980:
area. Authors such as
Mannheim (1991: 142) and Durston (2007: 191–194) consider the Third Council norm to be, indeed, based on the dialect of Cuzco with small artificial modifications of the type mentioned above. In the orthography, the codifiers opted for not marking the aspirates and ejectives typical of Cuzco, contributing to the resemblance of the written form to the modern Ayacucho dialect. However, they explicitly motivated that strategy not as an accommodation of dialects lacking these sounds, but with the fact that "the meanings do not concur and the interpreters do not agree among themselves". In fact, not even the contrast between "k" and "q" was expressed, which some have connected with its loss in many northern Quechua varieties. In any case, both the principle of avoiding Cuzco-specific lexemes and the one of not marking the ejectives, the aspirates and the uvular-velar contrast were deviated from to some extent in many subsequently published texts in Standard Colonial Quechua that sought to reflect Cuzco usage more faithfully.
483:
1185:, where these changes have not taken place. From Juan de Aguilar's grammar of 1691, the first clear signs of such lenition in Cuzco Quechua begin to appear, and later texts display various stages in the process. Other Cuzco changes that had not yet taken place in Standard Colonial Quechua were: (1) the rule that makes the suffixes /-yku/ and /-rqu/ lose their consonants and replace the vowel /u/ with /a/ before the suffixes /-mu/, /-pu/ and /chi/; (2) the replacement of the nasal /ɲ/ and word-final /m/ in some morphemes with the unmarked /n/. Finally, the euphonic /ni/ that is inserted before suffixes after consonant-final stems had an allomorph /i/ before /q/, /ŝ/ and /r/, which is absent in modern Cuzco Quechua. On the other hand, already in Standard Colonial Quechua times, there was a dialectal difference between the presence of
1400:
renaissance occurred at the turn of the century with the grammars of Juan de
Aguilar (1690) and Estevan Sancho de Melgar (1691), as well as the 1701 revised re-edition of Torres Rubio's grammar by Juan de Figueredo. These late grammars reflect a language stage noticeably different from Standard Colonial Quechua, since the ones by Aguilar and Melgar reflect regional innovations that had taken place in the meantime in the Cuzco dialect, whereas the one by Figueredo had an added focus on Central Quechua (Chinchaysuyo). An even greater focus on Central Quechua was present in the third edition of Torres Rubio's grammar in 1754 with notes by Bernardo de Zubieta y Rojas.
1153:, which increasingly set it apart both from Standard Colonial Quechua as well as from other Southern Quechua varieties. Indian Quechua speakers also produced their own informal devotional texts in manuscript form, partly continuing the tradition of the official ecclesiastical literature of the classical period. During the same period, in addition to the reeditions of older works re-oriented towards Central Quechua, the first religious texts composed specifically in the Quechua varieties of modern Ecuador (by Luis Francisco Romero, 1725, 1753) and Bolivia (by Juan Antonio Dávila Morales, 1739) appeared. This efflorescence was ended by the defeat of the
3875:. When the object is in the third person, this is not marked especially – the form coincides with the one used in the absence of an object and with intransitive verbs, or the third person object suffix could be said to be expressed by a zero morpheme -∅. However, for other persons as objects, there are two suffixes that are placed in a slot before the tense suffixes. Furthermore, since the use of these suffixes partly depends on the subject as well, it is necessary to take into account each possible combination of subject and a non-3rd person object. These combinations were known in early colonial grammars as 'transitions'.
323:
398:
268:
1388:
published on the orders of the Sixth
Council of Lima in 1773 along with a reedition of the Third Catechism of the Third Council's Doctrina Christiana. At the same time, the tradition had an offshoot in the informal production of devotional manuscripts by indigenous Quechua speakers that became abundant in the 18th century: they contained mostly copies of earlier texts, but also some apparently new litanies and translations of psalms and hymns. They clearly reflect the changes that had taken place in the regional dialects of their origin by that time:
1284:
religious texts were complemented by a grammar and a dictionary, both of which were published anonymously in 1586 and printed in Lima by
Antonio Ricardo (specifically summoned from Mexico for this purpose). The latter essentially remained the standard ones for the Standard Colonial Quechua period and were later re-published in revised forms three times, in 1603, 1604 (published under the name of Alonso Martínez, a member of the Third Council translation team) and 1614. Two of the four translators, Francisco Carrasco and Bartolomé de Santiago, were
1122:
was reflected in a halt of publications of original linguistic work on
Quechua (although occasional reprints continued) after the middle of the century, and a general loss of interest by the Church and the State alike in developing a literature in Quechua. The requirements for priests to have competence in Quechua became ever less stringent from the same time on and the cathedral Quechua chair in Lima was closed in 1694. An effort was made to reverse this policy only a hundred years later, in 1754, by the archbishop of Lima,
997:
mining industry. An additional factor was the prestige of Cuzco: there are numerous references to the fact that by the time of the Third
Council in the 1580s, it was Southern Quechua and specifically the dialect of Cuzco that was seen as the most refined and closest to the way the Incas had spoken, hence worthiest of being used to express 'lofty concepts'. The focus on Cuzco in particular is explicable in view of its status as the former Inca capital, which led to be it being seen as 'the
1063:
in contact with the urban centres. Besides its clerical use, Standard
Colonial Quechua was the primary native vehicle of written communication, seen in personal letters and, to some extent, in legal and administrative contexts such as the writing of petitions and titles to land and office. However, unlike Nahuatl in Mexico, Quechua was almost never used in notary records, with only two fragments surviving, possibly because of a 1576 ban on mestizos' occupying the office of notary.
1448:; Justiniani codex from the 1770s–1780s, Sahuaraura codex from 1838, but representing a more archaic linguistic stage than the Justiniani manuscript). While these dramas are also seen as belonging to the classical period of Quechua literature, their linguistic basis was clearly more decidedly local and specific to Cuzco than that of previous works, and they display a gradually increasing amount of linguistic innovations specific to later Cuzco Quechua – in particular, extensive
686:(1560). Alternatively, these works might partly reflect a different coastal dialect, that of Lima, or a mixture of the two, combined with elements from the nearby Central Quechua dialects. It does appear that Santo Tomás mixed words from several dialects, Southern and Central, in his works, while the morphology is predominantly Southern. It has also been claimed that some of the features of his variety are suggestive of affiliation with Quechua IIB (Northern Quechua).
1224:(1557) contains some Quechua words which appear to reflect a variety of Coastal Quechua and not Southern Quechua, in spite of having been written in Cuzco. In 1560, a grammar and a dictionary, including Christian religious texts, in what was probably also a variety of Coastal Quechua (with apparent Southern as well as Central lexical elements and even some Northern ones according to some authors) were published by Dominican priest
1452:. In fact, it appears that the supraregional Standard Colonial Quechua standard as codified by the Third Council gradually fell out of use in roughly the same period as the one when the Golden Age of Quechua theatre began. For this reason, the dramas have sometimes been described as more or less archaic specimens of Cuzco Quechua rather than of Standard Colonial Quechua in the narrow sense of the word.
1039:
sermon and general confession prayer that he includes in his 1560 work. At the same time, a chaplaincy was established in Lima cathedral, providing a stipend for a cleric to regularly preach in 'the Indian language' (presumably
Quechua) there. Another Quechua catechism is known to have been produced by the Jesuits in Lima by 1569, and yet another set of texts was being worked on by them around 1576.
1091:(1631), although César Itier also believes it to be present in Alonso de Huerta (1616) and Torres Rubio (1619). In some respects, it seems that these authors were drawing on the traditions of Cuzco's pre-Third Council literary and linguistic project, whose production has not survived. Specifically the practice of representing the ejectives and aspirates characteristic of Cuzco was also adopted by
1137:). There was also a growing perception that the Christianisation of the indigenous people was already as complete as it was realistic to expect. Some contributing factors may have been a controversy regarding the linguistic and theological quality of Quechua-language preaching that took place in the 1650s, and an official Hispanisation policy that the Spanish monarchy embarked on in the 1680s.
25:
1067:
throughout the
Southern Peruvian highlands and the displacement of other native languages by it was only achieved in the colonial period due to its promotion by the Spanish authorities or economic activity, whereas others have contended that the significance of these factors was probably small and that the Southern Quechua area must have been homogeneous since before the
948:. Accordingly, it can be seen as some sort of natural continuation of the Inca lingua franca, still essentially the same "Southern Peruvian Quechua", if the Inca koiné is assumed to have been a Cuzco dialect of type IIC, or it can be regarded as a distinct rupture according to the currently more common view that the Incas had used a different, Coastal Quechua variety.
1118:'). Some argued that priests working in these areas needed to acquire competence in Central Quechua in order to be able to communicate properly with the parishioners, while others objected by asserting that the standard variety was sufficiently comprehensible there and was more refined, closer to the Incas' speech and thus more appropriate for its purpose.
1111:
This
Central Quechua tendency is expressed, albeit inconsistently, in the works of Luis Jerónimo de Oré (1598), Francisco de Ávila (1648), Juan Avendaño (1648), Diego de Molina (1649), and, most extensively, by Juan Castromonte (1651?). Huerta, Molina and Castromonte also made, like Holguín, an effort to distinguish between /k/ and /q/ in their spelling.
5795:, which signals a new topic in contrast with the previous one and can be translated as 'and', 'but', 'as for', or 'what about' (the latter in questions). The topic particle is mutually exclusive with the enclitic particles encoding evidentiality, one of which is typically added to the first available unit of each clause. There are three of these:
920:
religious and administrative purposes during the rest of the 16th and at least the first half of the 17th century, although modifications of some details were by no means uncommon. The exact nature and origins of this variety and its relationship to the Inca lingua franca and to different Quechua regional dialects are somewhat controversial.
3842:– this was more common in more Cuzco-influenced texts. The so-called future tense, which usually has the modal meaning of the speakers' desire or assessment of obligation, is expressed somewhat irregularly by a portmanteau suffix that simultaneously encodes person and even number. Its allomophy is presented in more detail in the section on
5527:'what we have seen'. The past participle may be combined with the copula (which is absent in the third person) to form a compound perfect tense expressing resultative state, sometimes with a nuance of surprising discovery. In that case, the participle takes the object suffixes, but the copula takes the plurality suffixes:
1372:, which was probably the mother tongue of the editor. Alternative views are that the language of the Huarochiri Manuscript actually belongs to Quechua IIB (Northern Quechua) or that its dialectal provenience is uncertain. Another notable source are the so-called Cotahuasi Letters, written in 1616 by local
5531:'he said it to us'. In view of the passive meaning, the combination of past participle and copula is also the periphrasis that colonial grammars propose as a translation of the Latin passive. However, the past participle may also be used, similarly to the infinitive, as a noun denoting the action itself (
1177:. The lenition of syllable-final consonants that is typical of modern Cuzco-Collao Quechua (/k/ after front vowels > /tʃ/ > /ʃ/ > /s/, /t/ > /s/, /p/ > /ɸ/ > /χ/, /q/ > /χ/, /w/ > /y/, /r/ > /ɹ/) had not yet taken place in the language of the Third Council or in that of the
3996:
The subject suffixes are placed in the slot after the tense suffixes. They are sometimes influenced by the preceding tense suffixes and the following plural suffixes, leading to outright fusion in some cases, so a complete picture is impossible in isolation. Nonetheless, the following elements can be
1986:
The retroflex affricate is reconstructed for Proto-Quechua, but usually not for Standard Colonial Quechua. It has merged with in most modern Southern dialects. According to Gerald Taylor, it is unclear whether /t͡ʂ/ existed as a separate phoneme in Standard Colonial Quechua as a whole, but it seems
1982:
series of stops and affricates corresponding to the plain ones, but the orthography of the colonial period generally did not express them. In addition, it is clear that there was dialectal variation. In the 17th century, the Cuzco dialect was said to be characterised by an especially 'guttural' sound
1074:
After the Third Council of Lima, all authors adhered to its standard in most aspects, but only few did so entirely faithfully without making any noticeable modifications: according to Alan Durston's assessment, the latter may hold true only of the works of Pablo de Prado and Diego de Torres Rubio. In
1013:
put it in 1598. This identification of their own dialect with that of the Incas was also, by that time, part of the identity of the Cuzco elites. The contrast between the Coastal Quechua of Juan de Betanzos's chronicle of 1557 and the Southern Quechua of Cristóbal de Molina from 1575 may suggest that
987:
that had emerged spontaneously in the preceding decades in response to the development of the mining industry and urbanisation and was clearly distinct from the traditional and archaic (albeit prestigious) Cuzco dialect associated with the Inca past. He explains the fact that many of those using this
1295:
These were only the beginning of a long series of publications of Quechua ecclesiastical texts that continued for more than half a century – the production was very copious, many texts survive in print and manuscript copies and even more are known to have existed. About fifteen years after the Third
1110:
and around the colonial capital Lima, which was located close to Central Quechua territory. Its primary advocate was Alonso de Huerta (1616), who held the cathedral and university chairs of Quechua in Lima for many years (the first from 1592 and the second from around 1614 to the mid or late 1630s).
1062:
Once established by the Third Council of Lima (1582–1583), Standard Colonial Quechua is known to have been used in sermons in and in teaching and is reported to have been widely understood and to have enjoyed significant prestige, reportedly even leading to dialect shift among rural Quechua speakers
951:
In spite of the clear Southern dialectal basis, the codifiers of Standard Colonial Quechua claimed, and do appear, to have made an effort to select forms ensuring maximal intelligibility across the country, avoiding both elements that were unique to various deviant local dialects and those that were
4141:
The present tense suffixes designating the person of the subject are as follows (the arrow expresses the relationship between a subject and an object). Note that while the object suffixes are shown here for clarity, the tense suffixes (including the present tense zero suffix -∅-) are placed between
2098:
respectively for the consonants /ʂ/ and /t͡ʂ/, which are merged with /s/ and /t͡ʃ/ in most modern Southern dialects (Cuzco Quechua does distinguish the two sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/, but the latter has arisen secondarily through later sound changes). Taylor does not, however, believe that the editor of
1283:
in dialogue form – a shorter and a longer one – and a collection of 31 sermons discussing the Sacraments and the Ten Commandments. The Third Council's translations of basic prayers and Christian expressions remain standard in Quechua to this day, albeit with the necessary dialect modifications. The
1121:
By the middle of the 17th century, the countrywide use of Standard Colonial Quechua declined. At the time, Spanish authorities switched to a policy of Hispanicisation and suppression of indigenous languages, which was mandated as early as the 1630s, but was enforced inconsistently. The policy shift
979:
There is, however, a certain controversy about the exact relationship of Standard Colonial Quechua to the Cuzco dialect. The authors themselves stated that they were writing in the variety of Cuzco, and three of the four did appear to have their origins in the former Inca capital or the surrounding
5499:, etc. This allomorph is found in more Cuzco-influenced texts as well as in those of the Third Council of Lima, but not in the Huarochirí Manuscript. The present participle may be combined with the copula to form a compound tense with a meaning of habituality. In this use, the verbal plural suffix
4065:
indicates that it is a plural group that includes the addressee. Nonetheless, their use is unnecessary if the plurality of the subject is already indicated in the nominal phrase. Generally, these suffixes are simply added to the corresponding forms for singular subjects, except that the 1st person
1387:
that is not found in any previous source. This work can still be identified as largely Standard Colonial Quechua, although its date of origin is outside of the 'classical' period in the strict sense. Finally, towards the end of the colonial period, a new translation of a catechism into Quechua was
1038:
in Cuzco, apparently on commission of the Spanish Crown. Other individual initiatives appear to have occurred, and the First Council of Lima (1551–1552) seems to have approved of certain Quechua Christian texts which may have been in the variety of Domingo Santo Tomás and even to have included the
996:
Assuming that the Inca lingua franca had not, in fact, been a form of Southern Quechua, the choice of the latter as a basis for the standard language by the colonial authorities may have been partly connected to the fact that this variety was prevalent in the areas that were most important for the
1934:
The exact pronunciation of the phoneme designated /ʂ/ is uncertain and controversial. It may have been a retroflex according to Gerald Taylor. It originates from a Proto-Quechua phoneme reconstructed as /ʃ/, but there is some explicit testimony that Standard Colonial Quechua did not have a sound
1066:
The standard is reported to have been understood to some extent in most of the country, including the Central Quechua areas as well, although the degree of competence in it was smaller in lower social strata and women. Some linguists have argued that much of the current spread of Southern Quechua
919:
A standardised form of Quechua was codified in the religious texts produced by the Third Council of Lima (1582–1583) and published in 1584–1585, as well as in the associated anonymous grammar and dictionary published in 1586. More or less close written approximations of this variety were used for
833:
where such allophones are not to be expected in attested Quechua. It is not clear that this reflects some objective peculiarities of the variety. Further, in Santo Tomás' variety, the penultimate stress pattern that is nearly exceptionless in most other forms of Quechua is made significantly more
1304:
in a language close, yet not entirely identical to that of the Third Council. It consisted of a collection of seven Christian religious chants in Quechua with partial translation in Latin and, again, trilingual versions of the Ten Commandments, some prayers, the Ten Commandments, the Sacraments,
1058:
with the function of not only offering courses in Standard Colonial Quechua, but also conducting examinations that certified competence in Quechua – essentially licensing for priestly office. Already in the 1580s, this monopoly was revoked and various other bodies and experts were entrusted with
632:
For a long time, it was assumed that the variety of Quechua used as an administrative and court language by the Incas had been the one spoken in their capital Cuzco. The identification of Cuzco Quechua and especially some of its prestige sociolects as particularly refined and as a remnant of the
470:
386:
1399:
In the first half of 17th century, many other grammars and dictionaries were produced: Diego González Holguín (1607–1608, Alonso de Huerta (1616), Diego de Torres Rubio (1619) – all three using clearly Cuzco-influenced language – and Rojo Mejía y Ocón (1648). After a significant hiatus a small
679:. The claim that this variety was chosen is mentioned explicitly in chronicles. Since that important area was depopulated after the conquest and came to be settled predominantly by Spaniards and Africans, leading to the extinction of Coastal Quechua, the dialect is not attested in later times.
