantchik 1993a
10687:
10683:
10677:Ivantchik 1993a
10675:
10671:
10663:
10650:
10644:Ivantchik 1993a
10642:
10638:
10632:Ivantchik 1993a
10630:
10626:
10618:
10614:
10608:Ivantchik 1993a
10606:
10602:
10598:
10569:Sulimirski 1954
10564:
10560:
10556:
10515:Ivantchik 1993a
10456:Sulimirski 1954
10451:
10447:
10439:
10435:
10429:Ivantchik 1993a
10427:
10423:
10417:Ivantchik 1993a
10415:
10411:
10405:Ivantchik 1993a
10403:
10399:
10391:
10384:
10380:
10363:Ivantchik 1993a
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10315:Ivantchik 1993b
10286:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10262:
10258:
10250:
10237:
10231:Ivantchik 1993a
10229:
10225:
10217:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10193:
10189:
10181:
10170:
10162:
10158:
10152:Ivantchik 1993a
10150:
10146:
10142:
10125:Ivantchik 1993a
10114:
10110:
10102:
10095:
10091:
10068:Ivantchik 1993a
10057:
10053:
10049:
10014:Ivantchik 1993a
10003:
9999:
9991:
9984:
9980:
9952:Ivantchik 1993a
9905:
9901:
9893:
9889:
9881:
9874:
9868:Sulimirski 1985
9866:
9862:
9856:Sulimirski 1954
9854:
9850:
9846:
9823:Sulimirski 1985
9818:
9814:
9810:
9782:
9778:
9770:
9763:
9759:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9676:Ivantchik 1993a
9671:
9667:
9659:
9655:
9647:
9636:
9628:
9624:
9616:
9607:
9599:
9592:
9571:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9527:Ivantchik 1993a
9516:
9512:
9508:
9503:Ivantchik 1993a
9497:Ivantchik 1993a
9492:Tokhtas’ev 1991
9481:
9477:
9469:
9462:
9454:
9443:
9435:
9422:
9416:Ivantchik 1993a
9414:
9410:
9402:
9395:
9387:
9376:
9372:
9343:Ivantchik 1993a
9326:
9322:
9318:
9290:
9286:
9278:
9261:
9253:
9246:
9238:
9231:
9225:Ivantchik 1993a
9223:
9219:
9213:Ivantchik 1993a
9211:
9207:
9199:
9195:
9189:Ivantchik 1993a
9187:
9183:
9175:
9171:
9165:Ivantchik 1993a
9163:
9159:
9153:Ivantchik 1993a
9151:
9144:
9138:Ivantchik 1993a
9136:
9132:
9126:Ivantchik 1993a
9124:
9120:
9114:Ivantchik 1993a
9112:
9108:
9104:
9075:Ivantchik 1993a
9069:Ivantchik 1993a
9063:Ivantchik 1993a
9034:
9030:
9024:Ivantchik 1993a
9022:
9018:
9014:
8991:Ivantchik 1993a
8986:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8975:
8971:
8967:
8914:Ivantchik 1993a
8909:
8905:
8899:Ivantchik 1993a
8897:
8888:
8882:Ivantchik 1993a
8880:
8876:
8870:Ivantchik 1993a
8868:
8864:
8856:
8847:
8843:
8826:Ivantchik 1993a
8821:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8810:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8788:Ivantchik 1993a
8786:
8782:
8774:
8765:
8757:
8748:
8740:
8736:
8730:Ivantchik 1993a
8728:
8724:
8716:
8712:
8704:
8695:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8657:Tokhtas’ev 1991
8652:
8648:
8642:Ivantchik 1993a
8640:
8631:
8627:
8604:Ivantchik 1993a
8599:
8595:
8587:
8578:
8570:
8563:
8555:
8551:
8543:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8488:
8484:
8476:
8467:
8459:
8452:
8444:
8427:
8419:
8410:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8380:
8376:
8336:
8332:
8324:
8317:
8309:
8294:
8286:
8282:
8274:
8267:
8259:
8240:
8232:
8221:
8213:
8202:
8194:
8183:
8175:
8158:
8150:
8139:
8131:
8118:
8110:
8097:
8089:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8062:
8055:
8047:
8043:
8035:
8031:
8023:
8019:
8011:
8002:
7994:
7987:
7979:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7955:
7948:
7940:
7936:
7928:
7919:
7911:
7894:
7886:
7871:
7863:
7852:
7844:
7835:
7827:
7812:
7804:
7791:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7759:
7751:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7703:
7695:
7688:
7680:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7653:
7646:
7638:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7598:
7590:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7507:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7483:
7476:
7468:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7434:Xydopoulos 2015
7405:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7381:
7370:
7362:
7345:
7341:
7307:
7303:
7295:
7288:
7280:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7205:
7198:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7148:
7147:
7140:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7065:Ivantchik 1993a
7063:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7027:
7021:Tokhtas’ev 1991
7019:
6986:
6974:Tokhtas’ev 1991
6972:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6936:
6926:
6904:
6885:Amasya Province
6865:
6831:
6826:
6818:Main articles:
6816:
6787:Current Biology
6747:
6739:chariot warfare
6732:mounted warfare
6728:
6712:
6700:
6685:) from Homer's
6643:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6585:
6580:
6569:
6561:
6550:
6537:
6532:
6500:"splendid son."
6413:
6175:
6172:
6160:
6149:
6139:
6097:
6094:Language family
6092:
6084:
6061:
6026:
6006:
5988:to the east of
5970:), that is the
5940:
5935:
5909:Southern Russia
5889:
5884:
5879:
5768:
5727:Ten Lost Tribes
5691:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5477:Ephorus of Cyme
5402:
5276:Κιμμερια τειχεα
5238:
5219:
5189:Argonautic myth
5115:
5105:
4993:qašātu Gimirruʾ
4986:𒄑𒉼𒈨 𒄀𒂆𒊒𒀪
4979:qaštu Gimirrîti
4972:𒄑𒉼 𒄀𒂆𒊒𒄿𒋾
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4879:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4841:Illyrian tribes
4803:
4775:
4754:
4728:
4707:
4698:
4691:
4673:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4608:
4601:
4562:as well as the
4544:
4504:
4495:
4477: 660s BCE
4476:
4462:
4453:
4427:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
4423:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4305:
4298:
4252:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4181:
4151:
4143:
4102:
4095:
4079:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4020:
3979:
3973:
3941:
3928:
3913:
3901:
3894:
3884:
3877:
3850:
3843:
3821:
3813:Luristan bronze
3796:
3789:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3683:
3618:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3576:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3533:
3503:
3489:
3484:
3472:
3432:Iranian Plateau
3399:
3396:
3387:
3359:
3322:
3300:
3292:
3274:
3266:
3232:
3218:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3157:
3150:
3128:
3069:Iranian Plateau
2974:Iranian Plateau
2930:
2909:
2878:
2869:
2862:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2796:Karasuk culture
2775:
2770:
2688:Bosporan region
2649:
2634:Southern Russia
2628:in the west to
2626:Pannonian Plain
2501:
2458:
2432:nomads towards
2423:
2398:
2388:
2365:
2274:Lydian language
2211:
2153:
2148:
2093:
2064:
2063:
1996:Marija Gimbutas
1984:
1974:
1973:
1965:Winter solstice
1955:Horse sacrifice
1926:
1919:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1802:
1787:
1774:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1730:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1664:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1567:
1554:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1288:
1275:
1263:
1244:
1186:
1163:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1085:Northern Europe
1066:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
968:Steppe cultures
941:
934:
927:
919:
918:
909:Baltic homeland
883:
879:
875:Eurasian nomads
859:
855:
831:
823:
822:
793:Runic epigraphy
788:Latin epigraphy
743:
735:
734:
672:Proto-Anatolian
656:
611:
607:Thraco-Illyrian
592:Graeco-Phrygian
582:Graeco-Armenian
577:Graeco-Albanian
556:
534:
521:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
430:
416:
409:
402:
388:
364:
357:
338:
323:
315:
313:
263:
249:
224:
210:
165:
153:
141:
112:Luwian religion
110:
105:
83:
71:
64:
63:
62:
53:Without proper
44:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17779:
17769:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17751:Ancient Russia
17748:
17743:
17741:Iranian nomads
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17708:
17707:
17701:
17689:United Kingdom
17661:Boardman, John
17656:
17650:
17638:United Kingdom
17617:
17600:
17573:
17554:
17529:(4): 523–530.
17512:
17495:
17474:
17460:(2): 223–251.
17445:
17413:
17379:
17376:
17334:
17328:
17316:United Kingdom
17300:Sollberger, E.
17288:Boardman, John
17276:
17270:
17258:United Kingdom
17238:Sulimirski, T.
17234:
17185:Sulimirski, T.
17181:
17141:
17122:10.2307/599752
17116:(4): 400–409.
17099:
17057:
17032:(3): 291–339.
17015:
16990:(2): 129–138.
16973:
16967:
16938:
16932:
16900:
16878:
16872:
16854:Parfitt, Tudor
16850:
16844:
16815:
16809:
16780:
16774:
16747:
16722:
16716:
16704:United Kingdom
16692:Sollberger, E.
16680:Boardman, John
16675:
16669:
16637:
16631:
16619:United Kingdom
16597:
16591:
16579:United Kingdom
16563:Sollberger, E.
16551:Boardman, John
16543:
16537:
16517:United Kingdom
16501:
16468:
16411:
16405:
16381:Mattila, Raija
16369:
16339:
16298:
16292:
16267:
16226:
16209:(1–2): 65–72.
16192:
16186:
16170:United Kingdom
16138:
16121:(3): 307–339.
16101:
16095:
16065:
16059:
16023:
15998:(3): 305–330.
15976:
15970:
15932:
15926:
15914:United Kingdom
15898:Sollberger, E.
15886:Boardman, John
15881:
15875:
15843:United Kingdom
15803:
15797:
15785:United Kingdom
15765:Boardman, John
15757:
15751:
15725:Grousset, René
15721:
15715:
15703:United Kingdom
15687:Sollberger, E.
15675:Boardman, John
15670:
15664:
15652:United Kingdom
15636:Sollberger, E.
15624:Boardman, John
15619:
15613:
15601:United Kingdom
15585:Sollberger, E.
15573:Boardman, John
15568:
15562:
15550:United Kingdom
15530:Boardman, John
15525:
15519:
15490:
15452:
15446:
15434:United Kingdom
15412:
15387:
15346:
15305:Dandamayev, M.
15301:
15261:
15255:
15243:United Kingdom
15227:
15206:
15200:
15188:United Kingdom
15168:Boardman, John
15160:
15140:
15134:
15122:United Kingdom
15106:Sollberger, E.
15094:Boardman, John
15089:
15083:
15071:United Kingdom
15051:Boardman, John
15046:
15040:
15008:
15002:
14978:
14972:
14960:United Kingdom
14944:Sollberger, E.
14932:Boardman, John
14928:Barnett, R. D.
14924:
14918:
14906:United Kingdom
14890:Sollberger, E.
14874:Barnett, R. D.
14870:
14864:
14858:. p. 50.
14836:
14816:
14796:
14790:
14778:United Kingdom
14764:
14758:
14746:United Kingdom
14728:
14726:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14716:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14694:
14688:
14681:
14677:Ivantchik 2010
14669:
14665:Ivantchik 2010
14657:
14655:, p. 338.
14653:Ivantchik 2001
14645:
14641:Ivantchik 2010
14633:
14629:Diakonoff 1985
14621:
14609:
14597:
14585:
14573:
14558:
14546:
14534:
14522:
14510:
14498:
14494:Diakonoff 1985
14486:
14474:
14472:, p. 181.
14455:
14443:
14439:Diakonoff 1985
14428:
14424:Olbrycht 2000a
14416:
14404:
14401:
14400:
14394:
14391:Parzinger 2004
14388:
14385:Ivantchik 2001
14382:
14375:
14368:
14366:, p. 339.
14364:Ivantchik 2001
14353:
14350:
14349:
14343:
14337:
14334:Olbrycht 2000a
14331:
14328:Ivantchik 1999
14325:
14324:, p. 1996
14319:
14316:Diakonoff 1985
14312:
14305:
14288:
14276:
14272:Olbrycht 2000b
14264:
14252:
14248:Diakonoff 1985
14240:
14236:Olbrycht 2000a
14223:
14221:, p. 558.
14211:
14199:
14187:
14175:
14163:
14159:Olbrycht 2000a
14151:
14147:Olbrycht 2000a
14136:
14132:Olbrycht 2000a
14124:
14120:Olbrycht 2000a
14112:
14110:, p. 122.
14093:
14089:Olbrycht 2000a
14074:
14070:Olbrycht 2000a
14057:
14053:Olbrycht 2000a
14045:
14043:, p. 289.
14033:
14018:
14016:, p. 322.
14014:Ivantchik 2001
14006:
13994:
13991:
13990:
13984:
13978:
13972:
13966:
13960:
13957:Olbrycht 2000a
13954:
13948:
13941:
13937:Olbrycht 2000a
13929:
13925:Olbrycht 2000a
13914:
13910:Olbrycht 2000a
13902:
13898:Olbrycht 2000a
13890:
13888:, p. 119.
13875:
13871:Olbrycht 2000a
13863:
13859:Olbrycht 2000a
13851:
13848:
13847:
13841:
13835:
13832:Olbrycht 2000a
13829:
13824:
13821:Diakonoff 1985
13817:
13810:
13808:, p. 555.
13798:
13795:
13794:
13788:
13782:
13779:Ivantchik 2010
13776:
13773:Ivantchik 2006
13769:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13752:
13746:
13743:Diakonoff 1985
13740:
13733:
13726:
13724:, p. 320.
13722:Ivantchik 2001
13714:
13702:
13700:, p. 761.
13690:
13688:, p. 263.
13678:
13676:, p. 596.
13666:
13662:Olbrycht 2000a
13654:
13650:Olbrycht 2000a
13642:
13630:
13615:
13596:
13594:, p. 121.
13581:
13577:Ivantchik 2010
13569:
13557:
13555:, p. 220.
13542:
13540:, p. 327.
13538:Ivantchik 2001
13530:
13528:, p. 134.
13518:
13516:, p. 759.
