55:
4908:
3255:
4746:
4674:
4136:
2873:
74:
3036:
4024:
3500:
3678:
3997:
4800:
2726:
smallest weight), etc. This weight system seems to have been replicated in the earliest Indian coins. The Masha coins were quarter
Karshapanas, karshapanas themselves being the quarter value of Karsha (13.7 gram, 128 ratti) or 32 ratti which is the same as the regular weight used in the Indus Valley civilization, This standard (of 32 rattis) has been declared as Purana or Dharana by Kautilya. The Karsha weight differed based on the differing values of mashas, for instance arthashastra mentions a masha equal to 5 ratti as opposed to 8 ratti mashas which is described as the prevalent standard during Kautilya's time. The Gandharan quarter svarna coins conform to a different 5 ratti mashas system mentioned in the
5896:, pp. 56β57: "In the same hoard there were also discovered two series of local silver coins which appear to be the product of the local Achaemenid administration. One series (no. 8) was made in the same way as the Greek coins in the hoard, but with novel designs of local origin, and the other (no. 9) had similar local design but made in a new way, which relates it to the silver punch-marked coins of India. It appears that it was these local coins, using technology adapted from Greek coins, which provided the prototypes for punch-marked coins, the earliest coins made in India." NB: Series No.8 refers to the cup-shaped coins, series no. 9 refers to the bent-bar punch-marked coins presented in this article.
3597:
strike square copper coins of the Indian type, with a legend in Greek on the obverse, and in
Kharoshthi on the reverse. Copper coins, square for the most part, are very numerous. The devices are almost entirely Greek, and must have been engraved by Greeks, or Indians trained in the Greek traditions. The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear. The silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, as these later princes may conveniently be called, are the didrachm and the hemidrachm. With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos, they are all round, are struck to the Persian (or Indian) standard, and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters.
3970:
4880:
3476:
3488:
4354:
4056:
4848:
4896:
3178:
4108:
4625:
4864:
2544:
4832:
3317:
4816:
4595:
3452:
4313:
3833:
3560:
2128:
3813:
38:
3464:
4120:
4653:
3905:
Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money, bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory. The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90% pure gold under
4328:
4665:
1862 and had significant changes - East India
Company was replaced by 'India'. The image of Queen Victoria was also changed, shown in a regal robe with a crown. In 1877, Victoria was declared the Empress of India - and her title on Indian coins changed as a result. This last design continued till 1938, with only the image of the ruler changing. Over this entire period, the weight of the Indian rupee and its purity remained constant at 11.66 grams and 91.7% respectively.
4731:
pattern of naming the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, distinguishing themselves only by the placement of an extra mark or letter to indicate the issuer. After 1857, the designs were changed and coins were issued in the name of the
Gaekwads. The legends on these coins were still in Persian and the coins themselves were still hand- struck. Later Nagari legends and different designs were introduced and milled coins featuring the portrait of the Gaekwad were issued.
4406:
2976:(1936), asserted "the idea of a coinage came to India in the late fifth or early fourth century B. C. from Achaemenid territory, conjecturing that the bent bar or wheel-marked coins "were struck on a Persian standard and represented double sigloi or staters....". Arguing no evidence coinage, in India, exists before the Nanda period, with the earliest finds from: Golakpur, Paila, and Set Mahet indicating the region in which local punch-marked coins originated.
4452:
4101:
single digits, separate symbols representing two-digit multiples of ten, such as 20, 30, 40, and so on, and further separate symbols representing three-digit numbers such as 100, 200, etc. Thus a number like 123 was written as 100-20-3. But the
Eastern Ganga coins were written using the symbols for the single digits, with the position of the number indicating the value such as tens or hundreds, thus effectively using the Zero-place holder system.
3120:
4934:
4504:
3725:
3524:
2556:
3383:
2704:
marked coins based on their remarkable similarity and identity between D-class weights. The remarkable similarities between Punch marked coin symbols with those appearing in the Indus seals have also been highlighted. Chalcolithic unmarked gold disc discovered from Eran have been dated to 1000 BC and due to their lack of ornamental use, it has been proposed that it was utilized as an object of money A similar gold token piece from
5884:, pp. 57β59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."
4946:
4567:, actually makes it clear that Akbar's decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh-i-Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium. What the evidence doesn't explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed.
2956:βThe punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"
4192:
3901:, the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only. There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign. Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins, which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom.
3367:
3669:, and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty.
4524:(r. 1556β1605) to illustrate and project a particular view of time, religion, and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature. Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century.The word 'Alf' refers to the millennium.
3996:
4559:
principles of Islam and to institute new regulations, obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs. The first order, which was given to write the date Alf on coins (Dar Sikka tank half
Navisand) and to write the Tarikh-i-Alfi from the demise (Rihlat) of the prophet (Badauni II: 301).