5602:
As already mentioned, there are at least two periphrastic constructions that may be described as compound tenses, which are formed by combining participles with the copula: a perfect using the past participle and a habitual using the present participle. In that case, a split in affixes may be
1053:
To ensure that priests learnt Quechua, a teaching chair was founded at the Lima Cathedral in 1571. In the late 1570s, competence in Quechua was made obligatory for priests in Peru in order to ensure effective proselytisation and doctrinal purity, and a Quechua chair was established at Lima's
1017:
Again, depending on whether Standard Colonial Quechua is seen as a form of Cuzco Quechua or not, the transition to the language of classical Quechua drama (mid 17th – late 18th century) can be seen as an extinction and replacement of one written language by another or as a smooth and natural
8674:
Evidentiality clitics other than ''-chu'' are not commonly attached to finite verbs in the texts underlying Taylor (1975), but Santo Tomás (1560: 41) does give such examples. e.g. ''miku-nki-ŝ'' 'you are reportedly eating'. Torres Rubio (1619: 15–16) also mentions ''ri-saq-mi'' 'I will go',
1140:
Remarkably, this did not lead to a disappearance of written Quechua literature, but only to a shift of focus. From the mid 17th century, it came to be dominated by clearly regional varieties, above all by Cuzco Quechua, which were now promoted by the elites of that city, who sought their
670:
A more widespread view in the scholarly literature nowadays, however, is that the Inca lingua franca was actually based on a variety of Coastal Quechua spoken on the central-southern coast of Peru, which was rich, populous, had a strategic location and contained the important realms of
583:
the variety of Quechua that was used in writing for religious and administrative purposes in the Andean territories of the Spanish Empire, mostly in the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and has sometimes been referred to, both historically and in academia, as
1368:, which describes the indigenous myths and religious practices of the province of that name. While it generally adheres closely to the Third Council's standard and is identified as belonging to Quechua IIC, it exhibits, in addition, some features resulting from the influence of
1317:, which consists mostly of bilingual questionnaires dealing with the Sacraments, the Commandments and different religious 'errors'. It is written in a more Cuzco-influenced variety than that of the Third Council. and is notable for containing a detailed discussion of Quechua
1403:
From the middle of the 17th to the late 18th century, an indigenous literary renaissance flourished in Cuzco, resulting in the composition of a number of Quechua dramas on historical and religious subjects, partly of native and partly of European inspiration. These include
1983:
and appears to have already had the ejective and aspirate series it has today – they were occasionally expressed in the orthography by some writers, albeit inconsistently. On the other hand, they are not designated at all in the Huarochirí manuscript and many other texts.
6926:
Snow, Charles T., Louisa Rowell Stark. 1971. Ancash Quechua: A Pedagogical Grammar. P.V 'The Quechua language is generally associated with the "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, which was used as a lingua franca through Peru and Bolivia with the spread of the Inca
5274:, but it is omitted in the third person. This applies also in periphrastic 'compound tenses' formed with the copula. However, it also has the sense 'exist', in which case its third person form is used. It is also included in the way of expressing the notion 'to have':
3870:
The person of an object is marked on the verb. That object may be direct or indirect, depending on the valency of the verb; thus, in the case of the verb 'to say', the addressee can be marked as an object. Cf. the similarly wide use of the accusative-dative suffix
6967:
Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Valejo. 1969. P. XV. 'Immediately following the Spanish Conquest the Quechua language, especially the prestigious "classical" Quechua of the Cuzco area, was used as a lingua franca throughout the Andean region by both missionaries and
923:
There is no doubt that Standard Colonial Quechua was a form of Quechua IIC, or Southern Quechua (although a minority view is that specifically the Manuscript of Huarochirí has features of Quechua IIB instead.). For instance, it has the 1st person subject suffix
2099:
the Huarochirí manuscript had the distinction between /s/ and /ʂ/ in his own speech, but rather that it was a feature of the Standard Colonial Quechua variety that he was trying to emulate (he expresses some doubts even on this subject, unlike most scholars).
1141:
legitimisation in the Inca past. Indeed, this resulted in something of a Quechua literary renaissance and golden age, which was expressed specifically in playwriting. The language of the classical Quechua drama of that period is recognisable as distinctively
2589:
section. Possession is marked both on the dependent and on the head: the noun phrase expressing the possessor is inflected in the genitive, whereas the possessed noun phrase receives a possessive pronominal suffix of the appropriate person (see the section
2379:
A number of suffixes have two versions – one that occurs after consonants and one after vowels. Sometimes the difference is that the postconsonantal allomorph has the shape -CV(C), whereas the postvocalic one has only the initial consonant -C: e.g.
3898:
for 2nd person object), but it is placed in the slot after the tense suffixes. It may also be observed that if the second person is involved, regardless of whether it is a subject or an object, the slot after the tense suffixes contains the suffix
1274:
It was the publications associated with the Third Council of Lima in 1583–1586 that codified Standard Colonial Quechua. The body of work exemplifying the recommended variety was the trilingual collection (in Spanish, Quechua and Aymara), entitled
905:
for 'to buy'). This changed as the variety went extinct. Ironically, many of its features came to be explicitly disparaged as vulgarisms in the linguistic appendix to the influential Quechua publications of the Third council of Lima in the 1580s.
633:
Incas' language was commonplace in the late 16th and early 17th century. This identification was also traditionally maintained by the local elites and intellectuals in later centuries and continues to be advocated by the Cuzco Language Academy (
1034:. Efforts to use some form of Quechua for religious purposes began in the 1540s at the latest, predating significantly the attested Standard Colonial Quechua standard. The earliest doctrinal texts and a dictionary, now lost, were written by
5523:'seen'. As the example shows, its meaning is passive in transitive verbs, much as in English and Spanish. The past participle may have attributive function or occur alone. A possessive pronominal suffix can be used to express the agent:
5408:. The first one predominates in the texts of the Third Council of Lima and in Bocanegra's Cuzco-influenced work, whereas the manuscript of Huarochirí has many instances of both, and texts from the second decade of the 16th century lack
9419:
1082:
One of these was to reflect more closely and consistently the speech of Cuzco (often Aymara-influenced, possibly connected to the Incas' own Aymara linguistic background). The most typical examples of this trend are the works of
1995:
The original colonial orthography was based on Spanish and did not express all the phonemes of the language adequately. The spelling did not distinguish /q/ from /k/, designating both in the same way as /k/ in Spanish, i.e. as
9353:
Adelaar, W. F.H. 2012. Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran. In: L. R. Campbell & V. M. Grondona, eds. The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive
878:'Adam's apple'); the verbal inflection suffixes apparently tended not to affect the stress either, unless they contained a heavy syllable that ended up in non-final position, in which case the last such syllable was stressed (
4101:) may express the plurality of either the subject or the object. Which of the two controls the number agreement depends on the exact configuration of persons. As a rule of thumb, number agreement is with the subject:
1099:(1648), so it can even be said to have become 'the norm' in the 1640s. In spite of such elements, especially Oré's work is very close linguistically to that of the Third Council, as is that of Diego de Molina (1649).
643:), and thereby, in a way, a predecessor of the attested Cuzco dialect. They assume that it was like the modern Cuzco dialect and unlike the modern Ayacucho dialect in that it displayed numerous influences from the
4707:'protect it (addressed to several people)!' In contrast to the general limitation to one plural suffix per verb, the optional possibility of expressing the plurality of the object in addition to the subject as in
2962:
As the table shows, the first person plural pronouns distinguish between an exclusive and an inclusive version with the same suffixes as the verbs. The other persons use the regular plural ending of nouns.
5574:, which is used when the logical subject of the verb does not coincide with that of the finite verb in the clause. It is followed by the pronominal possessive suffixes to express the logical subject: e.g.
1075:
fact, when Alonso Martínez, a member of the Third Council translation team, attacked Alonso Huerta in 1613 for deviating from the Third Council standard, this did not prevent Huerta from using Archbishop
992:
referred to it as 'the language of Cuzco' with the assumption that people meant a Southern Quechua variety in general. Some innovations found in this form did eventually spread to Cuzco Quechua as well.
1292:, respectively, while Alonso Martínez had spent some time first in Central Quechuan Huaylas and then in Cuzco, and Juan de Balboa was a native of Lima, but probably acted as a supervisor or figurehead.
1239:
Short texts and passages in Quechua, especially ritual texts reported to date from Inka times, are found in Spanish-language chronicles by four authors of partly indigenous origins. The first one, by
7042:
Rowe 1950, cited in Mannheim (1991b: 114). Note that this pre-supposes identity with the Inca lingua franca, whereas Rowe's sources are primarily from the 17th century, i.e. Standard Colonial Quechua
8665:
Adapted and simplified from the schemes in Kelly 2011 and Weber 1996 to reflect only forms mentioned in Taylor (1975). See also Lakämper & Wunderlich 1998: 116 for a broadly equivalent scheme.
9453:
Saenz, S. Dedenbach-Salazar. 1990. Quechua Sprachmaterialen. In: Meyers, A., M. Volland. Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte des westlichen Südamerika. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
1114:
These different approaches clashed, in particular, in a debate in the late 1640s about the use of the Cuzco-based Standard Colonial Quechua in areas speaking Central Quechua ('the language of
1026:
Standard Colonial Quechua was adopted as an instrument of proselytisation by the Catholic Church, following a general policy of using vernaculars in religious instructions as advocated by the
893:
There is some evidence that the Spanish, too, did initially use the Inca lingua franca or a related form of Coastal Quechua for religious and administrative purposes from the beginning of the
600:
There are also some less common and typical uses of the term "classical" in reference to other Quechua varieties, whose relationship to the abovementioned ones is also controversial, namely:
1123:
9465:
Taylor, G. P. 1987. Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochirí. Manuscrito quechua de comienzos del siglo XVII. Versión paleográfica, interpretación fonológica y traducción al castellano. IEP, IFEA.
4742:'let him/them see me!'), but to express a 1st plural object, the future forms are used instead. Imperative forms for a 3rd person acting on the 2nd are not recorded by the cited grammars.
1247:, 1575) has been considered the earliest unambiguous attestation of Southern Quechua. The other three were written after the establishment of Standard Colonial Quechua. The authors were
3564:
expresses intensity according to Taylor (1975: 117), but some colonial grammars regard it as a marker of movement inwards or downwards. A meaning of violent action is reported also for
1379:
After the 17th century, there were very sporadic new official efforts to produce ecclesiastical texts in Quechua. In 1705, Gaspar Manuel published a re-edition of Pablo de Prado's 1641
9634:
A multifaceted work which contains a description of the new world and the customs of its natives, and instructions on teaching them the Christian doctrine in the general Quichua and
4045:
The slot that is generally reserved for subject suffixes contains the 2nd person suffix regardless of whether the 2nd person is a subject or object. As already mentioned, the marker
2063:
Most descriptions of the variety and editions of texts in it use the new orthography established for Quechua in Peru. While still similar to Spanish in the way it expresses /t͡ʃ/ as
2016:
or with a ^ mark above the sign for /k/. The colonial orthography did, on the other hand, express the allophonic opening of the vowels /i/ and /u/ adjacent to /q/ with the spellings
4129:
Since the agreement morphology generally does not express the number of the subject and the object at the same time, there is often some ambiguity between numbers: for example, in
1079:'s patronage to inherit Martínez' university chair after the latter's death in 1614. The modifications that most post-Third Council authors made followed two principal tendencies.
9428:
Rivero, Álvaro Ezcurra, Raúl Bendezú-Araujo. 2017. Gramáticas y vocabularios coloniales del quechua y del aimara (1560–1619). In: Literaturas orales y primeros textos coloniales.
1169:
In the phonology, Standard Colonial Quechua differs from modern Southern Quechua dialects, but not from those of other regions, by still distinguishing two different sibilants:
9614:
Doctrina Christiana y catecismo para instrvccion de los Indios. Compvesto por avctoridad por concilio provincial;..en las dos lenguas generales de este Reyno, Quichua y Aymara.
1042:
At the same time, a parallel effort was going on in Cuzco. In 1567, there were already officially approved Quechua religious texts that priests were instructed to use in the
9396:
1181:: thus, the second-person plural is /-chik/, not /-chis/, and the progressive aspect ending is /-chka/, not /-sha/. This makes it more phonologically similar to the modern
9676:
3907:). Since object and subject agreement are partly intertwined in Quechua, a more complete picture of the verb paradigm emerges from the table in the summarising section on
1157:
of 1780, which resulted in a severe crackdown on Quechua use, including an explicit ban on Quechua literature and theatre and the abolition of the chair of Quechua at the
689:
It is thought, furthermore, that the Inca lingua franca is reflected in some of the Quechua words and phrases found in the early Spanish chronicles, especially the one of
9657:
9456:
Salomon, Frank and George L. Urioste. 1991. The Huarochirí manuscript : a testament of ancient and colonial Andean religion. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.
5258:
The hypothetical result of a non-realisable condition in the past (a 'preterite optative') can be expressed by adding the 3rd person singular past tense of the copula:
3862:
in person and number with the subject as well as the object, although not possible combinations of values for these grammatical categories are expressed unambiguously.
3886:
indicates a second person object, but only if acted upon by a third person subject. A second person object acted upon by a first person subject has a fused expression
4636:
in the first person singular (with no separate person agreement suffix after it) and in the first plural exclusive (if agreeing with the subject). Another allomorph,
482:
2861:
Adjectives are indeclinable. In a noun phrase, they precede the noun. Comparison is expressed periphrastically. The comparative degree is expressed with the adverb
2452:. In the rest of this article, the element that is sometimes absent (the vowel and possibly a following consonant in the first type of alternation and the syllable
1376:
Cristóbal Castillo. At least a dozen legal-administrative documents and private letters authored by Indians in Standard Colonial Quechua have also been discovered.
4684:, respectively, but the options for the preceding and following suffixes are mostly the same as in the indicative, except that the paradigm is somewhat defective.
4385:
In the future tense, the patterns signalling agreement are different and the tense and person agreement suffixes sometimes appear to be fused into one morpheme:
3822:
The tense suffixes are placed between the object and the subject person agreement suffixes. The present tense is unmarked. Past tense is expressed by the suffix
667:) have also acquired aspirates (albeit not necessarily in cognates of the Southern words with aspirates), presumably during the brief period of Inca rule there.
702:
This Inca lingua franca is considered to have had the following characteristics, of which the first and partly the last one are found in Santo Tomás's variety:
6977:
Cf. also Durston (2007: 17): 'The 1550–1650 period can be considered both formative and classical in relation to the late colonial and republican production'.
2090:
In addition to the standard letters of modern Quechua orthography, Gerald Taylor's academic normalisation of Standard Colonial Quechua supplies the letters
9437:
1047:
8142:
The table is based on the table in Mannheim (1991a) modified in accordance with the statements in Taylor (1976 and 2001), Suarez (1977) and Adelaar (2012)
2404:'path-accusative'. In still other cases, the postconsonantal allomorph differs from the postvocalic one in that it is preceded by the 'euphonic element'
2396:'of the house'. Another possibility is that the postvocalic allomorph begins in two consonants, whereas the postconsonantal one has only the second one:
1426:(el Lunarejo), as well as three dramas thought to have been composed between the late 17th and the late 18th century, in this likely chronological order:
682:
It is sometimes thought that this dialect is identical to the one used in the earliest recorded Quechua grammar, vocabulary and texts by Dominican priest
7998:
and the apparent mistakes in the scribe's attempts to distinguish the two sibilants that were still preserved in the Cuzco and Third Council varieties.
