Climate change in Bangladesh

22: 281: 1017: 811:(FAO) supported this policy through the "National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program" (NFPCSP). There is also an initiative for the start of a "Food Security Country Investment Plan" enabling the country to secure around US$ 52 million under the "Global Agriculture and Food Security Program" (GAFSP), making it Asia's first recipient. More work and better implementation from the government is necessary for activities to reach fruitful outcomes. Already, 11 ministries and governmental agencies are involved in this integrated endeavor. In the aftermath of the "East Pakistan Coastal Embankment plan" (CEP) in the mid-20th century, Bangladesh has recently started work on the "Master Plan for the South". The southern coastal area is vulnerable to the ill-effects of global climate. Crops, livestock, and 426:. The effects of climate change are not isolated to agriculture but also severely affect other critical sectors such as fisheries and water resources. Rising sea levels and increased salinity intrude into freshwater sources, jeopardizing both drinking water supplies and irrigation systems necessary for agriculture. Additionally, the frequency of cyclones and storms has increased, leading to substantial economic losses in the coastal regions, impacting infrastructure, livelihoods, and housing. The overall economic burden of climate change on Bangladesh is profound, with estimates suggesting that it could cost about 2% of the annual GDP growth. This underscores the need for integrated climate resilience strategies to mitigate the economic downturns caused by environmental changes. 722:- GoB, 1 degree Celsius increase in maximum temperature at vegetative, reproductive and ripening stages there was a decrease in Aman rice production by 2.94, 53.06 and 17.28 tons respectively. Another major threat deriving from this factor is water salinity which directly affects rice production especially in the coastal part of Bangladesh. The same report state that, the country will lose 12-16% of its land if the sea level rises by 1 meter. These challenges lead to food scarcity and insecurity for the huge populace of the country. There are several adaptation measures which are practised to cope up with the abnormal behaviour of climate such as: resilient varieties of crops, diversification, change in cropping pattern, mixed cropping, improved 981: 545: 1032:(MoDMR) has a wide range of programs on DRR. It has recently drafted a 'National Plan for Disaster Management (2016-2020)' with a detail institutional framework on disaster management. According to the NPDM, disaster management policy and activities is guided by several drivers including, a) Disaster Management Act 2012; b) Standing Orders on Disasters (SOD) first introduced in 1997 and then revised in 2010; (SOD) first introduced in 1997 and then revised in 2010; c) National Plan for Disaster Management 2010–2015; d) Disaster Policy Act 2015; e) SAARC Framework for Action (SFA) 2006–2015; f) 1094: 706:. It is the main source of rural job in the country having over 87% people somewhat related to agri-based economy. In 2016, according to World Bank, agriculture contributed to 14.77% of country's GDP. A steady increase in agricultural production with the use of modern equipment and scientific methods, agriculture has been a key driver to eradicate rural poverty in Bangladesh. The risk of sea level rising and global warming is the biggest challenge not only to country's agricultural improvement but also the success on poverty reduction. 807:. In March 2017, extreme pre-monsoon rains and flash floods damaged 220,000 hectares of rice crops. Rice imports increased to three million tonnes from less than 100,000 tonnes the year before. A December 2018 study published by the American Meteorological Society found that climate change doubled the likelihood of the extreme pre-monsoon rainfall. Given the frequent climate change-based catastrophes, Bangladesh needs to enhance food security by drafting and implementing new policies such as the 2006 National Sausage Policy. The 266:(which is when poorer populations may suffer disproportionately from disasters) of potentially flooded households when compared to non-flooded households in the coastal zones. This is in contrast to some of the literature in Bangladesh that did find an exposure bias for river flooding. This could be explained from the random nature of cyclones which makes the occurrence of an exposure bias less likely, as it less dependent on long-term structural conditions that might determine the location of a household (e.g. land prices). 180: 197: 710: 755: 315: 3851: 223:. The country was affected by six major floods in the 19th century and 18 floods in the 20th century. Among them, 1987, 1985 and 1998 were the most catastrophic. Major cyclones that occurred in the 20th century were in the years 1960, 1961, 1963, 1970, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1995. The cyclone in 1991 killed an estimated 140,000 people and 10 million people lost their homes. In the recent past, the country faced two major cyclones in 2007 and 2009. 1113:, with high rates of poverty and weak government, meaning it is especially vulnerable to natural disasters. It is densely populated and about 63 percent of its population was working in the agriculture, forestry, or fishing sectors in 2010. Slightly less than half of Bangladesh's population is women and, in 2001, 80 percent of women lived in rural areas. Bangladeshi women are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they have limited 3873: 3862: 2115: 1073:- NAPA in its action plan have collected, structured and ranked a series of climate adaptation needs and vulnerabilities, as well as sector-specific costs and benefits. These proposed actions have considered poverty reduction and security of livelihoods with a gender perspective as the most important set of criteria for prioritization of adaptation needs and activities. 996:

to respond effectively to new or anticipated environmental changes. Likewise Disaster Risk Reduction seeks to influence development decision-making and protect development aspirations from environment related risks. The effectiveness of both adaptation and DRR are limited if they are not viewed within the broader context of sustainable development.