4100:
An interesting aspect of the
Eastern Ganga coin dates is that these coins may be the earliest Hindu coins using decimal numbers for dating. Earlier dated coins, such as those of the Western Satraps, the Guptas etc., used the old Brahmic numbering system with separate symbols representing each of the
4080:
princes's ruling in
Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold, copper or billon, very rarely silver. These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth, Lakshmi on the obverse. In these coins, the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins; the reverse carried the
3744:
period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh
4664:
Uniform coinage was introduced in India by the
British in 1835, with coins in the name of the East India Company, bearing the image of William IIII. In 1840, these were replaced by coins with an image of Queen Victoria, but the design otherwise remained the same. The next set of coins was minted in
3764:
Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin
3596:
kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries. Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types". It appears on every Greek and Roman coin. Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to
3271:
has a primitive human figure on obverse and striations on reverse and may recall striated coins of Lydia and Ionia in 700 BC may well be dated before the punch marked coins of ancient India. Cast copper coins along with punch marked coins are the earliest examples of coinage in India, archaeologist
3012:
Cunningham (1891) asserts that ancient India had an abundance of gold but little silver. The gold to silver ratio in India was 10 to 1 or 8 to 1. In contrast, in the neighbouring Persia, it was 13 to 1. This value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an
4730:
Gaekwads were officers in the Peshwa army. They proved their skills in the battlefield and rose to become generals. After the Marathas empire weakened Baroda became a semi independent state. The first coins issued by the Gaekwads were issued by Manaji Rao (r. 1789β93) and they followed the Maratha
4609:
The Marathas became powerful under leadership of Chatrapati Maharaj Shivaji who ascended to throne in 1674. The Marathas became very powerful and controlled vast territory of the Indian subcontinent by the early eighteenth century. The Marathas issued Shivrai coins. The obverse of the coin had the
4519:
In other words, power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India. An examination was done of a series of
2730:
as do the copper punch marked coins (80 ratti, 146 grain, 9.46 gram). A shatamana (lit. 100 units) weight system has been first mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana which is equal to 100 krishnalas, each krishnala being equal to one ratti. The weight of the ancient Indian silver Karshapana and satamana
4545:
The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India. Till the advent of Alf, all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year. Akbar's courtier and critic, Abdul Badani, presents and explains in
2725:
have been used as a base unit for the measurement of mass in the Indus Valley civilization, the smallest weight of Indus was equal to 8 rattis (0.856 gram) and the binary system was used for the multiple of weights for instance 1:2:4:8:16:32, the 16th ratio being the standard regular weight (16 Γ
2703:
may have used metals of fixed weights such as silver for trade activities which is evident from the DK area of Mohenjo Daro from the late Harappan period (dated 1900β1800 BC or 1750 BC). D.D Kosambi proposed a connection between Mohenjodaro class IV silver pieces and class D pieces with the Punch
4558:
would last was now over, and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart, and the space became empty of the theologians (ulema) and mystics (mashaikh) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them: he felt himself at liberty to refute the
4373:
of 3.4 g. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue, the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. There were also other units of silver and copper based on
3312:
coins are probably the earliest die-struck figurative coins from ancient India from 450 to 300 BCE which are also perhaps the earliest source of Hindu representational forms. Most coins from Surashtra are approximately 1 gram in weight. Rajgor believes they are therefore quarter karshapanas of 8
4270:
felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay the army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. This experiment failed,
4067:
The coins of the Chola Empire bear similarities with other South Indian dynastic issue coins. Chola coins invariable display a tiger crest. The appearance of the fish and bow on Chola issue coins that were emblems associated with the Pandyas and Cheras respectively suggests successful political
3328:
The coins appear to be uniface, in that there is a single die-struck symbol on one side. However, most of the coins appear to be overstruck over other Surashtra coins and thus there is often the remnant of a previous symbol on the reverse, as well as sometimes under the obverse symbol as well.
2708:
has also been interpreted as a coin, it is hammered on the edges and bears parallel marks, although weighing 14 grams, a quarter of the piece is missing hence its full weight of 21 grams would conform to the ancient coinage weight standards of India and confirm the vedic literary references of
3904:
The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types. The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of
4023:
3429:
for coinage, which involved the use of two metals, copper and silver, under one government. The Mauryan rule also saw a steady emergence of inscribed copper coins in India as evidenced by Tripuri coins in Ashokan brahmi script and various pre Satavahana coins dated 3rd-2nd century BC in
3793:'s copper coinage which was more varied; on the reverse, as on Kanishka's copper, there was always one of the numerous deities; on the obverse the king was portrayed (1) riding on an elephant, or (2) reclining on a couch, or (3) seated cross-legged, or (4) seated with arms raised.
3892:
The splendid gold coinage of Guptas, with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit, are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess. Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I's accession to the throne. Son of
2628:. A variety of earliest Indian coins, however, unlike those circulated in West Asia, were stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Janapadas and
4093:(for samvat, which means year) flanked by elephant goads or an elephant goad with a battle axe, along with a number below, which depicts the regnal year(anka year) of the reigning monarch. Some coins also carry the legend ΕrΔ« rΔma on the reverse above the letter
3337:
Uninscribed die struck coins appeared around 4th century BC in Taxila and Ujjain. These coins were mostly in copper and rarely in silver, the metal dies were cast carefully with the required designs. These coins had some symbols similar to Punch marked coins.
4907:
4499:
were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler, especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects. In order for the relationship to work, it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible
3777:
coinage; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos; the Gupta kings adopted it for their "horseman" type, and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE.
3962:
to 1202 CE. Typically, the bust of the king on the obverse is highly simplified and geometric, and the design of the fire altar, with or without the two attendants, appears as a geometrical motif on the reverse of this type of coinage.
3852:
produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. The standard gold coin was the 8g DΔ«nΔra
3145:
was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to P.L. Gupta in the seventh century BCE, proposals for its origins range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE. According to Page. E,
3280:
period, while some date it to 500 BC and some date them to pre NBPW end of 7th century BC. Archaeological excavations have revealed these coins both from PMC and pre PMC era. The dating of these coins remain a controversy.
3769:" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback. This striking device is characteristic both of the
3789:'s copper coinage which came into the scene during 100β200 CE was of two types: one had the usual "standing king" obverse, and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne. At about the same time there was
4610:
inscription ' Sri Raja Shiv' in devanagari. The reverse of the coin had 'Chatrapati' in devanagari. The coins were issued in copper for the masses. Very few gold coins known as Shivrai hon were also issued.
6668:"The Indo-Sassanian coins, also termed as Gadahiya and circulated from 600 to 1200 A.D., are found in good numbers from Ahmadahad, Banaskantha, Bhavanagar, Junagarh, Kaira, Kutch, Mehsana, of Gujarat." in
3647:
from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead? -
4778:
On 26 January 1950, India became a sovereign republic. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The British monarch's portrait was replaced by the
3969:
3185:
The study of the relative chronology of these coins has successfully established that the first punch-marked coins initially only had one or two punches, with the number of punches increasing over time.
54:
3425:, mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence. Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of
3293:
were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast, die-struck coins. The coin devices are Indian, but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West, either from the
2952:
also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in northwestern India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:
4799:
4089:
The Eastern Ganga coinage consisted of gold fanams. The obverse typically depicts a couchant bull along with other symbols. The reverse features a symbol which represents the letter
3604:
began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE. By this time a large number of tribes, dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins;
3499:
4578:
issued coins with the images of various zodiac signs to illustrate the date as well as portraits of himself with a cup of wine in his hand. This was resented by the clergy, as
7196:
3111:/490-485/0 BCE, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.
4879:
2864:
was equal to 8 rattis and were the bases for the weight standards for the first Indian coins in the seventh century BC. Ratti and is still used in India as Jewellers weight.
4847:
2989:
origin of the PMC coins, this was also supported by C.W King. Princep later admitted that due to the archaic nature of PMC, they were older than the Greo-Bactrian coinage.
2056:
3463:
3254:
4745:
3350:. Besides svarna being a term for gold coins (called Svarna Rupa), it was also a weight standard which replaced Purana or Dharana in ancient India. According to
3233:
of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.
73:
4287:
paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses. As a result, the value of coins decreased and, as said by
4107:
4541:
Akbar, ultimately and more importantly, commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri (1582 CE ), or ten years before the date (1000 hijri) was due.
3126:
karshapanas. Circa 525β465 BC. Average diameter 25 mm, average weight 2.70 gram. Each piece with a variety of separate punch-marks applied to both sides.