9350:
Adelaar, Willem. 2007. The Languages of the Andes. With the collaboration of P.C. Muysken. Cambridge language survey. Cambridge University Press, 2007
2040:. The ejectives and aspirates, when marked at all, could be expressed by gemination. The latter practice became predominant in the 1640s. The digraph
604:
In reference to all use of Quechua as a literary medium until a cut-off point in the 18th century, which saw a ban on literature in Quechua after the
548:, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other. These are:
9429:
1129:
The reasons for the mid-17th century change are unclear. One possible cause that has been adduced is the increasing tendency of Indians to leave the
71:
9600:
Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, el mas copiosa y eleganta, que basta ahora se ha impesso
9359:
Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española, el mas copiosa y eleganta, que basta ahora se ha impesso
983:
A different view is expressed by Itier (2000: 48, passim), who believes the Third Council norm to have been based on an innovative Southern Quechua
608:
of 1780–1782, although the language of most of the "Classical Quechua literature" written after the mid-17th century is more commonly seen as early
1271:, around 1613, where the quotes from the ritual texts are associated with each of the Inkas). The authenticity of these prayers has been disputed.
9524:
by Gerald Taylor. A course in Standard Colonial Quechua as used in the Huarochirí manuscript. Also a digital version (with some letters changed)
1264:
1076:
752:(a feature that was still attested in colonial times along the central coast near Lima, and is found to this day in northern Quechuan varieties);
699:(in spite of its being recorded in Cuzco), in early borrowings into Spanish and glosses expressing concepts connected to the Incas (see below).
1951:. In the Spanish varieties that pronounced these two letters in different ways before about 1650, the distinction was one of a more retracted,
9617:
Ciudad de los Reyes (1583), por Antonio Ricardo, primero impressor en estos Reynos de Piru. The foundational publication of the Third Council.
6914:
See Itier (2000: 47) for the distinction between the first and second enumerated senses, and the quote below for their partial identification.
5439:'I want you to see', lit. 'I want your potential seeing'. It can also be used to designate different participants in the action: instruments (
5006:
expresses a wish, a (dubious or improbable) possibility, a hypothetical condition or its result. It is generally formed by adding the suffix
1212:, as the latter is still used almost only as a past participle ending, although some early instances of 'perfect' compound use can be found.
1050:. In the 1570s, Cristóbal de Molina was a notable Quechua-speaking preacher in the city; he would go on to write a famous chronicle in 1575.
664:
640:
3540:
A few suffixes with more or less aspectual meaning are placed before the agreement morphemes. Progressive aspect is expressed by the suffix
1971:. The distinction was gradually lost in Southern Quechua in the course of the 17th century, as the orthography of the attested texts shows.
9415:
Lakämper, Renate, Dieter Wunderlich. 1998. Person marking in Quechua: a constraint-based minimalist analysis. Lingua 105: pp. 113–48.
9392:
Durston, Allan. 2007. Pastoral Quechua: The History of Christian Translation in Colonial Peru. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
1360:
Among texts usually regarded as specimens of Standard Colonial Quechua, by far the most famous and significant in terms of content is the
8675:''hamu-nqa-ŝ'' 'he will reportedly come', observing that the particle is attached to the verb if there is no other word to attach it to.
9531:
9387:
4703:'protect him/her/it!'. The plural suffixes are added to the imperative one to mark the plurality of the subject or the object as well:
9650:
Crónica, denuncia de la situación de los nativos en el Virreinato del Perú, servir a Su Majestad el Rey Felipe. A work by Obra Felipe
3206:
After numerals, nouns normally do not stand in the plural. Ordinal numerals may be formed from the cardinal ones by adding the suffix
9499:
Weber, David. (1996). Una gramática del quechua del Huallaga. Serie Lingüística Peruana N° 40. Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
5862:'it is that house (near you) that is big'. In a negated verb phrase, the evidential particle is encliticised to the negative adverb:
5582:'while we (inclusive) are/were drinking'. The gerund also allows an object suffix like the finite verbs (attested in the 1st person:
3048:'some person'. The equivalents of negative pronouns are produced when the indefinite pronouns are preceded by the negative particle
6954:
Beyersdorff, Margot, Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz. 1994. Andean Oral Traditions: Discourse and Literature. P.275. 'the primarily
5885:?'. The same particle is also encliticised to the last word of a negated verb phrase, in addition to the preceding negative adverb
1353:
was written by Juan de Castromonte, although the many Central Quechua elements and the author's own designation of its language as
9697:
8113:
9673:
3846:
below. On the non-finite form markers, subordinators, which are placed in the same slot as the tense markers, see the section on
1329:
was published in 1646 by Bartolomeo Jurado Palomino. More collections of sermons were published by Fernando de Avendaño in 1648 (
5858:'that house (near you) is big'. The topic can also be postposed, with the particles still signalling the information structure:
2102:
Thus, the overall normalised orthography used in Taylor's editions and the historical orthography can be summarised as follows:
4652:), as well in the exclusive, but the latter only if it represents agreement in the object. In the third person, the suffix is
1974:
It has been hypothesised that, like modern Cuzco Quechua (and unlike Ayacucho Quechua), Standard Colonial Quechua also had an
9459:
Suarez, J. A. 1977. Classical languages. In: Sebeok, Thomas (ed.) Native Languages of the Americas, vol. 2. Springer Science.
6244:
In the way the valorous acts of the Spaniards (Huiracochas) are still seen, too, so it would have been (with theirs as well).
1530:
However, the vowels /i/ and /u/ were opened to and when preceding or following the uvular consonant /q/ (see below). Thus,
580:), the evidence about the characteristics of this variety is scant and they have been a subject of significant disagreements.
4114:
according to some authorities, optionally, if a 3rd person plural is acting on a 1st person singular, leading to forms like
2024:
from the Third Council onwards. The sounds /s/ and /ʂ/ were also distinguished, as the former was expressed by the letters
5791:, which expresses a stronger contrast, similar to English 'but, whereas, although'. Another topic-introducing particle is
5475:'seeing, one who sees'. It may function like a noun or like an adjective. Again, it is compatible with an object marker:
4676:
forms, as shown in the table below, have unique person-mood portmanteau suffixes for the second and third person, namely
1908:
1852:
1811:
1014:
the indigenous nobility had abandoned the old lingua franca and switched to the local dialect in the intervening period.
894:
3726:'he sends it away (from here)'. It, too, can have a benefactive meaning according to some colonial grammars. The suffix
4090:
before them in forms other than the 1st person exclusive subject. The resulting paradigm is shown in the tables in the
1862:
1761:
1200:
In the morphology, it can be noted that the accusative suffix in Standard Colonial Quechua still has the archaic shape
9324:
Version in colonial orthography from Taylor 1987, normalised text from Taylor 2001 (normalised spelling of names from
5893:'the woman isn't coming'. In a prohibitative construction, the same particle is used, whereas the preceding adverb is
592:). It is Standard Colonial Quechua in this second sense that is abundantly attested in writing, notably in the famous
5971:'a/the good child'. A past participle may also follow the noun, in which case both receive the relevant case suffix:
5412:
entirely. They denote a potential or expected action in the future. Their agent is expressed by possessive suffixes:
4126:
In other cases, number agreement is with the object – i.e., in most cases where the object is not in the 3rd person.
9462:
Taylor, G. P. 1976. Introducción a la lengua general (quechua). Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines. Lluvia Editores.
5603:
observed where the object suffix is attached to the non-finite main verb, but the suffix – to the finite auxiliary:
9422:. In: Mary Ritchie Key (ed.), Language change in South American Indian languages. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3694:'he sends it hither'. However, it may also express a benefactive relation to a participant other than the subject:
1817:
1664:
1133:
and to avoid the services of priests by performing the Christian rituals themselves within so-called fraternities (
952:
peculiar to what was considered prestigious aristocratic speech in Cuzco. Thus, they preferred the widespread word
9482:
9343:(1994). La procedencia dialectal del manuscrito de Huarochirí sobre la base de sus características lingüísticas.
6392:
here I present the lived (experiences) of the ancestors of this (people) called Huarochirí, which has one father,
5594:), the gerunds may acquire the meanings 'after doing' and 'before doing' (lit. 'not yet having done') something.
1197:
influence and their absence in other varieties, and both options were accommodated within the literary standard.
9503:
5924:'and a house', as well as some of the discourse particles already mentioned. There is also an enclitic particle
5247:
As in the indicative, the plural suffixes can also express plurality of the object, and this includes the fused
5400:
Further, there are two 'potential/future infinitives', which may be formed with two suffixes, the more archaic
4660:. Finally, in the second person and in cases where the third person is acting on second person, there is tense
1130:
4745:
For a first person plural imperative (exclusive or inclusive), the corresponding future tense forms are used.
1154:
1102:
Another tendency was to adapt the language of the texts that were to be used in the Central Quechua-speaking (
825:
A remarkable feature of Santo Tomás' orthography is the widespread use of the Spanish letters for open vowels
605:
1805:
1656:
5251:: thus, third person acting on first person inclusive ('he would V us') is expressed by the suffix sequence
9409:
1798:
6166:... all the things they have lived certainly would not have kept disappearing like this until now, either.
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1046:
of Cuzco. These were revised in 1573, reportedly involving the introduction of some sort of diacritics by
9713:
9401:
Itier, César. 1991. La lengua general y comunicación escrita: Cinco cartas en quechua de Cotahuasi-1616.
3702:
to his father'. On the other hand, if the dative object coincides with the subject, the reflexive suffix
1830:
1494:
1256:
1106:) areas by including elements from these dialects. This tendency was especially popular among natives of
1084:
6642:
They say that in a very ancient time there were (two) gods (''huacas'') named Yana Ñamca and Tuta Ñamca.
2355:, which expresses conjecture and receives the stress in spite of forming the last syllable of a phrase.
1357:(i.e. Central Quechua) mean that it can only partly be seen as a specimen of Standard Colonial Quechua.
639:). Some modern scholars do believe that the Inca lingua franca was, indeed, a form of Southern Quechua (
9571:
9425:
Mannheim, Bruce. 1991b. The Language of the Inka since the European invasion. University of Texas Press
5555:. A gerund expressing a concomitant action of the subject of the finite verb is formed with the ending
5536:
4133:, the 3rd person subject acting upon the first person inclusive ('us') may be either 's/he' or 'they'.
4061:
indicates that the participant triggering agreement is a plural group that excludes the addressee, and
1919:
1648:
1641:
1519:
663:
before Quechua). This has also been used to explain why the highland Ecuadoran varieties in the north (
9582:
Gramatica y arte nueua de la lengua general de todo el Peru, llamada lengua Quichua, o lengua del Inca
9433:
9366:
Gramatica y arte nueua de la lengua general de todo el Peru, llamada lengua Quichua, o lengua del Inca
3580:
expresses an action performed in passing, occasionally. It is added to the root. The inceptive suffix
9684:
9639:
9602:(Los Reyes, 1614), an expanded re-edition of the 1586 anonymous grammar of the Third Council of Lima.
5420:
is mostly limited in the Huarochirí manuscript to constructions where it is followed by the suffixes
1342:
1301:
1248:
1092:
1010:
798:
616:
9556:
9536:
9521:
9486:
9371:
2351:
Stress was located on the penultimate syllable. However, there are exceptions, such as the particle
1225:
810:
683:
1678:
1503:
1423:
1158:
1142:
1055:
50:
1361:
1178:
593:
271:
5987:
The first line is the original colonial spelling, and the second the normalised transliteration.
3425:
expressing the meaning 'to help somebody do something' is recorded by Anonymous (1614: 25): e.g.
2368:
1671:
9623:
16 chapters from the Huarochirí manuscript in normalised orthography. (approximately from 1608)
5854:
An example of the combined use of the topic and focus-evidential particles can be the sentence:
3210:(meaning 'including', 'with ... and all') or simply the 3rd person pronominal possessive suffix
1987:
likely that it was present at least in the idiolect of the editor of the Huarochirí manuscript.
1314:
1088:
494:
3414:
appended to the stem is recorded by Anonymous (1614: 24) as well as by Santo Tomás (1560: 39):
2817:
expresses imprecise location: 'to, at, around, about'. On discourse particles, see the section
2428:'sixteen'. Most Standard Colonial Quechua outside of the Huarochirí manuscript has the variant
1750:
1741:
322:
67:
5404:, which is probably related to the 3rd person singular future suffix, and the more innovative
1240:
9645:
5543:'we know that Macacalla ... is on a hill', lit. 'Macacalla we know ... its being on a hill'.
2614:'children'. Its use is not obligatory and it is generally absent after numerals and the word
1886:
1604:
1597:
1364:(variously dated to 1598 or 1608), produced by indigenous informants under the directions of
397:
9629:
9612:
9587:
9493:
3710:'he takes the chica for himself'. The reflexive suffix is often used with verbs of emotion:
1365:
1334:
1307:
La Plática que se ha de hazer a los indios en la predicacion de la Bulla de la Santa Cruzada
1096:
267:
1779:
1613:
1411:
552:
the variety of Quechua that was used as a lingua franca and administrative language in the
127:
9572:
Arte y vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, llamada quichua, y en la lengua española
3187:'thirteen', etc. The tens are formed by combining the number of units and the word 'ten':
2004:
before front vowels. Exceptionally, /q/ could be expressed by some authors as a geminated
1059:
performing such linguistic licensing for locations distant from Lima – notably, in Cuzco.
8:
8711:
Anonymous (1614: 24) and González-Holguín (1608: 114–115). Cf. Adelaar (2007: 229) about
8084:
Quespillo et ses compagnons : la figure du gracioso dans le théâtre quechua colonial
6548:
Afterwards, in each region it shall be written down how it has lived since its beginning.
6088:
If the ancestors of the people called Indians had known writing in ancient times, then...
5964:
5611:'he told you (sing.). See the sections on the relevant participles for more information.
3859:
1979:
1770:
1688:
1632:
1584:
1564:
1190:
1031:
648:
9412:. Memorias del V Congreso de Idiomas. Indígenas de Latinoamérica, 6–8 de octubre de 2011
9664:
9647:
El Primer Nveva Corónica i Bven Gobierno Conpvesto por Don Phelipe Gvaman Poma de Aiala
8073:
Mannheim, Bruce. 1991. The Language of the Inka since the European invasion. P. 147-151
6470:
whatever faith it may have had and however it may be living to this day – these things.
5479:'who sees me', but the object can also be expressed by a possessive pronominal suffix:
4382:, 'he loves us' (this corresponds to the difference between Potosí and Cuzco Quechua).
3730:
denotes 'a dispersing action in all directions or with no logical continuity in time':
1952:
1734:
1559:
1309:(1600) is composed in the Third Council variety as well. Another important text is the
652:
545:
401:
326:
162:
76:
6798:
Now, having defeated them, he obliged the people to give birth to only two (children).
5535:'its falling ... is visible' ), and correspond to a clause in a construction akin to
258:
9635:
9599:
9581:
9365:
9358:
5451:'object for throwing'). It can also be used as an attribute or apposition to a noun:
2786:
2773:
1843:
1627:
1569:
1369:
1194:
5913:'be careful (so that X does not happen)', which is combined with the optative mood.
9659:
Relación de como los españoles entraron en el Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inga
5552:
4648:, is used in the first person plural inclusive (where it is optionally followed by
2743:
2627:
1956:
1838:
1579:
1554:
1549:
1383:, adding many new texts from various sources and, in one case, a long passion hymn
1182:
1068:
1035:
1027:
973:
690:
660:
620:
514:
299:
204:
137:
8083:
3592:
is mentioned as expressing doing something again by González-Holguín (1608: 114).
1438:(Anonymous, middle of the 18th century) and by far the most famous Quechua drama,
278:(life of Cuniraya Viracucha): one s and one k (c/qu). In the Classical Quechua of
9680:
9550:
4673:
3040:'too' is added to an interrogative pronoun, the result is an indefinite pronoun:
2692:
2666:
1876:
1591:
1574:
1146:
969:
835:
834:
complicated by various subrules taking into account morphological boundaries and
656:
644:
307:
154:
6728:
These two gods, however, were later overcome by a god named Huallallo Caruincho.
5982:
2978:'that (far from both the speaker and the addressee)'. Demonstrative adverbs are
9478:
9438:
El contacto inicial quechua-castellano: la conquista del Perú con dos palabras.
9340:
6958:
domain of this lingua franca – sometimes referred to as "classical" Quechua'...
2799:
1939:
at the time; instead, the /ʂ/ was identified with the Spanish pronunciation of
1445:
1318:
871:
189:
6542:
Chayri sapa llactanpim quillcasca canca himahina causascampas pacariscanmanta.
6082:
Runa yndio ñiscap machonkuna ñaupa pacha quillcacta yachanman carca chayca ...
4632:
As we can see, the form of future tense marker varies widely. It has the form
3044:'somebody'. The enclitic may also be added to a noun modified by the pronoun:
3036:'when' (the latter more typical of Cuzco-influenced texts). When the enclitic
794:
9707:
6639:
Ancha ñawpa pachaqa huk waka ñiskaŝ {Yana Ñamqa} {Tuta Ñamqa} ŝutiyuq karqan.
6085:
Runa Indio ñiŝqap machunkuna ñawpa pacha qillqakta yaĉanman karqan chayqa ...