917:(BCCRF) allocating US$ 200 million and cumulating around further US$ 114 million respectively. Although 3000 cyclone shelters were constructed with over 40,000 trained volunteers and 10,000 km of embankments erected, Bangladesh should not only place emphasis on capacity building and disaster management but also institutional and 995:

may seem two different fields but both are similar in their objectives which is to build resilience in the face of hazards. The relation between the two field in one study is explained as 'Climate change adaptation requires the re-shaping and re-designing of development, social and economic practices

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worsened. The loss of rice production was estimated at around two million metric tons (MT), which could potentially feed 10 million people. This was the single most important catalyst of the 2008 price increases, which led to around 15 million people going without much food. This was further worsened

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has introduced a varieties of saline tolerant rices like BR-11, BR-23, BRRI rice -28, BRRI rice -41, BRRI rice -47, BRRI rice -53 and BRRI rice -54. In the drought prone areas, BR-11, BR-23, BRRI rice -28, BRRI rice -41, BRRI rice -47, BRRI rice -53 and BRRI rice -54 are used which take short time to

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can only do so much, their efforts are a testament to finding necessary solutions. A lot of Bangladeshis have phones and are able to log the water levels and report back to scientists who can use the data for future forecasts. A lot of homes have been rebuilt sustainably and at a higher level to cope

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in the South, the country experiences 2 completely different environmental conditions leading to long monsoons and catastrophic natural disasters. With new phenomena like climate change and the rise of sea levels, the situation is getting even worse. The country is also very low and flat, having only

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The Bangladesh Coastal Zone (BCZ) is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and subsequent storm surges, which are projected to increase in frequency and intensity in Bangladesh due to climate change. The area covers 47,201 km with 19 districts and was home to approximately 37.2 million in 2011

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abuse by their male relatives. To cope with climatic change, women store matches, food for the family, fodder for the livestock, medicine, and fuel sources in safe places in case of disaster. They also teach their children skills such as swimming to prepare them for crisis. The global relief agency

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and power in society. Research shows that, after the cyclone and flooding of 1991, Bangladeshi women aged 20–44 had a much higher death rate than men of the same age: 71 per 1000, compared to 15 per 1000 for men. Even if a cyclone warning is issued, many women die because they must wait at home for

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From a prehistoric age, Bangladesh has faced numerous natural disasters in every decade but due to climate change, the intensity and extremity of disasters has increased. The country experiences small to medium scale floods, cyclones, flash floods, and landslides almost every year. Between 1980 and

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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rises. When men become unemployed, women's responsibilities increase because they must secure and manage income and resources on top of feeding the family and caring for children and the elderly. As the number of men at home without income or occupation rises, more women report mental and physical

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are emitting increasing quantities of GHGs. The country cannot go far in their struggle with reducing emissions and fighting global warming with the considerable scantily supported funding and help it receives from the international community. There exist plans such as the "National Action Plan on

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Bangladesh has a critical environmental state by its nature. The fact that it has inland huge rivers makes it subject to constant floods especially due to severe climate change. Around 163 million living in Bangladesh has almost no escape from these natural phenomena due to their closeness to the

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has been drastically reduced in comparison to 1970. Once highly dependent on international aid for providing relief to the affected communities through ad-hoc relief supports, the country soon realized the importance of establishing a culture of resilience to mitigate the risk occurred from the

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Bangladesh is one of the most populated countries in the world and the high population density of the country makes it vulnerable to any kind of natural disasters. In recent past, the country has shown remarkable success of poverty reduction yet 24% people live under poverty line. Moreover, the

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A better baseline understanding of where populations live exactly in the coastal zones, and their poverty incidence or socioeconomic vulnerability, could help inform decision-making concerning large-scale adaptation options. Possible options include embankments and cyclone shelters, or softer

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and storms has increased, leading to substantial economic losses in the coastal regions, impacting infrastructure, livelihoods, and housing. The overall economic burden of climate change on Bangladesh is profound, with estimates suggesting that it could cost about 2% of the annual GDP growth.

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Bangladesh loses land to rising sea levels, but gains land from sediment deposits. The effects of sea level rise and land accretion in Bangladesh are highly regional and variegated. Natural land accretion, paired with targeted policies to secure such land for farming use has the potential to

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Besides the consequences from the impact of climate change, the whole country is yet affected by the results of maladaptation processes. Most of the aid and efforts put in alleviating the systems from vulnerability factors, have being object of bad management resulting in accentuating ethnic

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With a mission 'to achieve a paradigm shift in disaster management from conventional response and relief to a more comprehensive risk reduction culture, and to promote food security as an important factor in ensuring the resilience of communities to hazards' the government of Bangladesh in

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plays a crucial role in fostering the country's development. This is already being considered as a synergic urgent action together with other pressing factors which impede higher growth rates (such as the permanent threat of shocks – natural, economic or political – the uncertain impact of

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are farmers. In recent years, they faced several catastrophic climatic incidents, such as unexpected droughts, unexpected rain, river erosion, flood, increase of severe storm and cyclones, which ultimately challenge the farmer's food production system, food security, and water security.

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Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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Bangladesh allocates about $ 3 billion annually for adaptation and disaster management, with 75 percent of this funding sourced domestically. This significant investment demonstrates the government's commitment to enhancing its adaptive capacity and managing disaster risks

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Bangladesh has shown important results on disaster risk mitigation and is in fact, one of the world leaders in disaster management. It has been made possible as the country changed its disaster programs from prevention to risk reduction. The deaths and damages by natural

1147:'s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Bangladesh published a Poverty Reduction Strategy paper in 2005 that incorporated gender mainstreaming into its climate change adaptation plan, but as of 2008 those goals and policies were not fully implemented. 892:, as one major calamity will destroy any socio-economic gains. Around 40–45 percent of GHG emissions are required to be reduced by 2020 and 90–95 percent by 2050. This is using the 1990 GHG concentration levels as a benchmark. With higher population and rapid 145:

globalization, and an imbalanced world trade). As of 2020, it was seen falling short of most of its initial targets, still leaving 80 million people at risk of flooding where it should have been reduced to 60 million people. The progress is being monitored.

