3279:
3143:, they allegedly discriminated against its Jews. Nevertheless, to some extent they shared language and culture, so ever more Jews came to live under Portuguese rule (actually under the Spanish crown, again, between 1580 and 1640). The Protestant Dutch killed the raja of Cochin, allied of the Portuguese, plus sixteen hundred Indians in 1662, during their siege of Cochin. The Jews, having supported the Dutch military attempt, suffered the murderous retaliation of both the Portuguese and Malabar populations. A year later, the second Dutch siege was successful and, after slaughtering the Portuguese, they demolished most Catholic churches or turned them into Protestant churches (not sparing the one where Vasco da Gama had been buried). They were more tolerant of Jews, having granted asylum claims in the Netherlands. (See the
4725:
4087:
4752:
2793:
3002:
4649:
3418:
4661:
4677:
3095:
3227:, of whom are specifically named Michael and Abraham Sargon, David Baruch Rahabi, Hacham Samuel, and Judah David Ashkenazi. These exerted themselves not only in changing the minds of the Bene-Israel and of their children generally, but also particularly in turning the minds of these few of the Bene-Israel, who through heathen influence had gone astray from the path of the religion of their forefathers, to the study of their own religion, and to the contemplation of
3287:
9976:
8302:
4743:
4734:
3166:
4693:
8312:
3641:, common traits and features. For example, verbatim translations from Hebrew to Malayalam, archaic features of Old Malayalam, Hebrew components agglutinated to Dravidian verb and noun formations and special idiomatic usages based on its Hebrew loanwords. Due to the lack of long-term scholarship on this language variation, there is no separate designation for the language (if it can be so considered), for it to have its own language code (
4709:
32:
171:
9990:
2785:
5685:
which usage would have been familiar to our author, Zechariah al-Dhahiri. Not that the
Germans are really derived from Canaan, since this has been refuted by later scholars, but only for the sake of clarity of intent do we make mention of this fact. Al-Dhahiri knew, just as we know today, that German Jews had settled in Cochin, the most notable families of which being Rottenburg and Ashkenazi, among others. In
189:
153:
2931:, and own property "without conditions attached". A family connection to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was long considered a sign of both purity and prestige within the community. Rabban's descendants led this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named
3076:, which upon entering I was sorely grieved at what I had seen, for the city’s inhabitants are all uncircumcised and given over to idolatry. There isn’t to be found in her a single Jew with whom I could have, otherwise, taken respite in my journeys and wanderings. I then turned away from her and went into the city of
5438:(Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268. According to David Solomon Sassoon, the copper plates were inscribed during the period of the last ruler of the Perumal dynasty, Shirman Perumal.
2911:
Central to the history of the Cochin Jews was their close relationship with Indian rulers. This was codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges. The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam", is contentious. The plates are physically inscribed with the date 379 CE, but
2997:
established a trading beachhead in 1500, and until 1663 remained the dominant power. They continued to discriminate against the Jews, although doing business with them. A synagogue was built at Parur in 1615, at a site that according to tradition had a synagogue built in 1165. Almost every member of
3234:
Although David Rahabi was convinced that the Bene Israel were the descendants of the Jews, he still wanted to examine them further. He therefore gave their women clean and unclean fish to be cooked together, but they singled out the clean from the unclean ones, saying that they never used fish that
5684:
The word used here in the Hebrew original is "Kena`anim", typically translated as "Canaanites". Etymologically, it is important to point out that during the Middle-Ages amongst Jewish scholars, the word "Kena`ani" had taken on the connotation of "German", or resident of
Germany (Arabic: Alemania),
3135:
customs, they found the
Malabari Jewish community as established in Cochin to be quite different. According to the historian Mandelbaum, there were resulting tensions between the two ethnic communities. The European Jews had some trade links to Europe and useful languages to conduct international
5653:
This view is supported by Rabbi
Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin who, in a letter addressed to Tobias Boas of Amsterdam in 1768, wrote: "We are called 'White Jews', being people who have come from the Holy Land, (may it be built and established quickly, even in our days), while the Jews that are called
3408:
into the origins of the Cochin Jewish and other Indian Jewish communities noted that until the present day the Indian Jews maintained in the range of 3%-20% Middle
Eastern ancestry, confirming the traditional narrative of migration from the Middle East to India. The tests noted however that the
3050:
Thekkambagham
Synagogue was built in Ernakulam in 1580, and rebuilt in 1939. It is the synagogue in Ernakulam sometimes used for services if former members of the community visit from Israel. In 1998, five families who were members of this congregation still lived in Kerala or in Madras.
3047:. In the latter location, Kadavumbagham Synagogue was built about 1200 and restored in the 1790s. Its members believed they were the congregation to receive the historic copper plates. In the 1930s and 1940s, the congregation was as large as 2,000 members, but all emigrated to Israel.
2850:
In 1768, a certain Tobias Boas of
Amsterdam had posed eleven questions to Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin. The first of these questions addressed to the said Rabbi concerned the origins of the Jews of Cochin and the duration of their settlement in India. In Rabbi Yehezkel's response
5693:(1160–1235), in his commentary on Obadiah 1:20, writes similarly: "Now they say by way of tradition that the people of the land of Germany (Alemania) were Canaanites, for when the Canaanite went away from Joshua, just as we have written in the Book of Joshua, they went off to the
3507:
According to
Martine Chemana, the Jews of Cochin "coalesced around the religious fundamentals: devotion and strict obedience to Biblical Judaism, and to the Jewish customs and traditions ... Hebrew, taught through the Torah texts by rabbis and teachers who came especially from
6033:
Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Manvendra; Rai, Niraj; Kariappa, Mini; Singh, Kamayani; Singh, Ashish; Pratap Singh, Deepankar; Tamang, Rakesh; Selvi Rani, Deepa; Reddy, Alla G.; Kumar Singh, Vijay; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (13 January 2016).
3252:, although he worked also as a book-binder. While engaged in his avocation, he was at all times ready to explain any scriptural difficulty that might happen to be brought to him by any Bene Israel. He was a Reader, Preacher, Expounder of the Law,
3235:
had neither fins nor scales. Being thus satisfied, he began to teach them the tenets of the Jewish religion. He taught Hebrew reading, without translation, to three Bene Israel young men from the families of
Jhiratker, Shapurker and Rajpurker.
3450:"Only lately, some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code , which they distributed through messengers... Thus, the horizon of these Jews was widened, and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived."
3071:
I travelled from the land of Yemen unto the land of India and Cush, in order to search out a better livelihood. I had chosen the frontier route, where I made a passage across the Great Sea by ship for twenty days... I arrived at the city of
3080:, wherein I found what my soul desired, insofar that a community of Spaniards is to be found there who are derived of Jewish lineage, along with other congregations of proselytes. They had been converted many years ago, of the natives of
2744:
with occasional services, managed by one of few remaining Cochin Jews of the ancient
Malabar Jewish tradition. A few synagogues are in ruins and one was even demolished and a two-storeyed house was built in its place. The synagogue at
5689:'s commentary on Obadiah 1:20, he writes: "Who are the Canaanites. We have heard from great men that the land of Germany (Alemania) they are the Canaanites who fled from the children of Israel when they came into the country". Rabbi
8267:
2908:, Kerala in the 4th or 8th century. These symmetries are noted in both the wedding traditions and especially the folk songs of the two communities, some songs maintaining the exact same lyrics with few corruptions and variations.
2982:
beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries. The oldest known gravestone of a Cochin Jew is written in Hebrew and dates to 1269 CE. It is near the Chendamangalam Synagogue, built in 1614, which is now operated as a museum.
8277:
3084:
and Germany. They are adept in their knowledge of Jewish laws and customs, acknowledging the injunctions of the Divine Law (Torah), and making use of its means of punishment. I dwelt there three months, among the holy
2832:, but also known under other names, is a city of legendary importance to this community. Fernandes writes, it is "a substitute Jerusalem in India". Katz and Goldberg note the "symbolic intertwining" of the two cities.
6824:
Weil, Shalva. "Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin", Katz, N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S. (eds) New York and Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan Press.
7610:
3278:
5701:
edition (published in 1965 by the Ben Zvi Institute in Jerusalem), believed Zechariah al-Dhahiri's intention here was to "emancipated Canaanite slaves", in which case, he takes the word literally as meaning
5154:, where he mentions the first places of Jewish settlement on the Malabar Coast as Cranganore, Madai, Pelota and Palur, which were then under the rule of the Perumal dynasty. See: David Solomon Sassoon,
3520:
The Jews of Cochin had a long tradition of singing devotional hymns (piyyutim) and songs on festive occasions such as Purim. Women used to sing Jews songs in Judeo-Malayalam. They did not adhere to the
3499:"Though they neither eat nor drink together, nor intermarry, the Black and the White Jews of Cochin have almost the same social and religious customs. They hold the same doctrines, use the same ritual (
8272:
3219:
and the Bene Israel community were greatest in the mid-19th century. According to native Bene Israel historian Haeem Samuel Kehimkar (1830-1909), several prominent members from the "White Jews" of
6476:, reproduced from the Cochin Synagogue, 4th century, Vol. 1968, Ed. Velayudhan and Koder, Kerala History Association, Ernakulam, reproduced in ICHC I, Ed. George Menachery, 1998, pp. 562–563
6469:, Cochin Jewish life in 18th century, read Chapter VIII (pp. 336 to 354), reproduced pp. 446–451 in ICHC I, 1998, Ed. George Menachery. Francis Day was a British civil surgeon in 1863.
4110:), there were 18 synagogues as per their oral traditions. Today no archaeological evidence has been yet uncovered to validate these traditions. However the custom of naming their synagogues as "
8106:
3368:. Since the late 20th century, former Cochin Jews have also immigrated to the United States. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews live in Kerala, who is located in different parts of
4320:
6682:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78–80.
7440:
6899:
3542:
7996:
7991:
8287:
7374:
3036:(Perumpadapu Swaroopam). The Hindu Raja of Cochin gave them asylum. Moreover, he exempted Jews from taxation but bestowed on them all privileges enjoyed by the tax-payers.
2927:
The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world, sun and moon endure") for Jews to live freely, build
7519:
5654:'Black' they became such in Malabar from proselytization and emancipation. However, their status and their rule of law, as well as their prayer, are just as ours." See:
1279:
3409:
communities had considerable Indian admixture, exhibiting the fact that the Indian Jewish people "inherited their ancestry from Middle Eastern and Indian populations".
7445:
7476:
3503:), observe the same feasts and fasts, dress alike, and have adopted the same language Malayalam. ... The two classes are equally strict in religious observances",
6698:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.
4957:
3470:) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese. As far as their religious life, he wrote that they "only recognize the
2717:
and emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. In contrast, most of the Paradesi Jews (Sephardi in origin) preferred to migrate to Australia and other
1857:
7260:
5158:(Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268.
1512:
1207:
6722:
Chiriyankandath, James (1 March 2008). "Nationalism, religion and community: A. B. Salem, the politics of identity and the disappearance of Cochin Jewry".
4154:
2702:
from the Malabar Jews. The two communities retained their ethnic and cultural distinctions. In the late 19th century, a few Arabic-speaking Jews, known as
1399:
5697:(Alemania) and Escalona, which is called the land of Ashkenaz, while unto this day they are called Canaanites". Notwithstanding, Yehuda Ratzaby, in his
3193:
slave, and was at times used in a derogatory way. Salem fought against the discrimination by boycotting the Paradesi Synagogue for a time. He also used
6916:
6243:
2607:
2694:(or Foreign Jews). The European Jews maintained some trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke
3459:
371:
5297:
4122:. Several oral songs sung by Cochini women also contain references to these synagogues. Apart from these, numerous Syrian Christian churches of the
9480:
5990:
1394:
6787:
6407:
9870:
8191:
7524:
1642:
7681:
7671:
5253:
3391:
is still active as a place of worship, but the Jewish community is very small. The building also attracts visitors as a historic tourist site.
2859:, i. e., 68 CE, about ten thousand men and women had come to the land of Malabar and were pleased to settle in four places; those places being
6685:
Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204–1212.