13506:
13503:
13502:
13496:
13490:
13477:
13475:Ivantchik 2018
13472:
13466:
13460:
13457:Olbrycht 2000a
13454:
13448:
13442:
13436:
13429:
13425:Parzinger 2004
13417:
13414:
13413:
13407:
13405:Ivantchik 2018
13402:
13399:Ivantchik 2006
13396:
13390:
13387:Ivantchik 1999
13384:
13381:Ivantchik 1999
13378:
13373:
13367:
13361:
13358:Diakonoff 1985
13355:
13348:
13341:
13326:
13324:, p. 564.
13314:
13302:
13300:, p. 408.
13287:
13275:
13263:
13261:, p. 221.
13248:
13246:, p. 107.
13236:
13234:, p. 124.
13224:
13222:, p. 115.
13212:
13209:
13208:
13202:
13196:
13190:
13184:
13179:
13172:
13165:
13162:
13161:
13155:
13149:
13143:
13137:
13131:
13125:
13119:
13113:
13107:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13059:
13053:
13047:
13041:
13034:
13027:
13015:
13003:
13000:
12999:
12993:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12959:, p. 118.
12957:Diakonoff 1985
12949:
12946:
12945:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12909:
12903:
12897:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12875:
12874:
12868:
12862:
12859:Ivantchik 2006
12856:
12849:
12842:
12840:, p. 311.
12830:
12827:
12826:
12820:
12807:
12801:
12795:
12789:
12786:Ivantchik 2006
12783:
12777:
12774:Parzinger 2004
12771:
12768:Olbrycht 2000a
12765:
12762:Ivantchik 1999
12759:
12753:
12747:
12740:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12716:
12710:
12707:Parzinger 2004
12704:
12701:Olbrycht 2000a
12698:
12695:Ivantchik 1999
12692:
12687:
12681:
12674:
12667:
12665:, p. 217.
12655:
12652:
12651:
12645:
12639:
12633:
12627:
12621:
12615:
12609:
12602:
12595:
12591:Spalinger 1976
12583:
12580:
12579:
12573:
12567:
12561:
12555:
12549:
12543:
12530:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12506:
12500:
12497:Ivantchik 2006
12494:
12488:
12485:Parzinger 2004
12482:
12476:
12473:Olbrycht 2000a
12470:
12467:Ivantchik 1999
12464:
12458:
12452:
12447:
12441:
12435:
12429:
12423:
12417:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12385:
12383:, p. 407.
12370:
12351:
12349:, p. 268.
12339:
12327:
12324:
12323:
12317:
12311:
12305:
12299:
12292:
12285:
12283:, p. 218.
12270:
12258:
12241:
12229:
12227:, p. 645.
12214:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12192:
12186:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12162:
12155:
12148:
12136:
12134:, p. 105.
12124:
12122:, p. 219.
12112:
12110:, p. 100.
12095:
12093:, p. 403.
12083:
12080:
12079:
12073:
12067:
12061:
12056:
12050:
12044:
12037:
12030:
12028:, p. 101.
12018:
12015:
12014:
12008:
12002:
11996:
11989:
11982:
11970:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11945:
11939:
11933:
11926:
11919:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11897:
11891:
11885:
11882:Olbrycht 2000a
11879:
11873:
11867:
11862:
11856:
11850:
11844:
11837:
11830:
11818:
11806:
11803:
11802:
11796:
11790:
11784:
11778:
11772:
11766:
11760:
11754:
11748:
11741:
11734:
11732:, p. 120.
11719:
11707:
11692:
11690:, p. 431.
11680:
11678:, p. 197.
11668:
11665:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11646:
11643:Olbrycht 2000a
11640:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11615:
11613:, p. 215.
11596:
11584:
11582:, p. 119.
11572:
11569:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11543:
11537:
11531:
11528:Ivantchik 2010
11524:
11517:
11513:Olbrycht 2000a
11502:
11490:
11488:, p. 145.
11478:
11476:, p. 216.
11459:
11456:
11455:
11449:
11443:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11419:Parzinger 2004
11411:
11407:Diakonoff 1985
11394:
11391:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11367:
11361:
11354:
11347:
11343:Olbrycht 2000a
11326:
11323:
11322:
11319:Olbrycht 2000a
11316:
11310:
11304:
11298:
11291:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11244:
11237:
11234:
11233:
11227:
11222:
11216:
11210:
11203:
11196:
11181:
11179:, p. 263.
11169:
11154:
11152:, p. 634.
11142:
11139:
11138:
11132:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11108:
11102:
11099:Ivantchik 2006
11096:
11090:
11084:
11081:Olbrycht 2000a
11078:
11072:
11067:
11061:
11055:
11049:
11046:Diakonoff 1985
11043:
11037:
11031:
11025:
11018:
11011:
11009:, p. 132.
10996:
10984:
10982:, p. 123.
10969:
10957:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10935:
10929:
10923:
10920:Parzinger 2004
10917:
10911:
10905:
10899:
10893:
10888:
10882:
10876:
10870:
10864:
10858:
10855:Diakonoff 1985
10852:
10845:
10838:
10836:, p. 213.
10821:
10819:, p. 116.
10802:
10798:Olbrycht 2000a
10785:
10758:
10756:, p. 757.
10741:
10729:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10707:
10701:
10698:Diakonoff 1985
10695:
10688:
10681:
10669:
10667:, p. 214.
10648:
10636:
10624:
10622:, p. 8-9.
10612:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10593:Parzinger 2004
10590:
10587:Ivantchik 1999
10584:
10578:
10575:Diakonoff 1985
10572:
10565:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10548:
10542:
10536:
10530:
10524:
10518:
10512:
10510:Ivantchik 2018
10507:
10504:Ivantchik 2006
10501:
10498:Parzinger 2004
10495:
10492:Ivantchik 1999
10489:
10483:
10477:
10471:
10468:Diakonoff 1985
10465:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10443:, p. 560.
10433:
10431:, p. 193.
10421:
10409:
10397:
10395:, p. 751.
10382:
10379:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10360:
10357:Diakonoff 1985
10353:
10346:
10344:, p. 103.
10342:Diakonoff 1985
10334:
10331:
10330:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10309:Ivantchik 1999
10306:
10300:
10297:Diakonoff 1985
10294:
10287:
10280:
10268:
10264:Diakonoff 1985
10256:
10235:
10223:
10211:
10209:, p. 357.
10199:
10195:Diakonoff 1985
10187:
10168:
10156:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10106:, p. 358.
10093:
10090:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10062:Diakonoff 1985
10058:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10041:
10035:
10029:
10023:
10017:
10011:
10004:
9997:
9995:, p. 748.
9982:
9979:
9978:
9972:
9970:Ivantchik 2018
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9928:Diakonoff 1985
9925:
9922:Diakonoff 1985
9919:
9913:
9906:
9899:
9897:, p. 107.
9895:Olbrycht 2000b
9887:
9885:, p. 747.
9872:
9870:, p. 169.
9860:
9858:, p. 282.
9848:
9845:
9844:
9838:
9835:Parzinger 2004
9832:
9829:Parzinger 2004
9826:
9819:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9805:Olbrycht 2000b
9802:
9799:Olbrycht 2000b
9796:
9793:Melyukova 1990
9790:
9787:Diakonoff 1985
9783:
9776:
9772:Diakonoff 1985
9761:
9758:
9757:
9751:
9748:Olbrycht 2000a
9745:
9742:Parzinger 2004
9739:
9736:Melyukova 1990
9733:
9730:Diakonoff 1985
9727:
9721:
9715:
9708:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9691:
9688:Olbrycht 2000a
9685:
9682:Olbrycht 2000a
9679:
9672:
9665:
9653:
9649:Diakonoff 1985
9634:
9622:
9605:
9590:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9554:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9500:
9494:
9489:
9486:Diakonoff 1985
9482:
9475:
9460:
9458:, p. 559.
9441:
9420:
9408:
9406:, p. 131.
9393:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9364:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9340:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9310:
9304:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9282:, p. 212.
9259:
9244:
9242:, p. 356.
9229:
9217:
9205:
9193:
9181:
9177:Parzinger 2004
9169:
9157:
9142:
9130:
9118:
9106:
9103:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9051:Diakonoff 1985
9048:
9042:
9035:
9028:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8997:Olbrycht 2000a
8994:
8988:
8983:
8976:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8944:Olbrycht 2000a
8941:
8938:Ivantchik 2006
8935:
8932:Parzinger 2004
8929:
8926:Ivantchik 2001
8923:
8920:Ivantchik 2001
8917:
8910:
8903:
8886:
8874:
8862:
8860:, p. 746.
8845:
8842:
8841:
8835:
8832:Olbrycht 2000a
8829:
8823:
8818:
8815:Diakonoff 1985
8811:
8804:
8800:Parzinger 2004
8792:
8780:
8776:Olbrycht 2000a
8763:
8761:, p. 211.
8746:
8742:Ivantchik 2001
8734:
8722:
8720:, p. 262.
8710:
8693:
8691:, p. 310.
8689:Ivantchik 2001
8681:
8678:
8677:
8674:Olbrycht 2000a
8671:
8668:Olbrycht 2000a
8665:
8662:Olbrycht 2000a
8659:
8653:
8646:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8619:
8616:Olbrycht 2000a
8613:
8610:Olbrycht 2000a
8607:
8600:
8593:
8591:, p. 355.
8576:
8572:Diakonoff 1985
8561:
8559:, p. 265.
8549:
8530:
8518:
8516:, p. 150.
8514:Ivantchik 2006
8506:
8502:Ivantchik 1999
8494:
8492:, p. 114.
8482:
8465:
8463:, p. 128.
8450:
8425:
8423:, p. 107.
8408:
8393:
8391:, p. 106.
8378:
8375:
8374:
8368:
8365:Olbrycht 2000a
8362:
8359:Olbrycht 2000a
8356:
8353:Diakonoff 1985
8350:
8347:Diakonoff 1985
8344:
8337:
8330:
8315:
8311:Olbrycht 2000a
8292:
8288:Olbrycht 2000a
8280:
8278:, p. 114.
8276:Olbrycht 2000b
8265:
8261:Ivantchik 2018
8238:
8234:Olbrycht 2000a
8219:
8200:
8196:Olbrycht 2000a
8181:
8177:Olbrycht 2000a
8156:
8137:
8135:, p. 210.
8116:
8112:Melyukova 1990
8095:
8093:, p. 113.
8080:
8078:, p. 6-7.
8068:
8053:
8051:, p. 112.
8041:
8037:Melyukova 1990
8029:
8025:Olbrycht 2000b
8017:
8000:
7998:, p. 109.
7996:Olbrycht 2000b
7985:
7981:Olbrycht 2000a
7973:
7971:, p. 205.
7961:
7946:
7934:
7930:Olbrycht 2000a
7917:
7913:Diakonoff 1985
7892:
7888:Olbrycht 2000a
7869:
7867:, p. 108.
7865:Olbrycht 2000b
7850:
7846:Olbrycht 2000a
7833:
7829:Olbrycht 2000a
7810:
7806:Olbrycht 2000a
7789:
7785:Olbrycht 2000a
7774:
7757:
7755:, p. 129.
7738:
7736:, p. 123.
7726:
7724:, p. 103.
7722:Olbrycht 2000b
7701:
7686:
7684:, p. 104.
7671:
7659:
7657:, p. 111.
7644:
7642:, p. 105.
7640:Olbrycht 2000b
7627:
7625:, p. 202.
7615:
7613:, p. 130.
7611:Olbrycht 2000b
7596:
7594:, p. 102.
7592:Olbrycht 2000b
7561:
7559:, p. 105.
7549:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7518:Olbrycht 2000b
7515:
7512:Olbrycht 2000b
7508:
7501:
7489:
7485:Melyukova 1995
7474:
7472:, p. 552.
7459:
7457:, p. 101.
7455:Olbrycht 2000b
7447:
7444:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7428:Ivantchik 2006
7425:
7422:Ivantchik 2001
7419:
7413:
7410:Olbrycht 2000a
7406:
7399:
7387:
7368:
7364:Melyukova 1990
7343:
7340:
7339:
7333:
7330:Olbrycht 2000a
7327:
7324:Ivantchik 1999
7321:
7320:, p. 1996
7315:
7312:Diakonoff 1985
7308:
7301:
7299:, p. 100.
7297:Diakonoff 1985
7286:
7282:Diakonoff 1985
7265:
7253:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7222:Olbrycht 2000a
7219:
7216:Parzinger 2004
7213:
7210:Ivantchik 2001
7206:
7196:
7167:
7138:
7114:
7110:Olbrycht 2000a
7093:
7081:
7079:, p. 321.
7077:Ivantchik 2001
7069:
7054:
7050:Diakonoff 1985
7042:
7025:
6984:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927: 630s BC
6917:
6911:
6903:
6900:
6864:
6861:
6830:
6827:
6815:
6812:
6746:
6743:
6727:
6724:
6711:
6708:
6699:
6696:
6642:
6639:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6568:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6549:
6546:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6501:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6433:
6407:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6339:
6338:"abductor dog"
6330:
6309:
6296:János Harmatta
6260:inscriptions:
6205:János Harmatta
6195:
6194:
6189:
6181:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6146:
6145:
6144:Language codes
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6117:Eastern Iranic
6100:
6098:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:North Caucasus
6072:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6057:
6053:Igor Diakonoff
6025:
6022:
6005:
6002:
5996:, in southern
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5811:The Book of Lo
5806:Michael Chabon
5767:
5764:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5649:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5557:
5543:
5535:Kimmeris polis
5524:Κιμμερις πολις
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5401:
5398:
5361:
5360:
5337:
5333:khōrē Kimmeria
5314:
5291:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5234:
5218:
5215:
5165:Laestrygonians
5114:
5106:
5104:
5101:
4963:Cimmerian bows
4896:Late Antiquity
4888:Turkic peoples
4878:
4875:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4802:
4799:
4774:
4771:
4706:
4703:
4672:
4669:
4628:
4625:
4570:. The city of
4543:
4540:
4503:
4500:
4496: 650s BC
4461:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4422:
4419:
4339: 660s BC
4331:
4328:
4234: 660s BC
4219:
4216:
4184:, was that of
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4078:
4075:
3986:the empire of
3972:
3969:
3940:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3820:
3817:
3684: 650s BC
3633:its vassal of
3575:
3572:
3566:) after them.