3487:
3475:
5745:
Investigating the introduction of coinage in India- a review of recent research, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv (Varanasi 1983), pp.95-101
4815:
2709:
circulation of gold tokens in that period. Similar interpretations have been made regarding the use of silver circular objects from the Gungeria hoard.
7189:
3757:
by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the
1966:
3276:
based on his analysis from Kausambi dates them to pre Punched Marked Coins (PMC) era between 855 and 815 BC on the basis of obtaining them from pre
7375:
2026:
6920:; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.),
4895:
4831:
2090:
1996:
4673:
4439:
around it. The reverse had the king's name and titles along with the date in the Hijri era and the name of the minting town. Babur's successor
7182:
4281:". During his time, most of the Hindu citizens were goldsmiths and hence they knew how to make coins. In the rural areas, officials like the
4135:
2006:
5923:
4554:
And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle (B'isat I Paighambar) the duration for which
3635:, used for this trade, was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage. In the 1st century CE, the Roman writer
2979:
James Kennedy (1898), the PMC were copied form Babylonian originals as a result of trade between India and Babylon in the 6th century BC.
6413:
4158:
Some bilingual silver jitals were issued by the Ghaznavids from Lahore included both Arabic and Sanskrit inscriptions, with Sanskrit in
6251:
6224:
4863:
2993:
The weight standard of the Gandharan, Shatamana, Bent Bar coins is asserted, by like of Cribb, Allan, and Schlumberger, as twice the
2969:
The Western origins hypothesis had previously been proposed before any serious attempts were made in the study of PMC coins such as:
5575:
2902:, are bent silver bars, in the North West of the sub-continent, and consistent with those found in Iran, from the 7th century BCE
7205:
3022:
2872:
6386:
4714:
often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The reverse features inscriptions in the native language of
3035:
2802:'s grammar text indicates that these terms continued to be used into the historical period. He mentions that something worth a
6003:
7061:
7036:
6948:
6931:
6830:
6794:
6423:
6396:
6234:
5585:
5351:
5238:
5191:
2587:
6086:
5624:
Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
5101:
2213:
2208:
5174:
Reddy, Deme Raja (2014). "The Emergence and Spread of Coins in Ancient India". In Bernholz, Peter; Vaubel, Roland (eds.).
4312:
2083:
1816:
6561:
Ebbs and Flows of Ancient Imperial Power, 3000 BC-AD 900: A Short History of Ancient Religion, War, Prosperity, and Debt
5341:
4475:
came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern
7571:
3677:
3451:
6115:
4119:
7114:
7078:
7018:
6992:
6963:
6910:
6888:
6730:
6653:
6569:
6261:
6125:
6098:
6039:
5962:
4327:
2756:
There is evidence of countable units of precious metal being used for exchange from the Vedic period onwards. A term
293:
282:
7323:
7260:
6693:
The early history of India: from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great
3587:
6916:
5893:
5881:
4978:
4226:) translates to 'Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success. His coins omitted the mention of the
4081:
Nagari legend. The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins.
2218:
2186:
2076:
325:
83:
6029:
2278:
2237:
2203:
2193:
1901:
5909:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
5765:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
3277:
2918:
2347:
410:
5178:. Financial and Monetary Policy Studies. Vol. 39. Springer International Publishing. pp. 53β77.
7566:
6923:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
6276:
Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust, New Delhi, Popular Prakashan, 1995, p.151
5954:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
4546:
brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990
4183:
was one of the few queens regnant in the history of India, and thus one of the few women to issue coins.
2796:. All these units referred to gold currency in some form but they were later adopted to silver currency.
2372:
2305:
2256:
2198:
2011:
1881:
6287:
5604:
3162:
findings indicate coin circulation towards the end of 7th century BC. It is also noted that some of the
4924:
2061:
6866:
6490:
4973:
4740:
4353:
3940:
2861:
2700:
2676:
2580:
2340:
2320:
2031:
1991:
1981:
1456:
1050:
399:
271:
19:
18:
This article is about the history of coinage in India. For the coinage of the Republic of India, see
6521:
The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135
6200:. The department of ancient history cultureand Archaeology, University of Allahabad. pp. 80β81.
5213:
4538:
era) as is traditionally believed, the expression adopted for it (Alf) was unorthodox and eccentric.
4055:
7365:
7054:
Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992β2010
5230:
Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992-2010
2973:
2948:, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.
1916:
830:
670:
7561:
7433:
7360:
6974:
5927:
4983:
3652:
3469:
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.
3386:"Bent bar" Shatamana coin according to some experts were minted under Achaemenid administration,
2300:
2137:
2021:
1986:
1821:
1601:
1150:
702:
631:
3927:
There is a whole category of Indian coins, in the "Indo-Sassanian style", also sometimes called
2944:(2003), a "marriage between Greek coinage and Iranian bar currency" was at the origin of Indian
2607:
began anywhere between early 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of
7318:
5978:
5384:
Kumar, Krishna (1992). "The Silver Plates of the Gungeria Hoard: Their Monetary Significance".
4780:
4619:
3624:
3298:
2986:
2467:
1936:
1911:
1861:
1801:
1386:
1322:
1120:
336:
211:
7049:
6643:
6522:
6277:
5228:
4143:
of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in Lahore 1028. Legend β verse:
3141:
Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked
3077:
coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE were circulating in the area, at least as far as the
7277:
7026:
6820:
6158:
5533:
5531:
3922:
2929:
indicating post 5th century BCE dates. According to some scholars minted coins spread to the
2335:
2310:
1971:
1941:
1806:
1761:
1591:
1230:
1220:
1190:
922:
902:
763:
132:
94:
6691:
3158:
coins can be the oldest ones from the Indian Subcontinent dating back to 7th century BC and
2880:. According to the British Museum, the first coins in South Asia were issued in Afghanistan
7370:
7297:
7255:
7219:
6970:
5543:
4963:
4348:
4243:
3058:
2998:
2573:
2107:
2051:
1906:
1891:
1836:
1477:
5555:
5528:
8:
7542:
7451:
7355:
7350:
7168:
6917:
6491:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917"
4602:
4527:
The following are the extraordinary decisions, though bizarre, were taken by King Akbar.
4471:
had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term
4383:
4362:
4215:
3542:
3533:
3309:
3251:
stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE β 300 CE).
3214:
3198:
3177:
2961:
2949:
2930:
2926:
2857:
2799:
2772:, literally a quarter, would have been a quarter of some standard weight. A unit called
2290:
2242:
1831:
1559:
1406:
1100:
1080:
492:
440:
4624:
3313:
rattis, or 0.93 gm. Mashakas of 2 rattis and double mashakas of 4 rattis are also known.