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As agricultural production is heavily related with temperature and rainfall, the current change in weather conditions is creating negative impact on crop yielding and the total area of arable land has been decreased. According to a report published by the

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of the southern delta are threatened. There are plans for a US$ 3 billion multi-purpose bridge named "Pad ma" to transform the agricultural sector in the region. The government estimates a GDP increase of around two percent as a result of the project.

925:. Even though it is agreed that the willingness and cooperation of the current UNFCCC parties (194 member states as of 2011) is necessary to help the nation, funds like the Special Climate and LDC, Adaptation Fund should be easily made available. 153:

Bangladesh is known for its vulnerability to climate change and more specifically to natural disasters. It is important to mention the fact that the location of the country is vulnerable for the presence for three powerful rivers, Asian rivers,

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path given it initially receives significant financial and technical support from the international community and national goals of economic growth and social development is not hampered. But a more holistic short-term plan is also necessary.

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of water sources are becoming problems in Bangladesh. When there is a lack of drinking water, women are responsible for procuring it regardless of the distance they must travel or the terrain they must cover. During natural disasters,

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Floods have a destructive power over the whole state of the country and it is directly related to the effects of climate change. As estimated by UNICEF more than 19 million children in Bangladesh will be threatened by this situation.

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Haque, Md. Nazmul; Mahi, Mahdi Mansur; Sharif, Md. Shahriar; Rudra, Rhyme Rubayet; Sharifi, Ayyoob (2023-02-25). "Changes in the economic value of ecosystem services in rapidly growing urban areas: the case of Dhaka, Bangladesh".

2844: 1174:(BCAS), SUSHILON, Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh (FEJB) are some of the CSOs and NGOs that have been actively coordinating the government of Bangladesh in recent years in formulating climate change policies. 422:, prone to a significant number of climate related disasters. There are serious consequences from the impact of climate change on different sectors of the economy in the country, mainly but not exclusively concentrated in the 823:

status by 2021, the government is focusing on increasing agriculture production, productivity, water management techniques, surface water infrastructure, irrigation, fisheries, and promoting poultry and dairy development.

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Sea levels in Bangladesh are predicted to rise by up to 0.30 metres by 2050, resulting in the displacement of 0.9 million people, and by up to 0.74 metres by 2100, resulting in the displacement of 2.1 million people.

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economy and social disparities are increasing the vulnerability of the country in facing the current changing climatic conditions. Almost every year large regions of Bangladesh suffer from more intense events like

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Since the disasters of 1991, Bangladeshi women are more involved in disaster response decision-making, through local committees and community organizations established by the government and NGOs. As part of the

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one of the most adversely affected on the planet. There are an estimated one thousand people in each square kilometer, with the national population increasing by two million people each year. Almost half the

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collaboration with multilateral partners and civil society organizations working on a direction to achieve 3 goals which are i. Saving lives, ii. Protecting investments iii. Effective recovery and building.

1308: 972:. In order to maximize any future contributions from this sector, the public sector needs to overcome the political and bureaucratic barriers the private sector has to face towards a low carbon future. 21: 3078: 2741: 306:

Challenges in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone are likely to be exacerbated by the effects of climate change and associated sea-level rise, with 62 percent of coastal lands less than 3 m above sea level.

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country is experiencing a rapid and unplanned urbanisation without ensuring the adequate infrastructure and basic social services. The unsustainable process of urbanisation makes the city dweller

2146: 2811: 2577:, retrieved September 25, 2021, "...farmers start with water hyacinth, a tightly-knit water weave that floats, piling layers of it together to be crushed down into a compact bed that floats..." 3250: 3099:

Lopa, F. G. R., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016). Participation of CSOs/NGOs in Bangladeshi climate change policy formulation: co-operation or co-optation?. Development in Practice, 26(6), 781-793.

953:. Furthermore, this funding will be balanced between mitigation and infrastructure adaptation in various sectors including forestry, science, technology and capacity building. Moreover, the 1080:(UNDP), Bangladesh developed a flood action plan initiating a culture of disaster management and risk reduction. UNDP also supported Bangladesh to establish the Disaster Management Bureau. 937:, such as Bangladesh. The accord committed up to US$ 30 billion of immediate short term funding over the 2010–2012 period from developed to developing countries to support their action in 1048:

and social safety nets. Research work on high-resolution synthetic population mapping can help target such interventions more accurately for the benefit of poorer population segments.

2835: 630:. Around these cities, there are many rivers, which are very polluted via industrial and household waste, and are in serious impact of climate change and unexpected weather patterns. 235:

10% of its land more than a meter above sea level. Being crisscrossed by hundreds of rivers, and having one of the largest river systems in the whole world (the estuarial region of

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of arable land, but also impact negatively the other income opportunities and often disrupt the livelihood patterns of whole families. In the northern regions of Bangladesh

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hierarchies in some communities, trapping the poor, powerless and displaced in a patronage system, leading to increased human insecurity and intensified violent conflict.

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Afrin, Afifa; Dhali, Helal Hossain (2015). "Environmental Migration, Adaptation, and Gender Relations: A study in Dhaka". In Mallick, Bishawjit; Etzold, Benjamin (eds.).