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3471:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3450:the mediaeval
3448:
3436:
3435:
3414:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3321:
3318:
3233: 720s BC
3217:
3214:
3127:
3124:
3116:settler groups
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2929:
2926:
2877:
2874:
2832:
2829:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2738:
2734:khōrē Kimmeria
2715:
2659:and along the
2648:
2645:
2622:Central Europe
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2546:
2500:
2497:
2457:
2454:
2438:Central Europe
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2387:
2384:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2312:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2241:
2220:Igor Diakonoff
2206:
2193:János Harmatta
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Fire sacrifice
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:Zoroastrianism
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1608:Medieval India
1599:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1485:
1483:Italic peoples
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1259:Gandhara grave
1256:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:Middle Dnieper
1101:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1060:Eastern Europe
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1005:
998:
991:
988:Dnieper–Donets
984:
977:
965:
963:Kurgan culture
960:
959:
958:
948:
936:
935:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
899:Beech argument
896:
891:
885:
884:
878:
877:
872:
867:
861:
860:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
722:
708:
703:
689:
682:Proto-Germanic
679:
677:Proto-Armenian
674:
669:
667:Proto-Albanian
663:
662:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
617:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
562:
555:
554:
553:
552:
528:
527:
520:
519:
518:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
456:
451:
445:
444:
438:
437:
436:
435:
423:
422:
421:
414:
407:
395:
394:
393:
381:
376:
371:
370:
369:
362:
350:
345:
344:
343:
330:
329:
322:
321:
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
260:
254:
253:
246:
237:
234:
233:
228:
220:
219:
214:
202:
201:
196:
186:
185:
180:
179:Historical era
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
69:
57:, you may see
45:
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17778:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17718:
17716:
17704:
17698:
17694:
17690:
17686:
17682:
17678:
17674:
17670:
17666:
17662:
17657:
17653:
17647:
17643:
17639:
17635:
17631:
17627:
17623:
17618:
17614:
17610:
17606:
17601:
17589:
17585:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17562:
17561:
17555:
17544:
17540:
17536:
17532:
17528:
17524:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17509:
17505:
17501:
17496:
17485:
17481:
17477:
17475:9789047405870
17471:
17467:
17463:
17459:
17455:
17451:
17446:
17434:
17430:
17426:
17422:
17418:
17414:
17410:
17406:
17402:
17401:United States
17398:
17397:New York City
17394:
17393:
17388:
17384:
17380:
17377:
17366:
17362:
17358:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17331:
17325:
17321:
17317:
17313:
17309:
17305:
17301:
17297:
17293:
17289:
17285:
17284:Taylor, T. F.
17281:
17277:
17273:
17267:
17263:
17259:
17255:
17251:
17247:
17243:
17239:
17235:
17224:
17220:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17204:
17200:
17196:
17195:
17194:Artibus Asiae
17190:
17186:
17182:
17171:
17167:
17163:
17159:
17155:
17151:
17147:
17142:
17131:
17127:
17123:
17119:
17115:
17111:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17089:
17085:
17081:
17077:
17073:
17069:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17047:
17043:
17039:
17035:
17031:
17028:(in German).
17027:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17005:
17001:
16997:
16993:
16989:
16985:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16970:
16964:
16960:
16959:United States
16956:
16952:
16948:
16944:
16939:
16935:
16929:
16925:
16921:
16917:
16913:
16912:The Scythians
16909:
16905:
16901:
16897:
16893:
16889:
16888:
16883:
16882:Parpola, Simo
16879:
16875:
16873:1-84212-665-2
16869:
16865:
16861:
16860:
16855:
16851:
16847:
16841:
16837:
16833:
16829:
16825:
16821:
16816:
16812:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16781:
16777:
16771:
16767:
16763:
16762:United States
16759:
16755:
16754:
16748:
16737:
16730:
16729:
16723:
16719:
16713:
16709:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16681:
16676:
16672:
16666:
16662:
16661:United States
16658:
16654:
16650:
16646:
16642:
16638:
16634:
16628:
16624:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16611:
16606:
16602:
16598:
16594:
16588:
16584:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16568:
16564:
16560:
16556:
16552:
16548:
16544:
16540:
16534:
16530:
16526:
16525:United States
16522:
16521:New York City
16518:
16514:
16510:
16506:
16502:
16487:
16483:
16476:
16475:
16469:
16465:
16461:
16456:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16431:
16427:
16423:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16408:
16402:
16398:
16394:
16390:
16386:
16382:
16378:
16374:
16370:
16359:
16355:
16351:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16319:: 2430–2441.
16318:
16314:
16310:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16295:
16289:
16285:
16281:
16277:
16273:
16268:
16257:
16253:
16249:
16248:United States
16245:
16244:New York City
16241:
16240:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16216:
16212:
16208:
16205:(in French).
16204:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16189:
16183:
16179:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16163:
16162:United States
16159:
16158:New York City
16155:
16154:United States
16151:
16147:
16143:
16139:
16128:
16124:
16120:
16116:
16115:
16110:
16106:
16102:
16098:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16076:
16075:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16044:
16040:
16036:
16032:
16028:
16024:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15993:
15989:
15985:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15967:
15963:
15959:
15955:
15952:(in French).
15947:
15943:
15942:
15937:
15933:
15929:
15923:
15919:
15915:
15911:
15907:
15903:
15899:
15895:
15891:
15887:
15882:
15878:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15860:
15856:
15852:
15851:United States
15848:
15847:New York City
15844:
15840:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15820:
15816:
15815:Zürcher, Erik
15812:
15808:
15804:
15800:
15794:
15790:
15786:
15782:
15778:
15774:
15770:
15766:
15762:
15758:
15754:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15739:United States
15736:
15735:New Brunswick
15732:
15731:
15726:
15722:
15718:
15712:
15708:
15704:
15700:
15696:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15676:
15671:
15667:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15633:
15629:
15625:
15620:
15616:
15610:
15606:
15602:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15574:
15569:
15565:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15547:
15543:
15539:
15535:
15531:
15526:
15522:
15516:
15512:
15508:
15507:United States
15504:
15503:New York City
15500:
15496:
15495:Radner, Karen
15491:
15480:
15476:
15472:
15468:
15467:
15462:
15458:
15455:Dugaw, Sean;
15453:
15449:
15443:
15439:
15435:
15431:
15427:
15426:
15421:
15417:
15413:
15401:
15397:
15393:
15388:
15377:
15373:
15369:
15368:United States
15365:
15364:New York City
15361:
15360:
15355:
15351:
15347:
15336:
15332:
15328:
15327:United States
15324:
15323:New York City
15320:
15319:
15314:
15310:
15306:
15302:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15262:
15258:
15252:
15248:
15244:
15240:
15236:
15232:
15228:
15216:
15212:
15207:
15203:
15197:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15150:
15146:
15141:
15137:
15131:
15127:
15123:
15119:
15115:
15111:
15107:
15103:
15099:
15095:
15090:
15086:
15080:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15064:
15060:
15056:
15052:
15047:
15043:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15005:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14987:
14983:
14979:
14975:
14969:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14925:
14921:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14903:
14899:
14895:
14891:
14887:
14883:
14879:
14875:
14871:
14867:
14861:
14857:
14856:HarperCollins
14853:
14852:United States
14849:
14848:New York City
14845:
14841:
14840:Asimov, Isaac
14837:
14826:
14822:
14817:
14806:
14802:
14797:
14793:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14765:
14761:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14734:Kim, Hyun Jin
14730:
14729:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14703:Altuntaş 2023
14701:
14699:, p. 216
14698:
14695:
14693:
14692:Altuntaş 2022
14690:
14689:
14685:
14678:
14673:
14667:, p. 67.
14666:
14661:
14654:
14649:
14643:, p. 66.
14642:
14637:
14631:, p. 32.
14630:
14625:
14618:
14613:
14606:
14601:
14594:
14589:
14582:
14577:
14570:
14565:
14563:
14556:, p. 44.
14555:
14550:
14543:
14538:
14531:
14526:
14519:
14514:
14507:
14502:
14495:
14490:
14484:, p. 10.
14483:
14478:
14471:
14470:Harmatta 1996
14466:
14464:
14462:
14460:
14452:
14447:
14441:, p. 51.
14440:
14435:
14433:
14425:
14420:
14414:, p. 33.
14413:
14412:Jacobson 1995
14408:
14398:
14395:
14392:
14389:
14387:, p. 339
14386:
14383:
14380:
14379:Jacobson 1995
14377:
14376:
14372:
14365:
14360:
14358:
14348:, p. 119
14347:
14344:
14341:
14338:
14335:
14332:
14330:, p. 517
14329:
14326:
14323:
14322:Harmatta 1996
14320:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14309:
14302:
14297:
14295:
14293:
14285:
14280:
14273:
14268:
14261:
14256:
14249:
14244:
14237:
14232:
14230:
14228:
14220:
14215:
14209:, p. 50.
14208:
14203:
14197:, p. 61.
14196:
14191:
14185:, p. 54.
14184:
14179:
14172:
14167:
14161:, p. 73.
14160:
14155:
14149:, p. 89.
14148:
14143:
14141:
14134:, p. 88.
14133:
14128:
14121:
14116:
14109:
14104:
14102:
14100:
14098:
14091:, p. 87.
14090:
14085:
14083:
14081:
14079:
14072:, p. 85.
14071:
14066:
14064:
14062:
14054:
14049:
14042:
14037:
14030:
14025:
14023:
14015:
14010:
14003:
13998:
13989:, p. 266
13988:
13985:
13982:
13979:
13976:
13975:Cunliffe 2019
13973:
13971:, p. 106
13970:
13969:Cunliffe 2019
13967:
13964:
13963:Cunliffe 2019
13961:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13949:
13945:
13939:, p. 77.
13938:
13933:
13926:
13921:
13919:
13912:, p. 75.
13911:
13906:
13899:
13894:
13887:
13882:
13880:
13873:, p. 74.
13872:
13867:
13860:
13855:
13846:, p. 119
13845:
13842:
13839:
13836:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13819:
13818:
13814:
13807:
13802:
13793:, p. 218
13792:
13789:
13786:
13785:Cunliffe 2019
13783:
13780:
13777:
13775:, p. 148
13774:
13771:
13770:
13766:
13756:
13755:Cunliffe 2019
13753:
13750:
13747:
13744:
13741:
13739:, p. 133
13738:
13737:Phillips 1972
13735:
13734:
13730:
13723:
13718:
13711:
13706:
13699:
13694:
13687:
13682:
13675:
13674:Mihailov 1991
13670:
13663:
13658:
13652:, p. 71.
13651:
13646:
13639:
13634:
13628:, p. 73.
13627:
13622:
13620:
13613:, p. 75.
13612:
13607:
13605:
13603:
13601:
13593:
13588:
13586:
13579:, p. 69.
13578:
13573:
13567:, p. 37.
13566:
13565:Cunliffe 2019
13561:
13554:
13549:
13547:
13539:
13534:
13527:
13526:Phillips 1972
13522:
13515:
13510:
13501:, p. 220
13500:
13497:
13494:
13491:
13487:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13470:
13467:
13465:, p. 120
13464:
13461:
13458:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13447:, p. 559
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13437:
13433:
13426:
13421:
13412:, p. 759
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:, p. 151
13400:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13389:, p. 517
13388:
13385:
13383:, p. 508
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:, p. 567
13371:
13368:
13366:, p. 559
13365:
13362:
13359:
13356:
13354:, p. 406
13353:
13350:
13349:
13345:
13339:, p. 39.
13338:
13333:
13331:
13323:
13318:
13311:
13310:Grousset 1970
13306:
13299:
13294:
13292:
13285:, p. 74.
13284:
13279:
13272:
13267:
13260:
13255:
13253:
13245:
13240:
13233:
13228:
13221:
13216:
13207:, p. 759
13206:
13203:
13201:, p. 220
13200:
13197:
13195:, p. 264
13194:
13191:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:, p. 407
13177:
13174:
13173:
13169:
13160:, p. 759
13159:
13156:
13154:, p. 220
13153:
13150:
13148:, p. 218
13147:
13144:
13142:, p. 215
13141:
13138:
13136:, p. 271
13135:
13132:
13130:, p. 264
13129:
13126:
13123:
13120:
13117:
13114:
13112:, p. 120
13111:
13108:
13105:
13102:
13100:, p. 114
13099:
13096:
13095:
13091:
13081:
13080:Cunliffe 2019
13078:
13075:
13072:
13070:, p. 124
13069:
13066:
13064:, p. 107
13063:
13060:
13058:, p. 145
13057:
13056:Grayson 1991c
13054:
13052:, p. 432
13051:
13048:
13046:, p. 407
13045:
13042:
13040:, p. 132
13039:
13038:Phillips 1972
13036:
13035:
13031:
13024:
13019:
13012:
13007:
12998:, p. 219
12997:
12994:
12992:, p. 758
12991:
12988:
12986:, p. 124
12985:
12982:
12980:, p. 145
12979:
12978:Grayson 1991c
12976:
12974:, p. 432
12973:
12970:
12969:
12965:
12958:
12953:
12944:, p. 219
12943:
12940:
12938:, p. 219
12937:
12934:
12932:, p. 758
12931:
12928:
12926:, p. 264
12925:
12922:
12920:, p. 106
12919:
12918:Cunliffe 2019
12916:
12913:
12912:Cunliffe 2019
12910:
12907:
12904:
12902:, p. 124
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12890:
12889:Grousset 1970
12887:
12886:
12882:
12873:, p. 218
12872:
12869:
12866:
12865:Cunliffe 2019
12863:
12861:, p. 148
12860:
12857:
12855:, p. 114
12854:
12851:
12850:
12846:
12839:
12834:
12825:, p. 217
12824:
12821:
12817:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12804:Cunliffe 2019
12802:
12799:
12798:Cunliffe 2019
12796:
12794:, p. 120
12793:
12790:
12788:, p. 148
12787:
12784:
12781:
12778:
12775:
12772:
12769:
12766:
12764:, p. 508
12763:
12760:
12757:
12754:
12752:, p. 113
12751:
12748:
12746:, p. 116
12745:
12742:
12741:
12737:
12726:
12720:
12717:
12714:
12711:
12708:
12705:
12702:
12699:
12697:, p. 508
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:, p. 197
12685:
12682:
12680:, p. 129
12679:
12678:Phillips 1972
12676:
12675:
12671:
12664:
12659:
12650:, p. 215
12649:
12646:
12644:, p. 758
12643:
12640:
12638:, p. 289
12637:
12634:
12632:, p. 273
12631:
12628:
12626:, p. 264
12625:
12622:
12620:, p. 104
12619:
12616:
12613:
12610:
12608:, p. 405
12607:
12604:
12603:
12599:
12592:
12587:
12578:, p. 217
12577:
12574:
12572:, p. 215
12571:
12568:
12566:, p. 758
12565:
12562:
12559:
12556:
12554:, p. 269
12553:
12550:
12547:
12544:
12540:
12534:
12531:
12529:, p. 106
12528:
12527:Cunliffe 2019
12525:
12522:
12521:Cunliffe 2019
12519:
12516:
12513:
12511:, p. 120
12510:
12507:
12505:, p. 160
12504:
12501:
12499:, p. 148
12498:
12495:
12492:
12489:
12486:
12483:
12480:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12469:, p. 508
12468:
12465:
12463:, p. 181
12462:
12461:Harmatta 1996
12459:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:, p. 645
12445:
12442:
12440:, p. 643
12439:
12436:
12434:, p. 452
12433:
12430:
12428:, p. 197
12427:
12424:
12421:
12418:
12416:, p. 406
12415:
12412:
12410:, p. 132
12409:
12408:Phillips 1972
12406:
12405:
12401:
12394:
12389:
12382:
12377:
12375:
12366:
12361:, p. 20.