7418:
7343:
7282:
7250:
7245:
6253:
India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations
6064:
5894:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
5882:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
5840:
5801:
5719:
5663:
5503:
5495:
5452:
5409:
5322:
5314:
5271:
5201:
4886:
4750:
4719:
4629:
4579:
4463:
The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by
4436:
3601:
3290:
3174:'s time were minting coins both made of silver and copper with their own marks on them.
3136:
3026:
2994:
2945:
2892:
2781:
2548:
2436:
2249:
2174:
2036:
1896:
1876:
1521:
1130:
1040:
810:
800:
733:
682:
388:
304:
3582:
Elephant and Greek legend ΞΞΞ£ΞΞΞΩΣ ΞΞ ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ€ΞΞ₯ ΣΩ΀ΞΞ‘ΞΞ£, "of Saviour King Apollodotus".
7476:
7423:
7143:
7110:
7074:
7057:
7032:
7014:
6988:
6959:
6944:
6927:
6906:
6884:
6826:
6726:
6722:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6649:
6565:
6419:
6392:
6257:
6230:
6226:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
6121:
6094:
6035:
5958:
5832:
5793:
5723:
5711:
5655:
5581:
5507:
5487:
5444:
5401:
5347:
5326:
5306:
5289:
FΓ‘bri, C. L. (1935). "The Punch-Marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization".
5263:
5234:
5187:
4870:
4767:
4682:
4594:
4334:
4227:
4045:
style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.
4030:
4002:
3944:
3878:
3870:
3854:
3415:
coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity. The
3294:
3268:
3006:
2722:
2705:
2325:
2295:
2285:
2167:
2046:
2016:
1926:
1921:
1866:
1811:
1641:
1531:
1510:
1466:
1436:
1140:
1070:
1060:
1030:
512:
474:
354:
106:
4534:
If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 (yak hazar) of the Islamic calendar (
3832:
7538:
7526:
7491:
7408:
7333:
7328:
6706:
6687:
6438:
6352:
6007:
5869:
5851:
5703:
5647:
5479:
5436:
5393:
5298:
5179:
4754:
4711:
4695:
4535:
4034:
3948:
3932:
3765:
known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "
3711:"the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus is irresistible".The coins are derived from the
3147:
2633:
2603:
2404:
2389:
2270:
2041:
1946:
1931:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1826:
1721:
1416:
1200:
1110:
989:
979:
932:
861:
840:
430:
420:
259:
194:
58:
Silver Tanka and Rupee coins from different sultanates and princely states of India
6798:
5707:
4068:
conquest of these powers as well as co-option of existing coin issuing practices.
3559:
3039:
Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under the Achaemenid administration.
7471:
7403:
7287:
7229:
7045:
6976:
Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A. D.
6921:
6720:
6670:
6559:
6180:
6142:
6031:
Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A. D.
5952:
5951:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
5368:
5254:
Chattopadhyaya, B. D. (2008). "D D Kosambi and the Study of Early Indian Coins".
4958:
4267:
4203:
4196:
3837:
3817:
3812:
3758:
3686:
3666:
3636:
3316:
2917:
in the South and East of India is later than the North West, and coeval with the
2641:
2424:
2367:
1499:
1488:
1446:
1426:
1344:
1311:
892:
820:
780:
692:
652:
614:
532:
6299:
5183:
5118:
5105:
2997:
weight and hence represent the Persian weight standards. Other scholars such as
2127:
37:
7413:
7292:
7272:
7267:
7174:
7127:
6645:
Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History
6592:
5521:
5131:
5075:
5036:
4806:
4633:
4598:
4496:
4464:
4456:
4288:
4159:
4060:
4042:
4038:
3906:
3894:
3825:
3741:
3412:
3171:
3074:
2877:
2645:
2527:
2399:
2382:
2377:
2330:
2225:
1709:
1661:
1355:
1333:
1301:
1279:
1240:
1170:
1160:
1020:
753:
563:
65:
6617:
6533:
6325:
Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D
6087:"Response to 'Punched marked coins - approaches to new research' by Joe Cribb"
5636:"A Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from NΕ«sh-i JΔn, near Malayir"
5483:
5302:
5049:
3545:. Greek legend ΞΞΞ£ΞΞΞΩΣ ΞΞΞΞΞΞ€ΞΞ₯ Ξ¦ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ₯ "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus"
3366:
7555:
7506:
7149:
5836:
5797:
5715:
5659:
5491:
5448:
5405:
5310:
5267:
5088:
4678:
4366:
4180:
3683:
3609:
3564:
3438:
3304:
3194:
3114:
2982:
2922:
2629:
2232:
1631:
1571:
1396:
790:
743:
723:
597:
580:
542:
522:
457:
241:
231:
221:
164:
44:
7044:
5549:
3639:
complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India:
3241:
7521:
7501:
7391:
7024:
5561:
5537:
5062:
4968:
4950:
4938:
4854:
4838:
4822:
4395:
4319:
4304:
3898:
3849:
3841:
3821:
3613:
3417:
3355:
3351:
3273:
3090:
3066:
3002:
2841:
to mean a piece of precious metal (typically silver) used as a coin, and a
2793:
2727:
2718:
2560:
2448:
2443:
2394:
1751:
1741:
1621:
1611:
1541:
1376:
1366:
1250:
1180:
962:
882:
502:
366:
314:
182:
4913:
Numismatic items from Ancient, medieval and British India, made of silver.
4165:
7496:
7456:
4770:
retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs.
4564:
4430:
4211:
3976:
3952:
3936:
3910:
3866:
3628:
3554:
legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA "Undefeatable King Philoxenus".
3237:
3190:
3098:
3082:
3030:
2907:
2696:
2680:
2515:
2481:
2115:
1771:
1731:
1691:
1090:
952:
942:
6068:
5887:
5844:
5820:
5805:
5499:
5318:
5275:
4652:
4405:
7511:
7446:
7396:
7338:
7302:
6675:. Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography. 1988. p. 145.
6055:
HARDAKER, TERRY R. (1975). "The origins of coinage in northern India".
5875:
5667:
5635:
5456:
5413:
4583:
4547:
3712:
3704:
3644:
3593:
3529:
3142:
3070:
2845:
to mean a stamped piece of metal, a coin in the modern sense. The term
2620:
2498:
1681:
1581:
1291:
4451:
2818:
etc. The units were also used to represent the assets of individuals,
5870:"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649
5470:
Hemmy, A. S. (1937). "The Weight Standards of Ancient Indian Coins".