5586:'while N was V-ing me'). Combined with expressions of the meaning 'already' (
5003:
2756:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2647:
2364:
1476:
1115:
1103:
1006:
777:
the use of the sound /ʃ/ that early Spanish sources rendered with the letter
672:
609:
577:
522:
413:
295:
40:
6722:
Cay huacacunactaca quipanpi huc huacatac Huallallo Caruincho sutioc atircan.
6306:
And, things being as they are, and since nothing has been written until now,
5940:'already' that may occur as an enclitic particle or as an independent word.
1208:. There is no special narrative/mythical past tense using the verbal suffix
838:. The addition of enclitics, case suffixes and the 2nd person plural suffix
147:
14th to 16th century Imperial Quechua 16th to 17th century Colonial Quechua
9668:
9533:
Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú
9376:
Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú
6545:
Chayri sapa llaqtanpim qillqaŝqa kanqa imahina kawsaŝqanpaŝ paqariŝqamanta.
6238:
Himanam viracochappas sinchi cascanpas canancama ricurin, hinatacmi canman.
6163:... hinantin kawsaŝqankunapaŝ manam kanankamapaŝ chinkaykuq hinachu kanman.
6160:... hinantin causascancunapas manam canancamapas chincaycuc hinacho canman.
1418:
1230:
Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú
897:
in 1532 until some point in the 1560s (for instance, using a pronunciation
486:
200:
60:
9624:
9578:); a re-edition of the 1586 anonymous grammar of the Third Council of Lima
6898:
And one – whomever his father and mother loved (the most) – they let live.
6241:
Imanam wiraquchappaŝ sinchi kaŝqanpaŝ kanankama rikurin, hinataqmi kanman.
242:
9651:
6725:
Kay wakakunaktaqa qipanpi huk wakataq Wallallu Qarwinchu ŝutiyuq atirqan.
6386:
caypim churani cay huc yayayuc Guarocheri ñiscap machoncunap causascanta,
2769:
2671:
1488:
1471:
760:
553:
222:
117:
9475:. Lectura bilingüe Quechua Colonial – Castellano. ISBN 978-9972-9470-6-3
4699:'protect me!' As usual, a third person object receives no overt suffix:
9560:
9540:
9379:
9325:
6955:
6636:
Ancha ñaupa pachaca huc huaca ñiskas yanañamca Tutañamca sutioc carcan.
6389:
kaypim ĉurani kay huk yayayuq Waruchiri ñiŝqap machunkunap kawsaŝqanta,
5951:'truly, certainly not'. A similar meaning is attested for the enclitic
5464:
5010:
to the present tense forms (before possible discourse particles): e.g.
4661:
4653:
3367:
1511:
1481:
1407:
1323:
Directorio espiritual en la lengua española, y quichua general del inga
676:
573:
9620:
9468:
Taylor, G. P. 2001. Waruchiri ñiŝqap ñawpa machunkunap kawsaŝqan. IFEA
5967:. In noun phrases, modifiers (such as adjectives) precede nouns: e.g.
4719:, which seems to reflect the plurality of the 1st person object only.
4715:) has been recorded. An alternative recorded with the same meaning is
1107:
655:
and numerous loanwords (possibly in turn because the Incas had spoken
497:, 1631. Except for a change in orthography (ai, ui instead of ay, uy:
9638:
languages with a brief confessional and communion catechism, by Fray
8898:
Torres Rubio (1619: 12–13) does mention the possibility of combining
6467:
ima feeniyuqĉá karqan, imahinaĉ kanankamapaŝ kawsan chay chaykunakta.
2920:
2909:
1955:
place of articulation () of the sound spelt /s/ and a more advanced,
1902:
1790:
1280:
251:
235:
6464:
yma feenioccha carcan, ymayñah canancamapas causan chay chaycunacta.
5916:
The function conjunction is fulfilled by enclitic particles such as
5539:, although it is only the participle that stands in the accusative:
5416:'lit. for your potential seeing' > 'so that you see'. The use of
2993:
For the possessive pronominal postposed markers, see the section on
2873:'much' and the object of comparison is in the ablative or genitive:
1349:). Finally, somewhere between 1650 and 1653, a ritual book entitled
385:, no -cj-). In this text no present progressive is used, but in the
4049:
signalling 1st person acting on 2nd person is placed here as well.
1975:
1449:
1440:
1289:
1186:
1150:
1095:(1598), Batolomeo Jurado Palomino (1646), Juan Avendaño (1648) and
863:
569:
7990:
Mannheim (1991b: 139, 143) points out the Central word for 'four'
4097:
The plural suffixes (as well as the future tense plural allomorph
766:
a word-initial change /r/ > /l/ (compare the name of Lima from
9483:
Las sibilantes del quechua yunga y del castellano en el siglo XVI
5567:'(while) saying', the latter form often following quoted speech.
3687:
1373:
1305:
confessions and a short catechisis. An isolated anonymous sermon
1285:
1043:
9596:, including the dictionaries of Diego González Holguín from 1608
9328:), translation based on Taylor 1987 and Salomon and Urioste 1991
9590:
Gramática del quechua general por Diego de Torres Rubio. (1619)
5483:. A more archaic allomorphic rule found in some texts replaces
4730:'let him come!' Plurality of the subject can be expressed with
4664:: the present tense forms are used instead of the future ones.
3699:
3374:'become night'. However, it may also have a factitive meaning:
998:
850:'mask (accusative)'), unlike the addition of the plural suffix
294:(without possessive suffix -n): one k, but s vs. sh. In modern
287:
196:
9144:
e.g. Anonymous (1614: 13), Torres-Rubio 1619, Santo Tomás 1560
5889:, whereas the latter receives the evidential particles: thus,
3175:'ten' and the numeral with the remaining units, suffixed with
3064:
The numeral system is decimal. The numerals from 1 to 10 are:
1430:(late 17th or early 18th century) by Gabriel Centeno de Osma,
9525:
5983:
Sample text (from the beginning of the Huarochirí Manuscript)
5873:
The interrogative particle, which marks yes/no-questions, is
5428:'until', the latter sometimes also with the meaning 'while'.
3914:
In summary, the following object markers can be identified:
3448:
In other cases it is explained as doing something excessively
2875:ñuqa llapa runa-kuna-manta / runa-kuna-p ancha amawta-m ka-ni
565:
9593:
6792:Ña atispas canan runacta yscayllata huachacunampac camarcan.
5286:
The suffixes of the non-finite verbal forms are as follows:
4738:'let them come!'. It can take the 1st person object prefix (
2966:
The demonstrative pronouns exhibit a three-way distinction:
2408:(or, in especially Cuzco-influenced texts, the more archaic
2075:, respectively, this system does distinguish between /k/ as
9564:
9544:
9446:
Rowe, J. H. 1950. "Sound Patterns in Three Inca Dialects."
9383:
5947:
is used to confirm emphatically the preceding information:
5811:
can be translated as 'I know for certain that it is good',
4052:
1002:
940:. It also expresses verbal number by means of the suffixes
9397:
Lengua general y quechua cuzqueño en los siglos XVI y XVII
6892:
Huctas mayquintapas cuyascanta causachicorcan yayan maman.
6795:Ña atiŝpaŝ kanan runakta iŝkayllata waĉakunanpaq kamarqan.
5909:'but I will not return' Another common negative adverb is
5014:'you would come'. However, the 1st person singular suffix
1164:
976:
which may have been partly due to the Incas' own origins.
7443:
7441:
7228:
7226:
6895:
Huktaŝ mayqintapaŝ kuyaŝqanta kawsachikurqan yayan maman.
2837:
appears after a consonant), which means 'having X': e.g.
9654:, containing some words and sentences in Quechua. (1615)
9485:
sobre los sonidos del quechua costeño como descrito por
8933:
8931:
8929:
7608:
7606:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7007:
7005:
6300:
Chayhina captinpas, canancama mana quillcasca captinpas,
5619:
Some of the most important particles are the following:
4644:
for 1st person acting on 2nd person. A third allomorph,
3222:
The verbal morpheme chain can be summarised as follows:
2485:
The overall structure of the noun phrase is as follows:
8724:
Torres Rubio 1619: 31, González-Holguín (1608: 114–115)
8228:
8226:
8216:
8214:
6303:
Chayhina kaptinpaŝ, kanankama mana qillqaŝqa kaptinpaŝ,
5435:
is wider: it can also be found in the accusative, e.g.
2869:'I am wiser than you'. The superlative uses the adverb
755:
the tendency to drop word-final /q/ (e.g. the spelling
735:
725:
713:
8954:
8952:
8743:
8741:
8739:
7815:
7813:
7438:
7223:
6986:
See e.g. Taylor 1975: 7–8 for the dating and the name
5384:'seeing, sight, vision'. With negation and the suffix
2829:
A notable suffix that forms nouns from other nouns is
1331:
Sermones de los Misterios de Nuestra Santa Fe Católica
968:
for 'choose'. They also avoided Cuzco borrowings from
8926:
8548:
8546:
7603:
7326:
7324:
7072:
7002:
5783:
Focused topics are marked with the enclitic particle
5376:
The infinitive (verb noun) is formed with the suffix
4748:
The resulting paradigm can be summarised as follows:
3556:
expresses a prolonged action or the resulting state:
2865:'more' and the object of comparison in the ablative:
1935:
resembling the Spanish pronunciation of the grapheme
564:). Since the Incas did not have writing (though some
337:, Lima 1584, in Classical Quechua: genitive with -p (
8504:
8502:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8223:
8211:
8182:
8180:
7750:
Mannheim 1991a: 118, 12–136; Mannheim 1991b: 208–217
7647:
7645:
7557:
7555:
7431:
7429:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7207:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7103:
7101:
3560:– 'to have fallen' or 'to keep falling'. The suffix
706:
the allophonic voicing of stops in front of nasals:
505:) it has the same characteristics as the Quechua of
9551:
Lexicón o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú
9200:
9198:
9179:
9177:
8949:
8736:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8611:
8609:
8599:
8597:
8587:
8585:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8478:
8476:
8466:
8464:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8388:
8386:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8321:
8319:
7810:
7500:
7498:
5819:as 'it might be good'. The non-syllabic allomorphs
2841:'llama owner'. A nominal suffix denoting groups is
2456:in the other) will be written between parentheses:
1288:originally from Cuzco and the linguistically close
1234:
Lexicón o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú
1204:after a vowel as opposed to the modern generalised
1126:, as well as by the Sixth Council of Lima in 1772.
8543:
8344:
8342:
8340:
7932:
7930:
7321:
3381:A causative stem is produced by adding the suffix
1220:As mentioned already, Juan de Betanzos' chronicle
8499:
8485:
8177:
8069:
8067:
7836:
7834:
7642:
7578:
7576:
7552:
7426:
7401:
7399:
7271:
7202:
7190:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7098:
5503:may be added directly to the present participle:
5447:, 'place for entering, i.e. entrance'), objects (
3440:may have expressed doing something for somebody:
2630:markers are added at the end of the noun phrase:
2268:z or ç before back vowels, c before front vowels
1269:Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
9705:
9195:
9174:
8910:for 'you (plural) love us', but states that the
8627:
8606:
8594:
8582:
8520:
8473:
8461:
8447:
8413:
8383:
8351:
8316:
8199:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 101.
7495:
6922:
6920:
3396:Reciprocal meaning is expressed with the suffix
2509:
2448:'my blood', where the Haurochirí manuscript has
1018:transition to later forms of the Cuzco dialect.
813:) corresponding to the Colonial Classic Quechua
9504:Variation der Person-Numerus-Flexion in Quechua
8337:
8161:
8159:
8157:
7927:
6999:Following the terminology of Durston (2007: 40)
5278:'(of me) my house exists > I have a house.'
4722:There is also a third person imperative suffix
4695:'come!'. It is preceded by the object markers:
2606:The plural is formed with the postposed marker
2363:The morphology of Quechua is highly synthetic,
2032:, while the latter was expressed by the letter
1385:Romances de la passion de N. Señor Iesu Christo
1279:(1584–1585) and composed of three volumes: two
1265:Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua
623:varieties ("Common southern Peruvian Quechua").
8064:
7831:
7573:
7396:
7128:
5395:
3378:lit. 'make cold > 'freeze' > 'petrify'.
2845:(meaning 'including', 'with ... and all'; cf.
9448:International Journal of American Linguistics
9131:
9129:
9047:
9045:
7911:
7909:
7091:
7089:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7017:
6936:Following the terminology of Durston 2007: 40
6917:
5831:are used after vowels, and the syllabic ones
5541:Macacalla yaĉa-n-chik ... urqu-pi ka-ŝqa-n-ta
3903:(or, if the 1st person acting on 2nd person:
3834:'he saw you'. The 3rd person singular ending
2169:c before back vowels, qu before front vowels
1392:is a specimen of Cuzco Quechua and a similar
747:
741:
719:
707:
694:
634:
537:
9420:Southern Peruvian Quechua Consonant Lenition
9239:
9237:
9192:Taylor 1975: 115–116. Cf. Adelaar 2007: 223.
8872:
8870:
8154:
7147:
7145:
5648:focused topic, expressing stronger contrast
5515:A past participle is formed with the suffix
5424:'for', which usually expresses purpose, and
2371:. Dependents generally precede their heads.
1959:place of articulation () of the sound spelt
1464:Vowel phonemes of Standard Colonial Quechua
909:
842:did not affect the stress of the word (e.g.
596:, and that this article primarily describes.
509:of 1584. In this text, the progressive form
8828:Taylor 1975: 115–116. Cf. Adelaar 2007: 218
8197:A History of the Spanish Language (2nd ed.)
7785:
7783:
3171:The teens are formed by combining the word
3000:The interrogative pronouns and adverbs are
9126:
9042:
8885:Anonymous 1614: 10; NB statement implying
7906:
7086:
7014:
5877:. It is encliticised to the focused word:
5866:'the woman isn't coming' (on the particle
5281:
4711:'protect us ye!' (alongside the ambiguous
9663:A historiographic testimony of Sapa Inca
9506:. Flexionsworkshop Leipzig, 14. Juli 2005
9234:
8867:
7142:
7095:Taylor 1975: 9–10, cf. Itier 2000: 52, 55
7060:Adelaar 2007: 181, Mannheim 2007: 116–117
5570:This contrasts with the gerund ending in
4066:singular, which is normally expressed by
4057:There are two plural agreement suffixes:
3991:
627:
7780:
5265:
4053:Marking of the plurality of participants
3865:
3480:prolonged action or the resulting state
3385:'to make, let (somebody do something)':
3294:
2802:, 'without' (archaic, typical of Cuzco)
1261:El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno
1215:
874:antepenultimates attracted stress (e.g.
572:pattern, according to some experts like
481:
396:
321:
266:
9698:Ethnologue report for language code:qwc
8114:Historia breve de la literatura quechua
4687:The second person imperative suffix is
4136:
3738:is reported to express a return, as in
3734:'carry around, everywhere'. The suffix
3552:'they were drinking'. Thus, the suffix
2634:Standard Colonial Quechua case markers
2514:The possessive pronominal markers are:
1165:Comparison with modern Quechua dialects
956:rather than the Cuzco-specific synonym
615:As "Classic Inca", in reference to the
568:might have been narrative, following a
9706:
5932:'only a llama'., an enclitic particle
5022:, and the 1st person plural inclusive
4086:, and the future tense suffix becomes
2246:like /k/ (sometimes cc, k, qq, ĉ, q̂)
1460:There were only three vowel phonemes:
1321:, complete with a diagram. In 1641, a
5936:meaning 'still, yet', and a morpheme
5458:
3853:
3714:'rejoice' (always in the reflexive),
3595:
3576:'tear into many pieces' . The suffix
3454:
2877:'I am the wisest of all the people'.
2475:
2044:was used to express syllable-initial
544:is either of two historical forms of
314:: k vs. q, s vs. sh (in some places:
8923:Taylor 1975: 31–32, 52, 57–62, 89–90
7393:Durston 2007: 110–114, 126, 310, 314
6990:and Adelaar 2007: 183 for the dating
5392:'not for see-ing' > 'invisible'.
4111:if the subject is in the 2nd person;
3217:
2974:'that (close to the addressee)' and
2696:(also functions as an instrumental)
2367:and relatively regular and tends to
1444:(Anonymous, sometimes attributed to
870:received a separate primary stress;
801:'s work, a few common words such as
18:
9594:A multidialectal Quechua dictionary
8914:is the usual form for this meaning.
4108:if the object is in the 3rd person;
3882:indicates first person object, and
2867:ñuqa qam-manta aŝwan amawta-m ka-ni
1325:was published by Pablo de Prado. A
1030:(1545–1563) in connection with the
13:
7768:Durston 2007: 191–192 and footnote
5905:is used in the future tense, too:
5597:
5551:There are two gerunds, marked for
5510:
5388:'for' it expresses impossibility:
3191:'twenty', etc. Higher numbers are
2581:For the occurrence of the element
2374:
1228:as early as 1560 under the titles
817:, which was rendered with Spanish
365:), one c/qu (just k, not k vs. q:
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
9725:
9510:
5491:in front of possessive suffixes:
5034:. The overall paradigm is, then:
3761:
2824:
2048:(Santo Tomás had instead written
1918:
1907:
1885:
1861:
1851:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1749:
1740:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1518:
1502:
1493:
1390:Quaderno de directorio espiritual
1337:(posthumously) in the same year (
1124:Pedro Antonio de Barroeta y Ángel
274:: document in Classical Quechua.