12360:
12355:
12348:
12343:
12336:
12331:
12322:, p. 750
12321:
12318:
12315:
12314:Cunliffe 2019
12312:
12310:, p. 213
12309:
12306:
12303:
12300:
12298:, p. 132
12297:
12296:Phillips 1972
12294:
12293:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12275:
12267:
12262:
12256:, p. 72.
12255:
12250:
12248:
12246:
12239:, p. 36.
12238:
12233:
12226:
12221:
12219:
12211:
12206:
12197:, p. 214
12196:
12193:
12191:, p. 264
12190:
12187:
12184:
12181:
12179:, p. 103
12178:
12175:
12173:, p. 101
12172:
12169:
12167:, p. 645
12166:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12152:
12145:
12140:
12133:
12128:
12121:
12116:
12109:
12104:
12102:
12100:
12092:
12087:
12078:, p. 219
12077:
12074:
12072:, p. 216
12071:
12068:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:, p. 645
12054:
12051:
12048:
12047:Brinkman 1991
12045:
12042:
12041:Brinkman 1991
12039:
12038:
12034:
12027:
12022:
12013:, p. 219
12012:
12009:
12007:, p. 757
12006:
12003:
12000:
11997:
11995:, p. 124
11994:
11991:
11990:
11986:
11980:, p. 46.
11979:
11974:
11968:, p. 45.
11967:
11962:
11960:
11950:, p. 215
11949:
11946:
11944:, p. 103
11943:
11940:
11937:
11934:
11932:, p. 645
11931:
11928:
11927:
11923:
11916:
11911:
11901:
11898:
11895:
11894:Cunliffe 2019
11892:
11890:, p. 160
11889:
11886:
11883:
11880:
11878:, p. 102
11877:
11874:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:, p. 559
11860:
11857:
11855:, p. 404
11854:
11851:
11849:, p. 402
11848:
11845:
11843:, p. 132
11842:
11841:Phillips 1972
11839:
11838:
11834:
11827:
11822:
11815:
11810:
11801:, p. 758
11800:
11797:
11795:, p. 215
11794:
11791:
11789:, p. 264
11788:
11785:
11782:
11779:
11777:, p. 160
11776:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11764:
11761:
11758:
11755:
11753:, p. 404
11752:
11749:
11746:
11743:
11742:
11738:
11731:
11726:
11724:
11716:
11711:
11705:, p. 44.
11704:
11699:
11697:
11689:
11684:
11677:
11672:
11662:
11659:
11657:, p. 264
11656:
11653:
11650:
11649:Cunliffe 2019
11647:
11644:
11641:
11639:, p. 643
11638:
11635:
11633:, p. 132
11632:
11631:Phillips 1972
11629:
11627:
11624:
11623:
11619:
11612:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11594:, p. 35.
11593:
11592:Cunliffe 2019
11588:
11581:
11576:
11567:, p. 559
11566:
11563:
11561:, p. 217
11560:
11557:
11553:
11547:
11544:
11541:
11540:Cunliffe 2019
11538:
11536:, p. 121
11535:
11532:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11521:
11515:, p. 79.
11514:
11509:
11507:
11499:
11498:Cunliffe 2019
11494:
11487:
11486:Grayson 1991c
11482:
11475:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11454:, p. 217
11453:
11450:
11448:, p. 757
11447:
11444:
11441:
11438:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11427:
11421:, p. 23.
11420:
11415:
11409:, p. 95.
11408:
11403:
11401:
11399:
11389:, p. 221
11388:
11385:
11383:, p. 217
11382:
11379:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:, p. 559
11365:
11362:
11359:
11358:Grousset 1970
11356:
11355:
11351:
11345:, p. 92.
11344:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11320:
11317:
11314:
11311:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11295:
11289:, p. 73.
11288:
11283:
11273:
11270:
11268:, p. 216
11267:
11264:
11262:, p. 214
11261:
11258:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11241:
11232:, p. 213
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:, p. 559
11220:
11217:
11215:, p. 136
11214:
11213:Phillips 1972
11211:
11208:
11207:Grousset 1970
11205:
11204:
11200:
11194:, p. 69.
11193:
11188:
11186:
11178:
11173:
11167:, p. 74.
11166:
11161:
11159:
11151:
11146:
11137:, p. 213
11136:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11119:, p. 106
11118:
11117:Cunliffe 2019
11115:
11112:
11111:Cunliffe 2019
11109:
11106:
11103:
11101:, p. 148
11100:
11097:
11094:
11091:
11088:
11085:
11082:
11079:
11077:, p. 181
11076:
11075:Harmatta 1996
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:, p. 559
11065:
11062:
11060:, p. 624
11059:
11056:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11044:
11042:, p. 196
11041:
11038:
11036:, p. 526
11035:
11034:Vaggione 1973
11032:
11030:, p. 132
11029:
11028:Phillips 1972
11026:
11023:
11022:Grousset 1970
11020:
11019:
11015:
11008:
11007:Phillips 1972
11003:
11001:
10993:
10988:
10981:
10976:
10974:
10966:
10961:
10955:, p. 65.
10954:
10949:
10940:, p. 214
10939:
10936:
10933:
10930:
10927:
10924:
10921:
10918:
10915:
10912:
10910:, p. 181
10909:
10908:Harmatta 1996
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:, p. 559
10886:
10883:
10881:, p. 145
10880:
10879:Grayson 1991c
10877:
10875:, p. 127
10874:
10873:Grayson 1991b
10871:
10869:, p. 427
10868:
10865:
10863:, p. 358
10862:
10859:
10856:
10853:
10851:, p. 131
10850:
10849:Phillips 1972
10847:
10846:
10842:
10835:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10818:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10807:
10800:, p. 82.
10799:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10783:, p. 63.
10782:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10755:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10738:
10733:
10727:, p. 85.
10726:
10721:
10711:
10708:
10706:, p. 564
10705:
10702:
10700:, p. 105
10699:
10696:
10694:, p. 358
10693:
10690:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10673:
10666:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10645:
10640:
10634:, p. 94.
10633:
10628:
10621:
10620:Grousset 1970
10616:
10609:
10604:
10594:
10591:
10589:, p. 509
10588:
10585:
10582:
10581:Jacobson 1995
10579:
10577:, p. 103
10576:
10573:
10571:, p. 294
10570:
10567:
10566:
10562:
10553:, p. 214
10552:
10549:
10546:
10543:
10541:, p. 264
10540:
10537:
10534:
10531:
10529:, p. 114
10528:
10527:Cunliffe 2019
10525:
10522:
10521:Cunliffe 2019
10519:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:, p. 148
10505:
10502:
10499:
10496:
10494:, p. 509
10493:
10490:
10488:, p. 564
10487:
10484:
10482:, p. 129
10481:
10480:Grayson 1991a
10478:
10476:, p. 359
10475:
10472:
10470:, p. 103
10469:
10466:
10464:, p. 131
10463:
10462:Phillips 1972
10460:
10458:, p. 294
10457:
10454:
10453:
10449:
10442:
10437:
10430:
10425:
10418:
10413:
10407:, p. 80.
10406:
10401:
10394:
10389:
10387:
10377:, p. 751
10376:
10373:
10371:, p. 214
10370:
10367:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10343:
10338:
10329:, p. 749
10328:
10325:
10322:
10319:
10316:
10313:
10311:, p. 517
10310:
10307:
10305:, p. 564
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10291:Grousset 1970
10289:
10288:
10284:
10277:
10272:
10265:
10260:
10254:, p. 68.
10253:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10240:
10232:
10227:
10220:
10215:
10208:
10203:
10196:
10191:
10185:, p. 71.
10184:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10165:
10160:
10154:, p. 87.
10153:
10148:
10139:, p. 214
10138:
10135:
10132:
10129:
10126:
10123:
10121:, p. 358
10120:
10117:
10116:
10112:
10105:
10100:
10098:
10088:, p. 747
10087:
10084:
10082:, p. 264
10081:
10078:
10075:
10072:
10069:
10066:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10055:
10046:, p. 214
10045:
10042:
10040:, p. 264
10039:
10036:
10033:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10018:
10016:, pp. 87
10015:
10012:
10010:, p. 128
10009:
10008:Grayson 1991a
10006:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9989:
9987:
9977:, p. 214
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9948:, p. 564
9947:
9944:
9942:, p. 128
9941:
9940:Grayson 1991a
9938:
9936:, p. 358
9935:
9932:
9930:, p. 101
9929:
9926:
9923:
9920:
9918:, p. 131
9917:
9916:Phillips 1972
9914:
9911:
9910:Grousset 1970
9908:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9891:
9884:
9879:
9877:
9869:
9864:
9857:
9852:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9825:, p. 169
9824:
9821:
9820:
9816:
9807:, p. 114
9806:
9803:
9801:, p. 103
9800:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9780:
9774:, p. 97.
9773:
9768:
9766:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9738:, p. 100
9737:
9734:
9731:
9728:
9726:, p. 131
9725:
9724:Phillips 1972
9722:
9720:, p. 129
9719:
9718:Phillips 1972
9716:
9713:
9712:Grousset 1970
9710:
9709:
9705:
9696:, p. 264
9695:
9692:
9689:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9657:
9651:, p. 92.
9650:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9631:
9626:
9620:, p. 64.
9619:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9602:
9597:
9595:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9568:
9559:, p. 750
9558:
9555:
9553:, p. 221
9552:
9549:
9547:, p. 263
9546:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9528:
9525:
9523:, p. 560
9522:
9519:
9518:
9514:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9473:, p. 70.
9472:
9467:
9465:
9457:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9439:, p. 33.
9438:
9437:Cunliffe 2019
9433:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9418:, p. 57.
9417:
9412:
9405:
9404:Phillips 1972
9400:
9398:
9391:, p. 67.
9390:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9369:, p. 116
9368:
9365:
9363:, p. 323
9362:
9359:
9357:, p. 263
9356:
9353:
9350:
9347:
9344:
9341:
9339:, p. 356
9338:
9335:
9333:, p. 559
9332:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9307:Grayson 1991a
9305:
9302:
9299:
9297:, p. 356
9296:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9257:, p. 66.
9256:
9251:
9249:
9241:
9236:
9234:
9227:, p. 42.
9226:
9221:
9215:, p. 37.
9214:
9209:
9202:
9197:
9191:, p. 23.
9190:
9185:
9178:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9155:, p. 43.
9154:
9149:
9147:
9139:
9134:
9128:, p. 22.
9127:
9122:
9116:, p. 30.
9115:
9110:
9101:, p. 211
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9081:Jacobson 1995
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9047:, p. 196
9046:
9043:
9041:, p. 131
9040:
9039:Phillips 1972
9037:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9020:
9011:, p. 211
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8964:, p. 211
8963:
8960:
8957:
8956:Cunliffe 2019
8954:
8951:
8948:
8945:
8942:
8940:, p. 148
8939:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8928:, p. 313
8927:
8924:
8922:, p. 310
8921:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8907:
8901:, p. 47.
8900:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8883:
8878:
8872:, p. 50.
8871:
8866:
8859:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8839:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8808:
8802:, p. 18.
8801:
8796:
8790:, p. 51.
8789:
8784:
8778:, p. 90.
8777:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8760:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8743:
8738:
8731:
8726:
8719:
8714:
8708:, p. 62.
8707:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8690:
8685:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8644:, p. 53.
8643:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8574:, p. 91.
8573:
8568:
8566:
8558:
8553:
8547:, p. 69.
8546:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8527:
8526:Cunliffe 2019
8522:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8491:
8490:Cunliffe 2019
8486:
8480:, p. 31.
8479:
8478:Cunliffe 2019
8474:
8472:
8470:
8462:
8461:Grayson 1991a
8457:
8455:
8448:, p. 65.
8447:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8422:
8421:Cunliffe 2019
8417:
8415:
8413:
8405:
8400:
8398:
8390:
8389:Cunliffe 2019
8385:
8383:
8373:, p. 211
8372:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8343:, p. 129
8342:
8341:Phillips 1972
8339:
8338:
8334:
8327:
8326:Grousset 1970
8322:
8320:
8313:, p. 91.
8312:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8289:
8284:
8277:
8272:
8270:
8262:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8236:, p. 84.
8235:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8217:, p. 43.
8216:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8198:, p. 96.
8197:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8179:, p. 83.
8178:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8154:, p. 60.
8153:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8114:, p. 99.
8113:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8092:
8091:Cunliffe 2019
8087:
8085:
8077:
8076:Grousset 1970
8072:
8066:, p. 36.