5291:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4715:
4699:
4503:
4422:
4375:
4113:
Eastern Ganga fanam of Anantavarman Chodaganga (Anka year 63β1128 CE)
3807:
3724:
3716:
3568:
3551:
3523:
2941:
2934:
2903:
2665:
2455:
1651:
6771:
5907:
5763:
5743:
5651:
5440:
5397:
3382:
3119:
6747:
6415:
Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation: A Historical Analysis
5784:
Goyal, Shankar (2000). "Historiography of the Punch-Marked Coins".
5691:
4657:
4641:
4575:
4512:
4429:
were essentially thin broad-flanned coins imprinted with the Sunni
4283:
3862:
3790:
3786:
3766:
3750:
3729:
3689:
3506:
3422:
3387:
3347:
3321:
3245:
3222:
3218:
3163:
3094:
3089:. In 2007 a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient
3086:
2914:
2899:
2895:. What is known, however, is that the earliest extant evidence, of
2675:
The tradition of Indian coinage in the 2nd millennium evolved with
2669:
2661:
2653:
2637:
2474:
2462:
2179:
2162:
2149:
2001:
912:
377:
154:
144:
6969:
5857:
4145:
la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam
7516:
7466:
5472:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4508:
4440:
3774:
3754:
3662:
3617:
3612:(1stβ3rd centuries CE) continued to influence the coinage of the
3605:
3571:
3226:
3159:
3155:
2761:
2649:
1210:
115:
6749:
Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas
6672:
The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography
3643:
India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million
3332:
2856:
Ratti based measurement is the oldest measurement system in the
7481:
6998:
Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India",
4645:
4637:
4370:
4263:
4255:
4219:
4077:
4010:
4006:
3733:
3700:
3632:
3248:
3230:
3167:
3151:
3123:
3102:
2896:
2657:
2612:
2608:
2503:
1010:
7162:
7133:
2764:. Later texts speak of cows given as gifts being adorned with
7486:
7461:
7441:
7138:
6159:"Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC β circa 300 AD)"
4555:
4521:
4520:
coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor
4489:
4476:
4414:
4275:
4251:
4247:
3980:
3078:
3062:
2911:
2850:
2522:
2508:
2491:
2486:
7157:
4613:
4435:
or credo on its obverse at the center with the names of the
4013:, and solar symbol. Rev: "Traces of Sasanian type". Legend:
2686:
5427:
Allchin, F. R. (1964). "An Inscribed Weight from MathurΔ".
4734:
4531:
The date in coins were written in words and not in figures.
4379:
4259:
3886:
3885:) was worth 1/16 of a Dinara, and weighed approximately 20
3770:
3746:
3575:
3213:. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example,
3016:
2615:
2431:
2157:
1671:
7139:
Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India
4786:
4482:
4400:
4063:
showing the tiger emblem of the Chola and in Nagari script
3305:
Saurashtra die struck coins (5th century β 4th century BC)
3201:, The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called
3115:
Early historic period (early 1st millennium BCE β 300 BCE)
6773:
Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga
4511:, the inscription reads: "There is no god but Allah, and
4237:
4191:
3661:
The trade was particularly focused around the regions of
5429:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
5386:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
4342:
4718:. The year, when printed on the coins was based on the
4166:
Late Medieval and Early Modern period (c. 1300β1858 CE)
3608:
legends began to appear. The extensive coinage of the
3401:
3130:
7050:"Money and Social Changes in India (up to c. AD 1200)"
4580:
representation of living beings was forbidden in Islam
4084:
3916:
3796:
5779:
5777:
5775:
4922:
4374:
their relationship with the Pagodagold. Several gold
3781:
2776:, literally a 'hundred standard', representing 100th
2691:
2618:
in its initial stage. The coins of this period were
5950:
5825:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
5786:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
4773:
4417:
issued standard Timurid currency coins known as the
4170:
3627:, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from
3493:
Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.
3372:
Taxila Quarter Svarna coin 185β170 BC weight 2.34 gm
3258:
Cast Copper Coin C. 5-4th Century BCE-2nd Century CE
2636:. The kingdoms that minted their own coins included
5119:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada"
5026:, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1996, Chapter II.
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4761:
2891:Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian
2737:1 Karshapana = 32 Rattis/ 3.3 grams of pure silver
6300:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada"
5772:
5132:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Vidarbha Janapada"
5102:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Shukrana Janapada"
5037:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Gandhara Janapada"
2867:
2734:1 Satamana = 100 Rattis / 11 grams of pure silver
7009:Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
6696:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.
5550:Mukherjee, Money and Social Changes in India 2012
5076:"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Panchala Janapada"
5050:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Kuntala Janapada"
4443:continued the minting of Shahrukhi-styled coins.
4389:
4071:
3979:, on the model of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh.
3828:, with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse, 400 CE
2699:were first used in India as commodity money. The
7553:
7204:
6926:, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 57β59,
5957:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57β59.
5562:Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 1966
5538:Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 1966
5089:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Shakya Janapada"
4996:
3481:Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.
3262:
6388:Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals
4885:One Quarter Anna of 1835, bearing the crest of
4825:, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow, 300 CE.
4507:Silver Rupee of Akbar with inscriptions of the
4446:
4037:coin, circa 950β1050 CE. Stylized rendition of
3672:
3433:
7091:Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008),
6883:Himanshu Prabha Ray (2006), "Coins in India",
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6412:Bernholz, Peter; Vaubel, Roland (2014-06-26).
6411:
6140:
5253:
5063:"The Coin India Coin Galleries: Kuru Janapada"
4582:. These coins were melted during the reign of
4298:
3801:
3346:Quarter svarna coins have been excavated from
3229:had several symbols. These coins were made of
7190:
7158:CoinIndia: The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins
6867:"Evolution of the Rupee - 1835-1947 β tezbid"
6769:
6745:
6685:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6446:
5692:"The Origins of the Indian Coinage Tradition"
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5605:"British Museum notice. Asia, G33 South Asia"
5145:
4258:were minted whose value was equal to that of
4230:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title
4050:
3333:Uninscribed Die struck coins (4th century BC)
3085:, who were in control of the areas as far as
2581:
2084:
6362:
6360:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5674:
5599:
5597:
5176:Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation
2876:"The First South Asian coins", 400β300 BCE,
2749:
7144:Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum (RBI)
7071:Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India
6818:
6739:
6593:"Suvarna, SuvarαΉΔ, SuvarαΉa: 38 definitions"
6391:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 158.
6288:The Coins Of India, by Brown, C.J. pp.13β20
6249:
4901:Milled edges of the Indian five Rupee coins
4809:on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE.
4357:Coins of the Vijayanagara Empire on display
3189:The first PMC coins in India may have been
7197:
7183:
6956:Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean
6825:. Asian Educational Services. p. 76.