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Afrin, Afifa; Dhali, Helal Hossain (2015). "Environmental Migration, Adaptation, and Gender Relations: A study in Dhaka". In Mallick, Bishawjit; Etzold, Benjamin (eds.).

1976:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 3140: 2292: 2000: 2779: 1159:. The film explores the way in which Bangladeshi farmers are preventing their farms from flooding by building floating gardens made of water hyacinth and bamboo. 3230: 1316: 103:

and erosion. The mentioned adverse events are slowing the development of the country by bringing socio-economical and environmental systems to almost collapse.

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In most countries like Bangladesh, yields from rain-fed agriculture was predicted to be reduced to 50% by 2020. For a country with increasing population and

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intrude into freshwater sources, jeopardizing both drinking water supplies and irrigation systems necessary for agriculture. Additionally, the frequency of

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Another misconception is that this accord will divert funding from poverty reduction. The private sector alone contributes more than 85 percent of current

75:, and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise, temperature rise, food crisis, droughts, floods, and cyclones. 3830: 2587: 672:. Although the effects of climate change are highly variable, by 2030, South Asia could lose 10% of rice and maize yields, while neighboring states like 3604: 3390: 2138: 3220: 3225: 2237: 3257: 1338: 1167:

Bangladesh also has a large network of NGOs all through the country who are highly active in supporting the people vulnerable from climate change.

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which mesh water hyacinth plants with bamboo and fertilizer to provide a sturdy floating platform for agriculture, according to climate researcher

63:'s vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed 2688: 3210: 2416:

Salan, Md Sifat Ar; Hossain, Md Moyazzem; Sumon, Imran Hossain; Rahman, Md Mizanur; Kabir, Mohammad Alamgir; Majumder, Ajit Kumar (2022-11-22).

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Rubinyi, Steven; Verschuur, Jasper; Goldblatt, Ran; Gussenbauer, Johannes; Kowarik, Alexander; Mannix, Jenny; Bottoms, Brad; Hall, Jim (2022).

1487: 3215: 2570: 1614: 2083:"High-resolution synthetic population mapping for quantifying disparities in disaster impacts: An application in the Bangladesh Coastal Zone" 958: 556:

and by 2013 already 6.5 million people had been displaced. Poor and other vulnerable population groups have been affected disproportionally.

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and 43.8 million at present (2022). The BCZ lags behind other parts of the country in socioeconomic development and struggles to cope with

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of land are irrigated, almost fourfold that in 1990. Even though modern rice varieties have been introduced in three-fourths of the total

579:, is considered the major reason for migration in the context of climate change in Bangladesh over all. These floods not only lead to the 3180: 3014:

Kartiki, Katha. "Climate change and migration: a case study from rural Bangladesh." Gender & Development. 19. no. 1 (2011): 23 - 38.

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Bangladesh is also supported by different international organizations such as United Nations, World Bank, and so on. With help from the

113:, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, 1029: 1016: 288: 3707: 2975:

Government of Bangladesh, National adaptation program of action Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Dhaka, Bangladesh (2005)

2896:"Bamboo Beating Bandits: Conflict, Inequality, and Vulnerability in the Political Ecology of Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh" 114: 733:

A number of these measures have already been adapted by the government of Bangladesh and well practised throughout the country. The

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Ahmed, Shabbir; Khan, Md. Ayatullah (2022-04-18). "Spatial overview of climate change impacts in Bangladesh: a systematic review".

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

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Enhancing Adaptive Capacities of Coastal Communities, especially Women, to Cope with Climate Change-Induced Salinity in Bangladesh

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of 2007–2009, as well as the melting of polar ice. To address SLR in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 launched in 2018.

2704: 2418:"Measuring the impact of climate change on potato production in Bangladesh using Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial-temporal modeling" 1638: 1070: 820: 137: 3778: 3190: 3134: 1221: 1171: 3897: 3788: 3195: 2357: 2327: 2276: 1521: 1351: 2869: 766:

of Bangladesh. Although the country has managed to increase its production of rice since the nation's birth—from 10 million

3752: 2208: 1972:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. 1357: 1077: 906: 829: 739: 203: 2122: 226:

The geographic location of Bangladesh makes it highly prone to natural disasters. Situated in between the intersection of

3506: 914: 1992: 433:, the effects of climate change are not isolated to agriculture but also severely affect other critical sectors such as 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3185: 3129: 2771: 734: 561: 1812:

Hossain, Mohammad Shakhawat; Qian, Lu; Arshad, Muhammad; Shahid, Shamsuddin; Fahad, Shah; Akhter, Javed (2019-01-01).

1546:"A universal model for predicting human migration under climate change: examining future sea level rise in Bangladesh" 3717: 3624: 1973: 808: 3205: 3125: 1670: 3160: 2761:

Venton, P and La Trobe, S. Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Tearfund,Teddington; 2008

2992: 1762: 746:(AWD). The government also provide financial support to the affected farmers from different disasters and hazards 185: 3865: 3466: 3243: 3902: 3599: 3405: 1193: 59:, it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. 3783: 3629: 3614: 3529: 3410: 1508: 1155:

In 2018, the New York WILD film festival gave the "Best Short Film" award to a 12-minute documentary, titled

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strengthening, development of research and low carbon technologies in order to create an inclusive and truly

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Adaptation" (NAPA) of 2005, and the "Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan" (BCCSAP) of 2009.