8065:
8064:Jacobson 1995
8060:
8058:
8050:
8049:Cunliffe 2019
8045:
8038:
8033:
8026:
8021:
8015:, p. 30.
8014:
8013:Cunliffe 2019
8009:
8007:
8005:
7997:
7992:
7990:
7982:
7977:
7970:
7965:
7958:
7957:Cunliffe 2019
7953:
7951:
7944:, p. 46.
7943:
7942:Jacobson 1995
7938:
7932:, p. 81.
7931:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7915:, p. 93.
7914:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7890:, p. 86.
7889:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7866:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7848:, p. 80.
7847:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7831:, p. 95.
7830:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7808:, p. 94.
7807:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7787:, p. 76.
7786:
7781:
7779:
7771:
7770:Petrenko 1995
7766:
7764:
7762:
7754:
7753:Phillips 1972
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7735:
7734:Cunliffe 2019
7730:
7723:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7698:
7697:Jacobson 1995
7693:
7691:
7683:
7682:Cunliffe 2019
7678:
7676:
7668:
7667:Cunliffe 2019
7663:
7656:
7655:Cunliffe 2019
7651:
7649:
7641:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7593:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7558:
7557:Cunliffe 2019
7553:
7546:
7545:Cunliffe 2019
7541:
7531:
7530:Cunliffe 2019
7528:
7526:, p. 106
7525:
7524:Cunliffe 2019
7522:
7520:, p. 130
7519:
7516:
7514:, p. 102
7513:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7497:Petrenko 1995
7493:
7487:, p. 27.
7486:
7481:
7479:
7471:
7466:
7464:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7438:
7436:, p. 119
7435:
7432:
7430:, p. 148
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7397:, p. 16.
7396:
7395:van Loon 1966
7391:
7385:, p. 61.
7384:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7366:, p. 98.
7365:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7326:, p. 517
7325:
7322:
7319:
7318:Harmatta 1996
7316:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7284:, p. 94.
7283:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7249:Phillips 1972
7245:
7236:, p. 211
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7201:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7179:"Darius I 31"
7174:
7172:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7150:"Xerxes I 12"
7145:
7143:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7112:, p. 93.
7111:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7090:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7038:Harmatta 1996
7034:
7032:
7030:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6853:Aržan culture
6850:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6740:
6735:
6733:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6683:
6682:galaktophagoi
6677:
6668:
6667:Ancient Greek
6663:
6657:
6648:
6647:Ancient Greek
6641:Equestrianism
6638:
6635:
6621:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6575:
6572:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6545:
6543:
6521:
6516:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6480:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6389:
6377:
6363:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6281:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:Linguist List
6166:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:Indo-European
6099:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6030:Iranic people
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:Transcaucasia
5983:
5979:
5974:
5960:
5946:
5930:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5851:Crimean Tatar
5848:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5804:, a novel by
5803:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5774:, created by
5773:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:Tudor Parfitt
5753:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5719:pseudohistory
5716:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5686:
5676:winter people
5660:
5659:Ancient Greek
5655:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5627:
5626:Ancient Greek
5622:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:in the north;
5541:
5538:) located in
5536:
5530:
5521:
5520:Ancient Greek
5517:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:Magna Graecia
5482:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5438:Ancient Greek
5434:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5416:Ancient Greek
5412:
5407:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5351:
5342:
5341:Ancient Greek
5338:
5334:
5328:
5322:χωρη Κιμμερια
5319:
5318:Ancient Greek
5315:
5311:
5305:
5296:
5295:Ancient Greek
5292:
5288:
5282:
5273:
5272:Ancient Greek
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:city of Tyras
5254:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5041:
5035:
5026:
5025:Ancient Greek
5018:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4980:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4922:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4874:
4872:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4755: 638 BC
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729: 635 BC
4722:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4699: 635 BC
4684:
4682:
4677:
4668:
4664:
4660: 625 BC
4655: –
4641:
4637: 640 BC
4624:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609: 641 BC
4591:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4483:tribe of the
4482:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4346: 657 BC
4327:
4324: 662 BC
4316:
4314:
4309:
4306: 660 BC
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253: 665 BC
4245:
4243:
4239:
4215:
4212: 650 BC
4197:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182: 750 BC
4176:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4103: 669 BC
4089:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4042:
4021: 670 BC
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:, whose king
3989:
3985:
3980: 675 BC
3968:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:Warpalawas II
3950:
3946:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3902: 667 BC
3895: 669 BC
3888:
3885: 669 BC
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3851: 669 BC
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:Šērūʾa-ēṭirat
3827:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:Koban culture
3804:
3800:
3797: 675 BC
3790: 675 BC
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3761:
3756: 677 BC
3742:
3740:
3739:Haftavan Tepe
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:, such as at
3720:
3714: 645 BC
3709: –
3696:
3692:
3691:Mount Sabalan
3687:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3619: 680 BC
3612:
3608: 650 BC
3603: –
3590:
3580:
3571:
3570:territories.
3567:
3540:
3534: 600 BC
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3504: 700 BC
3498:
3497:Caspian Gates
3494:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301: 685 BC
3290:
3284:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3161:
3158: 700 BC
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3080:steppe nomads
3077:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:in the east.
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:Syrian Desert
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2873:
2870: 600 BC
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840: 750 BC
2828:
2825: 700 BC
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2742:Ancient Greek
2739:
2735:
2729:
2723:χωρη Κιμμερια
2720:
2719:Ancient Greek
2716:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2696:Ancient Greek
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:equestrianism
2614:
2612:
2611:Aržan culture
2601:
2597:
2596:Kuban culture
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:-like carved
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:Central Asian
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:Broader usage
2350:
2345:
2341:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2191:according to
2190:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2172:Ancient Greek
2168:
2164:
2159:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:J. P. Mallory
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:Reconstructed
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:Insular Celts
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:Indo-Iranians
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:Pontic Steppe
1117:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
957:
956:Kurgan stelae
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
939:Pontic Steppe
933:
930:
929:
923:
922:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
881:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
857:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
739:
738:
730:
729:Proto-Iranian
726:
723:
720:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Daco-Thracian
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
557:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:Reconstructed
523:
522:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
433:
429:
428:
427:
424:
419:
415:
412:
408:
405:
401:
400:
399:
396:
391:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
367:
363:
360:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
341:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
307:
306:
302:
298:
297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
282:
281:
261:
259:
256:
255:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
222:
221:
218:
215:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:
161:
158:
155:
149:
146:
143:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
79:
74:
67:
60:
56:
52:
50:
33:
19:
17676:
17669:Lewis, D. M.
17629:
17604:
17592:. Retrieved
17587:
17581:
17559:
17546:. Retrieved
17526:
17520:
17507:
17503:
17487:. Retrieved
17457:
17453:
17437:. Retrieved
17432:
17428:
17424:
17390:
17387:"Cimmerians"
17368:. Retrieved
17352:
17348:
17342:
17303:
17245:
17226:. Retrieved
17198:
17192:
17173:. Retrieved
17153:
17149:
17133:. Retrieved
17113:
17107:
17091:. Retrieved
17071:
17065:
17049:. Retrieved
17029:
17023:
17007:. Retrieved
16987:
16981:
16950:
16911:
16907:
16886:
16858:
16827:
16792:
16752:
16739:. Retrieved
16727:
16695:
16652:
16609:
16605:Sinor, Denis
16566:
16508:
16493:. Retrieved
16486:the original
16473:
16432:: eaat4457.
16425:
16419:
16384:
16361:. Retrieved
16347:
16312:
16306:
16271:
16259:. Retrieved
16237:
16218:. Retrieved
16206:
16200:
16145:
16130:. Retrieved
16118:
16112:
16078:
16073:
16038:
16015:. Retrieved
15995:
15991:
15987:
15945:
15940:
15901:
15834:
15772:
15729:
15690:
15639:
15588:
15537:
15498:
15482:. Retrieved
15473:(1): 64–89.
15470:
15464:
15423:
15404:. Retrieved
15399:
15395:
15379:. Retrieved
15357:
15338:. Retrieved
15316:
15293:. Retrieved
15273:
15269:
15234:
15219:. Retrieved
15214:
15175:
15152:. Retrieved
15148:
15109:
15058:
15019:
14985:
14982:Batty, Roger
14947:
14893:
14843:
14828:. Retrieved
14824:
14808:. Retrieved
14804:
14769:
14737:
14684:
14672:
14660:
14648:
14636:
14624:
14612:
14600:
14588:
14576:
14549:
14537:
14525:
14513:
14506:Vitchak 1999
14501:
14489:
14477:
14446:
14419:
14407:
14399:, p. 61
14393:, p. 18
14381:, p. 33
14371:
14318:, p. 51
14308:
14279:
14267:
14260:Barnett 1982
14255:
14243:
14214:
14202:
14195:Parfitt 2003
14190:
14183:Parfitt 2003
14178:
14166:
14154:
14127:
14115:
14048:
14036:
14009:
13997:
13983:, p. 60
13965:, p. 30
13944:
13932:
13905:
13893:
13866:
13854:
13840:, p. 38
13823:, p. 92
13813:
13801:
13787:, p. 35
13781:, p. 70
13765:
13757:, p. 34
13751:, p. 62
13745:, p. 96
13729:
13717:
13705:
13693:
13686:Hammond 1982
13681:
13669:
13657:
13645:
13633:
13572:
13560:
13533:
13521:
13509:
13482:, p. 25
13480:de Boer 2021
13459:, p. 92
13432:
13420:
13395:, p. 45
13393:de Boer 2006
13360:, p. 95
13344:
13317:
13312:, p. 9.
13305:
13278:
13266:
13239:
13227:
13215:
13189:, p. 63
13168:
13124:, p. 72
13118:, p. 63
13106:, p. 39
13090:
13082:, p. 33
13076:, p. 63
13050:Hawkins 1982
13030:
13018:
13006:
12972:Hawkins 1982
12964:
12952:
12914:, p. 33
12908:, p. 71
12881:
12867:, p. 35
12845:
12833:
12810:de Boer 2021
12806:, p. 35
12800:, p. 33
12782:, p. 45
12780:de Boer 2006
12776:, p. 19
12770:, p. 82
12736:
12719:de Boer 2021
12715:, p. 70
12709:, p. 19
12670:
12658:
12614:, p. 36
12598:
12586:
12535:, p. 20
12533:de Boer 2021
12523:, p. 33
12517:, p. 71
12491:de Boer 2006
12487:, p. 19
12481:, p. 39
12475:, p. 92
12444:Mellink 1991
12438:Mellink 1991
12432:Hawkins 1982
12422:, p. 36
12400:
12388:
12359:de Boer 2021
12354:
12342:
12335:de Boer 2006
12330:
12316:, p. 33
12288:
12261:
12232:
12225:Mellink 1991
12205:
12165:Mellink 1991
12161:, p. 36
12151:
12139:
12127:
12115:
12086:
12053:Mellink 1991
12049:, p. 53
12043:, p. 53
12033:
12021:
12001:, p. 71
11985:
11978:de Boer 2006
11973:
11966:de Boer 2006
11938:, p. 98
11930:Mellink 1991
11922:
11910:
11896:, p. 33
11884:, p. 92
11833:
11826:de Boer 2006
11821:
11814:de Boer 2006
11809:
11783:, p. 71
11771:, p. 39
11757:Mellink 1991
11737:
11710:
11703:de Boer 2006
11688:Hawkins 1982
11683:
11671:
11651:, p. 33
11645:, p. 92
11637:Mellink 1991
11618:
11587:
11575:
11548:, p. 22
11546:de Boer 2021
11542:, p. 37
11530:, p. 68
11520:
11493:
11481:
11442:, p. 70
11436:, p. 63
11426:
11414:
11377:, p. 69
11350:
11321:, p. 92
11315:, p. 74
11309:, p. 68
11294:
11282:
11256:, p. 64
11240:
11199:
11172:
11150:Mellink 1991
11145:
11113:, p. 33
11107:, p. 67
11095:, p. 44
11093:de Boer 2006
11089:, p. 38
11083:, p. 92
11058:Mellink 1991
11054:, p. 20
11048:, p. 95
11014:
10987:
10960:
10948:
10934:, p. 63
10928:, p. 44
10926:de Boer 2006
10922:, p. 19
10916:, p. 38
10867:Hawkins 1982
10861:Barnett 1982
10857:, p. 95
10841:
10817:Summers 2023
10732:
10720:
10712:, p. 85
10692:Barnett 1982
10684:
10672:
10639:
10627:
10615:
10603:
10583:, p. 33
10561:
10535:, p. 66
10523:, p. 33
10474:Barnett 1982
10448:
10436:
10424:
10412:
10400:
10359:, p. 91
10349:
10337:
10323:, p. 63
10299:, p. 97
10283:
10271:
10259:
10226:
10219:Barnett 1982
10214:
10207:Barnett 1982
10202:
10190:
10159:
10147:
10119:Barnett 1982
10111:
10104:Barnett 1982
10076:, p. 69
10070:, p. 87
10064:, p. 97
10054:
10028:, p. 61
10022:, p. 40
10000:
9966:, p. 68
9960:, p. 63
9954:, p. 79
9934:Barnett 1982
9924:, p. 97
9902:
9890:
9863:
9851:
9843:, p. 62
9837:, p. 23
9831:, p. 19
9815:
9795:, p. 99
9789:, p. 96
9779:
9756:, p. 60
9750:, p. 83
9744:, p. 19
9732:, p. 52
9704:
9690:, p. 92
9684:, p. 82
9678:, p. 86
9668:
9656:
9625:
9576:
9567:
9541:, p. 65
9535:, p. 62
9529:, p. 86
9513:
9505:, p. 63
9499:, p. 55
9488:, p. 95
9478:
9411:
9367:Summers 2023
9351:, p. 67
9345:, p. 54
9337:Barnett 1982
9323:
9315:, p. 67
9309:, p. 92
9301:Hawkins 1982
9295:Barnett 1982
9287:
9240:Barnett 1982
9220:
9208:
9196:
9184:
9172:
9160:
9133:
9121:
9109:
9089:, p. 66
9083:, p. 33
9077:, p. 53
9065:, p. 19
9053:, p. 95
9031:
9019:
9005:, p. 66
8999:, p. 91
8993:, p. 19
8972:
8958:, p. 32
8952:, p. 38
8934:, p. 18
8906:
8877:
8865:
8840:, p. 66
8834:, p. 91
8828:, p. 47
8817:, p. 95
8807:
8795:
8783:
8737:
8725:
8713:
8684:
8676:, p. 91
8670:, p. 83
8664:, p. 75
8649:
8624:, p. 62
8618:, p. 95
8612:, p. 86
8596:
8589:Barnett 1982
8552:
8521:
8509:
8497:
8485:
8367:, p. 91
8361:, p. 83
8355:, p. 93
8349:, p. 51
8333:
8328:, p. 8.