6763:
6648:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 162β163.
6515:
6443:
6322:
6134:
6027:
5863:
5821:"Historiography of the Punch-Marked Coins"
5611:
5577:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
4586:, and only a few specimens survive today.
3761:, who occupied the neighboring territory.
3732:in Greek script, with illustration of the
3550:King on prancing horse in military dress.
3267:A small square bronze coin recovered from
2887:, and then spread to the sub-subcontinent.
2588:
2574:
2091:
2077:
6369:
6357:
6292:
5996:
5730:
5594:
4614:British Colonial period (c. 1858β1947 CE)
4382:'s incoronation, were also issued in the
3935:in a rather geometric fashion, among the
2721:(0.11 or 0.12 gram) or the weight of the
2687:Origin of currency in Indian subcontinent
7031:(Second ed.), Motilal Banarsidass,
7006:(3): 330β338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
6054:
5905:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5573:
4744:
4735:Post-Independence (c. 1947 CE β present)
4672:
4651:
4623:
4593:
4502:
4450:
4404:
4352:
4190:
4134:
4054:
4009:, 850β900 CE. Obv: Boar, incarnation of
3831:
3811:
3723:
3709:chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa
3676:
3616:(320 to 550 CE) and the later rulers of
3558:
3522:
3436:
3381:
3315:
3253:
3176:
3118:
3034:
3017:Achaemenid coinage in northwestern India
2871:
53:
7163:Suvarna Mohur: Indian Coins and History
7052:, in Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri (ed.),
6725:. Pearson Education India. p. 54.
6557:
6497:
6483:
6229:. Pearson Education India. p. 52.
6028:Cunningham, Alexander (December 1996).
5858:Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India 1891
5426:
4787:Post-Decimalization (c. 1957 β present)
4483:Later Mughal Emperors (c. 1555β1857 CE)
4401:Early Mughal Emperors (c. 1526β1540 CE)
4206:minted coins with the legend struck as
4125:A Fanam (Coin) of Eastern Ganga Dynasty
3541:Helmetted, diademed and draped bust of
3358:(based on 1 masha = 5 ratti standard)
3023:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
2964:, quoted from TrΓ©sors MonΓ©taires, p.42.
2910:hoard. Extant evidence of the earliest
2849:continues into the modern usage as the
7554:
7107:Coins in India:Power and Communication
6340:Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics
6337:
6195:
6113:
5339:
4238:Token currency of Muhammad bin Tughluq
3181:Kurus (Kurukshetras) circa 350β315 BCE
3013:increasing supply of silver in India.
7178:
6985:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History
6983:Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984),
6894:Allan, J. & Stern, S. M. (2008),
6797:. Govindraya Prabhu S. Archived from
6718:
6564:. Partridge Publishing. p. 335.
6506:
6384:
6281:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6178:
6080:
6078:
5946:
5944:
5899:
5818:
5783:
5752:
5689:
5633:
5469:
5383:
5366:
5288:
5226:
5173:
4656:1 Indian rupee (1918) featuring King
4487:
4343:Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336β1646 CE)
4214:for 'victor', a title popularized by
3354:one svarna or karsha was equal to 80
6903:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6707:Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara) coin
6250:Chakrabarty, Dilip K. (2009-08-26).
6084:
5227:Jafri, Saiyid Zaheer Husain (2012).
4837:Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of
4378:(token coins), feature the scene of
4005:coinage of Bhoja or Mihara, King of
3402:Classical period (300 BCE β 1100 CE)
3131:Indian Punched mark Karshapana coins
6641:
4705:
4085:Eastern Ganga Empire (1038β1434 CE)
3917:Indo-Sasanian coinage (530β1202 CE)
3869:later introduced the 9.2g SuvarαΉa (
3797:Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE β 1206 CE)
3284:
13:
6213:
6179:Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das (1962).
6091:Oriental Numismatic Society Letter
6075:
5941:
5367:Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das (1962).
4689:
4668:
4232:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat
4222:for to 'second'. The coin legend (
4186:
3782:Kanishka and Huvishka (100β200 CE)
3518:
3193:around the 6th century BCE by the
2712:
2692:Prehistoric and Bronze Age origins
14:
7583:
7121:
7028:Chandragupta Maurya and His Times
6839:
6198:Excavations At Kausambi (1957-59)
5741:
4774:Pre-Decimalization (c. 1950β1957)
4589:
4246:, issued token currency; that is
4171:Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206β1526 CE)
4152:muhammada avatΔra nrpati mahamuda
3909:(319β335) to a mere 75β80% under
3745:and Bihar). These dynasties were
3406:
7109:, J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication,
6618:"Rupaka, RΕ«paka: 23 definitions"
6534:"Dinara, DΔ«nΔra: 13 definitions"
6182:Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi
5370:Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi
4944:
4932:
4906:
4894:
4878:
4862:
4846:
4830:
4814:
4798:
4762:Dominion of India (c. 1947β1950)
4361:The standard coin issued by the
4326:
4311:
4175:
4118:
4106:
4022:
3995:
3968:
3588:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3365:
2906:hoard, and the 4th Century BCE,
2743:ΒΌ Karshapana (masha) = 8 Rattis
2554:
2542:
2126:
72:
36:
7056:, Primus Books, pp. 411β,
6943:, Association Press (Y.M.C.A),
6859:
6812:
6787:
6712:
6700:
6679:
6662:
6635:
6610:
6585:
6551:
6526:
6432:
6405:
6378:
6346:
6331:
6316:
6270:
6243:
6204:
6189:
6172:
6151:
6107:
6048:
6021:
5971:
5916:
5812:
5683:
5627:
5567:
5522:"Ratti, State Bank of Pakistan"
5514:
5463:
5420:
5377:
5360:
5333:
5104:. Coinindia.com. Archived from
4979:Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka
4725:
4563:The evidence, both textual and
4017:"The fortunate primaeval boar".
3696:Bust of king and Greek legend.
3341:
3217:had a humped bull, and Dakshin
3065:or the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in
3001:recognised the Satamana as 100
2868:Theory of West Asian influences
7025:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966) ,
6987:, Cambridge University Press.
6958:, Cambridge University Press,
6323:Cunningham, Alexander (1891).
5580:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 345β346.
5340:Bajpai, K. D. (October 2004).
5282:
5247:
5220:
5167:
5154:
5029:
5016:
4390:Koch Dynasty (c. 1515β1949 CE)
4072:Rajput Kingdoms (1200β1400 CE)
3457:Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.
326:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1:
7376:Indian postal orders in Egypt
7098:Sutherland, C. H. V. (2008),
6877:
6709:, Classical Numismatic Group.
6642:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019).