6507:
8553:
8236:
7646:
7600:
1896:
6206:"Les femmes chantent, les hommes écoutent.. Chants en malayalam (pattu-kal) des Kochini, communautés juives du Kerala, en Inde et en Israël"
3118:. Both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Malabar claimed that they are the true inheritors of the old Jewish culture.
6926:
3298:
India became independent from British rule in 1947 and Israel established itself as a nation in 1948. With the heightened emphasis on the
3199:
to combat the social discrimination. According to Mandelbaum, by the mid-1930s many of the old taboos had fallen with a changing society.
9830:
7686:
7651:
7641:
7420:
5665:
881:
844:
8348:
2835:
Ophira Gamliel notes however that the first physical evidence of the presence of Jews in South India dates only to the granting of the
5193:
2839:. The copper plates are a trade deed dated to the year 849 C.E bestowed upon the Nestorian merchant magnate Maruvan Sapir Iso and the
7696:
7656:
6570:
Jussay, P.M. (1986) "The Wedding Songs of the Cochin Jews and of the Knanite Christians of Kerala: A Study in Comparison". Symposium.
4840:
3115:
2855:, he wrote: "after the destruction of the Second Temple (may it soon be rebuilt and reestablished in our days!), in the year 3828 of
2732:
in Kerala, with a few being sold or adapted for other uses. Among the 8 synagogues that survived till the mid-20th century, only the
1820:
6651:
Weil, Shalva (25 July 2016). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala".
3181:
Jews. Inspired by Indian nationalism and Zionism, he also tried to reconcile the divisions among the Cochin Jews. He became both an
8377:
8026:
1843:
2889:, is believed to have come to Southern India in the 1st century, in search of the Jewish community there. It is possible that the
2847:. The copper plates include signatures in Kufic, Pahlavi, and Hebrew and serve as evidence of West Asian mercantilism in Kerala.
9876:
8216:
7291:
7265:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7148:
6968:
1193:
8976:
8430:
8231:
8136:
7384:
2600:
1770:
1705:
1587:
6208:[Women sing, men listen: Malayalam folksongs of the Cochini, the Jewish Community of Kerala, in India and in Israel].
3162:
marriage, maintaining their distinctions. Both communities claimed special privileges and the greater status over each other.
8971:
7716:
6869:
6779:
6436:
6391:
6017:
891:
8241:
7943:
7430:
7255:
7250:
5021:
4251:
4106:
Throughout their history numerous synagogues have been constructed and lost to time. in their first settlement at Shingly (
2990:(Kochi). Many of the Jews moved quickly, and within four years, they had built their first synagogue at the new community.
1329:
8880:
96:
8991:
8986:
8410:
8186:
8151:
7494:
7471:
1597:
1414:
1404:
644:
6161:
4676:
68:
10021:
9803:
8680:
8076:
8071:
7966:
7163:
7158:
6496:
4648:
1993:
1943:
1908:
1602:
1467:
1334:
10056:
8831:
8685:
8196:
8171:
8086:
8066:
8016:
7986:
7976:
7676:
7666:
7565:
7425:
6751:
6644:
6630:
6616:
6598:
5464:
5395:
Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala",
5338:
5278:
4863:
4724:
4309:
3479:
2737:
2593:
1685:
1647:
1622:
1542:
1527:
1374:
1314:
1269:
115:
6801:
Van der Haven, Alexander. "A Jewish Qur’an: An Eighteenth-Century Hebrew Qur’an Translation in its Indian Context."
10046:
10041:
8740:
8648:
8282:
8161:
8156:
8036:
7798:
7706:
7379:
4660:
3474:, and possessed no other authority or traditional law". According to the contemporary historian Nathan Katz, Rabbi
1978:
1960:
1866:
1760:
1612:
1607:
1532:
1497:
1364:
75:
6756:
Katz, Nathan; Goldberg, Ellen S; (1995) "Leaving Mother India: Reasons for the Cochin Jews' Migration to Israel",
3432:
wrote about the Malabari coast of Kerala: "They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the
10061:
9905:
9099:
8226:
8176:
8131:
8111:
8101:
8001:
4823:
2713:
After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Cochin Jews made
2496:
2395:
1950:
1933:
1886:
1785:
1695:
1632:
1582:
1562:
1557:
1477:
1451:
1426:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1264:
1259:
4086:
8781:
8341:
8201:
8116:
8096:
7981:
7971:
7168:
5328:
1969:
1955:
1923:
1903:
1871:
1815:
1790:
1765:
1745:
1735:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1652:
1567:
1552:
1472:
1431:
1384:
1379:
1299:
1244:
53:
5454:
4568:, the first leader of the Jewish community of Kodungallur, was given copper plates of special grants from the
10036:
9882:
9203:
8246:
8181:
8146:
8081:
8061:
8051:
8011:
7808:
7803:
7711:
7691:
2390:
1928:
1913:
1876:
1838:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1700:
1666:
1637:
1537:
1522:
1446:
1436:
1354:
1324:
1249:
1235:
82:
6253:
4692:
3248:(Reader) in the then newly formed synagogue of the Bene-Israel in Bombay for the trifling sum of 100 rupees
3177:(1882–1967), a young lawyer who became known as a "Jewish Gandhi", worked to end the discrimination against
9945:
9813:
9808:
8996:
8981:
8745:
8700:
8445:
8206:
8166:
8141:
8121:
8056:
8031:
8021:
8006:
7143:
6941:
5880:
5663:, Book One (article: "Sources for the History on the Relations Between the White and Black Jews of Cochin")
4770:
4765:
4025:
3478:(the Ran) visited the Cochini Jews. They preserve in their song books the poem he wrote about them. In the
3107:
2809:
2770:
2729:
2652:
1998:
1918:
1881:
1805:
1750:
1617:
1592:
1517:
1492:
1482:
1421:
1344:
1339:
1319:
1309:
1289:
1274:
1167:
871:
635:
630:
49:
5785:
4126:
community in Kerala claim to have been built on old synagogues, though archaeological evidence is scarce.
9910:
9895:
8776:
8636:
8126:
8091:
8046:
8041:
7742:
7605:
7489:
7410:
7219:
6961:
5305:
3596:
2836:
1988:
1983:
1938:
1891:
1577:
1547:
1507:
1502:
1359:
665:
5330:
Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City'
4958:
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity
64:
10051:
9864:
9758:
9409:
9303:
9011:
8944:
8505:
8395:
7339:
6784:
5870:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, pp. 67-68
3238:
Another influential man from Cochin, who is alleged to have been of Yemenite Jewish origin, was Hacham
2462:
2307:
2015:
1409:
605:
595:
331:
4708:
3106:, also called "White Jews", settled in the Cochin region in the 16th century and later, following the
2958:. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the
9980:
9920:
9818:
9798:
9668:
9593:
9453:
9320:
9006:
8966:
8334:
7661:
7450:
7153:
7011:
7001:
6688:
Weil, Shalva. India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. .
4853:
3557:
3231:. David Rahabi effected a religious revival at Revandanda, followed by his successor, Hacham Samuel.
2986:
In 1341, a disastrous flood silted up the port of Cranganore, and trade shifted to a smaller port at
2576:
2269:
2120:
2061:
952:
5062:
Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.
2900:
A number of scholars have noted that the Cochin Jews maintain striking cultural similarities to the
9900:
9731:
9030:
8905:
7958:
7936:
7585:
6516:
5425:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 64
4751:
4276:
3440:." European Jews sent texts to the community of Cochin Jews to teach them about normative Judaism.
2746:
2279:
2259:
1369:
849:
390:
6302:
5268:
3110:
due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Some fled north to
10026:
9853:
9842:
9436:
9357:
9062:
8961:
8900:
8786:
8759:
7772:
7726:
7701:
7514:
7334:
7296:
6276:
4262:
4123:
3400:
3228:
2916:
the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, giving him the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket
2894:
2813:
2718:
2420:
2410:
2375:
2254:
2244:
2027:
1198:
1140:
974:
653:
610:
325:
261:
42:
6179:
9889:
9859:
8922:
7570:
7539:
7529:
7415:
6954:
6904:
3577:
3239:
2840:
2641:
2539:
2274:
2188:
1254:
806:
425:
395:
5659:
9915:
9836:
9618:
9325:
9208:
8949:
8939:
8932:
8917:
8803:
7509:
7504:
7240:
7115:
6860:
5502:
5151:
3634:
3592:
3273:
2430:
2425:
2370:
2158:
1073:
801:
788:
683:
400:
5756:
4118:" (lit: River side) is cited as a cultural memory of two such synagogues that once stood in
3482:, a Hebrew school was available for both "children's education and adult study of Torah and
3006:
10031:
10016:
9950:
9940:
9443:
8415:
7890:
7823:
7782:
7721:
7595:
7405:
7203:
6047:
4177:
3013:
2932:
2736:
still has a regular congregation. Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. The
2501:
2453:
2193:
2051:
864:
729:
718:
676:
3629:, or simply a language variation. Judeo-Malayalam shares with other Jewish languages like
3215:(of Bombay and its environs), Calcutta, and New Delhi, communications between the Jews of
2800:
P. M. Jussay wrote that it was believed that the earliest Jews in India were sailors from
8:
9598:
9566:
9492:
9401:
9347:
8954:
8754:
8488:
8453:
8256:
7929:
7762:
7615:
7052:
7042:
6996:
6991:
6909:
6092:
4790:
4775:
4606:
4080:
3603:
3587:) is the traditional language of the Kochinim, spoken today by a few dozens of people in
3491:
3174:
3033:
2554:
2249:
927:
794:
697:
690:
620:
508:
383:
89:
6051:
3686:
archaisms, in this case, from the days before Malayalam became fully distinguished from
3158:. The latter group was very small by comparison to the Malabaris. Both groups practiced
9930:
9925:
9736:
9458:
9335:
9330:
9315:
9285:
9238:
9161:
9067:
8927:
8500:
8405:
8372:
7818:
7590:
7575:
7499:
7455:
7435:
7306:
7135:
7006:
6668:
6559:
6462:
6068:
6035:
5984:
5947:
5844:(ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv: The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London: G. Salby 1937, p. 66
5815:
5247:
4372:
4331:
4129:
Synagogues believed to have existed or speculated on basis of oral traditions include:
3979:
Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor)
3618:
3591:
and by probably fewer than 25 in India. In their antiquity, Malabar Jews may have used
3548:
3429:
3388:
3299:
3182:
3155:
2939:
2874:
2733:
2672:
2405:
2355:
2302:
2297:
2211:
2081:
1349:
1178:
937:
857:
711:
277:
9213:
9089:
6448:
Puthiakunnel, Thomas. (1973) "Jewish Colonies of India Paved the Way for St. Thomas",
2912:
in 1925, tradition was setting it as 1069 CE. Indian rulers granted the Jewish leader
9714:
9645:
9527:
9512:
9295:
9166:
9131:
8420:
8311:
7840:
7549:
7354:
7349:
7301:
7224:
7125:
7120:
7110:
7092:
6865:
6851:
6775:
6768:
6747:
6672:
6640:
6626:
6612:
6594:
6563:
6492:
6432:
6387:
6337:
6073:
6013:
5972:
5939:
5769:
5460:
5334:
5274:
5235:
4859:
4633:
4298:
4149:
Synagogues in recorded history whose location and/or remains have been lost in time:
3644:
3630:
3140:
3060:
3059:
The following is a description of the Jews of Cochin by 16th-century Jewish traveler
3029:
3024:), attacked the wealthy Jews of Cranganore because of their primacy in the lucrative
3001:
2994:
2754:
2660:
2549:
2491:
2471:
2288:
1848:
1487:
947:
818:
748:
625:
538:
405:
6835:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews." in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)
5168:
4901:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)
3310:, most of the Cochin Jews emigrated from India. Generally they went to Israel (made
9780:
9748:
9709:
9680:
9663:
9613:
9414:
9223:
9156:
9109:
9057:
9025:
9016:
9001:
8875:
8850:
8826:
8710:
8641:
8558:
8425:
7625:
7321:
7270:
7102:
7067:
6731:
6660:
6551:
6063:
6055:
5931:
5686:
3671:
3606:
3475:
2890:
2792:
2774:
2519:
2400:
2360:
2324:
2022:
1572:
1083:
839:
743:
658:
548:
340:
265:
6842:
Weil, Shalva. "Judaism-South Asia", in David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds)
4603:
Nehemiah ben Abraham (d. 1615 A.D), (Nehemiah Mutha), patron saint of Malabar Jews
3417:
23:(White Jews) of Cochin who immigrated from Spain/Portugal during the 15th century.