8283:
8071:
8044:
8032:
8020:
7976:
7964:
7937:
7772:, p. 8.
7729:
7662:
7618:
7552:
7540:
7504:
7499:, p. 5.
7492:
7450:
7442:, p. 60
7418:, p. 37
7412:, p. 72
7402:
7390:
7314:, p. 51
7304:
7261:Barnett 1975
7256:
7244:
7230:, p. 62
7224:, p. 93
7218:, p. 23
7182:
7153:
7126:
7117:
7089:Parpola 1970
7084:
7072:
7045:
6969:
6916:(679-640 BC)
6897:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6863:In West Asia
6857:
6849:Central Asia
6846:
6839:
6832:
6785:
6783:
6748:
6736:
6729:
6713:
6701:
6693:
6671:γαλακτοφαγοι
6644:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6573:
6570:
6562:
6554:
6551:
6538:
6473:𒁹𒊓𒀭𒁖𒆳𒊒
6347:"divine dog"
6247:
6240:
6221:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6156:
6126:
6107:Indo-Iranian
6042:
6038:
6027:
6007:
5941:
5933:In West Asia
5924:
5916:Lake Maeotis
5913:
5905:Kuban steppe
5890:
5861:
5818:Isaac Asimov
5816:
5796:
5788:Hyborian Age
5769:
5760:
5709:
5692:
5684:
5500:Lake Avernus
5461:
5454:
5403:
5394:
5386:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5265:
5258:
5239:
5223:
5220:
5186:
5151:
5149:sets there.
5116:
5072:
5065:
5005:Hebrew Bible
5002:
4916:
4912:
4880:
4877:In West Asia
4868:
4834:
4807:
4804:
4795:
4788:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4723:
4716:
4705:Final defeat
4685:
4678:
4674:
4665:
4642:
4630:
4596:
4545:
4532:
4505:
4471:
4454:
4446:
4435:
4424:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4390:
4355:
4333:
4317:
4310:
4293:
4269:
4257:
4246:
4221:
4198:
4190:
4160:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4111:
4091:And between
4090:
4083:
4080:
4060:
4015:
4000:
3974:
3965:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3910:Ashurbanipal
3906:
3889:
3859:
3838:
3834:
3822:
3805:
3801:
3783:
3743:
3688:
3677:
3639:
3631:
3613:
3585:
3568:
3546:𒆳𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
3539:māt Iškuzaya
3508:
3490:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3443:the ancient
3437:
3420:𒇽𒅔𒁕𒊒𒀀𒀀
3397:
3390:and arrows.
3388:
3379:
3367:
3353:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3285:
3281:
3248:
3237:
3227:
3195:
3162:
3129:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3073:
3062:
2978:
2931:
2897:through the
2879:
2876:In West Asia
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2809:in southern
2804:
2800:
2792:
2776:
2763:
2685:
2669:
2661:Araxes river
2653:Ciscaucasian
2650:
2638:
2615:
2607:
2589:Animal Style
2536:
2521:
2502:
2486:
2459:
2446:Sauromatians
2424:
2399:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2307:𒇽𒄀𒂆𒊏𒀀𒀀
2281:
2154:
2140:Graeco-Roman
2136:Neo-Assyrian
2133:
2100:
2098:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2022:Publications
2021:
2007:
1988:
1942:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:Paleo-Balkan
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1725:
1724:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1637:
1620:Greater Iran
1613:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1493:Paleo-Balkan
1472:
1458:Celtiberians
1437:
1436:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1241:
1240:
1183:
1182:
1160:
1159:
1122:
1121:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
974:Bug–Dniester
938:
937:
803:Gothic Bible
719:Proto-Baltic
715:Proto-Slavic
700:Proto-Italic
696:Proto-Celtic
659:
614:
602:Italo-Celtic
597:Indo-Hittite
587:Graeco-Aryan
560:Hypothetical
559:
524:
459:Paleo-Balkan
441:
398:Indo-Iranian
353:Balto-Slavic
326:
199:Succeeded by
198:
193:
46:
17673:Ostwald, M.
17359:: 107–128.
17207:Switzerland
17074:: 133–147.
16908:Die Skythen
16766:Eisenbrauns
16547:Mellink, M.
16349:Daily Sabah
16280:Netherlands
16234:"Scythians"
16047:Netherlands
15964:(Germany).
15295:10 November
15276:: 151–166.
15164:Cook, J. M.
15028:Netherlands
15012:Bouzek, Jan
14882:Gadd, C. J.
14713:Keskin 2023
14708:Carola 2023
14607:, Table S2.
14554:Bouzek 2001
14340:Bouzek 2001
14207:Asimov 1991
13838:Bouzek 2001
13337:Bouzek 2001
13104:Bouzek 2001
12891:, p. 8
12744:Graham 1982
12479:Bouzek 2001
11769:Bouzek 2001
11580:Graham 1982
11360:, p. 8
11209:, p. 8
11087:Bouzek 2001
11024:, p. 8
10914:Bouzek 2001
10293:, p. 8
10020:Bouzek 2001
9912:, p. 8
9714:, p. 8
8950:Bouzek 2001
8215:Bouzek 2001
7416:Bouzek 2001
7336:Bouzek 2001
6950:Umman Manda
6920:Sandakšatru
6814:Archaeology
6720:Sandakšatru
6662:hippēmolgoi
6506:Sandakšatru
6466:Sandakšatru
6414: [
6403:*Duγδamaiši
5959:māt Gamirra
5927:Tyras river
5893:Caspian Sea
5782:Weird Tales
5744:antisemitic
5596:Strabo and
5253:Tyras river
5169:Aethiopians
5108:In Homer's
5075:Konya Plain
4830:Siropaiones
4822:Axios river
4766:Halys river
4681:Sandakšatru
4472:Around the
4444:in 653 BC.
4385:šar-kiššati
4363:šar-kiššati
4289:Karōn Limēn
4273:Borysthenēs
4227: 670s
4119:Paphlagonia
3949:Konya Plain
3926:In Anatolia
3771:Mount Bikni
3723:Rusāipatari
3527:Muğan plain
3493:Caspian Sea
3455:Oguz people
3356:Sennacherib
3348:Sennacherib
3255:Sennacherib
3206:Lake Çıldır
3140:Cyrus river
3112:mercenaries
3107:Paphlagonia
2946:Sennacherib
2910: [
2657:Caspian Sea
2565:Inner Asian
2493:Ciscaucasia
2489:transhumant
2212: [
1900:Continental
1893:Anglo-Saxon
1596:Middle Ages
1546:Middle Ages
1401:Indo-Aryans
1394:Indo-Aryans
1201:Bell Beaker
1196:Corded ware
1092:Corded ware
981:Sredny Stog
926:Archaeology
706:Proto-Greek
686:Proto-Norse
194:Preceded by
169:Sandakšatru
17721:Cimmerians
17715:Categories
17510:: 223–239.
17175:2 November
17135:25 October
17093:2 November
17009:5 November
16495:5 December
16373:Kõiv, Mait
16317:Cell Press
15831:Thapar, R.
15827:Obenga, T.
15340:14 October
14697:Adalı 2023
14617:Adalı 2023
14530:Novák 2013
14482:Novák 2013
14397:Adalı 2017
13981:Adalı 2017
13791:Adalı 2023
13749:Adalı 2017
13710:Adalı 2017
13698:Fuchs 2023
13638:Adalı 2017
13626:Adalı 2017
13611:Adalı 2017
13553:Adalı 2023
13514:Fuchs 2023
13499:Adalı 2023
13469:Adalı 2017
13410:Fuchs 2023
13283:Adalı 2017
13259:Adalı 2023
13205:Fuchs 2023
13199:Adalı 2023
13187:Adalı 2017
13158:Fuchs 2023
13152:Adalı 2023
13146:Adalı 2023
13140:Adalı 2023
13122:Adalı 2017
13116:Adalı 2017
13074:Adalı 2017
13023:Adalı 2023
13011:Fuchs 2023
12996:Adalı 2023
12990:Fuchs 2023
12942:Adalı 2023
12936:Adalı 2023
12930:Fuchs 2023
12906:Adalı 2017
12871:Adalı 2023
12823:Adalı 2023
12713:Adalı 2017
12663:Adalı 2023
12648:Adalı 2023
12642:Fuchs 2023
12612:Braun 1982
12576:Adalı 2023
12570:Adalı 2023
12564:Fuchs 2023
12515:Adalı 2017
12420:Braun 1982
12320:Fuchs 2023
12308:Adalı 2023
12281:Adalı 2023
12254:Adalı 2017
12237:Braun 1982
12195:Adalı 2023
12183:Fuchs 2023
12159:Braun 1982
12120:Adalı 2023
12076:Adalı 2023
12070:Adalı 2023
12011:Adalı 2023
12005:Fuchs 2023
11999:Adalı 2017
11948:Adalı 2023
11915:Adalı 2023
11799:Fuchs 2023
11793:Adalı 2023
11781:Adalı 2017
11661:Adalı 2023
11611:Adalı 2023
11559:Adalı 2023
11474:Adalı 2023
11452:Adalı 2023
11446:Fuchs 2023
11440:Adalı 2017
11434:Adalı 2017
11387:Adalı 2023
11381:Adalı 2023
11272:Adalı 2023
11266:Adalı 2023
11260:Adalı 2023
11254:Adalı 2017
11230:Adalı 2023
11135:Adalı 2023
11105:Adalı 2017
11052:Young 1988
10965:Adalı 2023
10938:Adalı 2023
10932:Adalı 2017
10834:Adalı 2023
10781:Adalı 2017
10754:Fuchs 2023
10737:Fuchs 2023
10665:Adalı 2023
10551:Adalı 2023
10545:Fuchs 2023
10393:Fuchs 2023
10375:Fuchs 2023
10369:Adalı 2023
10327:Fuchs 2023
10321:Adalı 2017
10252:Adalı 2017
10183:Adalı 2017
10164:Fuchs 2023
10137:Adalı 2023
10131:Fuchs 2023
10086:Fuchs 2023
10074:Adalı 2017
10044:Adalı 2023
10032:Fuchs 2023
10026:Adalı 2017
9993:Fuchs 2023
9975:Adalı 2023
9964:Adalı 2017
9958:Adalı 2017
9883:Fuchs 2023
9841:Adalı 2017
9754:Adalı 2017
9661:Adalı 2017
9630:Adalı 2017
9618:Adalı 2017
9601:Adalı 2017
9557:Fuchs 2023
9551:Adalı 2023
9539:Adalı 2017
9533:Adalı 2017
9471:Adalı 2017
9389:Adalı 2017
9361:Adalı 2023
9349:Adalı 2017
9313:Adalı 2017
9280:Adalı 2023
9255:Adalı 2017
9099:Adalı 2023
9087:Adalı 2017
9009:Adalı 2023
9003:Adalı 2017
8962:Adalı 2023
8858:Fuchs 2023
8838:Adalı 2017
8759:Adalı 2023
8706:Adalı 2017
8622:Adalı 2017
8545:Adalı 2017
8446:Adalı 2017
8404:Adalı 2017
8371:Adalı 2023
8152:Adalı 2017
8133:Adalı 2023
7969:Batty 2007
7623:Batty 2007
7440:Adalı 2017
7383:Adalı 2017
7234:Adalı 2023
7228:Adalı 2017
6956:References
6910:(?-679 BC)
6796:R1a2c-B111
6651:ιππημολγοι
6625:𒇽𒂗𒌷𒈨𒌍
6613:city-lords
6589:equestrian
6567:Assemblies
6542:Oguz Turks
6492:Old Iranic
6484:Sandakurru
6423:*Dugdamiya
6369:𒁹𒌇𒁮𒈨𒄿
6287:𒁹𒋼𒍑𒉺𒀀
6016:and later
5982:Lake Sevan
5734:Protestant
5654:Kheimerioi
5540:Hyperborea
5502:in Italy:
5428:Cimmericum
5420:Κιμμερικον
5411:Kimmerikon
5198:Arimaspeia
5079:Cappadocia
4890:, and the
4886:, various
4692: 637
4653: 645
4602: 644
4564:Artemision
4512:Lycaonians
4358:divination
4299: 665
4229:and early
4205: 700
4096: 672
4046:𒇽𒂗𒌷𒈨𒌍
4034:city-lords
4011:Cappadocia
3878: 671
3844: 672
3760:Esarhaddon
3749: 680
3735:Lake Urmia
3727:Teišebaini
3707: 685
3647:Bīt-Ḫambān
3601: 675
3523:Mingəçevir
3289:Argišti II
3275: 735
3210:Lake Sevan
3151: 750
2863: 750
2818: 750
2784:Massagetae
2581:deer stone
2481:Bronze Age
2450:Sarmatians
2390:See also:
2299:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒀀𒀀
2224:Old Iranic
2197:Old Iranic
2158:Cimmerians
2114:equestrian
2101:Cimmerians
2008:Institutes
1928:Lithuanian
1682:Indo-Aryan
1668:Historical
1602:Indo-Aryan
1559:Tocharians
1473:Cimmerians
1351:Bronze Age
1242:South Asia
1116:Bronze Age
1054:Afanasievo
858:Mainstream
622:Vocabulary
542:Sound laws
404:Indo-Aryan
119:Government
70:Cimmerians
17685:Cambridge
17594:27 August
17548:22 August
17489:14 August
17484:245898469
17435:: 607–612
17312:Cambridge
17254:Cambridge
17156:: 49–57.
17051:10 August
17046:170768431
16741:28 August
16700:Cambridge
16615:Cambridge
16575:Cambridge
16529:Routledge
16363:15 August
16220:24 August
16132:17 August
15982:(1993b).