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provided a 30 percent subsidy to diesel to power irrigation for farming, further proposing a 7,750 million

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With a larger population facing losses in arable lands, climate change poses an acute risk to the already

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BCCSAP states that an integrated approach is necessary and the only way to gain sustainability is where

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system. Bangladesh is watered by a total of 57 trans-boundary rivers flowing to it: 54 from neighboring

3644: 3619: 3594: 3544: 3501: 3486: 3435: 3420: 3330: 3325: 3310: 770:(MT) to over 30 MT—around 15.2 percent of the population is undernourished. Now more than five million 129: 2685: 2627: 1459:"Impact of Climate Change in Bangladesh: The Role of Public Administration and Government's Integrity" 3697: 3687: 3677: 3672: 3654: 3511: 3476: 3425: 3400: 3395: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3355: 3350: 3320: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3280: 1949: 1183: 988: 922: 869: 703: 680: 423: 141: 45: 1479: 1382:

Ayers, Jessica; Huq, Saleemul; Wright, Helena; Faisal, Arif M.; Hussain, Syed Tanveer (2014-10-02).

1245:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding" 980: 961:) also pledges US$ 100 million of public and private finance by 2020, mostly to developing nations. 3793: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3702: 3692: 3682: 3664: 3649: 3639: 3584: 3574: 3491: 3461: 3456: 3430: 3365: 3297: 3276: 3049: 2567: 1606: 656:

with the rising sea levels and help families live through the conditions without a destroyed home.

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believes that climate-resilient jobs such as duck rearing can help increase Bangladeshi women's

3773: 3569: 3564: 3521: 1977: 1516:. Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 2008. 778:

irrigation area, the sudden shift in population increase is putting strains on the production.

3200: 3155: 3071:"'Adaptation Bangladesh: Sea Level Rise' film shows how farmers are fighting climate change" 2948: 2493: 2429: 2034: 1874: 1825: 1557: 1395: 1256: 1170:

Various CSOs and NGOs have been helping the Bangladeshi government in policy formulations.

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Being an agrarian society, people of Bangladesh are greatly dependent on various forms of

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systems. Bangladeshi farmers have been adapting to rising water levels by making creative

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Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Sustainable Development Pathways of Bangladesh

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Agriculture and Adaptation in Bangladesh: Current and Projected Impacts of Climate Change

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Community based Adaptation to Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation in Bangladesh

2952: 2497: 2433: 2038: 1878: 1829: 1671:"Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change" 1561: 1544:

Davis, Kyle Frankel; Bhattachan, Abinash; D’Odorico, Paolo; Suweis, Samir (2018-06-01).

1399: 1260: 1036:(SFDRR) 2016–2030; g) Asian Regional Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (ARPDRR); and the 3231:

CBA Bangladesh: Promoting Diversified Agro-Based Activities in Jamalpur District (RDOP)

2525: 2460: 2417: 2398: 1701: 1285: 1244: 1136: 969: 934: 873: 696: 684: 378: 87: 68: 2139:"Climate change threatens lives and futures of over 19 million children in Bangladesh" 1431:

Thomas TS, Mainuddin K, Chiang C, Rahman A, Haque A, Islam N, Quasem S, Sun Y (2013).

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CBA Bangladesh: Coping with Climate Risks by Empowering Women in Coastal Areas (GBSS)

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Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

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Agriculture (crops, fisheries, livestock), water (urban, industry), infrastructure,

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Various countries have pledged to provide funding for adaptation and mitigation in

833: 399: 252: 79: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2650:"Agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change impacts in Africa: a review" 2386: 587:

plays a major role in displacement of persons, in the South rising sea levels and

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Formulation and Advancement of the National Adaptation Plan Process in Bangladesh

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Agriculture (crop, fisheries, livestock), water (water logging, drinking water),

438: 296: 2200: 1838: 1814:"Climate change and crop farming in Bangladesh: an analysis of economic impacts" 1813: 794:, food security was severely threatened. Given the country's infrastructure and 398:

of US$ 1.25 per person a day). The population lacks the resources to respond to

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Bangladesh to empower women and girls in the face of increasing climate impacts

3145: 2978: 2505: 2119: 2099: 2082: 1913:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 1887: 1862: 1689: 1570: 1545: 1268: 1110: 950: 938: 918: 857: 849: 709: 442: 419: 292: 196: 125: 110: 106: 83: 33: 2961: 2936: 1101:

Bangladesh is prone to flooding and waterlogging because of its location as a

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Gender, Climate Change and Human Security. (2008). (accessed March 18, 2013).

2921: 2734:"How dire climate displacement warnings are becoming a reality in Bangladesh" 2666: 2544:"Facing floods: What the world can learn from Bangladesh's climate solutions" 2513: 2451: 2394: 2108: 2056: 1847: 1697: 1589: 1417: 1276: 1045: 946: 885: 865: 669: 480:

Agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries), water, electricity supply, health

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2008, it experienced 219 natural disasters. Flood is the most common form of

3235: 3181:

The Economics of Climate Change Adaptation Programme in Asia and the Pacific

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Care International Climate Change Brief. (2010). (accessed March 18, 2013).

2521: 2469: 1896: 1294: 804: 791: 763: 727: 665: 240: 163: 91: 54: 26: 828:

fit into this scenario by providing energy for agriculture. In 2006, the

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CBA Bangladesh: Piloting Climate-Resilient Development Initiatives (CNRS)

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rivers), Bangladesh frequently experiences gigantic cyclones and floods.