16:
Jewish community that settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in modern-day Kerala, India
9690:
9685:
9497:
9424:
9257:
9228:
9151:
9141:
9104:
9079:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8870:
8865:
8855:
8840:
8631:
8548:
8515:
8473:
8463:
7854:
7757:
7620:
7178:
6817:
Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition." in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)
6791:
6381:
5669:
5516:
5229:
4587:
4054:
4041:
3664:
3660:
3568:
3538:
3405:
3144:
3128:
2825:
2699:
2683:
2671:. As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Jews in southern India by
2632:
2481:
2440:
2435:
2415:
2337:
2331:
2264:
2216:
2056:
2037:
1188:
917:
829:
812:
356:
213:
209:
6093:"The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary"
3123:
Some went beyond that territory, including a few families who followed the Arab
2753:) was reconstructed in 2006 as Kerala Jews Life Style Museum. The synagogue at
9994:
9969:
9790:
9697:
9655:
9635:
9623:
9603:
9517:
9507:
9475:
9468:
9448:
9419:
9391:
9386:
9352:
9262:
9186:
9176:
9114:
8912:
8860:
8771:
8766:
8528:
8523:
8458:
8387:
7544:
7534:
6664:
6536:
4841:"Ancient Indian Jewish community holds on to customs despite shrinking numbers"
4597:
4287:
4281:
3687:
3463:
3325:
2978:
These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in
2796:
The inscription from the Sasanam outlining the grant of rights to Joseph Rabban
2750:
2695:
2581:
2380:
2235:
2115:
2094:
2071:
2066:
2044:
2032:
1627:
1108:
1042:
1007:
985:
922:
760:
738:
600:
579:
555:
321:
303:
245:
7921:
6864:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 335–339.
6735:
3674:. Like many other Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam also contains a number of
2954:"hroughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand
2690:
eventually made their way to Cochin in the 16th century. They became known as
10010:
9763:
9608:
9535:
9342:
9276:
9249:
9198:
9146:
9119:
9094:
9084:
8845:
8791:
8725:
8705:
8695:
8690:
8663:
8609:
8538:
8483:
8305:
7747:
7580:
7481:
6625:. Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar, Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press.
6555:
6341:
6205:
6165:
6009:
5976:
5943:
5484:
4795:
4785:
4667:
4569:
4565:
4303:
4171:
4099:
3471:
3103:
2913:
2758:
2703:
2691:
2687:
2529:
2524:
1730:
1657:
1183:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
990:
942:
704:
543:
448:
410:
361:
253:
237:
20:
4600:(1694–1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin
4584:
Sarah bat Israel, whose tombstone (d. 1249 A.D) is the oldest found in India
9743:
9540:
9502:
9463:
9052:
8796:
8735:
8715:
8675:
8658:
8626:
8614:
8575:
8493:
8468:
7868:
7861:
7813:
7777:
7752:
7344:
7082:
7062:
7057:
6855:
6679:
Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)
6077:
5690:
5631:
Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)
5239:
4780:
4363:
4336:
4292:
4267:
4256:
4225:
3333:
3040:
3025:
2959:
2917:
2805:
2801:
2722:
2656:
2559:
2385:
2226:
2221:
2179:
2132:
1226:
1093:
1078:
1037:
1002:
615:
457:
257:
5640:
Weil, Shalva. "A Revival of Jewish Heritage on the Indian Tourism Trail".
5489:
Weil, Shalva. "Jews of India" in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.)
3094:
9753:
9268:
9193:
9171:
9074:
8668:
8592:
8580:
8570:
8315:
7910:
7900:
7847:
7286:
7245:
7198:
7173:
7077:
5855:
A sketch of the history of Bene-Israel: and an appeal for their education
5730:, vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76, doi:10.1177/037698360202900204.
5016:
Weil, Shalva. "In an Ancient Land: Trade and synagogues in south India",
4892:, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998
4615:
4107:
3361:
3212:
3190:
3124:
2905:
2829:
2741:
2664:
2544:
2486:
2151:
1057:
1052:
1017:
249:
6772:
5003:"The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Architectural and Cultural Heritage."
9847:
9554:
9136:
8730:
8478:
8400:
7359:
7037:
6894:
6702:
Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew".
6537:"Back from Shingly: Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala"
6223:
Weil, Shalva (2006). "Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew".
5533:
The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
4805:
4742:
4733:
4220:
4194:
4182:
3675:
3467:
3443:
3381:
3195:
3165:
3159:
2963:
2955:
2928:
2921:
2860:
2856:
2821:
2817:
2202:
1216:
1145:
1103:
932:
912:
471:
378:
298:
6806:
6059:
5951:
5548:(ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65
4824:"Jews from Cochin Bring Their Unique Indian Cuisine to Israeli Diners"
3286:
2820:
are records found that attest to numerous Jewish settlers arriving at
9768:
9233:
9124:
9035:
8653:
8587:
7895:
7364:
7032:
7027:
6691:
Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History."
6331:
6248:
6180:"Jacobs, Joseph and Joseph Ezekiel. "Cochin", 1901–1906, pp. 135–138"
5966:
5618:
Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History",
5595:
The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala
4992:
The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala
4939:
Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History",
4325:
4314:
4210:
4091:
4072:
4058:
4031:
3679:
3670:, which are regularly transliterated, as much as possible, using the
3500:
3365:
3345:
3341:
3207:
Although India is noted for having four distinct Jewish communities,
3132:
3073:
3044:
3017:
2707:
2365:
2350:
1440:
1388:
1150:
1098:
1088:
769:
765:
755:
670:
430:
8604:
6746:; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
5919:
5194:"Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin"
1118:
31:
9487:
9429:
9374:
9369:
9040:
8326:
7905:
7885:
7767:
7072:
5935:
5716:(in Hebrew). (ed. Mordechai Yitzhari), Bnei Barak 2008. p. 67.
4240:
4236:
4159:
3667:
3622:
3526:
3377:
3307:
3202:
3021:
2804:'s time. It has been claimed that following the destruction of the
2534:
2144:
2076:
907:
415:
366:
3446:(1135–1204), the preeminent Jewish philosopher of his day, wrote,
9702:
9586:
9581:
9571:
9559:
9379:
9364:
9308:
9243:
9218:
9181:
9045:
8720:
8619:
8543:
8435:
8361:
7311:
7087:
6333:
Jay Waronker : India's synagogues ; March-April 7, 2007
6134:. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40. Also, Katz, Nathan,
5655:
5575:
Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue",
4800:
4353:
4119:
3648:
3638:
3626:
3610:
3483:
3437:
3357:
3337:
3321:
3260:
3111:
2971:
2901:
2882:
2878:
2784:
2510:
2476:
2345:
2139:
1128:
1123:
995:
886:
781:
777:
773:
522:
517:
494:
476:
351:
346:
336:
314:
289:
241:
225:
6828:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews(South Asia)." in Paul Hockings (ed.)
5518:
Roots of Dalit History, Christianity, Theology, and Spirituality
9773:
9640:
9576:
7047:
4612:
Benjamin Meyuhasheem, the last Cochin Jew in Seremban, Malaysia
4573:
4134:
3683:
3614:
3588:
3522:
3433:
3373:
3369:
3353:
3316:
3311:
3291:
3244:
2987:
2979:
2967:
2943:
2714:
2679:
2668:
2170:
2165:
2125:
2110:
1221:
1113:
533:
499:
485:
420:
176:
7441:
St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam
6900:(1687) Mosseh Pereyra de Paiva - Notisias dos Judeos de Cochim
6467:
The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present
6463:
The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present
3364:
had settled. The migrated Cochin Jews still continue to speak
152:
9724:
9719:
9673:
9628:
9549:
9544:
8808:
8563:
8533:
7389:
7375:
Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly
6977:
4591:
3663:. It does, however, like most Jewish languages, contain many
3509:
3455:
3422:
3349:
3329:
3303:
3254:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3081:
3077:
2886:
2844:
1133:
562:
466:
435:
194:
5491:
Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia
5367:
5365:
2867:
Madai Plota. Most were in Cranganore, which is also called
2812:(587 BCE), some Jewish exiles came to India. Only after the
9823:
8357:
7369:
6936:
5094:
5092:
4858:
by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27.
4095:
285:
7446:
St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally
6839:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2002, pp. 78–80.
5352:
5350:
5300:
India and St.Thomas > South Indian Mission >Overview
4630:
Elias "Babu" Josephai, caretaker of Kadavumbagam Synagogue
2924:
near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".
2655:, with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of
6767:, Vol. III, 2010, Plate f.p. 264 for 9 photographs,
6647:, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568 ; B.N.K. Press
6459:. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society.
5726:"Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin",
5377:
5362:
3656:
3621:
dialects, it is not considered by many linguists to be a
3148:
7477:
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
6946:
6355:
5110:
Place unidentified; possibly Keezhallur in Kerala State.
5089:
4875:
Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.)
4636:(1922-2019), the oldest member of the Paradesi community
4578:
Aaron Azar, among the last Jewish princes of Kodungallur
4356:(interiors taken from Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue)
3154:
The Paradesi Jews built their own house of worship, the
2761:) has been reconstructed as Kerala Jews History Museum.
6880:
Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.)
6623:
The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India
6578:. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut.
6132:
The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India
6036:"Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India"
6032:
5347:
3562:
3282:
A Jewish couple from Cochin after immigrating to Israel
2904:, Jewish-Christian migrants from Persia who settled in
6846:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004, 3: 284–286.
6821:, London: Palgrave Publishers. 2006, pp. 169–183.
5119:
Place unidentified; poss. Madayikonan in Kerala State.
4921:
4918:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.
3054:
7261:
International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi
6927:
news "Indian officials recount Cochin Jewish history"
6704:
TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies
6489:
Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
6281:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
6225:
TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies
5857:, Bombay : Education Society's Press 1892, p. 20
5226:
Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas
4905:, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.
4163:(known only from a rimon (ornament) bearing its name)
6210:
Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem
6090:
4890:
India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle
4609:(1882–1967), Cochin Jewish Indian nationalist leader
3659:
languages, Judeo-Malayalam is not written using the
3582:
2646:
2149:
2130:
553:
6274:
5593:Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer)
4990:Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer)
4914:
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)
4879:, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212.
4386:List of Cochin Jewish names and surnames (partial)
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6832:, Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall & Co.2. 1992, 71–73.
6785:Paulose, Rachel. "Minnesota and the Jews of India"
5881:"SHURRABI, SHELOMO SALEM - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
4916:Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture
4618:(1912-2002), Indian-Israeli author and subject of
4581:Joseph Azar, the last Jewish prince of Kodungallur
4193:, (1514 A.D-1556 A.D), Saude, a locality south of
3098:Photo identified as "White Jew town", Cochin, 1913
3005:Jewish couple depicted in 16th century Portuguese
2698:(Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned
6810:Weil, Shalva. "Obituary: Professor J. B. Segal."
6408:"Sarah Cohen, the oldest Kerala Jew, passes away"
6380:Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (13 September 2020).
5141:, vol. iii, Hildesheim 1965, pp. 459-462 (German)
5128:Place unidentified; poss. Palode in Kerala State.
10008:
7611:St.Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School
6457:Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers
6450:The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
6162:"ISJM Jewish Heritage Report Volume II, nos 3-4"
5139:Die Jüdische Literatur seit Abschluss des Kanons
4927:Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.
4098:of the Parur Synagogue are now displayed in the
3203:Relations between the Cochin Jews and Other Jews
3039:The Malabar Jews built additional synagogues at
7951:
7682:Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology
7525:Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital
6765:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India
6721:
6515:(PhD thesis). Hebrew University. Archived from
6443:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India
5270:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
5231:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India
5219:
5217:
5215:
4855:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
2824:, an ancient port near Cochin. Cranganore, now
2788:Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 71 CE
7672:School of Communication and Management Studies
6942:Synagogues of Chendamangalam and Pavur, Kerala
6637:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India
6621:Katz, Nathan; & Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993)
6414:. 30 August 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
6138:, University of California Press, 2000, p. 33.