15958:Göttingen
15938:(1993a).
15910:Cambridge
15863:Routledge
15823:Lonis, R.
15781:Cambridge
15699:Cambridge
15648:Cambridge
15597:Cambridge
15546:Cambridge
15430:Cambridge
15290:165043567
15184:Cambridge
15154:15 August
15118:Cambridge
15067:Cambridge
14956:Cambridge
14902:Cambridge
14830:15 August
14825:Arkeonews
14810:15 August
14805:Arkeonews
14742:Cambridge
14041:Kõiv 2022
14029:Kõiv 2022
13987:Kõiv 2022
13493:Kõiv 2022
13271:Dale 2015
13193:Kõiv 2022
13134:Kõiv 2022
13128:Kõiv 2022
12924:Kõiv 2022
12684:Cook 1982
12636:Kõiv 2022
12630:Kõiv 2022
12624:Kõiv 2022
12558:Kõiv 2022
12552:Kõiv 2022
12546:Kõiv 2022
12503:Dale 2015
12426:Cook 1982
12347:Kõiv 2022
12189:Kõiv 2022
11900:Kõiv 2022
11888:Dale 2015
11787:Kõiv 2022
11775:Dale 2015
11676:Cook 1982
11655:Kõiv 2022
11177:Kõiv 2022
11129:Kõiv 2022
11123:Kõiv 2022
11040:Cook 1982
10539:Kõiv 2022
10080:Kõiv 2022
10038:Kõiv 2022
9694:Kõiv 2022
9545:Kõiv 2022
9355:Kõiv 2022
9201:Kõiv 2022
9093:Kõiv 2022
9045:Cook 1982
8718:Kõiv 2022
8557:Kõiv 2022
6961:Citations
6940:Agathyrsi
6676:romanized
6656:romanized
6634:bēl ālāni
6578:Lifestyle
6497:Sandakuru
6344:Daiva-spā
6326:Taiu-aspa
6305:Tavispaya
6250:Anatolian
6217:Scythians
6211:group of
6186:Glottolog
6151:ISO 639-3
6127:Cimmerian
6066:Cimmerian
6034:Scythians
6024:Ethnicity
5945:māt Gamir
5920:Agathyrsi
5823:Cimmerium
5712:racialist
5663:Χειμεριοι
5641:Kerberioi
5635:romanized
5630:Κερβεριοι
5546:Aeschylus
5529:romanized
5450:Cimmerius
5442:Κιμμεριος
5433:Kimmerios
5350:romanized
5327:romanized
5304:romanized
5281:romanized
5095:) in the
5043:), where
5034:romanized
4946:Scythians
4865:In Europe
4621:Batinētis
4613:Antandros
4411:Psamtik I
4055:bēl ālāni
4003:Phrygians
3870:Kār-Kaššî
3866:Kaštaritu
3815:culture.
3811:into the
3725:, and at
3672:Bīt-Akītī
3663:Lower Zab
3659:Ḫarrāniya
3627:Mannaeans
3482:In Mannai
3427:Indaruāya
3344:Sargon II
3259:Sargon II
3190:māt Gamir
2954:Euphrates
2942:Sargon II
2934:West Asia
2918:Sarmatian
2883:Scythians
2788:Issedones
2779:Scythians
2751:romanized
2728:romanized
2705:romanized
2681:Agathyrsi
2573:arrowhead
2524:Agathyrsi
2442:Scythians
2434:Southeast
2292:Gimirrāya
2269:Κιμμεριοι
2183:Κιμμεριοι
2176:Kimmerioi
2151:Etymology
2129:Scythians
1943:Practices
1762:Yarsanism
1572:Albanians
1552:East Asia
1539:Scythians
1531:Phrygians
1524:Paeonians
1517:Illyrians
1503:Thracians
1420:East Asia
1371:Armenians
1298:Hallstatt
1280:Chernoles
1221:Terramare
1211:Trzciniec
1178:Sintashta
1173:Andronovo
1074:Cernavodă
1047:East Asia
1002:Khvalynsk
742:Philology
652:Particles
538:Phonology
479:Liburnian
454:Tocharian
449:Anatolian
418:Nuristani
311:Languages
258:Scythians
98:Religion
18:Cimmerian
17675:(eds.).
17565:Istanbul
17419:(2007).
17385:(1991).
17187:(1954).
17170:40000130
17088:40001126
17025:Saeculum
16955:Berkeley
16949:(eds.).
16906:(2004).
16892:Kevelaer
16884:(1970).
16856:(2003).
16657:Berkeley
16651:(eds.).
16507:(2014).
16464:30417088
16375:(2022).
16354:Istanbul
16335:31303491
16261:8 August
16232:(2018).
16107:(2001).
16071:(2000).
16029:(1999).
16017:26 April
16012:23671794
15954:Fribourg
15900:(eds.).
15771:(eds.).
15727:(1970).
15536:(eds.).
15479:27100276
15381:8 August
15352:(2015).
15311:(2006).
15233:(2019).
15174:(eds.).
15057:(eds.).
14984:(2007).
14946:(eds.).
14892:(eds.).
14842:(1991).
6945:Sigynnae
6934:See also
6914:Dugdammî
6792:R1a-Z645
6745:Genetics
6710:Religion
6559:Kingship
6456:Dugdamis
6450:Lugdamis
6444:Tugdammî
6438:Dugdammî
6394:Δυγδαμις
6388:Dugdamis
6382:Λυγδαμις
6376:Lugdamis
6362:Dugdammî
6356:Tugdammî
6335:Taiu-spā
6273:𒁹𒋼𒍑𒉺
6258:Assyrian
6209:Scythian
6122:Scythian
6059:Language
6045:Thracian
6010:Anatolia
5966:𒆳𒂵𒂆𒊏
5882:Location
5865:'s song
5748:Edomites
5646:Cerberus
5618:and the
5591:Plutarch
5376:and the
5181:κεμμερος
5175:kemmeros
5143:Tiresias
5053:ʾAškənāz
4936:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒊑
4928:𒆳𒄀𒈪𒅕
4898:and the
4871:trousers
4828:and the
4826:Sintians
4818:Mygdonia
4741:Alyattes
4572:Colophon
4481:Thracian
4285:Kallatis
4115:Bithynia
4069:medimnoi
3826:Bartatua
3779:Bartatua
3719:Lake Van
3643:Parsuwaš
3635:Ḫubuškia
3623:Išpakāya
3525:and the
3466:Empire.
3411:Anatolia
3350:(right).
3084:Ossetian
3067:and the
3065:Anatolia
2665:Bosporus
2630:Caucasia
2624:and the
2528:Sigynnae
2474:Siberian
2405:Akkadian
2335:𒆳𒄀𒂆𒊑
2327:𒆳𒄀𒈪𒅕
2202:Gayamira
2167:Cimmerii
2103:were an
1989:Scholars
1887:Germanic
1858:Scottish
1823:Thracian
1817:Illyrian
1811:Albanian
1799:European
1792:Armenian
1776:Ossetian
1770:Scythian
1755:Yazidism
1705:Buddhism
1696:Hinduism
1587:Norsemen
1497:Anatolia
1414:Iranians
1407:Iranians
1388:Iron Age
1363:Hittites
1316:Colchian
1309:Caucasus
1267:Iron Age
1236:Lusatian
1231:Urnfield
1155:Srubnaya
1150:Poltavka
1140:Catacomb
1079:Cucuteni
1034:Caucasus
851:Religion
836:Homeland
778:Behistun
758:Linear B
647:Numerals
642:Pronouns
567:Balkanic
514:Thracian
507:Phrygian
500:Paeonian
486:Messapic
472:Illyrian
384:Hellenic
379:Germanic
348:Armenian
340:Albanian
334:Albanoid
285:a series
283:Part of
183:Iron Age
157:Dugdammî
122:Monarchy
92:Scythian
32:Cimmeria
17590:: 50–59
17543:3263121
17370:25 July
17351:].
17244:(ed.).
17228:4 April
17223:3249059
16920:Germany
16896:Germany
16864:Phoenix
16607:(ed.).
16455:6223350
16434:Bibcode
16393:Austria
16037:(ed.).
15994:].
15422:(ed.).
15406:29 July
15402:: 43–55
15313:"Media"
15018:(ed.).
14725:Sources
6979:Gimirri
6883:in the
6881:İmirler
6726:Warfare
6688:Odyssey
6678::
6658::
6607:
6520:-xšaθra
5998:Georgia
5990:Colchis
5831:toponym
5705:Jutland
5701:Britain
5696:Odyssey
5670:
5637::
5621:Odyssey
5531::
5470:Odyssey
5378:Cyclops
5374:Pelasgi
5352::
5329::
5306::
5283::
5193:Colchis
5160:fantasy
5155:Odyssey
5139:Oceanus
5129:Odyssey
5111:Odyssey
5084:Gamirkʿ
5077:and to
5036::
4957:
4921:Gimirri
4908:Lydians
4892:Mongols
4860:Ancient
4837:Illyria
4784:Lydians
4724:Around
4719:Lydians
4648:
4568:Ephesus
4516:Lydians
4508:Lycians
4442:Teumman
4394:kiššūtu
4371:
4277:Histria
4193:Cyzicus
4177:around
4175:Miletus
4163:ancient
4127:Cilicia
4028:
3996:Gordion
3988:Phrygia
3961:Ḫilakku
3945:Ḫubišna
3890:Around
3785:before
3731:Yerevan
3702:
3695:Rusa II
3667:Arbaʾil
3661:on the
3596:
3555:
3445:Xiongnu
3270:
3244:Muṣaṣir
3202:Diaueḫi
3168:
3136:Georgia
3132:Colchis
3006:Babylon
2991:Gordion
2987:Phrygia
2907:Klukhor
2811:Siberia
2753::
2730::
2707::
2561:Karasuk
2530:in the
2507:or the
2477:steppes
2468:due to
2421:Origins
2386:History
2320:Gimirri
2117:nomadic
2108:Eastern
2105:ancient
1921:Latvian
1879:Cornish
1749:Kurdish
1735:Persian
1727:Iranian
1719:Sikhism
1712:Jainism
1675:Hittite
1614:Iranian
1510:Dacians
1303:Jastorf
1226:Tumulus
1206:Únětice
1135:Yamnaya
1130:Chariot
1068:Usatovo
1009:Yamnaya
846:Society
830:Origins
763:Rigveda
615:Grammar
442:Extinct
432:Romance
411:Iranian
231:Phrygia
17699:
17648:
17634:Oxford
17569:Turkey
17541:
17482:
17472:
17439:28 May
17326:
17268:
17221:
17203:Ascona
17168:
17130:599752
17128:
17086:
17044:
17004:123971
17002:
16965:
16930:
16916:Munich
16870:
16842:
16832:Kraków
16807:
16797:Kraków
16772:
16714:
16667:
16629:
16589:
16535:
16513:London
16462:
16452:
16428:(10).
16403:
16389:Vienna
16358:Turkey
16333:
16315:(14).
16290:
16276:Leiden
16184:
16166:London
16093:
16087:Russia
16083:Moscow
16057:
16043:Leiden
16010:
15968:
15948:]
15924:
15873:
15867:UNESCO
15859:France
15839:London
15795:
15749:
15713:
15662:
15611:
15560:
15517:
15484:6 June
15477:
15444:
15288:
15270:Kadmos
15253:
15239:Oxford
15221:8 June
15198:
15132:
15081:
15038:
15024:Leiden
15000:
14990:Oxford
14970:
14916:
14862:
14788:
14774:London
14756:
6908:Teušpâ
6902:Rulers
6893:Samsun
6889:Turkey
6804:U5a1b1
6429:*dugda
6385:) and
6317:Teušpâ
6300:Iranic
6280:Teušpâ
6266:Teušpa
6112:Iranic
6071:Region
6049:Treres
6014:Mannai
5952:𒆳𒂵𒂆
5897:Araxēs
5845:Crimea
5828:Turkic
5689:Modern
5578:other.
5564:Cimbri
5211:Araxes
5147:Helios
5091:Գամիրք
5021:גֹּמֶר
5017:Hebrew
4855:Legacy
4849:Dodona
4845:Epirus
4810:Thrace
4733:Madyes
4617:Priene
4552:Aeolia
4526:hubris
4520:Sardis
4485:Treres
4479:, the
4438:Ishtar
4351:Levant
4313:Abydos
4287:, and
4265:Marduk
4186:Sinope
4166:Greeks
3957:Tuwana
3855:Šubria
3655:Anisus
3589:Aḫšēri
3515:Araxes
3452:Turkic
3374:Ḫarran
3263:Rusa I
3183:𒆳𒂵𒂆
3048:Mannai
3042:Ellipi
3029:Urartu
2950:Tigris
2905:, and
2903:Darial
2899:Alagir
2672:Hesiod
2585:stelae
2569:dagger
2448:, and
2430:Iranic
2355:גֹּמֶר
2344:Hebrew
2257:Gimĭr-
2250:Gimĕr-
2230:Gāmīra
2111:Iranic
1936:Slavic
1915:Baltic
1865:Breton
1845:Celtic
1829:Dacian
1785:Others
1565:Europe
1438:Europe
1432:Yuezhi
1286:Europe
1273:Steppe
1184:Europe
1041:Maykop
995:Samara
951:Kurgan
768:Avesta
550:Ablaut
546:Accent
493:Mysian
465:Dacian
426:Italic
374:Celtic
366:Slavic
359:Baltic
327:Extant
145:Teušpâ
130:
17624:. In
17539:JSTOR
17480:S2CID
17427:[
17355:(1).
17347:[
17219:JSTOR
17201:(3).