104:Imperial Quechua/Colonial Quechua
9621:Manuscrito Quechua de Huarochirí
9522:Introducción a la lengua general
9318:
9309:
9300:
9291:
9282:
9273:
9264:
9255:
9246:
9225:
9216:
9207:
9186:
9165:
9156:
9147:
9138:
9117:
9108:
9099:
9090:
9081:
9072:
9063:
9054:
9033:
9024:
9015:
9006:
8997:
8988:
8979:
8970:
8961:
8940:
8917:
8892:
8879:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8786:
8777:
8768:
8759:
8750:
8727:
8718:
8705:
8696:
8687:
8678:
8668:
8659:
8650:
8641:
8618:
8573:
8564:
8555:
8534:
8511:
8438:
8429:
8404:
8395:
8374:
8365:
8328:
8307:
8298:
8289:
8280:
8271:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8235:
8202:
8189:
8168:
8145:
8136:
8127:
8118:
8107:
8098:
8089:
8076:
8055:
8046:
8037:
8028:
8019:
8010:
8001:
7984:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7918:
7897:
5843:are used after consonants: e.g.
5799:for personally witnessed facts,
854:; however, stress did end up on
588:'common language' (henceforward
23:
9584:, Diego González Holguín (1608)
9443:Vol. XXXIV (2) 2010: 369–381.l.
9364:González Holguín, Diego. 1608.
9334:
7888:
7879:
7870:
7861:
7852:
7843:
7822:
7801:
7792:
7771:
7762:
7753:
7744:
7735:
7726:
7717:
7708:
7699:
7690:
7681:
7672:
7663:
7654:
7633:
7624:
7615:
7594:
7585:
7564:
7543:
7534:
7525:
7516:
7507:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7417:
7408:
7387:
7378:
7369:
7360:
7351:
7342:
7333:
7312:
7303:
7294:
7285:
7262:
7253:
7244:
7235:
7214:
7181:
7172:
7163:
7154:
7119:
7110:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7036:
2970:'this (close to the speaker)',
2087:only to express the sound /h/.
1541:The consonants are as follows:
1253:Comentarios reales de los Incas
858:if followed by another suffix (
9492:Torres Rubio, Diego de. 1619.
8889:vs its absence in the example.
8295:See also Mannheim (1991: 116).
7994:occurs alongside the Southern
7414:Durston 2007: 110–114; 198–199
6993:
6980:
6971:
6961:
6948:
6939:
6930:
6908:
5533:urma-mu-ŝqa-n-mi ... riku-ri-n
5443:'means for digging'), places (
5320:potential/future infinitive 2
5310:potential/future infinitive 1
4118:(in the present and past) and
2369:mark both dependents and heads
1990:
1396:exemplifies Ayacucho Quechua.
513:is used, conserved in present
428:), "our (incl.)" with -nchis (
349:), "our (incl.)" with -nchic (
306:: k vs. q, but just one s. In
72:multilingual support templates
1:
9410:Verbal Affix Order in Quechua
6902:
5815:as 'They say it's good', and
5371:
5229:-wa-∅-chwan, -wa-∅-n-chik-man
4667:
4506:-wa-...-nki-chik (= present)
3584:expresses a beginning, as in
3444:'talk to somebody frequently'
2856:
2510:Possessive pronominal markers
2494:possessive pronominal marker
1534:'lagoon' is pronounced , and
1406:Auto Sacramental del robo de
1222:Summa y naración de los incas
1009:of the Quechua language', as
785:, Inca-related terms such as
696:Summa y naración de los incas
636:Academia de la lengua quechua
444:), c/qu vs. cc/qqu (k vs. q:
276:Cuniraya Viracuchap causascan
9496:. Pro Francisco Lasso. Lima.
9473:Choque Amaru y otros cuentos
5975:'beloved house (acc.)', but
5807:for conjecture/doubt. Thus,
5614:
5578:'while he is/was drinking',
4374:'I/we love you (singular)',
3588:'begin to talk'. The suffix
3490:action performed in passing
1455:
1245:Fabulas y Ritos de los Incas
7:
9502:Wunderlich, Dieter (2005).
8304:C stands for any consonant.
6836:One of them he ate himself.
5716:interrogative and negative
5396:Potential/future infinitive
5360:gerund (different subject)
4997:
4640:, occurs before the ending
4629:'I/we shall see you (all)'
3894:for 1st person subject and
3059:
2885:The personal pronouns are:
2880:
1257:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
410:Manual de catecismo quechua
16:Historical forms of Quechua
10:
9730:
5891:warmi-qa mana-m hamu-n-chu
5864:warmi-qa mana-m hamu-n-chu
5673:affirmative evidentiality
5546:
5537:accusativus cum infinitivo
5467:is formed with the suffix
3696:yaya-n-ta aswa-kta qu-mu-n
2358:
932:and the 1st person object
556:(1438–1533) (henceforward
9685:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
9631:Symbolo Catholico Indiano
9588:Arte de la lengua Quichua
9574:, Anonymous, (Los Reyes,
9516:Grammars and dictionaries
9494:Arte de la lengua Quichua
7591:Durston 2007: 47, 109–110
7570:Mannheim 1991b: 2, 34, 62
5963:The word order is mostly
5958:
5943:A free-standing particle
5901:'don't come!' The adverb
5847:'house-affirmative', but
5705:dubitative evidentiality
5607:'he saw us (inclusive)',
5216:
5202:
5197:
5077:
5063:
5058:
5053:number agreement is with:
4970:
4953:
4946:
4862:
4855:
4796:
4779:
4772:
4767:number agreement is with:
4584:
4568:
4561:
4503:-wa-...-nki (= present)
4428:
4414:
4409:
4404:number agreement is with:
4337:
4318:
4313:
4185:
4171:
4166:
4161:number agreement is with:
3976:
3961:acted upon by 1st person
3946:acted upon by 3rd person
3942:
3929:
3919:
3310:inchoative and factitive
3012:(optional contraction of
2903:
2900:
2601:
2384:'house-affirmative', but
1901:
1837:
1789:
1626:
1590:
1546:
1343:Diego de los Cobos Molina
1339:Tratado de los Evangelios
1249:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
914:
910:Standard Colonial Quechua
742:
695:
659:and/or Aymara-influenced
635:
590:Standard Colonial Quechua
381:, no pp-), no aspirates (
345:), accusative with -cta (
286:: one k, but ç vs. s. In
249:
233:
228:
218:Official language in
216:
211:
186:
151:
143:
133:
123:
113:
108:
103:
98:
9625:translation into Spanish
9418:Mannheim, Bruce. 1991a.
8967:Torres Rubio 1619: 12–13
8846:E.g.Torres Rubio 1619: 8
8656:Torres Rubio 1619: 24–24
8082:Martin, Rossella. 2014.
6830:Huctas quiquin micorcan.
5463:A present participle or
3718:'be scared'. The suffix
2480:
2400:'house-accusative', but
1424:Juan de Espinosa Medrano
1300:(1598) was published by
1298:Symbolo Católico Indiano
1159:University of San Marcos
1056:University of San Marcos
424:), accusative with -ta (
9471:Taylor, Gerald (2009).
9372:Santo Tomás, Domingo de
9326:https://www.runasimi.de
8946:Torres Rubio 1619: 4–12
8715:for Quechua as a whole.
8208:Mannheim 1991a: 114–115
7777:Mannheim 1991b: 121–122
7540:Mannheim 1991b: 143–144
7259:Santo Tomás 1560: 80–85
5437:riku-na-yki-kta muna-ni
5282:Non-finite verbal forms
5262:'you would have come'.
5199:3rd person → 1st person
5179:3rd person → 2nd person
5139:2nd person → 1st person
5099:1st person → 2nd person
4949:3rd person → 1st person
4930:3rd person → 2nd person
4858:2nd person → 1st person
4819:1st person → 2nd person
4564:3rd person → 1st person
4539:3rd person → 2nd person
4499:2nd person → 1st person
4453:1st person → 2nd person
4315:3rd person → 1st person
4293:3rd person → 2nd person
4249:2nd person → 1st person
4205:1st person → 2nd person
3925:post-tense suffix slot
3024:'how much / how many',
2621:
2108:normalised orthography
2000:before back vowels and
1978:and, possibly, also an
1347:Sermones de la Cuaresma
1327:Catechismus Quichuensis
1145:because of the various
736:
726:
714:
540:lengua general del inga
436:), no ç (s the same in
290:of Ecuador it would be
9557:Domingo de Santo Tomás
9537:Domingo de Santo Tomás
9487:Domingo de Santo Tomás
8124:Mannheim 1991b, passim
8104:Mannheim 1991: 147–151
7723:Durston 2007: 191–194.
7447:Mannheim 2001a, passim
7232:Durston 2007: 189, 343
6833:Huktaŝ kikin mikurqan.
5879:hatun-chu chay wasi-qa
5689:hearsay evidentiality
5350:gerund (same subject)
4709:waqaycha-wa-y-chik-ku!
4142:them and the others.
4105:if there is no object;
3992:Subject person marking
3922:pre-tense suffix slot
3750:'carry outside'), and
3722:has andative meaning:
3410:A desiderative suffix
3404:'to look at each other
3393:'cause to eat, feed'.
3231:derivational suffixes
1436:El milagro del rosario
1226:Domingo de Santo Tomás
1193:stops in Cuzco due to
1085:Diego González Holguín
1021:
748:
720:
708:
684:Domingo de Santo Tomás
628:The Inca lingua franca
538:
530:
479:
394:
319:
9341:Adelaar, Willem F. H.
9021:Torres-Rubio 1619: 10
8908:muna-wa-(n)ki-chik-ku
8801:Anonymous 1614: 24–25
8570:Torres Rubio 1619: 25
8195:Penny, Ralph (2002).
8061:Durston 2007: 176–177
7894:Durston 2007: 106–107
7732:Durston 2007: 177–178
7714:Mannheim 1991b: 70–74
7705:Durston 2007: 171–177
7696:Mannheim 1991b: 70–71
7669:Durston 2007: 201–206
7621:Durston 2007: 197–201
7612:Durston 2007: 117–118
7600:Durston 2007: 197–198
7513:Durston 2007: 114–117
7366:Durston 2007: 195–197
7339:Mannheim 2001b: 33–35
7309:Durston 2007: 197–206
7268:Durston 2007: 190–191
7241:Durston 2007: 189–190
7220:Durston 2007: 67, 191
7169:Durston 2007: 188–190
7083:Durston 2007: 193–194
7011:Mannheim 1991b: 74–75
6945:Durston 2007: 40, 322
5977:wasi-kta kuya-ŝqa-kta
5856:chay wasi-qa hatun-mi
5851:'blood-affirmative'.
5605:riku-wa-ŝqa ka-n-chik
5455:'door for entering'.
5266:Copula and possession
5260:hamu-nki-man ka-rqa-n
3866:Object person marking
3848:Non-finite verb forms
3548:'they are drinking',
3295:Valency/voice marking
3242:(with some subjects)
2982:'so, like this'. and
2670:(also functions as a
2598:'the woman's house'.
2432:after the consonants
2392:'path-genitive', but
2301:u, o for allophonic
2158:i, e for allophonic
1417:Auto Sacramental del
1381:Directorio espiritual
1362:Huarochirí Manuscript
1216:Attestation and texts
1179:Huarochirí Manuscript
1155:Tupac Amaru rebellion
606:Túpac Amaru rebellion
594:Huarochirí Manuscript
485:
460:, no p-), aspirates (
416:: genitive with -cc (
400:
389:the progressive form
325:
272:Huarochirí Manuscript
270:
9640:Luis Jerónimo de Oré
9408:Kelly, Niamh. 2011.
9395:Itier, César. 2000.
9270:Taylor 1975: 131–132
9135:Taylor 1975: 113–117
9123:Taylor 1975: 104–105
9114:Taylor 1975: 120–124
9105:Taylor 1975: 120–122
9051:Taylor 1975: 128–133
8976:Wunderlich 2005: 3–4
8937:Anonymous 1614: 8–22
8733:Anonymous (1614: 24)
5907:ama-taq kuti-ŝaq-chu
5860:chay wasi-m hatun-qa
5276:(ñuqa-p) wasi-y ka-n
4137:Agreement inflection
4092:Agreement inflection
3909:Agreement inflection
3844:Agreement inflection
3838:can be absent after
3611:ventive/benefactive
3603:grammatical meaning
3462:grammatical meaning
3302:grammatical meaning
2503:discourse particles
2388:'path-affirmative',
1394:Untitled Devotionary
1315:Juan Pérez Bocanegra
1302:Luis Jerónimo de Oré
1143:Cusco–Collao Quechua
1093:Luis Jerónimo de Oré
1089:Juan Pérez Bocanegra
740:'east' > Spanish
521:, whereas in modern
495:Juan Pérez Bocanegra
387:Nicene Creed of 1631
34:specify the language
32:This article should
9674:Commentarios Reales
9434:Cerrón Palomino, R.
8552:Adelaar (2007: 217)
8334:Taylor 1975: 19, 39
8232:Mannheim 1991a: 116
8220:Saenz 1991: 261–262
8095:Saenz 1991: 268–269
8052:Saenz 1991: 254–256
7963:Taylor 1976, passim
7858:Durston 2007: 89–91
7849:Saenz 1991: 259–260
7828:Durston 2007: 74–75
7819:Mannheim 1991b: 141
7807:Saenz 1991: 264–267
7759:Mannheim 1991b: 142
7678:Durston 2007: 25–30
7492:Durston 2007: 72–75
7384:Itier (2000: 52–55)
7187:Mannheim 1991b: 140
5529:ñi-wa-ŝqa ka-n-chik
5330:present participle
5270:The copula verb is
4901:subject and object?
4713:waqaycha-wa-y-chik!
4001:
3754:means 'in(wards)' (
3418:'I want to drink'.
3281:negation particle,
3236:direction, aspect)
2681:after a consonant;
2655:after a consonant;
2635:
1465:
1277:Doctrina Christiana
1263:, around 1610) and
1241:Cristóbal de Molina
1032:Counter-Reformation
846:'only an old man',
653:ejective consonants
507:Doctrina Christiana
335:Doctrina Christiana
280:Doctrina Christiana
9714:Quechuan languages
9679:2011-07-22 at the
9665:Titu Cusi Yupanqui
9162:Taylor 1975: 50–51
9153:Taylor 1975: 72–73
9069:Taylor 1975: 31–32
9039:Anonymous 1614: 11
9012:Anonymous 1614: 18
9003:Taylor 1975: 46–47
8985:Taylor 1975: 88–90
8958:Anonymous 1614: 20
8747:Anonymous 1614: 24
8647:Taylor 1975: 84–85
8444:Taylor 1975: 44–45
8025:Durston 2007: 178
8007:Itier 2000: 49, 53
7954:Durston 2007: 171
7924:Itier 2000, passim
7789:Saenz 1991, p. 256
7687:Mannheim 1991b: 70
7330:Mannheim 1991: 142
7300:Itier 2000: passim
7116:Mannheim 1991: 178
7069:Mannheim 1991b: 33
5563:'(while) seeing',
5459:Present participle
5189:-ŝu-∅-nki-chik-man
5149:-wa-∅-nki-chik-man
4627:riku-ŝqa-y-ki-chik
4000:
3854:Agreement suffixes
3596:Direction suffixes
3550:upya-chka-rqa-n-ku
3455:Aspectual suffixes
2633:
2476:Nominal morphology
2114:colonial spelling
1463:
1366:Francisco de Ávila
1335:Francisco de Ávila
1097:Francisco de Ávila
1048:Melchor del Aguila
960:for 'suffer', and
890:'you (sg.) ate').
774:'speaker, oracle')
558:Inca Lingua Franca
531:
480:
395:
320:
9357:Anonymous. 1614.
8819:Itier 2000, p. 53
8401:Anonymous 1614: 6
8371:Durston 2007: 343
8277:Durston 2007: 195
8268:Durston 2007: 204
8259:Durston 2007: 196
8174:Adelaar 2007: 197
8165:Adelaar 2012: 600
8043:Itier 2000: 52–53
8034:Durston 2007: 17
7981:Adelaar 2007: 185
7972:Taylor 1976: 7–13
7945:Durston 2007: 154
7876:Durston 2007: 117
7741:Durston 2007: 178
7660:Durston 2007: 103
7651:Durston 2007: 203
7639:Durston 2007: 161
7630:Itier 2000: 51–53
7561:Durston 2007: 108
7549:Itier 2000: 49–50
7531:Durston 2007: 107
7435:Durston 2007: 191
7423:Durston 2007: 310
7357:Taylor 1976: 9–10
7348:Itier 2000: 46–48
7282:Durston 2007: 192
7250:Durston 2007: 189
7211:Adelaar 2007: 187
7199:Durston 2007: 188
7178:Adelaar 2007: 191
7125:Adelaar 2007: 195
7107:Adelaar 2007: 182
7051:Itier 2000: 51–55
7033:Adelaar 2007: 183
5973:kuya-ŝqa wasi-kta
5781:
5780:
5777:truly, certainly
5590:) and 'not yet' (
5369:
5368:
5292:grammatical form
5245:
5244:
4995:
4994:
4895:-wa-...-y-chik-ku
4717:waqaycha-wa-y-ku!