236: 49: 1384:"Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development in Bangladesh" 679:

As a result of all this, Bangladesh would need to prepare for long-term

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along with their numerous tributaries that could result massive floods.

16:

Emissions, effects and responses of Bangladesh related to climate change

3120: 2293:"Urgent Climate Action Crucial for Bangladesh to Sustain Strong Growth" 1025: 902: 897: 799: 723: 688: 652: 639: 623: 607: 599: 430: 391: 334: 314: 64: 60: 37: 567:

An increased number of floods, due to reduced river gradients, higher

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Kreft, Sönke; David Eckstein, David; Melchior, Inga (December 2019).

1028:

on adaptation of climate change is a strong institutional setup. The

812: 576: 227: 2080: 522:

Marine fishing, infrastructure, human settlement, life and property

2686:

https://www.globalhungerindex.org/case-studies/2018-bangladesh.html

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cultivate. To make the best and efficient utilization of water the

673: 588: 572: 568: 446: 300: 3216:

CBA Bangladesh: Community-Based Wetland Management Project (BIRAM)

2680:

A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Bangladesh. (n.d.).

1527: 571:

in the Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra river basins, and the melting of

284:

Population density and height above sea level in Bangladesh (2010)

25:

An aerial view of damage to villages and infrastructure following

1818:

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management

619: 584: 580: 450: 434: 414:

Bangladesh is one of the countries that contributes the least to

374: 362: 358: 96: 72: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2843:. Bangladesh: Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief. 2017. 2023:"Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh" 941:

mitigation. This funding is available for developing nations to

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Deaths cause by Natural disaster in Bangladesh from 1990 to 2017

385:, and poorly funded, ineffective local governance have made the 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3008: 861: 627: 386: 346: 338: 213: 159: 90:(174 million people living in an area of 147,570 km ), an 1787: 1543: 848:(LDC), Bangladesh is exempt from any responsibility to reduce 2868:

Muralidharan, Sudhir; Munir Khasru, Syed (17 February 2024).

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

2114: 1909: 603: 560:

as well as local urban centers are mostly the destination of

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Areas and sectors vulnerable to climate change in Bangladesh

354: 350: 100: 3017: 3005: 2619: 683:, which could be as drastic as changing sowing dates due to 3166:

National Adaptation Plans in focus: Lessons from Bangladesh

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Green Buildings, Clean Transport and the Low Carbon Economy

1430: 1336: 775: 2172:"Should Bangladesh worry of melting ice in faraway lands?" 206:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 3191:

Bangladesh National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)

3111: 2937:"Bangladesh's dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise" 2548: 2230:"Bangladesh: A Country Underwater, a Culture on the Move" 1863:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 1480:"Bangladesh Population 2018 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)" 910: 836:

disbursement to help almost a million farmers with fuel.

783: 418:, yet has one of the highest vulnerability conditions to 3196:

Bangladesh's Second National Communication - In Progress

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Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, 2008

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their relatives to return before they can seek shelter.

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Bangladesh kick off the 2015 Pacific Resilience exercise

2620:"International Union for Conservation of Nature - IUCN" 2415: 1811: 2120:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

651:

While the small group of most impacted individuals in

552:

Climate change has caused many citizens of Bangladesh

1145:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

148: 3146:

Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans

3126:

Energy, Environment and Climate Change of Bangladesh

2804:"Bangladesh: Disaster Risk Reduction as Development" 2482: 1854: 1381: 646: 3141:

Environment and climate change report of Bangladesh

1243:Kulp, Scott A.; Strauss, Benjamin H. (2019-10-29). 1214:"Climate change – the biggest threat to Bangladesh" 860:. But lately this has been the rallying factor for 782:, which, although it counts for just 20 percent of 2705:"Bangladesh Milled Rice Imports by Year (1000 MT)" 2648:Akinnagbe, Oluwole; Irohibe, Ifeoma (2015-02-09). 2588:"Agriculture Growth Reduces Poverty in Bangladesh" 1861:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 896:, Bangladesh should be on its way to developing a 255:and the gradual deterioration of the environment. 169: 2837:National Plan for Disaster Management (2016-2020) 2772:"Bangladesh: Towards Resilience - HFA and Beyond" 1607:"Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 | Dutch Water Sector" 780:Climate change threatens the agricultural economy 67:. and socio-economic factors, including its high 3889: 2647: 1860: 1788:"Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 Formulation project" 676:could experience a 50% reduction in crop yield. 638:Most of the people living in the rural areas of 262:Modelling work in 2022 showed only a very small 3151:National Adaptation Plan Global Support Program 2870:"Bangladesh's energy transition journey so far" 331:rivers passing through and around the country. 295:(SLR) and the increased occurrence of intense, 29:, which swept into southern Bangladesh in 2007. 3137:Climate Change Cell, Department of Environment 2993:"Adaptation, Gender, and Women's Empowerment." 1463:Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 493:human settlements, electricity supply, health 3265: 3251: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 1061:partially mitigate the effects of land lost. 868:in nearly all sectors with disregard for the 2928: 2486:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1941: 1121:As climate change progresses, access to and 1034:Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 928: 373:. Coupled with the high level of widespread 214:Extreme weather events and natural disasters 2830: 2828: 2798: 2796: 2654:Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 1242: 1212:Biplob, Karamot Ullah (18 September 2023). 1051: 3258: 3244: 2568:ADAPTATION: Floating Gardens of Bangladesh 2345: 2315: 2251: 1917:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1903: 1763:"Delta Plan falls behind targets at onset" 1030:Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief 984:A disaster resilient village in Bangladesh 2960: 2911: 2665: 2459: 2441: 2372: 2098: 2046: 1928: 1886: 1837: 1678:Indian Journal of Environment Engineering 1579: 1569: 1407: 1284: 915:Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund 594: 3068: 2893: 2825: 2793: 2560: 1993:"Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)" 1947: 1668: 1457:Mahmood, Shakeel Ahmed Ibne (May 2012). 1092: 1015: 979: 790:. In 2007, after a series of floods and 758:Rice growing at the village, Bangladesh. 753: 708: 633: 543: 533:Water (navigation), agriculture (crops) 313: 291:, such as Bangladesh, are vulnerable to 279: 204:the most intense climate change scenario 20: 3135:Reports on Climate Change in Bangladesh 2934: 2684:(GHI). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from 2271:. Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. 1456: 3890: 3206:Community-Based Adaptation: Bangladesh 2341: 2339: 2169: 1962:from the original on 20 September 2023 1363:from the original on 25 September 2017 1211: 1172:Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies 1083: 726:facility, adopting soil conservation, 668:, this will have an adverse effect on 539: 485:Sea Level Rise and Salinity Intrusion 3239: 3176:Datasets on Climate Change Adaptation 3069:Dasgupta, Shreya (22 February 2018). 2614: 2612: 2349:Environment, Migration and Adaptation 2319:Environment, Migration and Adaptation 2266: 2165: 2163: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1930:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 1633: 1631: 1601: 1599: 1157:Adaptation Bangladesh: Sea Level Rise 864:makers to give off higher amounts of 3861: 2894:Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2018-02-01). 2566:Alizé Carrère, PBS, September 2021, 1474: 1472: 1224:from the original on 5 November 2023 1071:National Adaptation Programme Action 907:Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund 740:Department of Agricultural Extension 40:. as the country is one of the most 2336: 2020: 720:Ministry of Environment and Forests 502:Central Region, North East Region, 309: 109:that come from increased rainfall, 13: 3130:United Nations Development Program 2609: 2160: 2087:Frontiers in Environmental Science 2063: 1669:Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (May 2023). 1639:"Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100" 1628: 1596: 1097:Flooded village after 1991 cyclone 1078:United Nations Development Program 735:Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 562:migration caused by climate change 429:According to a 2022 report by the 409: 149:Effects on the natural environment 136:is working on a range of specific 14: 3934: 3105: 3081:from the original on 3 March 2018 1974:The Australian Academy of Science 1469: 856:, which are the primary cause of 809:Food and Agriculture Organization 647:Efforts to protect impacted areas 510:human settlement, health, energy 275: 3871: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3186:Economics of Adaptation: Toolkit 2556:from the original on 2023-06-29. 2170:Foizee, Bahauddin (2017-11-14). 2113: 1948:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 1162: 749: 602:has seven major cities, namely, 530:Coastal Area, South West, Urban 195: 188:map for Bangladesh for 1980–2016 178: 3112:Bangladesh Climate Change Trust 3093: 3062: 3050:"Climate Change in Bangladesh." 2969: 2887: 2861: 2850:from the original on 2023-03-09 2782:from the original on 2018-07-26 2764: 2755: 2744:from the original on 2019-06-24 2726: 2715:from the original on 2019-06-24 2697: 2674: 2641: 2630:from the original on 2018-07-09 2598:from the original on 2018-06-16 2580: 2536: 2476: 2409: 2366: 2309: 2285: 2240:from the original on 2020-11-09 2222: 2211:from the original on 2018-07-10 2193: 2182:from the original on 2019-12-08 2149:from the original on 2020-12-02 2131: 2014: 2003:from the original on 2018-07-10 1985: 1805: 1794:from the original on 2016-11-17 1780: 1769:from the original on 2021-04-21 1755: 1744:from the original on 2018-07-09 1726: 1715:from the original on 2023-06-11 1662: 1651:from the original on 2022-10-09 1617:from the original on 2023-05-13 1537: 1490:from the original on 2018-06-22 1064: 923:comprehensive mitigation scheme 888:is pursued to the exclusion of 786:, contributes to over half the 463:Climate & related elements 170:Temperature and weather changes 2913:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.014 1550:Environmental Research Letters 1501: 1450: 1424: 1375: 1340:Global Climate Risk Index 2020 1330: 1301: 1236: 1205: 1194:Renewable energy in Bangladesh 1024:One of the major successes of 659: 1: 2387:10.1080/17565529.2022.2062284 1199: 1038:Sustainable Development Goals 975: 839: 474:Temperature Rise and Drought 318:Topographic map of Bangladesh 186:Köppen climate classification 3898:Climate change in Bangladesh 3117:Climate Change in Bangladesh 2443:10.1371/journal.pone.0277933 1409:10.1080/17565529.2014.977761 1315:. 