5459:. University of California Press. p. 33.
2893:at that time were absorbed by what became the
8342:
7937:
7647:National University of Advanced Legal Studies
7601:Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara
6962:
6544:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
5906:Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India
3525:prohibition against public singing by women (
3412:
3012:In 1524, the Muslims, backed by the ruler of
2946:(Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his
2885:region of Israel and one of the disciples of
2706:, also immigrated to southern India from the
2601:
5989:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5448:
5446:
5444:
5283:– via University Press of New England.
5273:. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. p. 27.
5223:
5212:
4627:Dr. Eliyahu Bezalel, renowned horticulturist
3609:. Since it does not differ substantially in
3185:and Zionist. His family were descended from
2998:this community emigrated to Israel in 1954.
2843:community by Ayyan Atikal, the ruler of the
2779:
9831:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
7687:Federal Institute of Science and Technology
7652:Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
7642:Cochin University of Science and Technology
7421:Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
6441:Koder, S. "History of the Jews of Kerala",
6241:
5908:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.
5530:
4019:
845:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
8349:
8335:
7944:
7930:
6969:
6955:
6486:
6452:, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.
5997:
5383:
5292:
5290:
5252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5150:A similar tradition has been preserved by
2853:(Merzbacher's Library in Munich, MS. 4238)
2721:countries, similar to the choices made by
2608:
2594:
151:
7697:SCMS School of Engineering and Technology
7657:Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
6837:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement
6379:
6067:
5597:. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.
5441:
4994:. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.
4903:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement
4378:
3336:. Others settled in the neighbourhood of
3294:(largely historical) and Israel (current)
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
8378:Index of Jewish history-related articles
6329:
6121:. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482
6008:(2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom:
5566:. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)
4978:, Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)
4085:
3466:had told him the India town of Shingly (
3416:
3290:Judeo-Malayalam speaking communities in
3285:
3277:
3164:
3093:
3000:
2791:
2783:
9877:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8514:
7266:Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation
7194:Kerala State Water Transport Department
7189:Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
7184:Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation
6850:Weil, Shalva (2007). "Cochin Jews". In
6534:
6505:
6455:Daniel, Ruby & B. Johnson. (1995).
6203:
6199:
6197:
5917:
5868:The History of the Bene-Israel of India
5842:The History of the Bene-Israel of India
5558:
5556:
5554:
5423:The History of the Bene-Israel of India
5326:
5287:
5098:
4079:a suffix added to prayer houses of the
3089:
2667:, now part of the present-day state of
10009:
7385:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly
6573:
6336:. Handwerker Gallery, Ithaca College.
5711:
5371:
5266:
5007:, Friends of Kerala Synagogues, 2011.M
4559:
4203:, (1745 A.D-1768 A.D) Thiruthur, Kochi
4186:(oldest synagogue in recorded history)
4030:A synagogue is called a beit knesset (
3264:. He died on 17 April 1856 in Bombay.
8330:
7925:
7717:Government Medical College, Ernakulam
6950:
6884:, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008.
6325:
6323:
6003:
5507:(pp. 59-60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin
5030:
5028:
4986:
4984:
4970:
4968:
8356:
7431:Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue
7256:Greater Cochin Development Authority
7251:Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore
6882:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora
6849:
6701:
6650:
6593:. 120 pp.; Greenwood Press Reprint;
6584:The History of Christianity in India
6275:Johnson, Barbara C. (1 March 2009).
6222:
6204:Chemana, Martine (15 October 2002).
6194:
6130:Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg.
5672:, p. רמט, but in PDF p. 271 (Hebrew)
5551:
5493:, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2013, (1: 255-258).
5452:
5356:
4935:
4933:
4877:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora
4263:Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue
4252:Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue
3147:for the situation of Jews in nearby
163:Regions with significant populations
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
7495:Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital
7472:Amala Institute of Medical Sciences
5720:
5546:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
5521:(p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K.
5481:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places
5397:Contributions to Indian Sociology,
3572:
3394:
3314:). Many of the migrants joined the
3055:A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin
2636:
13:
9824:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
9804:American Jewish Historical Society
7164:Ernakulam Terminus railway station
7159:Ernakulam Junction railway station
6715:
6693:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies.
6605:The Indian Church History Classics
6591:The Jews in India and the Far East
6320:
5964:
5920:"Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews"
5025:
4981:
4965:
4830:, by Dana Kessler, 23 October 2013
4590:, a 17th century Hebrew poet from
4572:ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from
3602:Judeo-Malayalam is the only known
3532:
3462:wrote that a Jewish merchant from
3428:The 12th-century Jewish traveller
3028:trade. The Jews fled south to the
2740:was restored in 2018, it houses a
14:
10073:
7677:Albertian Institute of Management
7667:Government Law College, Ernakulam
7426:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue
6888:
6653:Contributions to Indian Sociology
6164:. 25 January 1999. Archived from
6099:. New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc
5504:Three Years in America, 1859–1862
4930:
4654:A high Priest of the Malabar Jews
4321:Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue
4310:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue
3223:had moved to Bombay in 1825 from
3139:When the Portuguese occupied the
2738:Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue
2659:. The Cochin Jews settled in the
636:Historical population comparisons
9988:
9975:
9974:
8310:
8301:
8300:
7380:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin
7292:LuLu International Shopping Mall
6917:"Cochin Jewish musical heritage"
5904:Shulman, D. and Weil, S. (eds).
5620:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies
5333:. East West Books. p. 113.
4941:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4707:
4691:
4675:
4659:
4647:
4145:Kadavumbhagam Synagogue, Shingly
4142:Thekkumbhagam synagogue, Shingly
3032:, seeking the protection of the
2814:destruction of the Second Temple
1280:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1194:Historical population by country
187:
169:
30:
6400:
6373:
6348:
6295:
6268:
6235:
6216:
6172:
6154:
6141:
6124:
6111:
6084:
6026:
5968:A history of the Jews of Cochin
5958:
5911:
5898:
5873:
5860:
5847:
5834:
5808:
5795:
5779:
5763:
5745:
5733:
5705:
5675:
5647:
5634:
5625:
5612:
5600:
5582:
5569:
5539:
5524:
5510:
5496:
5473:
5428:
5415:
5402:
5389:
5320:
5260:
5228:". In Menachery, George (ed.).
5186:
5161:
5144:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5077:
5065:
5056:
5044:
5010:
4997:
4962:London and New York: Routledge.
4946:
3116:fled east to the Ottoman Empire
2678:Following their expulsion from
41:needs additional citations for
9896:Relations with other religions
8268:British Indian Ocean Territory
7169:Ernakulam Town railway station
6830:Encyclopedia of World Cultures
6812:Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies
6635:Menachery, George, ed. (1973)
6603:Menachery, George, ed. (1998)
6509:Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs
6506:Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009).
6479:de Beth Hillel, David. (1832)
6303:"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music"
6277:"Cochin: Jewish Women's Music"
6004:Abram, David (November 2010).
5786:"A Kochi dream died in Mumbai"
5224:Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). "
4908:
4895:
4882:
4869:
4847:
4833:
4817:
4624:Meydad Eliyahu, Israeli artist
4493:Pal/Pallivathikal/Palivathukal
4345:Cochini synagogues in Israel:
3543:List of loanwords in Malayalam
3320:(agricultural settlements) of
3169:Cochin Jewish children in 1936
3063:(recollections of his travels
2871:; it is also called Sengale."
157:A Malabar Jewish family (1900)
1:
9883:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
7712:MES College Marampally, Aluva
7707:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam
7692:Sacred Heart College, Thevara
6421:
6091:Adler, Marcus Nathan (1907).
4451:Kalloor/Kallookaran/Kallooran
4246:Extant synagogues in Kerala:
4139:Cranganore Synagogue, Shingly
3267:
851:Christianity and Judaism
9814:Leo Baeck Institute New York
9809:American Sephardi Federation
7144:Cochin International Airport
6431:. London: Portobello Books.
6383:Jewish Languages from A to Z
5776:. Accessed 13 December 2008.
5531:Mendelssohn, Sidney (1920).
5137:J. Winter and Aug. Wünsche,
4771:History of the Jews in India
4766:List of Synagogues in Kerala
4472:Mordekhai/Mordechai/Mordehay
4026:List of synagogues in Kerala
3189:. The Hebrew word denoted a
3127:to southern India. Speaking
3020:and not to be confused with
2966:, and to a small extent the
2771:History of the Jews in India
7:
8637:Constantinopolitan Karaites
7952:History of the Jews in Asia
7411:Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple
7220:Kochi Municipal Corporation
6844:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
6760:39, 1 & 2 : 35–53.
6491:. Oxford University Press.
6487:Frykenberg, Robert (2010).
6242:Pradeep, K. (15 May 2005).
4759:
3583:
3563:
3515:
3454:In a 1535 letter sent from
3302:into a secular republic of
3173:In the early 20th century,
2647:
2150:
2131:
1858:Latin America and Caribbean
554:
10:
10078:
9865:National Library of Israel
8506:Zionism, race and genetics
7809:Maharaja's College Stadium
7340:Latin Catholics of Malabar
6744:Who Are the Jews of India?
6665:10.1177/006996678201600202
6589:Lord, James Henry. (1977)
6386:. Routledge. p. 136.
6356:"The Synagogues of Kerala"
6149:Who Are the Jews of India?
6136:Who Are the Jews of India?
5885:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
5760:, New Delhi: Primus Books.
5644:, 16 July 2010. pp. 34-36.
5456:Who are the Jews of India?
5267:Slapak, Orpa, ed. (2003).
4640:
4324:, (1200 A.D or 1580 A.D),
4302:, (1164 A.D or 1616 A.D),
4291:, (1400 A.D or 1597 A.D),
4255:, (1130 A.D or 1539 A.D),
4023:
3696:Malayalam Transliteration
3536:
3413:Traditions and way of life
3398:
3271:
2891:Jews who became Christians
2768:
2764:
2651:) are the oldest group of
2463:Jewish political movements
2160:Conversion to Judaism
18:
10022:Jews and Judaism in India
9963:
9819:Yeshiva University Museum
9799:Center for Jewish History
9789:
9654:
9526:
9400:
9294:
8825:
8444:
8386:
8368:
8296:
8255:
8215:
7957:
7878:
7832:
7791:
7735:
7662:Model Engineering College
7634:
7558:
7520:Lourdes Hospital (Kerala)
7464:
7398:
7320:
7279:
7233:
7212:
7154:Edappally railway station
7134:
7101:
7020:
7012:Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam
6984:
6976:
6736:10.1017/S1740022808002428
6724:Journal of Global History
6445:, ed. G. Menachery, 1973.
6006:The Rough Guide to Kerala
5918:Spector, Johanna (1972).
5816:"The Last Jews of Cochin"
5535:. AMS Press. p. 109.
5037:, P. M. Jussay, cited in
4481:Mutas/Mutach/Mutath/Mutat
4340:(oldest active synagogue)
4114:" (lit: south side) and "
3552:
3421:A Cochin Jewish man with
2780:First Jews in South India
866:Hinduism and Judaism
236:
231:
224:
219:
208:
203:
185:
167:
162:
150:
140:
138:
10057:South Indian communities
8411:Ancient Israel and Judah
8017:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7799:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
7586:Cochin Refineries School
6937:The Synagogues of Kerala
6805:. 2023, 14 no. 11, 1368
6556:10.1177/0019464617745926
6535:Gamliel, Ophira (2018).
6427:Fernandes, Edna. (2008)
6283:. Jewish Women's Archive
6212:(in French) (11): 28–44.
6182:. Jewishencyclopedia.com
5728:Indian Historical Review
5487:Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.
5234:. Vol. 2. Trichur.
4811:
4369:Nehemiah Motta Synagogue
4350:Moshav Nevatim Synagogue
4277:Chendamangalam Synagogue
4020:Cochin Jewish synagogues
3625:in its own right, but a
692:Temple in Jerusalem
385:Bar and bat mitzvah
19:Not to be confused with
10047:Ethnic groups in Kerala
10042:Social groups of Kerala
8787:North African Sephardim
8760:Jewish tribes of Arabia
8278:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7773:Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road
7515:Lourdes Heart institute
7335:Saint Thomas Christians
7149:Cochin Harbour Terminus
6819:Religions in South Asia
6429:The Last Jews of Kerala
5971:. Vallentine Mitchell.