4623:
4622:
4368:
4367:
4043:
4042:
3989:
3988:
3820:
3819:
3758:'carry inside').
3708:aswa-kta apa-ku-n
3706:is used instead:
3680:
3679:
3538:
3537:
3429:'help to dance',
3360:
3359:
3292:
3291:
3233:(valency, voice,
3218:Verbal morphology
3169:
3168:
2960:
2959:
2811:
2810:
2579:
2578:
2507:
2506:
2422:ĉunka isqun-niyuq
2349:
2348:
2345:C (sometimes CC)
2334:C (sometimes CC)
1932:
1931:
1528:
1527:
1428:El pobre más rico
1415:(about 1644) and
1341:, bilingual) and
1311:Ritual Formulario
1149:, especially the
1131:Indian reductions
886:'you (sg.) eat',
534:Classical Quechua
491:Ritual Formulario
373:), no ejectives (
265:
264:
174:Classical Quechua
99:Classical Quechua
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
9721:
9329:
9322:
9316:
9315:Taylor 1975: 115
9313:
9307:
9304:
9298:
9297:Taylor 1975: 107
9295:
9289:
9288:Taylor 1975: 133
9286:
9280:
9277:
9271:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9253:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9232:
9229:
9223:
9220:
9214:
9211:
9205:
9202:
9193:
9190:
9184:
9181:
9172:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9154:
9151:
9145:
9142:
9136:
9133:
9124:
9121:
9115:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9097:
9094:
9088:
9085:
9079:
9078:Taylor 1975: 121
9076:
9070:
9067:
9061:
9060:Taylor 1975: 128
9058:
9052:
9049:
9040:
9037:
9031:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9013:
9010:
9004:
9001:
8995:
8992:
8986:
8983:
8977:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8959:
8956:
8947:
8944:
8938:
8935:
8924:
8921:
8915:
8912:muna-wa-nki-chik
8896:
8890:
8883:
8877:
8874:
8865:
8862:
8856:
8853:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8829:
8826:
8820:
8817:
8811:
8808:
8802:
8799:
8793:
8792:Taylor 1975: 125
8790:
8784:
8783:Taylor 1975: 111
8781:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8756:Taylor 1975: 112
8754:
8748:
8745:
8734:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8716:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8694:
8693:Taylor 1975: 142
8691:
8685:
8684:Taylor 1975: 117
8682:
8676:
8672:
8666:
8663:
8657:
8654:
8648:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8625:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8604:
8601:
8592:
8589:
8580:
8577:
8571:
8568:
8562:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8541:
8538:
8532:
8529:
8518:
8515:
8509:
8508:Taylor 1975: 118
8506:
8497:
8496:Taylor 1975: 102
8494:
8483:
8480:
8471:
8468:
8459:
8456:
8445:
8442:
8436:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8411:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8381:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8349:
8346:
8335:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8314:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8287:
8284:
8278:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8251:
8248:
8242:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8221:
8218:
8209:
8206:
8200:
8193:
8187:
8186:Suarez 1977: 269
8184:
8175:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8152:
8149:
8143:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8087:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8062:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8044:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8026:
8023:
8017:
8016:Durston 2007: 49
8014:
8008:
8005:
7999:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7973:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7904:
7903:Durston 2007: 21
7901:
7895:
7892:
7886:
7885:Durston 2007: 91
7883:
7877:
7874:
7868:
7867:Durston 2007: 17
7865:
7859:
7856:
7850:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7808:
7805:
7799:
7798:Taylor 1976: 117
7796:
7790:
7787:
7778:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7760:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7688:
7685:
7679:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7661:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7613:
7610:
7601:
7598:
7592:
7589:
7583:
7580:
7571:
7568:
7562:
7559:
7550:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7523:
7520:
7514:
7511:
7505:
7504:Durston 2007: 79
7502:
7493:
7490:
7484:
7483:Durston 2007: 98
7481:
7475:
7474:Durston 2007: 82
7472:
7466:
7465:Durston 2007: 55
7463:
7457:
7456:Durston 2007: 67
7454:
7448:
7445:
7436:
7433:
7424:
7421:
7415:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7394:
7391:
7385:
7382:
7376:
7375:Itier (2000: 49)
7373:
7367:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7340:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7319:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7301:
7298:
7292:
7291:Taylor 1976: 7–8
7289:
7283:
7280:
7269:
7266:
7260:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7221:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7200:
7197:
7188:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7170:
7167:
7161:
7160:Durston 2007: 48
7158:
7152:
7151:Durston 2007: 40
7149:
7140:
7137:
7126:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7108:
7105:
7096:
7093:
7084:
7081:
7070:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7012:
7009:
7000:
6997:
6991:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6969:
6968:administrators.'
6965:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6915:
6912:
6535:pacariscanmanta.
6116:kawsaŝqankunapaŝ
6113:causascancunapas
5928:meaning 'only':
5803:for hearsay and
5622:
5621:
5553:switch-reference
5414:riku-nqa-yki-paq
5340:past participle
5289:
5288:
5037:
5036:
4751:
4750:
4705:waqaycha-y-chik!
4550:-ŝu-...-nki-chik
4388:
4387:
4303:-ŝu-...-nki-chik
4259:-wa-...-nki-chik
4145:
4144:
4131:-wa-...-ŝun-chik
4002:
3999:
3917:
3916:
3766:
3765:
3600:
3599:
3459:
3458:
3299:
3298:
3225:
3224:
3067:
3066:
2888:
2887:
2636:
2632:
2517:
2516:
2488:
2487:
2416:'my house', but
2105:
2104:
2036:and the digraph
1922:
1911:
1889:
1865:
1855:
1833:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1753:
1744:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1544:
1543:
1538:'to write' is .
1522:
1506:
1497:
1466:
1462:
1422:(about 1650) by
1183:Ayacucho dialect
1087:(1607–1608) and
1069:Spanish Conquest
1036:Juan de Betanzos
1028:Council of Trent
895:conquest of Peru
759:for the name of
751:
745:
739:
729:
723:
717:
711:
698:
691:Juan de Betanzos
638:
621:Southern Quechua
619:ancestor of all
562:Imperial Quechua
543:
515:Ayacucho Quechua
462:ucjupachacunaman
412:1940, in modern
300:Ayacucho Quechua
261:
245:
238:
205:Quechua alphabet
192:
157:
138:Kingdom of Cusco
96:
95:
89:
86:
80:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9704:
9703:
9681:Wayback Machine
9513:
9479:Torero, Alfredo
9388:on Google Books
9337:
9332:
9323:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9306:Taylor 1975: 23
9305:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9287:
9283:
9279:Taylor 1975: 38
9278:
9274:
9269:
9265:
9261:Taylor 1975: 47
9260:
9256:
9252:Taylor 1975: 34
9251:
9247:
9243:Taylor 1975: 43
9242:
9235:
9231:Taylor 1975: 19
9230:
9226:
9222:Taylor 1975: 56
9221:
9217:
9213:Taylor 1975: 62
9212:
9208:
9204:Taylor 1975: 27
9203:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:Taylor 1975: 95
9182:
9175:
9171:Taylor 1975: 94
9170:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9127:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9104:
9100:
9096:Taylor 1975: 99
9095:
9091:
9087:Taylor 1975: 36
9086:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9043:
9038:
9034:
9030:Taylor 1975: 67
9029:
9025:
9020:
9016:
9011:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8994:Taylor 1975: 89
8993:
8989:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8936:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8897:
8893:
8884:
8880:
8876:Taylor 1975: 90
8875:
8868:
8864:Taylor 1975: 57
8863:
8859:
8855:Taylor 1975: 52
8854:
8850:
8845:
8841:
8837:Taylor 1975: 53
8836:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8810:Taylor 1975: 64
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8774:Taylor 1975: 69
8773:
8769:
8765:Taylor 1975: 48
8764:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8746:
8737:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8710:
8706:
8702:Taylor 1975: 81
8701:
8697:
8692:
8688:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8646:
8642:
8638:Taylor 1975: 37
8637:
8628:
8624:Taylor 1975: 24
8623:
8619:
8615:Taylor 1975: 65
8614:
8607:
8603:Taylor 1975: 25
8602:
8595:
8591:Taylor 1975: 60
8590:
8583:
8579:Taylor 1975: 32
8578:
8574:
8569:
8565:
8561:Taylor 1975: 96
8560:
8556:
8551:
8544:
8540:Taylor 1975: 28
8539:
8535:
8531:Taylor 1975: 79
8530:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8507:
8500:
8495:
8486:
8482:Taylor 1975: 85
8481:
8474:
8470:Taylor 1975: 73
8469:
8462:
8458:Taylor 1975: 58
8457:
8448:
8443:
8439:
8435:Taylor 1975: 39
8434:
8430:
8426:Taylor 1975: 78
8425:
8414:
8410:Taylor 1975: 54
8409:
8405:
8400:
8396:
8392:Taylor 1975: 93
8391:
8384:
8380:Taylor 1975: 55
8379:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8362:Taylor 1975: 35
8361:
8352:
8347:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8325:Taylor 1975: 20
8324:
8317:
8313:Taylor 1975: 30
8312:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8294:
8290:
8286:Taylor 2001: 14
8285:
8281:
8276:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8258:
8254:
8250:Saenz 1991: 260
8249:
8245:
8241:Taylor 2001: 15
8240:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8203:
8194:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8155:
8151:Taylor 1976: 15
8150:
8146:
8141:
8137:
8133:Taylor 1976: 16
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8108:
8103:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8042:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8002:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7928:
7923:
7919:
7915:Saenz 1991: 258
7914:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7788:
7781:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7620:
7616:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7329:
7322:
7318:Saenz 1991: 256
7317:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7272:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7129:
7124:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7087:
7082:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6900:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6866:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6800:
6790:
6782:
6774:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6712:
6704:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6672:
6664:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6634:
6626:
6618:
6610:
6602:
6594:
6586:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:paqariŝqamanta.
6532:
6524:
6516:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6150:
6142:
6134:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5985:
5961:
5899:ama hamu-y-chu!
5881:'is this house
5617:
5609:ñi-ŝu-q ka-n-ki
5600:
5598:Compound tenses
5549:
5513:
5511:Past participle
5461:
5398:
5390:mana riku-y-paq
5374:
5284:
5268:
5018:is replaced by
5000:
4670:
4587:
4139:
4094:section below.
4070:, is marked by
4055:
3994:
3868:
3856:
3832:riku-ŝu-rqa-nki
3830:'they saw it',
3764:
3598:
3457:
3433:'help to eat'.
3297:
3279:interrogative/
3220:
3199:'thousand' and
3185:ĉunka kimsa-yuq
3181:ĉunka huk-niyuq
3062:
3046:mayqin runa-paŝ
2883:
2859:
2827:
2789:, 'because of'
2624:
2604:
2587:Morphophonology
2512:
2483:
2478:
2426:ĉunka suqta-yuq
2377:
2375:Morphophonology
2361:
1993:
1631:
1563:
1458:
1218:
1167:
1024:
917:
912:
836:syllable weight
645:Aymara language
630:
432:), -n (not -m:
402:Apostles' Creed
353:), -m (not -n:
327:Apostles' Creed
308:Central Quechua
257:
241:
234:
219:
212:Official status
193:
188:
182:
158:
155:Language family
153:
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9727:
9717:
9716:
9702:
9701:
9694:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9671:
9667:, grandson of
9655:
9643:
9627:
9618:
9609:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9597:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9569:
9548:
9529:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9511:External links
9509:
9508:
9507:
9500:
9497:
9490:
9476:
9469:
9466:
9463:
9460:
9457:
9454:
9451:
9444:
9431:
9426:
9423:
9416:
9413:
9406:
9405:No.1 Julio '91
9403:Revista Andina
9399:
9393:
9390:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9351:
9348:
9347:No.1 Julio '94
9345:Revista Andina
9336:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9317:
9308:
9299:
9290:
9281:
9272:
9263:
9254:
9245:
9233:
9224:
9215:
9206:
9194:
9185:
9173:
9164:
9155:
9146:
9137:
9125:
9116:
9107:
9098:
9089:
9080:
9071:
9062:
9053:
9041:
9032:
9023:
9014:
9005:
8996:
8987:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8948:
8939:
8925:
8916:
8891:
8878:
8866:
8857:
8848:
8839:
8830:
8821:
8812:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8776:
8767:
8758:
8749:
8735:
8726:
8717:
8704:
8695:
8686:
8677:
8667:
8658:
8649:
8640:
8626:
8617:
8605:
8593:
8581:
8572:
8563:
8554:
8542:
8533:
8519:
8517:Itier 2000: 55
8510:
8498:
8484:
8472:
8460:
8446:
8437:
8428:
8412:
8403:
8394:
8382:
8373:
8364:
8350:
8348:Itier 2000: 53
8336:
8327:
8315:
8306:
8297:
8288:
8279:
8270:
8261:
8252:
8243:
8234:
8222:
8210:
8201:
8188:
8176:
8167:
8153:
8144:
8135:
8126:
8117:
8106:
8097:
8088:
8075:
8063:
8054:
8045:
8036:
8027:
8018:
8009:
8000:
7983:
7974:
7965:
7956:
7947:
7938:
7936:Itier 2000: 54
7926:
7917:
7905:
7896:
7887:
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7842:
7840:Itier 2000: 49
7830:
7821:
7809:
7800:
7791:
7779:
7770:
7761:
7752:
7743:
7734:
7725:
7716:
7707:
7698:
7689:
7680:
7671:
7662:
7653:
7641:
7632:
7623:
7614:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7582:Itier 2000: 48
7572:
7563:
7551:
7542:
7533:
7524:
7522:Itier 2000: 50
7515:
7506:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7467:
7458:
7449:
7437:
7425:
7416:
7407:
7405:Itier 2000: 51
7395:
7386:
7377:
7368:
7359:
7350:
7341:
7332:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7293:
7284:
7270:
7261:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7222:
7213:
7201:
7189:
7180:
7171:
7162:
7153:
7141:
7139:Itier 2000: 47
7127:
7118:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7071:
7062:
7053:
7044:
7035:
7013:
7001:
6992:
6988:lengua general
6979:
6970:
6960:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6916:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6883:
6875:
6872:kawsachikurqan
6869:causachicorcan
6867:
6859:
6851:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6821:
6813:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6783:
6777:huachacunampac
6775:
6767:
6759:
6751:
6743:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6713:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6659:huacacunactaca
6657:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6533:
6525:
6517:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6073:
6065:
6057:
6049:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5960:
5957:
5955:'definitely'.
5870:, see below).
5779:
5778:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5638:focused topic
5636:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5616:
5613:
5599:
5596:
5580:upya-pti-nchik
5548:
5545:
5525:riku-ŝqa-nchik
5512:
5509:
5497:riku-qi-n-chik
5460:
5457:
5453:yayku-na punku
5397:
5394:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5283:
5280:
5267:
5264:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5236:-wa-∅-n-ku-man
5232:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5213:-wa-∅-y-ku-man
5206:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4966:-wa-...-ŝun-ku
4959:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4871:-wa-...-y-chik
4868:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4783:
4778:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4697:waqaycha-wa-y!
4669:
4666:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4612:-wa-...-nqa-ku
4608:
4607:
4592:
4591:
4583:
4581:-wa-...-ŝun-ku
4574:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4350:-wa-...-n-chik
4342:
4341:
4336:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4124:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4054:
4051:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4006:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3867:
3864:
3855:
3852:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3763:
3762:Tense suffixes
3760:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3546:upya-chka-n-ku
3536:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3058:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2858:
2855:
2826:
2825:Noun formation
2823:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2686:after a vowel
2676:
2663:
2662:
2660:after a vowel
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2626:The following
2623:
2620:
2603:
2600:
2596:warmi-p wasi-n
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:plural marker
2495:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2444:as well: e.g.