17166:JSTOR
17126:JSTOR
17084:JSTOR
17042:S2CID
17000:JSTOR
16910:[
16822:. In
16787:. In
16732:(PDF)
16489:(PDF)
16478:(PDF)
16379:. In
16077:[
16051:Brill
16033:. In
16008:JSTOR
15990:[
15950:(PDF)
15944:[
15855:Paris
15475:JSTOR
15286:S2CID
6922:(640-
6767:mtDNA
6755:Y-DNA
6716:Šanta
6513:Šanta
6495:*
6418:]
6342:*
6333:*
6324:*
6303:*
6277:) or
6230:into
6018:Media
5978:Kuros
5956:) or
5863:Manau
5856:qırım
5853:word
5842:name
5836:Qırım
5792:Gaels
5739:Cymry
5731:white
5614:Iliad
5492:Latin
5481:Cumae
5446:Latin
5424:Latin
5390:Media
5248:flee;
5135:Hades
5123:Homer
5068:Samos
5060:אשכנז
5046:Gōmer
5040:Gamer
5029:Γαμερ
5011:Gōmer
4940:) in
4904:Medes
4894:, in
4814:Edoni
4780:Medes
4556:Ionia
4548:Troad
4535:Ardys
4261:Aššur
4242:Gyges
4238:Lydia
4107:Melid
4086:Tabal
4007:Lydia
3992:Midas
3651:Zamuā
3519:Gəncə
3511:Cyrus
3476:Media
3370:Melid
3333:Tabal
3326:Midas
3240:Waysi
3198:Kulḫa
3055:Medes
3033:Ṭušpa
3012:Egypt
2998:Lydia
2914:]
2887:Alans
2557:Aržan
2553:Altai
2349:Gōmer
2255:*
2248:*
2237:Gmīra
2235:*
2228:*
2226:term
2216:]
2200:*
2163:Latin
1907:Norse
1872:Welsh
1851:Irish
1840:Roman
1835:Greek
1690:Vedic
1582:Slavs
1577:Balts
1451:Gauls
1445:Celts
1427:Wusun
1322:India
1098:Baden
798:Ogham
773:Homer
660:Other
637:Nouns
632:Verbs
390:Greek
244:Lydia
17697:ISBN
17646:ISBN
17596:2022
17550:2022
17491:2022
17470:ISBN
17441:2023
17372:2024
17324:ISBN
17266:ISBN
17230:2023
17177:2021
17137:2021
17095:2021
17053:2022
17011:2021
16963:ISBN
16928:ISBN
16868:ISBN
16840:ISBN
16805:ISBN
16770:ISBN
16743:2024
16712:ISBN
16665:ISBN
16627:ISBN
16587:ISBN
16533:ISBN
16497:2021
16460:PMID
16401:ISBN
16365:2024
16331:PMID
16288:ISBN
16263:2022
16222:2022
16182:ISBN
16134:2022
16091:ISBN
16055:ISBN
16019:2023
15966:ISBN
15922:ISBN
15871:ISBN
15793:ISBN
15747:ISBN
15711:ISBN
15660:ISBN
15609:ISBN
15558:ISBN
15515:ISBN
15486:2023
15442:ISBN
15408:2024
15383:2022
15342:2023
15297:2021
15251:ISBN
15223:2023
15196:ISBN
15156:2024
15130:ISBN
15079:ISBN
15036:ISBN
14998:ISBN
14968:ISBN
14914:ISBN
14860:ISBN
14832:2024
14812:2024
14786:ISBN
14754:ISBN
13486:help
12816:help
12725:help
12539:help
12365:help
11552:help
6822:and
6808:U2e2
6806:and
6794:and
6777:and
6763:Q1a1
6761:and
6604:lit.
6453:and
6441:and
6192:None
6157:None
5994:Gori
5703:and
5667:lit.
5167:and
4998:Huns
4982:and
4954:lit.
4950:Saka
4932:and
4906:and
4884:Huns
4782:and
4694:and
4615:and
4554:and
4431:Elam
4415:Sais
4368:lit.
4301:and
4263:and
4117:and
4098:and
4025:lit.
3846:and
3751:and
3657:and
3645:and
3552:lit.
3513:and
3200:and
3165:lit.
3144:Gori
3095:балц
3089:balc
3022:Susa
3018:Elam
2996:and
2952:and
2944:and
2891:Huns
2889:and
2820:and
2807:Tuva
2674:nor
2600:mace
2591:art;
2587:and
2577:bits
2571:and
2559:and
2436:and
2394:and
2342:and
2331:and
2303:and
2218:and
2146:Name
2099:The
1969:Yule
1960:Sati
1249:BMAC
627:Root
127:King
17609:doi
17531:doi
17508:124
17462:doi
17361:doi
17211:doi
17158:doi
17118:doi
17076:doi
17034:doi
16992:doi
16450:PMC
16442:doi
16321:doi
16211:doi
16123:doi
16000:doi
15996:210
15278:doi
6887:of
6800:H35
6781:.
6775:C5c
6771:H9a
6698:Art
6359:or
6291:):
6177:08i
6161:mis
6081:Era
5665:),
5483:in
5414:" (
5201:by
5184:).
5125:'s
4604:to
4566:of
4510:or
4413:of
4207:to
3955:of
3880:to
3868:of
3372:to
3304:).
3193:).
3153:to
2958:Que
2865:to
2346:as
2317:as
2289:as
2253:or
2233:or
1254:Yaz
114:(?)
109:(?)
104:(?)
17717::
17691::
17687:,
17679:.
17671:;
17667:;
17663:;
17640::
17636:,
17632:.
17607:.
17586:.
17567:,
17563:.
17537:.
17527:92
17525:.
17519:.
17506:.
17502:.
17478:.
17468:.
17456:.
17452:.
17407:;
17403::
17399:,
17395:.
17389:.
17353:50
17341:.
17318::
17314:,
17306:.
17298:;
17294:;
17290:;
17282:;
17260::
17256:,
17248:.
17217:.
17205:,
17199:17
17197:.
17191:.
17164:.
17154:15
17152:.
17148:.
17124:.
17114:98
17112:.
17106:.
17082:.
17072:13
17070:.
17064:.
17040:.
17030:28
16998:.
16986:.
16980:.
16957:,
16953:.
16926:.
16922::
16918:,
16894:,
16890:.
16866:.
16862:.
16834::
16830:.
16799::
16795:.
16764::
16760:,
16734:.
16706::
16702:,
16690:;
16686:;
16682:;
16659:,
16655:.
16621::
16617:,
16613:.
16581::
16577:,
16569:.
16561:;
16557:;
16553:;
16531:.
16527::
16523:,
16519:;
16515:,
16458:.
16448:.
16440:.
16424:.
16418:.
16395::
16391:,
16356:,
16352:.
16346:.
16329:.
16313:29
16311:.
16305:.
16286:.
16282::
16278:,
16274:.
16254:;
16250::
16246:,
16242:.
16236:.
16207:16
16176:;
16172::
16168:,
16164:;
16160:,
16156:;
16152:,
16148:.
16117:.
16111:.
16085:,
16049::
16045:,
16041:.
16006:.
15916::
15912:,
15904:.
15896:;
15892:;
15888:;
15865:;
15861::
15857:,
15853:;
15849:,
15845:;
15841:,
15829:;
15825:;
15817:;
15813:;
15787::
15783:,
15775:.
15767:;
15745:.
15741::
15737:,
15705::
15701:,
15693:.
15685:;
15681:;
15677:;
15654::
15650:,
15642:.
15634:;
15630:;
15626:;
15603::
15599:,
15591:.
15583:;
15579:;
15575:;
15552::
15548:,
15540:.
15532:;
15509::
15505:,
15471:70
15469:.
15463:.
15436::
15432:,
15400:42
15398:.
15394:.
15374:;
15370::
15366:,
15362:.
15356:.
15333:;
15329::
15325:,
15321:.
15315:.
15307:;
15284:.
15274:54
15272:.
15268:.
15249:.
15245::
15241:,
15237:.
15190::
15186:,
15178:.
15170:;
15147:.
15124::
15120:,
15112:.
15104:;
15100:;
15096:;
15073::
15069:,
15061:.
15053:;
15030::
15026:,
15022:.
14996:.
14992::
14988:.
14962::
14958:,
14950:.
14942:;
14938:;
14934:;
14908::
14904:,
14896:.
14888:;
14884:;
14880:;
14854::
14850:,
14846:.
14823:.
14803:.
14780::
14776:,
14748::
14744:,
14740:.
14561:^
14458:^
14431:^
14356:^
14291:^
14226:^
14139:^
14096:^
14077:^
14060:^
14021:^
13917:^
13878:^
13618:^
13599:^
13584:^
13545:^
13329:^
13290:^
13251:^
12373:^
12273:^
12244:^
12217:^
12098:^
11958:^
11722:^
11695:^
11599:^
11505:^
11462:^
11397:^
11329:^
11184:^
11157:^
10999:^
10972:^
10824:^
10805:^
10788:^
10761:^
10744:^
10651:^
10385:^
10238:^
10171:^
10096:^
9985:^
9875:^
9764:^
9637:^
9608:^
9593:^
9583:.
9579:.
9463:^
9444:^
9423:^
9396:^
9377:^
9262:^
9247:^
9232:^
9145:^
8889:^
8848:^
8766:^
8749:^
8696:^
8632:^
8579:^
8564:^
8533:^
8468:^
8453:^
8428:^
8411:^
8396:^
8381:^
8318:^
8295:^
8268:^
8241:^
8222:^
8203:^
8184:^
8159:^
8140:^
8119:^
8098:^
8083:^
8056:^
8003:^
7988:^
7949:^
7920:^
7895:^
7872:^
7853:^
7836:^
7813:^
7792:^
7777:^
7760:^
7741:^
7704:^
7689:^
7674:^
7647:^
7630:^
7599:^
7564:^
7477:^
7462:^
7371:^
7346:^
7289:^
7268:^
7199:^
7189:.
7185:.
7181:.
7170:^
7160:.
7156:.
7152:.
7141:^
7131:.
7125:.
7096:^
7057:^
7028:^
6987:^
6924:c.
6810:.
6802:,
6773:,
6722:.
6673:,
6669::
6653:,
6649::
6628:,
6622::
6487:.
6416:ru
6320::
6238:.
6020:.
6000:.
5911:.
5707:.
5661::
5632:,
5628::
5526:,
5522::
5494::
5459:.
5448::
5444:;
5440::
5426::
5422:;
5418::
5384:.
5359:).
5347:,
5343::
5336:),
5324:,
5320::
5313:),
5301:,
5297::
5290:),
5278:,
5274::
5099:.
5031:,
5027::
5023:;
5019::
4990:,
4976:,
4924::
4851:.
4832:.
4752:c.
4726:c.
4701:.
4696:c.
4689:c.
4657:c.
4650:c.
4646:r.
4634:c.
4606:c.
4599:c.
4550:,
4493:c.
4474:c.
4353:.
4343:c.
4336:c.
4326:.
4321:c.
4303:c.
4296:c.
4291:.
4283:,
4279:,
4275:,
4255:.
4250:c.
4231:c.
4224:c.
4214:.
4209:c.
4202:c.
4179:c.
4121:.
4109:.
4100:c.
4093:c.
4088:.
4049:,
4043::
4018:c.
3977:c.
3915:r.
3904:.
3899:c.
3892:c.
3882:c.
3875:c.
3848:c.
3841:c.
3794:c.
3787:c.
3765:r.
3753:c.
3746:c.
3711:c.
3704:c.
3700:r.
3686:.
3681:c.
3629:.
3616:c.
3605:c.
3598:c.
3594:r.
3550:,
3531:c.
3521:,
3501:c.
3478:.
3424:,
3401:r.
3361:r.
3298:c.
3294:r.
3272:c.
3268:r.
3230:c.
3212:.
3187:,
3160:.
3155:c.
3148:c.
2912:ru
2901:,
2885:,
2867:c.
2860:c.
2837:c.
2822:c.
2815:c.
2760:).
2748:,
2744::
2737:),
2725:,
2721::
2714:),
2702:,
2698::
2667:.
2636:.
2555:,
2519:.
2444:,
2382:.
2358:).
2339:);
2311:),
2214:ru
1366:)
717:·
698:·
548:,
544:,
540::
287:on
17705:.
17654:.
17615:.
17611::
17598:.
17588:5
17552:.
17533::
17493:.
17464::
17458:3
17443:.
17433:5
17411:.
17374:.
17363::
17332:.
17274:.
17232:.
17213::
17179:.
17160::
17139:.
17120::
17097:.
17078::
17055:.
17036::
17013:.
16994::
16988:4
16971:.
16936:.
16876:.
16848:.
16813:.
16778:.
16745:.
16720:.
16673:.
16635:.
16595:.
16541:.
16499:.
16466:.
16444::
16436::
16426:4
16409:.
16367:.
16337:.
16323::
16296:.
16265:.
16224:.
16213::
16190:.
16136:.
16125::
16119:7
16099:.
16063:.
16021:.
16002::
15974:.
15930:.
15879:.
15801:.
15755:.
15719:.
15668:.
15617:.
15566:.
15523:.
15488:.
15450:.
15410:.
15385:.
15344:.
15299:.
15280::
15259:.
15225:.
15204:.
15158:.
15138:.
15087:.
15044:.
15006:.
14976:.
14922:.
14868:.
14834:.
14814:.
14794:.
14762:.
14532:.
14274:.
14238:.
14173:.
13488:)
12818:)
12727:)
12541:)
12367:)
11554:)
10278:.
9587:.
8263:.
7263:.
7251:.
7193:.
7164:.
7135:.
7052:.
7040:.
7023:.
6929:)
6779:R
6618:(
6616:'
6610:'
6523:.
6469:(
6391:(
6379:(
6365:(
6283:(
6269:(
6236:/
6234:ð
6232:/
6228:/
6226:d
6224:/
6163:)
6159:(
5962:(
5948:(
5681:.
5679:'
5673:'
5657:(
5648:.
5556:;
5436:(
5255:.
5178:(
5087:(
5057:(
5015:(
4968:(
4966:'
4960:'
4918:(
4585:.
4380:'
4374:'
4366:(
4039:(
4037:'
4031:'
3912:(
3762:(
3697:(
3591:(
3564:'
3558:'
3542:(
3358:(
3291:(
3265:(
3179:(
3177:'
3171:'
3092:(
3050:;
3044:;
3000:;
2413:;
2352:(
2323:(
2295:(
2179:(
2088:e
2081:t
2074:v
1967:/
1831:)
1826:·
1820:·
1814:·
1809:(
1589:/
1495:/
1360:(
731:)
727:(
721:)
713:(
702:)
694:(
688:)
684:(
51:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.