5866:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar,
5853:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar,
5840:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar,
5803:The Last Jews of Kerala
5741:The Last Jews of Kerala
5712:Al-Dhahiri, Zechariah.
5668:28 October 2014 at the
5642:Jerusalem Post Magazine
5607:The Last Jews of Kerala
5589:The Last Jews of Kerala
5434:David Solomon Sassoon,
5421:Haeem Samuel Kehimkar,
5173:Encyclopædia Britannica
5084:The Last Jews of Kerala
5072:The Last Jews of Kerala
5051:The Last Jews of Kerala
5039:The Last Jews of Kerala
4397:Abraham/Avraham/Ibrahim
4181:,(1344 A.D - 1789 A.D)
4168:Kokkamangalam Synagogue
3480:Kadavumbhagam synagogue
3401:Genetic studies on Jews
2935:, in the 16th century.
2881:-speaking Jew from the
654:Twelve Tribes of Israel
262:Saint Thomas Christians
181:7,000–8,000 (estimated)
10062:Ethnic groups in India
9890:Holocaust Encyclopedia
9860:Jewish Virtual Library
7804:Regional Sports Centre
7571:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
7540:Sunrise Hospital Kochi
7530:Medical Trust Hospital
7416:Ernakulam Shiva Temple
6639:B.N.K. Press, vol. 2,
6574:Jussay, P. M. (2005).
6330:Waronker, Jay (2007).
6307:Jewish Women's Archive
5965:B., Segal, J. (1993).
5622:. 2010, 8(3): 319-335.
4943:, 2010. 8(3): 319-335.
4588:Eliyah ben Moses Adeni
4547:Yoseph/Joseph/Josephai
4379:Cochin Jewish surnames
4360:Mesilat Zion Synagogue
4280:, (1420 or 1614 A.D),
4271:(demolished in 1960's)
4103:
3990:യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി
3617:from other colloquial
3505:
3452:
3425:
3306:and a semi-theocratic
3295:
3283:
3240:Shelomo Salem Shurrabi
3170:
3099:
3087:
3009:
2976:
2841:Saint Thomas Christian
2797:
2789:
2730:synagogues still exist
9837:Encyclopaedia Judaica
9619:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
8804:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
8554:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
7510:Lisie Heart Institute
7241:Cochin Stock Exchange
7116:Thoma of Villarvattom
6861:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6742:Katz, Nathan. (2000)
6582:Hough, James. (1893)
6465:Day, Francis (1869).
5564:From Cochin to Israel
5453:Katz, Nathan (2000).
5399:1982. 16(2): 175-196.
5152:David Solomon Sassoon
4976:From Cochin to Israel
4702:(Jewess in Malayalam)
4686:(Jewess in Malayalam)
4089:
4024:Further information:
3853:rabbi, teacher, monk
3537:Further information:
3497:
3448:
3420:
3399:Further information:
3289:
3281:
3274:Indian Jews in Israel
3168:
3108:expulsion from Iberia
3097:
3069:
3004:
2952:
2795:
2787:
2769:Further information:
1400:São Tomé and Príncipe
1395:Republic of the Congo
789:Second Temple Judaism
660:Kingdom of Judah
631:Modern historiography
232:Related ethnic groups
10037:Jewish ethnic groups
8416:Second Temple period
8192:United Arab Emirates
7824:Kochi Tuskers Kerala
7783:Seaport-Airport Road
7727:St. Albert's College
7722:Bharata Mata College
7702:St. Teresa's College
7596:Navy Children School
7566:Assissi Vidyaniketan
7406:Chottanikkara Temple
7204:Vyttila Mobility Hub
6796:Asian American Press
6790:14 June 2013 at the
6256:on 10 September 2006
6097:Depts.washington.edu
5327:Muthiah, S. (1999).
4843:. 13 September 2022.
4217:Fort Kochi Synagogue
4178:Kochangadi Synagogue
4124:St. Thomas Christian
3999:yisra'él, yisra'éli
3597:Kollam Copper plates
3595:as evident from the
3090:1660 to independence
2938:The Jewish traveler
2837:Kollam copper plates
2686:, a few families of
2502:World Agudath Israel
1643:United Arab Emirates
730:Second Temple period
720:Babylonian captivity
50:improve this article
9854:Jewish Encyclopedia
9599:Hekhalot literature
9410:Religious movements
8945:Judeo-Tripolitanian
8219:limited recognition
7879:Television channels
7743:Mahatma Gandhi Road
7616:Toc-H Public School
6997:Mattancherry Palace
6933:, 11 September 2003
6913:, 1901-1906 edition
6910:Jewish Encyclopedia
6814:. 2005, 7: 117–119.
6695:2010, 8(3): 319-335
6472:Walter J. Fischel,
6119:A Maimonides Reader
6052:2016NatSR...619166C
5822:. 21 September 2017
5792:, 13 December 2008.
5483:. Northvale, N.J.:
5374:, pp. 118–128.
5359:, pp. 175–196.
5200:. 27 September 2006
4791:Abraham Barak Salem
4776:Gathering of Israel
4607:Abraham Barak Salem
4560:Notable Cochin Jews
4057:or "Jootha Palli" (
3492:Jewish Encyclopedia
3175:Abraham Barak Salem
3034:Cochin Royal Family
2637:יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין
795:Hellenistic Judaism
373:Land of Israel
332:Principles of faith
145:കൊച്ചിയിലെ ജൂതന്മാർ
141:יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין
135:
9995:Judaism portal
9931:Jews and Halloween
9926:Jews and Christmas
9316:Rabbinic authority
9068:Judaeo-Piedmontese
8501:Xueta Christianity
8406:Origins of Judaism
8373:Outline of Judaism
7819:Kerala Blasters FC
7591:Kendriya Vidyalaya
7576:Chinmaya Vidyalaya
7500:Lakeshore Hospital
7456:Vallarpadam Church
7451:St. Francis Church
7436:Paradesi Synagogue
7307:Forum Thomsun Mall
7007:Durbar Hall Ground
6852:Berenbaum, Michael
6798:, 14 February 2012
6763:George Menachery,
6576:The Jews of Kerala
6244:"Musical Heritage"
6151:, op. cit., p. 32.
6117:Twersky, Isadore.
6040:Scientific Reports
5658:; online edition:
5577:The Jerusalem Post
5169:"Aramaic language"
5035:The Jews of Kerala
4666:A Paradesi Jew of
4424:Elia/Elias/Eliyahu
4332:Paradesi Synagogue
4233:Seremban Synagogue
4155:Palayoor Synagogue
4133:Madayi Synagogue,
4104:
3817:mitsráyim, mitsrí
3495:(1901-1906) said,
3472:Code of Maimonides
3430:Benjamin of Tudela
3426:
3389:Paradesi Synagogue
3300:Partition of India
3296:
3284:
3183:Indian nationalist
3171:
3156:Paradesi Synagogue
3100:
3010:
3007:Códice Casanatense
2940:Benjamin of Tudela
2810:Siege of Jerusalem
2798:
2790:
2734:Paradesi synagogue
2673:Benjamin of Tudela
2356:Jewish Koine Greek
1898:Dominican Republic
1179:Judaism by country
858:Jews and Christmas
713:Assyrian captivity
133:
10052:Judaism in Kerala
10004:
10003:
9970:extinct languages
9871:YIVO Encyclopedia
9646:Hebrew literature
9614:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
9454:Reconstructionist
9132:Judaeo-Portuguese
8821:
8820:
8777:Eastern Sephardim
8421:Synagogal Judaism
8324:
8323:
8261:other territories
7919:
7918:
7841:Malayala Manorama
7550:Rajagiri Hospital
7399:Places of worship
7355:Culture of Kerala
7350:Cuisine of Kerala
7302:Abad Nucleus Mall
7225:Kerala High Court
7126:Travancore-Cochin
7121:History of Kerala
7111:Kingdom of Cochin
7093:Willingdon Island
6871:978-0-02-866097-4
6780:978-81-87132-06-6
6758:Population Review
6437:978-1-84627-098-7
6393:978-1-351-04343-4
6060:10.1038/srep19166
6019:978-1-84836-541-4
5739:Cited on p 51 in
5101:, pp. 55–56.
5018:Asian Jewish Life
4634:Sarah Jacob Cohen
4557:
4556:
4299:Paravur Synagogue
4224:(congregation of
4201:Tir-Tur Synagogue
4017:
4016:
3808:മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം
3584:malayalam yəhūḏīṯ
3581:
3561:
3547:Judeo-Malayalam (
3141:Kingdom of Cochin
3114:but the majority
3061:Zechariah Dhahiri
3030:Kingdom of Cochin
2995:Portuguese Empire
2895:Nasrani Community
2869:Mago dera Patinas
2854:
2661:Kingdom of Cochin
2645:
2618:
2617:
2567:
2566:
2315:
2314:
2062:Reconstructionist
2006:
2005:
1158:
1157:
965:
964:
802:Jewish–Roman wars
750:Hasmonean dynasty
666:Kingdom of Israel
570:
569:
271:
270:
126:
125:
118:
100:
10069:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9978:
9977:
9110:Judeo-Golpaygani
8711:Palestinian Jews
8686:Alexandrian Jews
8642:Crimean Karaites
8559:Unterlander Jews
8512:
8511:
8426:Rabbinic Judaism
8351:
8344:
8337:
8328:
8327:
8314:
8304:
8303:
8273:Christmas Island
7959:Sovereign states
7946:
7939:
7932:
7923:
7922:
7626:Vidyodaya School
7490:General Hospital
7486:Gautham Hospital
7297:Gold Souk Grandé
7271:Kochi Refineries
7068:Panampilly Nagar
6971:
6964:
6957:
6948:
6947:
6875:
6739:
6711:
6676:
6579:
6567:
6541:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6522:on 26 March 2017
6521:
6514:
6502:
6416:
6415:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6252:. Archived from
6239:
6233:
6232:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6158:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6128:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5988:
5980:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5877:
5871:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5820:Pacific Standard
5812:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5783:
5777:
5767:
5761:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5679:
5673:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5508:
5500:
5494:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5450:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5410:Indian Antiquary
5406:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5345:
5344:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5304:. Archived from
5294:
5285:
5284:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5243:
5221:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5165:
5159:
5148:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4950:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4912:
4906:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4821:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4711:
4695:
4679:
4663:
4651:
4383:
4382:
4207:Muttam Synagogue
4081:Abrahamic faiths
3993:Israel, Israeli
3887:sfarad, sfaradi
3881:Spain, Spaniard
3811:Egypt, Egyptian
3783:Hebrew language
3693:
3692:
3672:Malayalam script
3586:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3564:yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ
3556:
3554:
3476:Nissim of Gerona
3395:Genetic analysis
3242:who served as a
2866:
2852:
2845:Kingdom of Venad
2775:History of Kochi
2650:
2640:
2638:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2459:
2458:
2340:
2161:
2155:
2136:
2100:
2099:
2047:
1994:New Zealand
1946:
1909:El Salvador
1899:
1831:Northern America
1823:
1417:
1173:
1172:
1084:Crimean Karaites
980:
979:
958:
956:
877:
875:
867:
861:
852:
840:Rabbinic Judaism
821:
815:
809:
797:
785:
751:
744:Maccabean Revolt
721:
714:
708:
700:
693:
687:
679:
661:
585:
584:
559:
454:
453:
386:
374:
273:
272:
266:Dravidian people
193:
191:
190:
175:
173:
172:
155:
142:
136:
132:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9989:
9987:
9959:
9785:
9650:
9522:
9396:
9290:
9105:Judeo-Borujerdi
9080:Judeo-Malayalam
9026:Judeo-Aragonese
8997:Lishanid Noshan
8829:
8817:
8549:Oberlander Jews
8510:
8440:
8382:
8364:
8355:
8325:
8320:
8292:
8260:
8251:
8232:Northern Cyprus
8218:
8211:
7953:
7950:
7920:
7915:
7874:
7855:Madhyamam Daily
7828:
7787:
7758:Shanmugham Road
7731:
7630:
7621:The Delta Study
7606:SRV High School
7554:
7460:
7394:
7316:
7275:
7229:
7208:
7179:Cochin Shipyard
7130:
7097:
7016:
6980:
6975:
6905:"Calcutta Jews"
6891:
6872:
6792:Wayback Machine
6718:
6716:Further reading
6611:, Ollur, 1998.