5708:10.1080/02666030.2003.9628617
5256:Economic and Political Weekly
5233:. Primus Books. p. 412.
4271:because, as said by Barani, "
4130:
3984:
3956:
3931:, that were derived from the
3391:
3263:Uninscribed Cast Copper Coins
3105:
3047:
3040:
2881:
2860:. The smallest weight in the
2760:appears in this sense in the
1256:
995:
968:
867:
846:
769:
708:
637:
620:
603:
586:
569:
548:
463:
446:
200:
7206:Historic currencies of India
6161:. Government Museum Chhennai
6144:The Coinage of Ancient India
6034:Asian Educational Services.
4853:Silver Rupee of the Maratha
4509:Islamic declaration of faith
4447:Sur Empire (c. 1540β1556 CE)
3861:), modelled after the Roman
3673:The Sakas (200 BCE β 400 CE)
3509:or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.
3320:Copper Die struck Coin from
2919:Northern Black Polished Ware
411:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
7084:Sellwood, D. G. J. (2008),
6512:Kulke & Rothermund, 108
6256:. Oxford University Press.
5184:10.1007/978-3-319-06109-2_4
4918:
4570:
4515:is the messenger of Allah."
4455:Silver Rupee introduced by
4299:Ahom Kingdom (1228β1826 CE)
3802:Gupta Empire (320 β 480 CE)
3289:According to some scholars
2987:Greo-Bactrian (256-100 BCE)
2921:culture, minted before the
2007:Influence on Southeast Asia
10:
7588:
7102:, Encyclopædia Britannica.
7095:, Encyclopædia Britannica.
7088:, Encyclopædia Britannica.
6898:, Encyclopædia Britannica.
6688:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth
5924:"US Department of Defense"
4857:, Sayaji Rao III, 1870 CE.
4791:
4738:
4617:
4425:, Timur's eldest son. The
4393:
4346:
4302:
4051:Chola Empire (850β1279 CE)
3920:
3805:
3585:
3574:symbol on the hump of the
3236:They are mentioned in the
3134:
3020:
2893:punch-marked coinage (PMC)
2826:(some one worth a hundred
2746:1/8 Karshapana = 4 Rattis
389:Black and Red ware culture
17:
7572:Economic history of India
7535:
7432:
7384:
7311:
7238:
7212:
6954:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985),
6901:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989),
6385:Gupta, Parmanand (1989).
6117:Indian Numismatic Studies
5484:10.1017/S0035869X00096106
5343:Indian Numismatic Studies
5303:10.1017/S0035869X00086482
4974:Coins of the Indian rupee
4741:Coins of the Indian Rupee
4605:, Gold hon, c. 1674β80 CE
3882:
3874:
3858:
3623:During the early rise of
2985:(1835), who proposed the
2862:Indus Valley civilization
2750:Early literary references
2740:Β½ Karshapana = 16 Rattis
2701:Indus Valley civilisation
400:Painted Grey Ware culture
272:Indus Valley Civilisation
20:Coins of the Indian rupee
7366:Portuguese Indian escudo
7105:Himanshu, P. R. (2006),
7073:, Abhinav Publications,
6819:Desikachari, T. (1991).
6418:. Springer. p. 68.
6147:. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
6120:. Abhinav Publications.
6057:The Numismatic Chronicle
5634:Bivar, A. D. H. (1971).
5346:. Abhinav Publications.
5013:Allan & Stern (2008)
4989:
4681:, issued on the name of
4059:An early silver coin of
3753:. After the conquest of
3505:Mauryan Empire, Emperor
3297:or from the neighboring
3097:. The hoard contained a
3081:during the reign of the
2784:. A later commentary on
1051:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1031:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
632:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
7361:Portuguese Indian rupia
7151:Oriental Coins Database
6905:, Motilal Banarsidass,
6719:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6686:Smith, Vincent Arthur;
6223:Singh, Upinder (2008).
6141:ΕrΔ«rΔma Goyala (1994).
5819:Goyal, Shankar (2000).
5574:McIntosh, Jane (2008).
5162:History Begins at Sumer
4984:Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay
4753:the birth centenary of
3069:have revealed numerous
2679:rule in India. and the
2468:Commemorative banknotes
1151:Western Chalukya Empire
294:Mature Harappan culture
7319:British Indian coinage
6856:Himanshu, P. R. (2006)
6770:Pankaj Tandon (2018),
6746:Pankaj Tandon (2012),
6558:Slatyer, Will (2014).
6196:Sharma, G. R. (1960).
6114:Bajpai, K. D. (2004).
6085:Page, John E. (1996).
5906:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
5762:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
4781:Lion Capital of Ashoka
4766:The newly independent
4758:
4686:
4677:Copper coins from the
4661:
4649:
4620:Coins of British India
4606:
4561:
4516:
4460:
4410:
4358:
4318:Rajmohuree (rupee) of
4293:as worthless as stones
4200:
4155:
4064:
3877:). The silver RΕ«paka (
3845:
3829:
3824:, in the style of the
3737:
3721:
3659:
3625:Roman trade with India
3583:
3556:
3528:Silver tetradrachm of
3398:
3325:
3299:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3259:
3182:
3127:
3073:coins as well as many
3054:
2967:
2888:
2810:and something worth a
2717:Since the Bronze Age,
2549:Numismatics portal
2187:Circulating currencies
2057:Science and technology
441:Three Crowned Kingdoms
283:Early Harappan culture
98:(2,500,000β250,000 BC)
59:
7278:Indo-Sasanian coinage
7069:Prasad, P.C. (2003),
6979:, London: B. Quaritch
6971:Cunningham, Alexander
5979:"The Greeks of India"
4805:Queen Kumar and King
4748:
4676:
4655:
4632:Rupee coin depicting
4627:
4597:
4552:
4506:
4454:
4409:Marks on Mughal coins
4408:
4356:
4242:The Sultan of Delhi,
4194:
4138:
4076:The coins of various
4058:
3923:Indo-Sasanian coinage
3835:
3815:
3806:Further information:
3727:
3680:
3641:
3586:Further information:
3562:
3526:
3385:
3319:
3257:
3180:
3122:
3038:
2954:
2908:Chaman Huzuri (Kabul)
2875:
2837:Panini uses the term
2731:coin is given below;
2683:in the 19th century.