2376:
2373:
2360:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2312:hu (early gu)
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
1992:
1989:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1446:Antonio Valdez
1217:
1214:
1166:
1163:
1023:
1020:
916:
913:
911:
908:
823:
822:
793:and Xairi for
775:
764:
753:
629:
626:
625:
624:
613:
598:
597:
586:lengua general
581:
454:ppampasccatacc
452:), ejectives (
450:quinsa ñeqquen
383:ucupachacunamã
263:
262:
255:
247:
246:
239:
231:
230:
229:Language codes
226:
225:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
194:
190:Writing system
187:
184:
183:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
161:
159:
152:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
114:Native to
111:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
92:
91:
70:. Knowledge's
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9726:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9700:in Ethnologue
9699:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9648:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9628:
9626:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9606:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9595:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9549:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9534:
9530:
9527:
9523:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9514:
9505:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9467:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9455:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9363:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9327:
9321:
9312:
9303:
9294:
9285:
9276:
9267:
9258:
9249:
9240:
9238:
9228:
9219:
9210:
9201:
9199:
9189:
9180:
9178:
9168:
9159:
9150:
9141:
9132:
9130:
9120:
9111:
9102:
9093:
9084:
9075:
9066:
9057:
9048:
9046:
9036:
9027:
9018:
9009:
9000:
8991:
8982:
8973:
8964:
8955:
8953:
8943:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8920:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8895:
8888:
8882:
8873:
8871:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8834:
8825:
8816:
8807:
8798:
8789:
8780:
8771:
8762:
8753:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8730:
8721:
8714:
8708:
8699:
8690:
8681:
8671:
8662:
8653:
8644:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8621:
8612:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8588:
8586:
8576:
8567:
8558:
8549:
8547:
8537:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8514:
8505:
8503:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8479:
8477:
8467:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8441:
8432:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8387:
8377:
8368:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8331:
8322:
8320:
8310:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8274:
8265:
8256:
8247:
8238:
8229:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8205:
8198:
8192:
8183:
8181:
8171:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8148:
8139:
8130:
8121:
8115:
8110:
8101:
8092:
8085:
8079:
8070:
8068:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8031:
8022:
8013:
8004:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7931:
7921:
7912:
7910:
7900:
7891:
7882:
7873:
7864:
7855:
7846:
7837:
7835:
7825:
7816:
7814:
7804:
7795:
7786:
7784:
7774:
7765:
7756:
7747:
7738:
7729:
7720:
7711:
7702:
7693:
7684:
7675:
7666:
7657:
7648:
7646:
7636:
7627:
7618:
7609:
7607:
7597:
7588:
7579:
7577:
7567:
7558:
7556:
7546:
7537:
7528:
7519:
7510:
7501:
7499:
7489:
7480:
7471:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7442:
7432:
7430:
7420:
7411:
7402:
7400:
7390:
7381:
7372:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7336:
7327:
7325:
7315:
7306:
7297:
7288:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7265:
7256:
7247:
7238:
7229:
7227:
7217:
7208:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7184:
7175:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7122:
7113:
7104:
7102:
7092:
7090:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7066:
7057:
7048:
7039:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6996:
6989:
6983:
6974:
6964:
6957:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6881:
6878:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6862:
6857:
6854:
6849:
6846:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6819:
6816:
6811:
6808:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6781:
6778:
6773:
6770:
6765:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6741:
6738:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6692:
6687:
6684:
6679:
6676:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6662:wakakunaktaqa
6660:
6655:
6652:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6625:
6622:
6617:
6614:
6609:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6593:
6590:
6585:
6582:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6566:
6561:
6558:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6531:
6528:
6523:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6507:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6483:
6480:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6453:
6450:
6445:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6413:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6367:
6364:
6359:
6356:
6351:
6348:
6343:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6319:
6316:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6289:
6286:
6281:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6254:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6227:
6224:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6192:
6187:
6186:wiraquchappaŝ
6184:
6183:viracochappas
6179:
6176:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6138:
6133:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6101:
6098:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6071:
6068:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6044:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6028:
6023:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:-ŝu-∅-nki-man
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:-wa-∅-nki-man
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:-nki-chik-man
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:-yki-chik-man
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:optative mood
4991:) (= future)
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:-ŝqa-yki-chik
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:means 'out' (
3745:
3742:. The suffix
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3352:
3350:applicative?
3349:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:The morpheme
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:, 'like, as'
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2594:below): e.g.
2593:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:-(ni)yki-chik
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:agglutinative
2356:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:, but not of
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:kinship terms
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1296:Council, the
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:el Cuzqueño (
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1077:Lobo Guerrero
1072:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
990:lingua franca
986:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
907:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Sairi (Túpac)
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
738:
733:
730:> Spanish
728:
722:
716:
710:
705:
704:
703:
700:
697:
692:
687:
685:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
622:
618:
617:reconstructed
614:
611:
610:Cuzco Quechua
607:
603:
602:
601:
595:
591:
587:
582:
579:
578:Sabine Hyland
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
549:
547:
542:
541:
535:
528:
524:
523:Cuzco Quechua
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Apunchispipas
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Cuzco Quechua
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:apunchicmãpas
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:with mute s).
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Cuzco Quechua
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
256:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
237:
232:
227:
224:
221:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
185:
175:
172:
171:
170:Quechua IIB/C
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
160:
156:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:Andean Region
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
102:
97:
88:
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
9683:The work of
9669:Wayna Qhapaq
9658:
9646:
9630:
9613:
9575:
9555:
9552:
9532:
9472:
9450:16: 137–148.
9447:
9440:
9402:
9375:
9368:. Los Reyes.
9361:. Los Reyes.
9344:
9335:Bibliography
9320:
9311:
9302:
9293:
9284:
9275:
9266:
9257:
9248:
9227:
9218:
9209:
9188:
9167:
9158:
9149:
9140:
9119:
9110:
9101:
9092:
9083:
9074:
9065:
9056:
9035:
9026:
9017:
9008:
8999:
8990:
8981:
8972:
8963:
8942:
8919:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8894:
8886:
8881:
8860:
8851:
8842:
8833:
8824:
8815:
8806:
8797:
8788:
8779:
8770:
8761:
8752:
8729:
8720:
8712:
8707:
8698:
8689:
8680:
8670:
8661:
8652:
8643:
8620:
8575:
8566:
8557:
8536:
8513:
8440:
8431:
8406:
8397:
8376:
8367:
8330:
8309:
8300:
8291:
8282:
8273:
8264:
8255:
8246:
8237:
8204:
8196:
8191:
8170:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8120:
8109:
8100:
8091:
8078:
8057:
8048:
8039:
8030:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7977:
7968:
7959:
7950:
7941:
7920:
7899:
7890:
7881:
7872:
7863:
7854:
7845:
7824:
7803:
7794:
7773:
7764:
7755:
7746:
7737:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7635:
7626:
7617:
7596:
7587:
7566:
7545:
7536:
7527:
7518:
7509:
7488:
7479:
7470:
7461:
7452:
7419:
7410:
7389:
7380:
7371:
7362:
7353:
7344:
7335:
7314:
7305:
7296:
7287:
7264:
7255:
7246:
7237:
7216:
7183:
7174:
7165:
7156:
7121:
7112:
7065:
7056:
7047:
7038:
6995:
6987:
6982:
6973:
6963:
6956:catechetical
6950:
6941:
6932:
6910:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6879:
6876:
6871:
6868:
6863:
6860:
6855:
6853:mayquintapas
6852:
6847:
6844:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6817:
6814:
6809:
6806:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6780:waĉakunanpaq
6779:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6763:
6760:
6755:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6739:
6736:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6709:
6706:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6653:
6650:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6604:
6599:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6564:
6559:
6556:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6530:kawsaŝqanpaŝ
6529:
6527:causascampas
6526:
6521:
6518:
6513:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6497:
6494:
6489:
6486:
6481:
6478:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:chaykunakta.
6459:
6457:chaycunacta.
6456:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6440:
6436:kanankamapaŝ
6435:
6433:canancamapas
6432:
6427:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:kawsaŝqanta,
6381:
6379:causascanta,
6378:
6373:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6333:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6317:
6314:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6284:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6268:
6263:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6225:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6201:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6132:kanankamapaŝ
6131:
6129:canancamapas
6128:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6112:
6107:
6104:
6099:
6096:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5994:
5986:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5930:huk llamalla
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5699:
5695:
5683:
5679:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5618:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5591:
5587:
5584:N V-wa-pti-n
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5363:
5353:
5343:
5333:
5323:
5313:
5303:
5285:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5235:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5012:hamu-nki-man
5011:
5007:
5001:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4883:-wa-...-y-ku
4882:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4744:
4740:riku-wa-chun
4739:
4736:hamu-chun-ku
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4552:(= present)
4549:
4546:(= present)
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4498:
4491:
4488:(= present)
4485:
4482:(= present)
4479:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4384:
4380:kuya-wa-n-ku
4379:
4376:kuya-wa-y-ku
4375:
4371:
4369:
4362:
4357:-wa-...-n-ku
4356:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4333:-wa-...-n-ku
4332:
4329:-wa-...-y-ku
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4120:-wa-∅-nqa-ku
4119:
4115:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4027:
4016:
4012:
4008:
3997:identified:
3995:
3980:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3933:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3857:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:riku-rqa-nku
3827:
3823:
3821:
3816:: see text)
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3790:
3780:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3529:reiteration
3522:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3470:progressive
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:upya-naya-ni
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3370:from nouns:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3269:
3268:
3266:(of subject
3265:
3260:involvement
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3221:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:iŝkay chunka
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3054:mana ima-paŝ
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2913:
2904:
2884:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2513:
2500:case marker
2484:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:'nineteen',
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1985:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1459:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1419:Hijo Pródigo
1416:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1359:
1355:Chinchaysuyo
1354:
1351:Aptaycachana
1350:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1116:Chinchaysuyo
1113:
1104:Chinchaysuyu
1101:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1041:
1025:
1016:
995:
989:
984:
982:
978:
965:
961:
957:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
936:rather than
933:
929:
928:rather than
925:
922:
918:
902:
898:
892:
888:miku-rqá-ngi
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
826:
824:
818:
814:
806:
802:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
767:
757:Yaguar Guaca
756:
731:
701:
688:
681:
669:
647:, including
631:
599:
589:
585:
570:logosyllabic
561:
557:
539:
533:
532:
526:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
487:Nicene Creed
475:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:quey pachacc
417:
409:
405:
390:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
315:
311:
310:it would be
303:
302:it would be
291:
283:
282:it would be
279:
275:
250:
201:Latin script
173:
82:
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
9652:Guaman Poma
8086:. P.312-313
6856:mayqintapaŝ
6374:machunkunap
6371:machoncunap
5969:allin wamra
5767:definitely
5746:still, yet
5736:only, just
5481:riku-q-ni-y
5431:The use of
5300:infinitive
5204:-wa-∅-n-man
5092:-n-chik-man
5026:fuses with
4985:-wa-...-ŝun
4968:(= future)
4956:wa-...-chun
4939:----------
4812:(= future)
4809:-ŝun(-chik)
4793:(= future)
4734:here, too:
4701:waqaycha-y!
4600:-wa-...-ŝun
4571:-wa-...-nqa
4544:-ŝu-...-nki
4298:-ŝu-...-nki
4254:-wa-...-nki
4116:-wa-...n-ku
4034:3rd person
4024:2nd person
4005:1st person
3977:3rd person
3943:2nd person
3930:1st person
3878:The suffix
3682:The suffix
3651:dispersive
3641:regressive
3436:The suffix
3389:'eat' >
3368:inchoatives
3362:The suffix
3330:reciprocal
3257:2nd person
3251:finiteness
3203:'million'.
3195:'hundred',
3056:'nothing'.
2946:3rd person
2931:2nd person
2925:ñuqa-n-chik
2901:1st person
2849:'all' from
2744:terminative
2565:3rd person
2550:2nd person
2543:-(ni)n-chik
2530:1st person
2420:'my path',
2276:ʂ / s̪ / ʃ
2083:, and uses
2079:and /q/ as
2071:and /ʎ/ as
1991:Orthography
1432:Uska Paukar
1410:y sueño de
1147:innovations
964:instead of
901:instead of
862:), and the
848:saynáta-kta
811:Santo Tomás
791:Mascapaicha
787:maxcapaycha
761:Yawar Waqaq
693:from 1557,
665:Quechua IIB
641:Quechua IIC
554:Inca Empire
468:instead of
464:, no -c-),
442:chacatascca
375:pampascatac
371:quimçañequẽ
347:runacunacta
223:Inca Empire
118:Inca Empire
85:August 2021
9561:Valladolid
9541:Valladolid
9380:Valladolid
6903:References
6864:kuyaŝqanta
6861:cuyascanta
6772:iŝkayllata
6769:yscayllata
6616:Tuta Ñamqa
6608:Yana Ñamqa
6503:quillcasca
6498:llaqtanpim
6495:llactanpim
6412:feeniyuqĉá
6409:feenioccha
6355:Guarocheri
6296:kaptinpaŝ,
6293:captinpas,
6285:quillcasca
6264:kaptinpaŝ,
6261:captinpas,
6140:chinkaykuq
6137:chincaycuc
6043:quillcacta
6022:machunkuna
6019:machonkuna
5949:mana-m ari
5726:also, and
5658:new topic
5576:upya-pti-n
5465:agent noun
5441:alla-ku-na
5372:Infinitive
5159:3rd person
5119:2nd person
5060:1st person
4942:---------
4908:3rd person
4835:2nd person
4829:---------
4775:1st person
4674:imperative
4668:Imperative
4662:syncretism
4654:suppletive
4517:3rd person
4475:2nd person
4411:1st person
4370:Examples:
4271:3rd person
4227:2nd person
4168:1st person
3858:The verbs
3800:fusional (
3732:apa-ykaĉa-
3716:mancha-ku-
3698:'he gives
3621:reflexive
3574:lliki-rqa-
3558:urma-raya-
3519:inception
3500:intensity
3442:rima-paya-
3340:auxiliary
3320:causative
3284:discourse
3264:plurality
3183:'eleven',
3179:'having':
2893:singular
2857:Adjectives
2746:, 'until'
2693:comitative
2667:accusative
2612:wamra-kuna
2585:, see the
2450:yawar-ni-y
1903:semivowels
1791:fricatives
1633:affricates
1408:Proserpina
1313:(1631) by
1281:catechisms
783:Quiquixana
677:Pachacamac
574:Gary Urton
426:runacunata
363:chacatasca
312:kawsashqan
167:Quechua II
6826:mikurqan.
6823:micorcan.
6788:kamarqan.
6785:camarcan.
6702:Qarwinchu
6699:Caruincho
6691:Huallallo
6613:Tutañamca
6605:yanañamca
6506:qillqaŝqa
6358:Waruchiri
6288:qillqaŝqa
6272:kanankama
6269:canancama
6226:hinataqmi
6223:hinatacmi
6210:kanankama
6207:canancama
6202:kaŝqanpaŝ
6199:cascanpas
6051:yachanman
6046:qillqakta
5979:(ditto).
5625:particle
5615:Particles
5493:riku-qi-y
5477:riku-wa-q
5253:-wa-chwan
5241:subject?
5225:inclusive
5209:exclusive
5169:-n-ku-man
5084:inclusive
5074:-y-ku-man
5070:exclusive
4981:inclusive
4962:exclusive
4935:---------
4865:-wa-...-y
4826:--------
4823:--------
4805:inclusive
4786:exclusive
4781:--------
4728:hamu-chun
4625:Example:
4596:inclusive
4577:exclusive
4486:-nki-chik
4437:inclusive
4421:exclusive
4346:inclusive
4325:exclusive
4320:-wa-...-n
4237:-nki-chik
4215:-yki-chik
4194:inclusive
4178:exclusive
3890:(perhaps
3740:kuti-mpu-
3724:kaĉa-pu-n
3692:kaĉa-mu-n
3690:meaning:
3686:may have
3671:illative
3631:andative
3431:miku-wŝi-
3427:taki-wŝi-
3421:A suffix
3402:riku-naku
3376:chiri-ya-
3276:optative
3255:subject,
3208:–(ni)ntin
3034:imaypacha
3028:'where',
3020:'which',
3016:) 'how',
2921:inclusive
2914:ñuqa-y-ku
2910:exclusive
2847:hina-ntin
2843:–(ni)ntin
2839:llama-yuq
2819:Particles
2800:privative
2618:'a lot'.
2574:-(ni)n-ku
2539:-(ni)y-ku
2522:singular
2446:yawar-i-y
2390:ñan-pa(q)
1689:aspirated
1585:laryngeal
1565:retroflex
1456:Phonology
1450:lenitions
1345:in 1649 (
1255:, 1609),
1191:aspirated
1151:lenitions
1135:cofradías
882:'I eat',
860:-chík-man
844:máchu-lla
519:tiyachkan
379:pũchaupim
361:) vs. s (
339:caypachap
316:kawashqan
304:kawsasqan
292:kawsashka
284:cauçascan
252:Glottolog
236:ISO 639-3
134:Ethnicity
9708:Category
9677:Archived
9642:. (1598)
9481:(1994).
9374:(1560).
6718:atirqan.
6715:atircan.