6539:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6499:
6474:The Cochin Jews
6424:
6419:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6378:
6374:
6364:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6328:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6257:
6240:
6236:
6221:
6217:
6202:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6168:on 15 May 2001.
6160:
6159:
6155:
6146:
6142:
6129:
6125:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6089:
6085:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:. p. 181.
6002:
5998:
5982:
5981:
5963:
5959:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5865:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5800:
5796:
5784:
5780:
5768:
5764:
5757:The Jews of Goa
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5725:
5721:
5710:
5706:
5695:land of Germany
5680:
5676:
5670:Wayback Machine
5652:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5574:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5420:
5416:
5412:, iii. 333–334.
5407:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5386:, pp. 113.
5384:Frykenberg 2010
5382:
5378:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5265:
5261:
5245:
5244:
5222:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5149:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5033:
5026:
5015:
5011:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4982:
4973:
4966:
4951:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4913:
4909:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4828:Tablet Magazine
4822:
4818:
4814:
4762:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4719:
4714:A Malabar Jew,
4712:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4652:
4643:
4562:
4553:
4484:Nehemia/Nehemya
4381:
4191:Saudi Synagogue
4071:meaning Jew in
4055:Judeo-Malayalam
4028:
4022:
3996:ישראל, הישראלי
3878:സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി
3850:റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ
3766:ബേത് ക്നേസേത്
3661:Hebrew alphabet
3607:Jewish language
3573:מלאיאלאם יהודית
3545:
3539:Judeo-Malayalam
3535:
3533:Judeo-Malayalam
3518:
3460:David del Rossi
3415:
3406:Genetic testing
3403:
3397:
3387:In Cochin, the
3276:
3270:
3205:
3145:Goa Inquisition
3129:Ladino language
3092:
3057:
2864:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2700:Judeo-Malayalam
2684:Alhambra Decree
2682:in 1492 by the
2623:(also known as
2614:
2569:
2568:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2436:Judeo-Malayalam
2416:Judaeo-Georgian
2336:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2217:Yiddish theatre
2159:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2045:
2018:
2008:
2007:
1944:
1897:
1821:
1415:
1199:Genetic studies
1170:
1160:
1159:
977:
967:
966:
954:
953:
873:
872:
865:
855:
850:
832:and Middle Ages
830:Rabbinic period
817:
811:
804:
792:
763:
749:
719:
712:
703:
695:
691:
682:
677:in Judaism
674:
659:
582:
572:
571:
451:
441:
440:
384:
372:
317:
214:Judeo-Malayalam
188:
186:
170:
168:
158:
146:
144:
131:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10075:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10027:Kerala society
10024:
10019:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9984:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9937:non-Christian
9935:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9874:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9833:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9795:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9722:
9712:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9683:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9660:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9636:Shulchan Aruch
9633:
9632:
9631:
9626:
9624:Sefer Yetzirah
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9604:Pardes Rimonim
9601:
9594:Kabbalah texts
9591:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9538:
9532:
9530:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9406:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9387:Land of Israel
9384:
9383:
9382:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9300:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9265:
9263:Judeo-Alsatian
9255:
9254:
9253:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9115:Judeo-Hamedani
9112:
9107:
9102:
9092:
9090:Judaeo-Occitan
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9031:Jewish English
9028:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8962:Judaeo-Aramaic
8959:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8950:Judeo-Tunisian
8947:
8942:
8940:Judeo-Moroccan
8937:
8936:
8935:
8933:Judeo-Baghdadi
8920:
8915:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8837:
8835:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8789:
8784:
8782:Livornese Jews
8779:
8769:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8529:Afrikaner-Jode
8520:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8392:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8354:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8308:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8264:
8262:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7948:
7941:
7934:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7545:Renai medicity
7542:
7537:
7535:Saraf Hospital
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7505:Lisie Hospital
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7021:Neighbourhoods
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6974:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6924:
6914:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6889:External links
6887:
6886:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6782:
6761:
6754:
6740:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6699:
6696:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6659:(2): 175–196.
6648:
6633:
6619:
6601:
6587:
6580:
6571:
6568:
6532:
6503:
6498:978-0199575831
6497:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6399:
6392:
6372:
6347:
6319:
6294:
6267:
6234:
6215:
6193:
6171:
6153:
6140:
6123:
6110:
6083:
6025:
6018:
5996:
5957:
5936:10.2307/833956
5910:
5897:
5872:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5807:
5794:
5790:Indian Express
5778:
5774:Indian Express
5762:
5744:
5732:
5719:
5714:Sefer Ha-Musar
5704:
5699:Sefer Hamussar
5674:
5646:
5633:
5624:
5611:
5599:
5581:
5568:
5562:Weil, Shalva.
5550:
5538:
5523:
5509:
5495:
5472:
5465:
5440:
5427:
5414:
5401:
5388:
5376:
5361:
5346:
5339:
5319:
5308:on 7 June 2011
5286:
5279:
5259:
5211:
5185:
5160:
5143:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5055:
5043:
5024:
5009:
4996:
4980:
4974:Weil, Shalva.
4964:
4945:
4929:
4920:
4907:
4894:
4888:Weil, Shalva.
4881:
4868:
4846:
4832:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4729:
4722:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:Ruby of Cochin
4613:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4598:Ezekiel Rahabi
4595:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:Yeoshua/Joshua
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4529:Solomon/Shlomo
4527:
4524:
4521:
4520:Sharet/Chorath
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4439:Itzhak/Yitzhak
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:Efraim/Evarayi
4419:
4416:
4415:David/Davidson
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4343:
4342:
4335:, (1568 A.D),
4328:
4317:
4313:, (1200 A.D),
4306:
4295:
4288:Mala Synagogue
4284:
4282:Chendamangalam
4273:
4266:, (1647 A.D),
4259:
4244:
4243:
4230:
4219:, (1848 A.D),
4214:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4174:
4165:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4038:ബേത് ക്നേസേത്
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3985:yaván, yevani
3983:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:Pronunciation
3703:
3702:Original Form
3700:
3697:
3534:
3531:
3517:
3514:
3414:
3411:
3396:
3393:
3272:Main article:
3269:
3266:
3204:
3201:
3091:
3088:
3085:congregations.
3056:
3053:
3016:(today called
2942:, speaking of
2826:transliterated
2781:
2778:
2766:
2763:
2751:Chennamangalam
2747:Chendamangalam
2728:Most of their
2648:Yehudey Kochin
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:Territorialism
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Judaeo-Spanish
2378:
2376:Judaeo-Iranian
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:United Kingdom
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:Bilad-el-Sudan
1252:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1208:Land of Israel
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1066:Related groups
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
978:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
960:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
923:Jewish atheism
920:
915:
910:
902:
901:
897:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:Islamic–Jewish
869:
862:
847:
842:
834:
833:
826:
825:
824:
823:
799:
786:
758:
753:
746:
741:
739:Yehud Medinata
733:
732:
726:
725:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
688:
680:
668:
663:
656:
648:
647:
645:Ancient Israel
641:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
601:Land of Israel
598:
590:
589:
583:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
567:
566:
565:
560:
556:Shulchan Aruch
551:
546:
541:
536:
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
489:
488:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
461:
460:
452:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
381:
376:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
334:
329:
322:God in Judaism
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
293:
292:
282:
281:
269:
268:
246:Sephardic Jews
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:
221:
217:
216:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
183:
182:
179:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
139:
129:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10074:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10014:
10012:
9997:
9996:
9985:
9983:
9982:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9967:
9962:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Protestantism
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9872:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9730:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:Sefer HaBahir
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9536:Sifrei Kodesh
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9392:Who is a Jew?
9390:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9321:Chosen people
9319:
9317:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9278:
9277:Scots-Yiddish
9275:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9250:Klezmer-loshn
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9120:Judeo-Shirazi
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9095:Judeo-Persian
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:Judeo-Marathi
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9063:Judeo-Italian
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8918:Judeo-Amazigh
8916:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8741:Hadhrami Jews
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8706:Mountain Jews
8704:
8702:
8701:Egyptian Jews
8699:
8697:
8696:Bukharan Jews
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8484:Lists of Jews
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8352:
8347:
8345:
8340:
8338:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8242:South Ossetia
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7947:
7942:
7940:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7748:Chittoor Road
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7581:Choice School
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7482:Aster Medcity
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:Organizations
7232:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6923:, 15 May 2005
6922:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6856:Skolnik, Fred
6853:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6755:
6753:
6752:0-520-21323-8
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6710:(3): 575–588.
6709:
6705:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6646:
6645:81-87132-06-X
6642:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6631:0-87249-847-6
6628:
6624:
6620:
6618:
6617:81-87133-05-8
6614:
6610:
6609:The Nazranies
6606:
6602:
6600:
6599:0-8371-2615-0
6596:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6538:
6533:
6518:
6511:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6395:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6376:
6361:
6360:cochinsyn.com
6357:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6326:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6238:
6231:(3): 575–588.
6230:
6226:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6198:
6181:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6150:
6144:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6015:
6011:
6010:Penguin Books
6007:
6000:
5992:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5837:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5771:
5770:"Cochin Jews"
5766:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5596:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5492:
5486:
5485:Jason Aronson
5482:
5476:
5468:
5466:9780520213234
5462:
5458:
5457:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5342:
5340:818-685-222-0
5336:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5280:965-278-179-7
5276:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5199:
5198:w2.vatican.va
5195:
5189:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5006:
5005:Cochinsyn.com
5000:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4924:
4917:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4865:
4864:965-278-179-7
4861:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:Joseph Rabban
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Paradesi Jews
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:Joseph Rabban
4564:
4563:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:Palliparambil
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:Kokkamangalam
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:Kadavumbhagam
4113:
4112:Thekkumbhagam
4109:
4101:
4100:Israel Museum
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ
4003:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:hello, peace
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:beit-k'néset
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:Judeo-Persian
3590:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3553:യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം
3550:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:, where many
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:Paradesi Jews
3096:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Joseph Rabban
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2723:Anglo-Indians
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:Paradesi Jews
2689:
2688:Sephardi Jews
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:Jews in India
2649:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Judeo-Aramaic
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Judeo-Italian
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Ghardaïa Sign
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:Denominations
2012:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:United States
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Guinea-Bissau
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Lists of Jews
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
970:
959:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:The Holocaust
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
903:
899:
898:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
870:
868:
863:
859:
853:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
835:
831:
828:
827:
820:
814:
808:
803:
800:
796:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:
722:
717:
715:
710:
706:
702:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
646:
643:
642:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
587:
586:
581:
576:
575:
564:
561:
558:
557:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Mishneh Torah
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
382:
380:
377:
375:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
342:
338:
335:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:Who is a Jew?
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
284:
283:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Baghdadi Jews
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Paradesi Jews
235:
230:
227:
223:
218:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
196:
184:
180:
178:
166:
161:
154:
149:
137:
128:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2023
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Cochin Jews"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
21:Paradesi Jews
9986:
9979:
9965:
9888:
9881:
9869:
9852:
9835:
9669:perspectives
9503:Samaritanism
9464:Neo-Hasidism
9444:Conservative
9358:Names of God
9267:
9248:
9058:Judaeo-Greek
9053:Judeo-Gascon
8992:Lishán Didán
8987:Lishana Deni
8955:Judeo-Yemeni
8923:Judeo-Arabic
8797:Meshuchrarim
8716:Persian Jews
8649:Kurdish Jews
8627:Kaifeng Jews
8597:
8576:Beta Abraham
8539:Galitzianers
8494:Antisemitism
8469:Israeli Jews
8454:Assimilation
8257:Dependencies
8187:Turkmenistan
8152:Saudi Arabia
7869:Sathyadeepam
7867:
7862:Deshabhimani
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7814:FACT Stadium
7778:Kochi Bypass
7753:Banerji Road
7635:Universities
7345:Luso-Indians
7329:
7083:Tripunithura
7063:Palarivattom
7058:Mattancherry
7053:Marine Drive
7043:Gandhi Nagar
6992:Marine Drive
6930:
6920:
6908:
6881:
6859:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6818:
6811:
6802:
6795:
6764:
6757:
6743:
6730:(1): 21–42.