2019-10-29. Archived from 1137:resilience to climate change 1105:. In 2012, it was labeled a 796:disaster response mechanisms 744:Alternate Wetting and Drying 325:vulnerable to climate change 7: 1950:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 1839:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2018-0030 1189:Energy policy of Bangladesh 1177: 949:and responds to effects of 591:are reasons for migration. 10: 3939: 2506:10.1007/s11356-023-26096-0 2100:10.3389/fenvs.2022.1033579 1888:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 1690:10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 1269:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z 1044:adaptation solutions like 466:Critical vulnerable areas 394:is in poverty (defined as 369:and volume, drains to the 365:, which has no control of 337:lies at the bottom of the 132:was launched in 2018. The 130:Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 128:threat in Bangladesh, the 3923:Climate change by country 3918:Climate change adaptation 3913:Effects of climate change 3908:Environment of Bangladesh 3844: 3823: 3802: 3761: 3663: 3520: 3444: 3296: 3274: 2962:10.1016/j.crm.2013.10.001 2021:Ali, Anwar (1999-08-27). 1484:worldpopulationreview.com 1346:. Bonn: Germanwatch e.V. 1184:Environment of Bangladesh 989:Climate change adaptation 929:International cooperation 713:Agriculture in Bangladesh 289:Low-lying coastal regions 142:Climate Change adaptation 138:climate change adaptation 78:Factors such as frequent 48:. In the 2020 edition of 46:effects of climate change 3277:Greenhouse gas emissions 2667:10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21984 1611:www.dutchwatersector.com 1571:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4d4 1150: 1088: 1052:Policies and Legislation 819:In an effort to achieve 519:Coastal and Marine Zone 516:Cyclone and Storm Surge 134:Government of Bangladesh 2941:Climate Risk Management 2375:Climate and Development 1388:Climate and Development 1107:Least Developed Country 993:disaster risk reduction 846:Least developed country 830:Ministry of Agriculture 764:malnourished population 488:Coastal Areas, Islands 396:purchasing power parity 299:conditions such as the 36:is a critical issue in 3831:Small island countries 2935:Brammer, Hugh (2014). 2267:Sunny, Sanwar (2011). 1978:Climate Action Tracker 1098: 1021: 985: 759: 714: 595:Impacts on urban areas 549: 469:Most impacted sectors 319: 285: 221:disaster in Bangladesh 30: 3903:Climate of Bangladesh 2236:. 13 September 2018. 1249:Nature Communications 1096: 1019: 983: 821:middle income country 757: 712: 634:Impact on rural areas 547: 317: 283: 264:poverty exposure bias 230:in the North and the 24: 2738:The New Humanitarian 1765:. 5 September 2020. 943:build their capacity 905:has established the 527:Drainage Congestion 416:greenhouse emissions 202:2071–2100 map under 2953:2014CliRM...1...51B 2682:Global Hunger Index 2498:2023ESPR...3052321H 2492:(18): 52321–52339. 2434:2022PLoSO..1777933S 2201:"Bangladesh | Data" 2039:1999ClRes..12..109A 1879:2020Natur.577..618H 1830:2019IJCCS..11..424H 1562:2018ERL....13f4030F 1400:2014CliDe...6..293A 1261:2019NatCo..10.4844K 1218:The Daily Messenger 1084:Society and culture 890:disaster management 685:seasonal variations 540:Impact on migration 459: 381:, limited adaptive 271:a heatwave in 2024. 228:Himalayan mountains 3055:2023-04-17 at the 2998:2013-08-05 at the 2709:www.indexmundi.com 2691:2021-10-08 at the 2573:2021-09-25 at the 2205:data.worldbank.org 2125:2017-10-16 at the 1738:UNDP in Bangladesh 1734:"About Bangladesh" 1533:on 7 October 2009. 1313:climatecentral.org 1099: 1022: 986: 970:low carbon economy 935:developing nations 886:social development 874:industrial nations 872:. Large developed 760: 715: 550: 457: 424:agriculture sector 406:cannot help them. 379:population density 320: 286: 88:population density 69:population density 31: 3885: 3884: 3866:Wikimedia Commons 3507:the United States 2900:World Development 2874:bangladesh.un.org 2359:978-984-91037-9-0 2329:978-984-91037-9-0 2278:978-3-8465-9333-2 1523:978-984-8574-25-6 1353:978-3-943704-77-8 1128:male unemployment 955:Copenhagen Accord 894:industrialization 742:has introduced ' 537: 536: 443:Rising sea levels 400:natural disasters 253:natural disasters 111:rising sea levels 80:natural disasters 3930: 3875: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3852: 3779:Marshall Islands 3260: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3046: 3015: 3012: 3003: 2989: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2810:. 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Archived from 1515: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1345: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1288: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1209: 693:floating gardens 460: 456: 310:Impact on people 199: 182: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3840: 3819: 3798: 3789:Solomon Islands 3757: 3718:the Netherlands 3659: 3625:the Philippines 3516: 3440: 3292: 3291:in each country 3270: 3264: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3067: 3063: 3057:Wayback Machine 3047: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3000:Wayback Machine 2990: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2933: 2929: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693:Wayback Machine 2679: 2675: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2575:Wayback Machine 2565: 2561: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2481: 2477: 2414: 2410: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2265: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2168: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2127:Wayback Machine 2079: 2064: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1965: 1963: 1946: 1942: 1908: 1904: 1859: 1855: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1438:(Report). IFPRI 1435: 1429: 1425: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1180: 1165: 1153: 1091: 1086: 1069:The Bangladesh 1067: 1054: 978: 931: 842: 752: 662: 649: 636: 597: 542: 439:water resources 412: 410:Economic impact 377:and increasing 357:and three from 312: 297:extreme weather 278: 216: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 200: 191: 190: 189: 183: 172: 151: 124:To address the 117:, and shelter. 107:Natural hazards 17: 12: 11: 5: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3868: 3857: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3753:United Kingdom 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 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