6694:Wallallu
6683:huacatac
6667:quipanpi
6519:himahina
6428:imahinaĉ
6256:Chayhina
6253:Chayhina
6218:rikurin,
6215:ricurin,
6108:hinantin
6105:hinantin
6054:yaĉanman
5922:wasi-paŝ
5911:paqta(ĉ)
5849:yawar-mi
5817:allin-ĉá
5813:allin-ŝi
5809:allin-mi
5787:or with
5757:already
5628:meaning
5592:mana-raq
5561:riku-ŝpa
5521:riku-ŝqa
5445:yayku-na
5173:subject
5153:subject
5133:subject
5124:-nki-man
5104:-yki-man
5078:subject
5043:singular
4998:Optative
4918:-chun-ku
4798:subject
4757:singular
4618:subject?
4458:-ŝqa-yki
4394:singular
4372:kuya-yki
4363:subject?
4151:singular
3777:present
3712:kuŝi-ku-
3661:elative
3586:rima-ri-
3570:-rqa-ri-
3566:-rqa-ya-
3512:-rqa-ri-
3508:-rqa-ya-
3391:miku-chi
3354:-pa(ya-)
3287:clitics
3272:object)
3177:-(ni)yuq
3060:Numerals
3030:maypacha
3014:ima-hina
3008:'what',
2955:pay-kuna
2940:qam-kuna
2881:Pronouns
2831:-(ni)yuq
2776:, 'for'
2757:equative
2732:allative
2720:ablative
2708:locative
2648:genitive
2592:Pronouns
2554:-(ni)yki
2412:): e.g.
2398:wasi-kta
2111:phoneme
2052:); e.g.
1980:aspirate
1976:ejective
1953:alveolar
1844:laterals
1735:ejective
1628:plosives
1560:alveolar
1441:Ollantay
1412:Endimión
1290:Arequipa
1286:mestizos
1187:ejective
1005:and the
966:chikllu-
958:allpari-
884:mikú-ngi
864:ablative
649:aspirate
560:or even
527:tiyashan
511:tiachcan
476:tiyashan
471:tiachcan
458:ppunchau
422:Pilatocc
393:is used.
391:tiachcan
259:clas1251
163:Quechuan
109:Runasimi
9436:(2010)
6927:Empire'
6815:quiquin
6764:runakta
6761:runacta
6748:atiŝpaŝ
6745:atispas
6710:ŝutiyuq
6686:wakataq
6670:qipanpi
6632:karqan.
6629:carcan.
6624:ŝutiyuq
6576:pachaqa
6573:pachaca
6522:imahina
6425:ymayñah
6420:karqan,
6417:carcan,
6350:yayayuq
6347:yayayuc
6323:churani
6234:kanman.
6231:canman.
6175:Himanam
6156:kanman.
6153:canman.
6148:hinachu
6145:hinacho
5920:'and':
5559:: e.g.
5547:Gerunds
5449:sita-na
5295:suffix
5218:object
5193:object
5113:object
5024:-n-chik
4923:subject
4876:subject
4850:subject
4845:-y-chik
4790:-ŝaq-ku
4691:: e.g.
4532:subject
4527:-nqa-ku
4510:subject
4492:subject
4430:subject
4425:-ŝaq-ku
4286:subject
4264:subject
4242:subject
4198:-n-chik
4187:subject
4082:before
4078:and by
4074:before
3985:------
3938:------
3850:below.
3826:: e.g.
3797:future
3772:suffix
3756:apa-yku
3748:apa-rqu
3688:ventive
3655:-ykaĉa-
3606:suffix
3572:, e.g.
3465:suffix
3372:tuta-ya
3305:suffix
3246:tense/
3240:object
3197:waranqa
3004:'who',
2997:above.
2990:'now'.
2896:plural
2642:marker
2525:plural
2418:ñan-niy
2359:Grammar
1839:liquids
1570:palatal
1536:qillqay
1477:central
1374:cacique
1108:Huánuco
1044:Diocese
974:Puquina
880:míku-ni
876:túnquri
866:ending
673:Chincha
661:Puquina
546:Quechua
474:(today
466:tiascan
446:carccan
343:Pilatop
77:See why
9692:Others
9661:– 1570
9636:Aymara
9354:Guide.
8900:-chik-
6888:maman.
6885:maman.
6848:Huktaŝ
6845:Huctas
6810:Huktaŝ
6807:Huctas
6707:sutioc
6621:sutioc
6600:ñiskaŝ
6597:ñiskas
6482:Chayri
6479:Chayri
6444:kawsan
6441:causan
6366:ñiŝqap
6363:ñiscap
6326:ĉurani
6318:kaypim
6315:caypim
6194:sinchi
6191:sinchi
6178:Imanam
6070:chayqa
6067:chayca
6062:karqan
6014:ñiŝqap
6011:ñiscap
5959:Syntax
5845:wasi-m
5565:ñi-ŝpa
5473:riku-q
5382:riku-y
5249:-chwan
5164:-n-man
5088:-chwan
5065:-y-man
5048:plural
5032:-chwan
4973:object
4888:object
4762:plural
4693:hamu-y
4588:object
4556:object
4468:object
4399:plural
4339:object
4308:object
4220:object
4156:plural
3970:-(y)ki
3965:------
3769:tense
3728:-ykaĉa
3700:chicha
3578:-tamu-
3542:-chka-
3506:(also
3494:-tamu-
3484:-raya-
3474:-chka-
3438:-paya-
3412:-naya-
3398:-naku-
3366:forms
3334:-naku-
3248:mood/
3212:-(ni)n
3193:pachak
3134:qanĉis
3114:pichqa
3042:pi-paŝ
3018:mayqin
2976:chaqay
2853:'so'.
2793:-rayku
2787:causal
2770:dative
2725:-manta
2672:dative
2653:-pa(q)
2602:Number
2583:-(ni)-
2569:-(ni)n
2534:-(ni)y
2470:-(ni)y
2466:-p(aq)
2462:-(k)ta
2454:-ñi/ni
2414:wasi-y
2402:ñan-ta
2394:wasi-p
2386:ñan-mi
2382:wasi-m
2279:s, ss
2067:, /ɲ/
1957:dental
1877:trills
1637:plain
1592:nasals
1580:uvular
1555:dental
1550:labial
1195:Aymara
1007:Toledo
1001:, the
999:Athens
970:Aymara
962:aklla-
954:muchu-
915:Origin
903:ranti-
899:landi-
868:-mánta
781:(e.g.
772:rima-q
768:lima-q
732:cóndor
727:kundur
721:kuntur
657:Aymara
566:Quipus
525:it is
434:iñinin
367:carcan
357:), ç (
355:yñinim
331:Yñinim
288:Kichwa
197:Quipus
124:Region
9607:Texts
9441:Lexis
7992:ĉusku
6880:yayan
6877:yayan
6818:kikin
6756:kanan
6753:canan
6589:huaca
6568:ñawpa
6565:ñaupa
6560:Ancha
6557:Ancha
6514:kanqa
6511:canca
6124:manam
6121:manam
6059:carca
6038:pacha
6035:pacha
6030:ñawpa
6027:ñaupa
6006:Indio
6003:yndio
5953:-puni
5841:-ŝ(i)
5837:-ĉ(á)
5801:-ŝ(i)
5797:-m(i)
5763:-puni
5505:-q-ku
5487:with
5426:-kama
5030:into
4989:-chik
4913:-chun
4724:-chun
4682:-chun
4650:-chik
4638:-ŝqa-
4445:-chik
4331:(and
4281:-n-ku
4182:-y-ku
4099:-ŝun-
4088:-ŝun-
4084:-chik
4063:-chik
3888:-yki-
3860:agree
3810:-ŝun-
3806:-ŝqa-
3802:-ŝaq-
3791:-rqa-
3787:past
3675:-yku-
3665:-rqu-
3645:-mpu-
3562:-yku-
3554:-raya
3504:-yku-
3423:-wŝi-
3387:miku-
3383:-chi-
3344:-wŝi-
3324:-chi-
3228:root
3173:ĉunka
3164:ĉunka
3154:isqun
3144:pusaq
3124:suqta
3094:kimsa
3084:iŝkay
3022:hayka
3010:imana
2995:Nouns
2988:kunan
2984:kanan
2871:ancha
2863:aŝwan
2833:(the
2774:final
2763:-hina
2750:-kama
2639:case
2616:achka
2608:-kuna
2491:root
2481:Nouns
2458:-m(i)
2353:-ĉ(á)
2323:y, i
2054:huaca
1575:velar
1489:close
1472:front
985:koiné
946:-chik
872:heavy
856:-chik
852:-kúna
840:-chik
770:<
749:Andes
746:>
724:>
712:>
503:tucui
438:sapay
408:) in
406:Iñini
359:çapay
333:) in
9576:1603
9565:1560
9545:1560
9526:here
9384:1560
8904:-ku-
8902:and
8713:-pa-
7996:tawa
6592:waka
6490:sapa
6487:sapa
6452:chay
6449:chay
6280:mana
6277:mana
5998:Runa
5995:Runa
5934:-raq
5926:-lla
5918:-paŝ
5887:mana
5875:-chu
5868:-chu
5839:and
5827:and
5789:-taq
5773:-ari
5742:-raq
5732:-lla
5722:-paŝ
5644:-taq
5572:-pti
5557:-ŝpa
5517:-ŝqa
5422:-paq
5418:-nqa
5410:-nqa
5402:-nqa
5386:-paq
5364:-pti
5354:-ŝpa
5344:-ŝqa
5314:-nqa
5028:-man
5008:-man
5002:The
4680:and
4672:The
4658:-nqa
4646:-ŝun
4642:-yki
4634:-ŝaq
4604:chik
4522:-nqa
4480:-nki
4441:-ŝun
4416:-ŝaq
4232:-nki
4210:-yki
4047:y-ki
4028:-nki
3955:-nki
3950:-ŝu-
3934:-wa-
3901:-nki
3896:-ki-
3884:-ŝu-
3880:-wa-
3873:-kta
3840:-rqa
3824:-rqa
3814:-nqa
3752:-yku
3744:-rqu
3736:-mpu
3720:-pu-
3704:-ku-
3684:-mu-
3635:-pu-
3625:-ku-
3615:-mu-
3590:-pa-
3582:-ri-
3568:and
3533:-pa-
3523:-ri-
3510:and
3364:-ya-
3314:-ya-
3201:hunu
3104:tawa
3050:mana
3038:-paŝ
2980:hina
2972:chay
2905:ñuqa
2851:hina
2835:-ni-
2806:-naq
2780:-paq
2737:-man
2701:-wan
2684:-kta
2628:case
2622:Case
2440:and
2410:-ñi-
2406:-ni-
2133:t͡ʂ
2122:t͡ʃ
2094:and
2058:waka
2056:for
2028:and
2020:and
1967:and
1947:and
1762:t͡ʃʼ
1711:t͡ʃʰ
1532:quĉa
1512:open
1482:back
1434:and
1232:and
1210:-ŝqa
1202:-kta
1189:and
1173:and
1003:Rome
944:and
938:-ma-
934:-wa-
829:and
807:ŝuti
805:for
803:xuti
789:for
743:andi
737:anti
715:inga
709:inka
675:and
651:and
576:and
440:and
298:and
41:lang
8906:in
8887:-ku
6841:12.
6803:11.
6733:10.
6678:huk
6675:huc
6654:Kay
6651:Cay
6584:huk
6581:huc
6404:ima
6401:yma
6342:huk
6339:huc
6334:kay
6331:cay
6100:...
6097:...
6078:...
6075:...
5965:SOV
5945:ari
5903:ama
5895:ama
5883:big
5833:-mi
5805:-ĉá
5793:-ri
5785:-qa
5751:(-)
5712:chu
5654:-ri
5634:-qa
5501:-ku
5433:-na
5406:-na
5324:-na
5272:ka-
5016:-ni
4732:-ku
4378:or
4335:?)
4173:-ni
4080:-n-
4076:-ku
4072:-y-
4068:-ni
4059:-ku
4019:?)
4017:-n-
4015:?,
4013:-y-
4009:-ni
3981:-∅-
3905:-ki
3892:-y-
3781:-∅-
3160:10
3074:huk
3032:or
3026:may
3006:ima
2968:kay
2950:pay
2935:qam
2815:ñiq
2713:-pi
2679:-ta
2430:-i-
2342:Cʼ
2339:C'
2331:Cʰ
2328:Ch
2191:ll
2185:ll
2136:ch
2125:ch
2119:ch
2050:gu-
2042:hu-
1665:t͡ʃ
1657:t͡ʂ
1370:Aru
1333:),
1206:-ta
1022:Use
1011:Oré
972:or
942:-ku
926:-ni
809:in
799:Oré
797:in
536:or
517:as
499:cai
493:by
489:in
243:qwc
144:Era
61:IPA
9710::
9567:).
9563:,
9547:).
9543:,
9386:).
9382:,
9236:^
9197:^
9176:^
9128:^
9044:^
8951:^
8928:^
8869:^
8738:^
8629:^
8608:^
8596:^
8584:^
8545:^
8522:^
8501:^
8487:^
8475:^
8463:^
8449:^
8415:^
8385:^
8353:^
8339:^
8318:^
8225:^
8213:^
8179:^
8156:^
8066:^
7929:^
7908:^
7833:^
7812:^
7782:^
7644:^
7605:^
7575:^
7554:^
7497:^
7440:^
7428:^
7398:^
7323:^
7273:^
7225:^
7204:^
7192:^
7144:^
7130:^
7100:^
7088:^
7074:^
7016:^
7004:^
6919:^
6740:Ña
6737:Ña
6647:9.
6553:8.
6475:7.
6397:6.
6311:5.
6249:4.
6171:3.
6093:2.
5991:1.
5938:ña
5897::
5835:,
5829:-ŝ
5825:-ĉ
5823:,
5821:-m
5753:ña
5702:)
5686:)
5670:)
5664:-m
5588:ña
5519::
5507:.
5495:,
5489:qi
5471::
5469:-q
5380::
5378:-y
5334:-q
5304:-y
5255:.
5238:?
5227::
5211::
5090:,
5086::
5072::
5020:-y
4983::
4964::
4897:?
4840:-y
4807::
4788::
4726::
4689:-y
4678:-y
4656::
4614:?
4606:)
4602:(-
4598::
4579::
4447:)
4439::
4423::
4359:?
4348::
4327::
4276:-n
4196::
4180::
4038:-n
3972:?
3911:.
3836:-n
3812:,
3808:,
3804:,
3544::
3514:)
3400::
3356:?
3270:or
3214:.
3150:9
3140:8
3130:7
3120:6
3110:5
3100:4
3090:3
3080:2
3070:1
3052::
3002:pi
2923::
2912::
2821:.
2674:)
2658:-p
2610::
2472:.
2468:,
2464:,
2460:,
2442:-ŝ
2438:-r
2436:,
2434:-q
2320:j
2317:y
2309:w
2306:w
2298:u
2295:u
2290:t
2287:t
2284:t
2273:ŝ
2265:s
2262:s
2257:r
2254:r
2251:r
2243:q
2240:q
2235:p
2232:p
2229:p
2224:ñ
2221:ɲ
2218:ñ
2213:n
2210:n
2207:n
2202:m
2199:m
2196:m
2188:ʎ
2180:l
2177:l
2174:l
2166:k
2163:k
2155:i
2152:i
2147:h
2144:h
2141:h
2130:ĉ
2073:ll
2065:ch
2060:.
2046:w-
2038:ss
2014:qq
2012:,
2008:,
2006:cc
2002:qu
1963:,
1856:)
1815:/
1812:s̪
1809:/
1783:)
1780:qʼ
1774:)
1771:kʼ
1765:)
1754:)
1751:tʼ
1745:)
1742:pʼ
1727:)
1725:qʰ
1720:)
1718:kʰ
1713:)
1704:)
1702:tʰ
1697:)
1695:pʰ
1660:)
1236:.
1161:.
1071:.
930:-y
763:);
734:,
718:,
501:,
456:,
448:,
420:,
377:,
369:,
341:,
199:/
46:,
9687:.
9559:(
9539:(
9528:.
9489:.
9378:(
5710:-
5700:á
5698:(
5696:ĉ
5694:-
5684:i
5682:(
5680:ŝ
5678:-
5668:i
5666:(
5485:q
4987:(
4443:(
4122:.
4011:(
3450:.
3446:.
3406:.
2986:/
2772:/
2096:ĉ
2092:ŝ
2085:h
2081:q
2077:k
2069:ñ
2034:s
2030:ç
2026:z
2022:o
2018:e
2010:k
1998:c
1969:ç
1965:c
1961:z
1949:c
1945:z
1941:s
1937:x
1920:j
1909:w
1887:r
1863:ʎ
1853:l
1850:(
1831:h
1818:ʃ
1806:ʂ
1799:s
1777:(
1768:(
1759:(
1748:(
1739:(
1723:(
1716:(
1709:(
1700:(
1693:(
1679:q
1672:k
1654:(
1649:t
1642:p
1630:/
1614:ɲ
1605:n
1598:m
1562:/
1520:a
1504:u
1495:i
1267:(
1259:(
1251:(
1175:ŝ
1171:s
831:o
827:e
821:.
819:s
815:ŝ
779:x
612:;
529:.
478:)
404:(
329:(
207:)
203:(
87:)
83:(
79:.
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