6727:
6723:
6707:
6703:
6692:
6656:
6652:
6636:
6622:
6608:
6604:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6547:
6543:
6524:. Retrieved
6517:the original
6508:
6488:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6428:
6411:
6402:
6382:
6375:
6363:. Retrieved
6359:
6350:
6332:
6312:28 September
6310:. Retrieved
6306:
6297:
6285:. Retrieved
6280:
6270:
6258:. Retrieved
6254:the original
6247:
6237:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6209:
6184:. Retrieved
6174:
6166:the original
6156:
6148:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6096:
6086:
6046:(1): 19166.
6043:
6039:
6028:
6005:
5999:
5967:
5960:
5930:(2): 23–28.
5927:
5923:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5888:. Retrieved
5884:
5875:
5867:
5862:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5826:22 September
5824:. Retrieved
5819:
5810:
5802:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5727:
5722:
5713:
5707:
5698:
5694:
5691:David Kimchi
5681:
5677:
5660:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5591:, pp. 81–82.
5588:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5563:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5512:
5503:
5498:
5490:
5480:
5475:
5455:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5396:
5391:
5379:
5329:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5299:
5269:
5262:
5230:
5225:
5202:. Retrieved
5197:
5188:
5176:. Retrieved
5172:
5163:
5155:
5146:
5138:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5099:Gamliel 2018
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4975:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4854:
4849:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4781:Meshuchrarim
4715:
4699:
4683:
4619:
4394:Aaron/Aharon
4373:Giv'at Ko'ah
4368:
4364:Mesilat Zion
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Mattancherry
4330:
4319:
4308:
4297:
4286:
4275:
4270:
4261:
4250:
4245:
4232:
4226:meschuhrarim
4223:
4216:
4206:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4148:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:in Jerusalem
4076:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4007:Jew, Jewish
3982:יוון, יווני
3923:song, music
3884:ספרד, ספרדי
3814:מצרים, מצרי
3797:grave, tomb
3680:phonological
3655:Unlike many
3654:
3642:
3635:Judeo-Arabic
3601:
3546:
3519:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3404:
3386:
3334:Mesilat Zion
3315:
3297:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3208:
3206:
3194:
3187:meshuchrarim
3186:
3179:meshuchrarim
3178:
3172:
3153:
3138:
3125:spice routes
3122:
3119:
3101:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3049:
3038:
3011:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2960:law of Moses
2953:
2947:
2937:
2926:
2918:principality
2910:
2899:
2875:Saint Thomas
2873:
2868:
2849:
2834:
2806:First Temple
2802:King Solomon
2799:
2727:
2719:Commonwealth
2712:
2677:
2657:King Solomon
2628:
2625:Malabar Jews
2624:
2620:
2619:
2560:Post-Zionism
2431:Judeo-Berber
2426:Judeo-Arabic
2386:Judeo-Gascon
2133:Pidyon haben
2052:Conservative
1598:Saudi Arabia
1416:South Africa
1405:Sierra Leone
1227:Israeli Jews
1141:Mosaic Arabs
1094:Kaifeng Jews
1047:
955:Arab–Israeli
928:Emancipation
807:Great Revolt
616:Anti-Judaism
611:Antisemitism
606:Name "Judea"
401:Baal teshuva
258:Mizrahi Jews
130:Ethnic group
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
10032:Indian Jews
10017:Cochin Jews
9911:Catholicism
9493:Hellenistic
9331:Eschatology
9269:Lachoudisch
9194:Lotegorisch
9172:Lachoudisch
9162:Koiné Greek
9075:Judeo-Latin
9012:Palestinian
8906:Palestinian
8755:Mustaʿravim
8681:Afghan Jews
8669:Berber Jews
8593:Bene Israel
8581:Falash Mura
8571:Beta Israel
8489:Persecution
8431:Middle Ages
8316:Asia portal
8217:States with
8137:Philippines
8077:South Korea
8072:North Korea
7967:Afghanistan
7911:Indiavision
7901:Reporter TV
7848:Mathrubhumi
7763:Park Avenue
7465:Health care
7330:Cochin Jews
7287:Oberon Mall
7246:Consumerfed
7199:Kochi Metro
7174:Cochin Port
7078:Kadavanthra
7002:Hill Palace
6895:Cochin Jews
5924:Asian Music
5754:2020 (ed.)
5479:Ken Blady,
5372:Jussay 2005
4955:2019 (ed.)
4616:Ruby Daniel
4469:Meyuhasheem
4268:Mattanchery
4257:Mattanchery
4213:, Alappuzha
4209:(1800A.D),
3915:shalóm ali
3362:Bene Israel
3213:Bene Israel
3131:and having
2933:Joseph Azar
2906:Kodungallur
2897:in Kerala.
2863:, Dschalor,
2830:Kodungallur
2742:sefer torah
2665:South India
2621:Cochin Jews
2555:Revisionist
2545:Neo-Zionism
2152:Zeved habat
1945:Puerto Rico
1771:Netherlands
1603:South Korea
1588:Philippines
1468:Afghanistan
1335:Ivory Coast
1109:Crypto-Jews
1074:Bnei Anusim
1053:Bene Israel
1018:Beta Israel
975:Communities
882:Middle Ages
621:Persecution
396:Bereavement
250:Bene Israel
134:Cochin Jews
10011:Categories
9906:Anabaptism
9848:Jew (word)
9715:Leadership
9528:Literature
9513:Secularism
9459:Humanistic
9326:Conversion
9296:Philosophy
9137:Judeo-Urdu
8901:Babylonian
8746:Saada Jews
8731:Adeni Jews
8524:Ashkenazim
8479:Samaritans
8446:Population
8401:Israelites
8197:Uzbekistan
8172:Tajikistan
8087:Kyrgyzstan
8067:Kazakhstan
7987:Bangladesh
7977:Azerbaijan
7360:Kalabhavan
7213:Government
7038:Fort Kochi
6607:, Vol. I,
6422:References
5702:Canaanite.
5436:Ohel Dawid
5156:Ohel Dawid
4806:Anjuvannam
4682:Two Young
4221:Fort Kochi
4195:Fort Kochi
4183:Kochangadi
4108:Cranganore
3976:യവൻ, യാവന
3948:തപ്പുവാഖ്
3912:שלום עליי
3906:ശാലോം ആയി
3769:synagogue
3738:അലുവ/ഹലുവ
3727:ascension
3468:Cranganore
3458:to Italy,
3444:Maimonides
3382:Thiruvalla
3268:Since 1947
3196:satyagraha
3191:manumitted
3160:endogamous
2956:Israelites
2929:synagogues
2922:Anjuvannam
2861:Cranganore
2857:anno mundi
2822:Cranganore
2540:Maximalism
2492:Secularism
2472:Autonomism
2289:Literature
2082:Humanistic
1686:Azerbaijan
1648:Uzbekistan
1623:Tajikistan
1543:Kyrgyzstan
1528:Kazakhstan
1375:Mozambique
1350:Madagascar
1270:Cape Verde
1222:New Yishuv
1217:Old Yishuv
1168:Population
1146:Subbotniks
1104:Samaritans
1043:Romanyotim
986:Ashkenazim
933:Old Yishuv
913:Sabbateans
900:Modern era
892:Golden Age
819:Bar Kokhba
539:Beit Yosef
406:Philosophy
76:newspapers
9968:indicate
9916:Mormonism
9901:Christian
9781:Symbolism
9769:Synagogue
9749:Mythology
9710:Education
9681:Astronomy
9664:Astrology
9481:relations
9286:Zarphatic
9234:Galitzish
9036:Yeshivish
8913:Catalanic
8876:Samaritan
8851:Ashkenazi
8832:Diasporic
8827:Languages
8772:Sephardim
8767:Romaniote
8654:Krymchaks
8588:Desi Jews
8464:Buddhists
8283:Hong Kong
8237:Palestine
8162:Sri Lanka
8157:Singapore
8037:Indonesia
7896:Jeevan TV
7365:Malayalam
7136:Transport
7033:Ernakulam
7028:Edappally
6985:Landmarks
6931:The Hindu
6921:The Hindu
6803:Religions
6673:143053857
6564:149268133
6550:: 53–76.
6526:2 October
6483:; Madras.
6412:The Hindu
6365:9 October
6342:173844321
6249:The Hindu
5985:cite book
5977:624148605
5944:0044-9202
5890:26 August
5682:Excursus:
5408:Burnell,
5357:Weil 1982
5248:cite book
4502:Roby/Rubi
4487:Oran/Oren
4400:Ashkenazi
4326:Ernakulam
4315:Ernakulam
4073:Malayalam
3864:സായിത്ത്
3772:בית כנסת
3684:syntactic
3668:loanwords
3643:see also
3619:Malayalam
3604:Dravidian
3578:romanized
3558:romanized
3549:Malayalam
3501:Sephardic
3366:Malayalam
3346:Beersheba
3344:, and in
3342:Jerusalem
3250:per annum
3133:Sephardic
3045:Ernakulam
3018:Kozhikode
2948:Itinerary
2708:Near East
2704:Baghdadis
2642:romanized
2550:Religious
2406:Zarphatic
2396:Bukharian
2366:Judeo-Tat
2351:Yeshivish
2325:Languages
2280:Sephardic
2270:Israelite
2260:Ethiopian
2250:Ashkenazi
2189:Religious
1979:Australia
1961:Venezuela
1867:Argentina
1849:Greenland
1761:Lithuania
1613:Sri Lanka
1608:Singapore
1533:Kurdistan
1498:Indonesia
1488:Hong Kong
1441:Abayudaya
1365:Mauritius
1099:Igbo Jews
1089:Krymchaks
1008:Sephardim
876:relations
770:Sadducees
766:Pharisees
756:Sanhedrin
671:Jerusalem
431:Synagogue
299:Etymology
204:Languages
9981:Category
9951:Hinduism
9941:Buddhism
9843:Genetics
9759:Politics
9732:Marriage
9691:Holidays
9686:Calendar
9567:Rabbinic
9543:/Hebrew
9488:Haymanot
9415:Orthodox
9402:Branches
9375:Kabbalah
9370:Haskalah
9348:Holiness
9224:dialects
9204:Shassagh
9167:Krymchak
9147:Kayliñña
9041:Yinglish
9017:Galilean
9007:Talmudic
9002:Biblical
8977:Betanure
8896:Biblical
8891:Mishnaic
8886:Medieval
8871:Tiberian
8866:Yemenite
8856:Sephardi
8792:Paradesi
8736:Ḥabbanim
8726:Teimanim
8691:Baghdadi
8664:Maghrebi
8632:Karaites
8610:Gruzínim
8598:Kochinim
8516:Diaspora
8474:Karaites
8459:Atheists
8396:Timeline
8306:Category
8227:Abkhazia
8177:Thailand
8132:Pakistan
8112:Mongolia
8107:Maldives
8102:Malaysia
8002:Cambodia
7906:Kochu TV
7886:Surya TV
7768:S.A Road
7073:Kakkanad
6858:(eds.).
6788:Archived
6078:26759184
5805:, p. 164
5752:Weil, S.
5687:Ibn Ezra
5666:Archived
5074:, p. 102
5020:. 2011.
4953:Weil, S.
4760:See also
4668:Baghdadi
4535:Tifferet
4514:Sarphati
4433:Hallegua
4241:Malaysia
4237:Seremban
4065:ജൂതപള്ളി
3957:tapúakh
3943:shoshán
3934:ശോഷന്നാ
3839:prophet
3780:ഇവിരീത്
3699:Meaning
3623:language
3527:kol isha
3523:Talmudic
3516:Piyyutim
3378:Kottayam
3372:such as
3317:moshavim
3308:Pakistan
3211:Cochin,
3022:Calcutta
2964:prophets
2962:and the
2629:Kochinim
2577:Category
2535:Kahanism
2482:Feminism
2454:Politics
2338:Biblical
2308:American
2255:Bukharan
2245:American
2145:Shidduch
2121:Clothing
2077:Haymanot
2023:Orthodox
1951:Suriname
1934:Paraguay
1887:Colombia
1786:Portugal
1696:Bulgaria
1633:Thailand
1583:Pakistan
1563:Mongolia
1558:Malaysia
1478:Cambodia
1452:Zimbabwe
1427:Tanzania
1305:Eswatini
1295:Ethiopia
1285:Djibouti
1265:Cameroon
1260:Botswana
1189:Diaspora
1151:Noahides
1124:Marranos
1048:Cochinim
1033:Bukharim
1023:Gruzinim
1013:Teimanim
1003:Mizrahim
991:Galician
957:conflict
918:Hasidism
908:Haskalah
813:Diaspora
684:timeline
596:Timeline
509:Rabbinic
416:Kabbalah
391:Marriage
367:Tzedakah
357:Holidays
315:Religion
278:a series
276:Part of
220:Religion
143:
9966:Italics
9791:Studies
9737:Divorce
9703:Kashrut
9698:Cuisine
9656:Culture
9587:Midrash
9582:Tosefta
9572:Mishnah
9560:Ketuvim
9555:Nevi'im
9518:Schisms
9508:Science
9498:Karaite
9469:Renewal
9430:Litvaks
9425:Hasidic
9380:Sefirot
9365:Halakha
9336:Messiah
9309:Mitzvah
9304:Beliefs
9258:Western
9244:Poylish
9239:Litvish
9229:Eastern
9219:Yiddish
9214:Shuadit
9199:Qwareña
9187:Tetuani
9182:Haketia
9157:Knaanic
9152:Kivruli
9100:Bukhori
9046:Heblish
8982:Hulaulá
8972:Barzani
8928:Yahudic
8861:Mizrahi
8721:Urfalim
8676:Mizrahi
8620:Neofiti
8615:Italkim
8544:Lita'im
8436:Zionism
8388:History
8362:Judaism
8202:Vietnam
8117:Myanmar
8097:Lebanon
8027:Georgia
7982:Bahrain
7972:Armenia
7891:Flowers
7559:Schools
7322:Culture
7312:Q1 Mall
7103:History
7088:Vyttila
6773:1237836
6481:Travels
6069:4725824
6048:Bibcode
5661:Sefunot
5656:Sefunot
5609:p. 111.
5579:(2009).
5312:25 July
5240:1237836
5204:30 June
5178:30 June
5086:, p. 47
5053:, p. 98
5041:, p. 79
4801:Judaism
4641:Gallery
4544:Yohanan
4517:Sassoon
4466:Menahem
4454:Kunjeli
4442:Japheth
4430:Hai/Hay
4427:Gershon
4406:Bezalel
4354:Nevatim
4120:Muziris
4069:joothan
4067:) with
4013:y'hudi
3901:shalóm
3747:halvah
3676:lexical
3649:ISO 639
3639:Yiddish
3627:dialect
3611:grammar
3580::
3560::
3484:Mishnah
3464:Tripoli
3438:Halacha
3358:Yeruham
3338:Katamon
3322:Nevatim
3261:Shochet
3136:trade
3112:Holland
3074:Calicut
3067:1558).
3014:Calicut
2972:Halacha
2902:Knanaya
2883:Galilee
2879:Aramaic
2808:in the
2765:History
2755:Paravur
2644::
2520:General
2511:Zionism
2487:Leftism
2477:Bundism
2401:Knaanic
2361:Yevanic
2346:Yiddish
2303:Yiddish
2298:Israeli
2275:Mizrahi
2265:Israeli
2236:Cuisine
2212:Ancient
2194:Secular
2140:Kashrut
2116:Wedding
2103:Customs
2095:Culture
2072:Science
2067:Renewal
2057:Karaite
2038:Hasidic
1970:Oceania
1956:Uruguay
1924:Jamaica
1904:Ecuador
1872:Bolivia
1816:Ukraine
1791:Romania
1766:Moldova
1746:Hungary
1736:Germany
1731:Georgia
1721:Finland
1716:Estonia
1711:Denmark
1706:Czechia
1691:Belarus
1681:Austria
1676:Armenia
1653:Vietnam
1568:Myanmar
1553:Lebanon
1473:Bahrain
1432:Tunisia
1410:Somalia
1385:Nigeria
1380:Namibia
1370:Morocco
1300:Eritrea
1245:Algeria
1129:Neofiti
1038:Italkim
1028:Juhurim
938:Zionism
887:Khazars
782:Sicarii
778:Zealots
774:Essenes
761:Schisms
626:Leaders
588:General
580:History
523:Tosefta
518:Midrash
495:Mishnah
477:Ketuvim
472:Nevi'im
421:Customs
352:Shabbat
347:Halakha
339: (
337:Mitzvot
324: (
290:Judaism
242:Knanaya
226:Judaism
90:scholar
9774:Hazzan
9764:Prayer
9641:Siddur
9577:Talmud
9541:Tanakh
9476:Neolog
9449:Reform
9437:Modern
9420:Haredi
9343:Ethics
9209:Shassi
9177:Ladino
9142:Karaim
9125:Juhuri
8967:Targum
8881:Signed
8846:Modern
8841:Hebrew
8809:Xuetes
8605:Dönmeh
8564:Yekkes
8247:Taiwan
8182:Turkey
8147:Russia
8082:Kuwait
8062:Jordan
8052:Israel
8012:Cyprus
7997:Brunei
7992:Bhutan
7792:Sports
7048:Kaloor
6868:
6778:
6771:
6750:
6671:
6643:
6629:
6615:
6597:
6562:
6495:
6435:
6390:
6340:
6147:Katz,
6076:
6066:
6016:
5975:
5952:833956
5950:
5942:
5801:Katz,
5463:
5337:
5277:
5238:
4862:
4718:1920's
4700:Achi's
4684:Achi's
4670:Origin
4592:Cochin
4574:Kerala
4550:Zackai
4538:Yaakov
4532:Thomas
4511:Sargon
4508:Samuel
4499:Rahabi
4496:Rabban
4478:Murdai
4460:Madayi
4418:Dharan
4412:Daniel
4211:Muttam
4135:Madayi
4010:יהודי
3965:Torah
3951:apple
3909:death
3892:ശാലോം
3873:záyit
3867:olive
3859:rabbi
3831:metah
3822:മെത്ത
3803:kéver
3789:ivrít
3786:עברית
3741:sweet
3733:aliyá
3730:עלייה
3719:oˈlam
3713:world
3665:Hebrew
3657:Jewish
3637:, and
3631:Ladino
3615:syntax
3589:Israel
3569:Hebrew
3434:Talmud
3374:Cochin
3370:Kerala
3356:, and
3354:Dimona
3332:, and
3326:Shahar
3312:aliyah
3292:Kerala
3225:Cochin
3221:Cochin
3217:Cochin
3082:Cochin
3078:Cochin
3026:pepper
2988:Cochin
2980:Kerala
2968:Talmud
2944:Kollam
2865:
2816:in 70
2715:Aliyah
2696:Ladino
2680:Iberia
2669:Kerala
2633:Hebrew
2582:Portal
2441:Domari
2371:Shassi
2332:Hebrew
2227:Humour
2171:Hiloni
2166:Aliyah
2126:Niddah
2111:Minyan
2046:Reform
2033:Haredi
2028:Modern
1929:Mexico
1914:Guyana
1877:Brazil
1839:Canada
1811:Sweden
1801:Serbia
1796:Russia
1781:Poland
1776:Norway
1756:Latvia
1741:Greece
1726:France
1701:Cyprus
1667:Europe
1638:Turkey
1628:Taiwan
1538:Kuwait
1523:Jordan
1513:Israel
1447:Zambia
1437:Uganda
1355:Malawi
1325:Guinea
1315:Gambia
1250:Angola
1236:Africa
1119:Dönmeh
1114:Anusim
1058:Berber
996:Litvak
948:Israel
854:
791:
705:Second
673:
534:Targum
500:Gemara
486:Talmud
458:Tanakh
411:Ethics
362:Prayer
210:Hebrew
192:
177:Israel
174:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
9946:Islam
9754:Names
9744:Music
9725:Rebbe
9720:Rabbi
9674:Monen
9629:Zohar
9550:Torah
9545:Bible
8659:Lemba
8534:Chuts
8288:Macau
8207:Yemen
8167:Syria
8142:Qatar
8122:Nepal
8057:Japan
8032:India
8022:Egypt
8007:China
7833:Press
7736:Roads
7390:Vishu
7280:Malls
6978:Kochi
6825:2007.
6669:S2CID
6560:S2CID
6540:(PDF)
6520:(PDF)
6513:(PDF)
6287:1 May
6260:1 May
6186:1 May
6103:1 May
5948:JSTOR
4812:Notes
4716:circa
4570:Chera
4526:Simon
4505:Salem
4475:Motta
4448:Koder
4409:Cohen
4304:Parur
4160:Palur
4096:bimah
4077:palli
4075:and -
4053:) in
3971:torá
3968:תורה
3954:תפוח
3940:שושן
3937:lily
3929:shir
3898:שלום
3845:naví
3842:נביא
3828:מיטה
3794:കബറ്
3755:come
3744:חלבה
3724:അലിയ
3716:עולם
3688:Tamil
3510:Yemen
3456:Safed
3423:payot
3350:Ramla
3330:Yuval
3304:India
3255:Mohel
3245:Hazan
3065:circa
2887:Jesus
2877:, an
2759:Parur
2631:from
2530:Labor
2525:Green
2222:Dance
2180:Music
1999:Palau
1919:Haiti
1882:Chile
1806:Spain
1751:Italy
1658:Yemen
1618:Syria
1593:Qatar
1573:Nepal
1518:Japan
1493:India
1483:China
1422:Sudan
1345:Libya
1340:Kenya
1320:Ghana
1310:Gabon
1290:Egypt
1275:Benin
1134:Xueta
1079:Lemba
698:First
563:Zohar
467:Torah
449:Texts
436:Rabbi
426:Rites
326:names
195:India
97:JSTOR
83:books
8360:and
8358:Jews
8127:Oman
8092:Laos
8047:Iraq
8042:Iran
7370:Onam
6866:ISBN
6776:ISBN
6769:OCLC
6748:ISBN
6641:ISBN
6627:ISBN
6613:ISBN
6595:ISBN
6528:2018
6493:ISBN
6433:ISBN
6388:ISBN
6367:2021
6338:OCLC
6314:2021
6289:2012
6262:2012
6188:2012
6105:2012
6074:PMID
6014:ISBN
5991:link
5973:OCLC
5940:ISSN
5892:2024
5828:2017
5461:ISBN
5335:ISBN
5314:2020
5275:ISBN
5254:link
5236:OCLC
5206:2020
5180:2020
4860:ISBN
4698:Two
4523:Siji
4463:Meir
4457:Libi
4436:Iype
4403:Azar
4293:Mala
4094:and
4090:The
4051:כנסת
3962:തോറ
3926:שיר
3920:ശീർ
3870:זית
3856:רבי
3836:നവി
3825:bed
3800:קבר
3710:അളം
3682:and
3647:and
3541:and
3489:The
3436:and
3380:and
3258:and
3102:The
3043:and
3041:Mala
2993:The
2970:and
2773:and
1989:Guam
1984:Fiji
1939:Peru
1892:Cuba
1578:Oman
1548:Laos
1508:Iraq
1503:Iran
1460:Asia
1389:Igbo
1360:Mali
379:Brit
288:and
286:Jews
69:news
9353:God
8259:and
6732:doi
6661:doi
6552:doi
6064:PMC
6056:doi
5932:doi
4445:Joy
4092:ark
4059:Mal
4048:בית
4042:Heb
4032:Mal
3761:ba
3758:בא
3752:ബാ
3652:).
3645:SIL
3613:or
3529:).
3512:."
3486:".
3340:in
3229:God
3209:viz
3151:.)
3149:Goa
2920:in
2828:as
2663:in
2627:or
2203:Art
549:Tur
341:613
52:by
10013::
6929:,
6919:,
6907:,
6854:;
6794:,
6726:.
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6667:.
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6655:.
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