2279:Historical currencies
2120:the study of currency
1960:Specialised histories
1231:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1221:Kalachuris of Tripuri
903:Western Ganga Kingdom
831:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
781:Western Satrap Empire
764:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
754:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
305:Late Harappan culture
66:History of South Asia
57:
7371:Banknote of Ambliara
7324:Dutch Indian coinage
7298:Vijayanagara coinage
7256:Post-Mauryan coinage
7239:Ancient and medieval
7220:History of the rupee
6939:Brown, C.J. (1992),
6918:Bopearachchi, Osmund
6795:"Vijayanagara coins"
5983:www.suvarnamohur.com
4964:History of the rupee
4495:Political orders in
4349:Vijayanagara coinage
4291:, the coins became "
4244:Muhammad bin Tughluq
3093:(Shaikhan Dehri) in
3059:Chaman Hazouri hoard
2925:(322β185 BCE), with
2792:could also be a 100
2786:Katyayana Suryaputra
2634:Early historic India
2250:Fictional currencies
1478:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1280:Late medieval period
1191:Eastern Ganga Empire
923:Vishnukundina Empire
7543:Economy of Pakistan
7356:French Indian rupee
7351:Danish Indian rupee
6801:on 9 September 2007
5912:. pp. 300β301.
5696:South Asian Studies
5690:Cribb, Joe (2003).
5607:. 21 February 2018.
4698:coins featured the
4636:. It was minted in
4603:Chhatrapati Shivaji
4413:The Mughal Emperor
4384:Vijayanagara Empire
4363:Vijayanagara Empire
3977:Gurjara Confederacy
3310:Saurashtra Janapada
3199:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2962:Daniel Schlumberger
2950:Daniel Schlumberger
2931:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2927:radio carbon dating
2858:Indian subcontinent
2437:Commemorative coins
2348:Medieval currencies
2257:Proposed currencies
1560:Early modern period
1407:Vijayanagara Empire
1387:Chitradurga Kingdom
1081:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
493:Shaishunaga dynasty
7567:Ancient currencies
7419:Bhutanese ngultrum
7344:Banknotes of Kutch
7283:Indo-Greek coinage
7251:Arched-hill symbol
7246:Punch-marked coins
7134:Maunish Shah Coins
7011:A History of India
6941:The Coins of India
6822:South Indian Coins
6338:Bhandarkar, D. R.
4887:East India Company
4759:
4720:Malayalam calendar
4687:
4662:
4650:
4630:East India Company
4607:
4517:
4461:
4437:first four caliphs
4411:
4359:
4273:the house of every
4201:
4156:
4065:
3846:
3830:
3738:
3722:
3653:Historia Naturalis
3602:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3584:
3557:
3399:
3326:
3291:Punch marked coins
3260:
3183:
3137:Punch-marked coins
3128:
3057:Coin finds in the
3055:
3027:Achaemenid coinage
2946:punch-marked coins
2889:
2782:Satapatha Brahmana
2037:Partition of India
1902:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1850:Regional histories
1795:National histories
1682:Travancore Kingdom
1652:Thondaiman Kingdom
1522:Golkonda Sultanate
1131:Somavamshi Kingdom
1101:Rashtrakuta Empire
1041:Rashidun Caliphate
963:Kabul Shahi Empire
811:Nagas of Padmavati
734:Indo-Greek Kingdom
674:(230 BC β AD 1206)
367:Vedic Civilisation
315:Vedic Civilisation
212:Ahar-Banas culture
60:
7549:
7548:
7424:Maldivian rufiyaa
7400:
7347:
7264:
7063:978-93-80607-28-3
7038:978-81-208-0405-0
7000:World Archaeology
6949:978-81-8090-192-8
6933:978-0-9518399-1-1
6832:978-81-206-0155-0
6425:978-3-319-06109-2
6398:978-81-7022-248-4
6342:. pp. 89β90.
6236:978-81-317-1120-0
6185:. pp. 81β82.
5860:, pp. 22β23.
5748:. pp. 85β86.
5587:978-1-57607-907-2
5353:978-81-7017-035-8
5240:978-93-80607-28-3
5193:978-3-319-06109-2
5151:Sutherland (2008)
4871:Raja Raja Chola I
4855:Kingdom of Baroda
4768:Dominion of India
4683:Madho Rao Scindia
4467:. While the term
4335:Udayaditya Singha
4266:coins. Historian
4015:SrΓmad Δdi VarΔha
4003:Gurjara-Pratihara
3941:Gurjar-Pratiharas
3720:
3657:
3555:
3516:
3515:
3295:Achaemenid Empire
3269:Pandu Rajar Dhibi
3007:Iron Age in India
3005:weight system of
2824:naishkaβsahasrika
2706:Pandu Rajar Dhibi
2598:
2597:
2101:
2100:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1700:
1699:
1602:Thanjavur Kingdom
1550:
1549:
1511:Bijapur Sultanate
1467:Deccan sultanates
1345:Tughlaq Sultanate
1292:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1270:
1269:
1141:Chaulukya Kingdom
1071:Mallabhum kingdom
1061:Umayyad Caliphate
801:Bharshiva Dynasty
697:(200 BC β AD 300)
687:(230 BC β AD 220)
683:Satavahana Empire
661:
660:
657:(247 BC β AD 224)
513:Macedonian Empire
487:(450 BC β AD 489)
475:Achaemenid Empire
345:
344:
250:
249:
173:
172:
123:
122:
107:Madrasian culture
7579:
7539:Economy of India
7527:Travancore fanam
7409:Sri Lankan rupee
7394:
7341:
7334:Travancore Rupee
7329:Hyderabadi rupee
7258:
7225:Coinage of India
7199:
7192:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7169:Old Coin History
7165:at Suvarna Mohur
7128:Coins from India
7066:
7041:
6980:
6936:
6871:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6837:
6836:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6530:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6481:
6480:Brown C.J (1992)
6478:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6296:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6220:
6211:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6006:. Archived from
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5926:. Archived from
5920:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5831:(1/4): 153β168.
5816:
5810:
5809:
5792:(1/4): 153β168.
5781:
5770:
5769:
5768:. pp. 308β.
5759:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5728:
5727:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5197:
5171:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5027:
5022:See P.L. Gupta:
5020:
5014:
5011:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4910:
4898:
4882:
4866:
4850:
4834:
4818:
4802:
4755:Jawaharlal Nehru
4712:Travancore Rupee
4706:Travancore State
4696:Hyderabadi Rupee
4330:
4315:
4224:Sikander-e -Sani
4218:. While sani is
4195:Silver Tanka of
4122:
4110:
4026:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3972:
3961:
3958:
3933:Sasanian coinage
3884:
3876:
3860:
3681:
3649:
3527:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3434:
3396:
3393:
3369:
3324:, c. 304β232 BC.
3285:Die struck coins
3110:
3107:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
2965:
2886:
2883:
2788:explains that a
2780:is mentioned in
2632:kingdoms of the
2590:
2583:
2576:
2561:Money portal
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2271:History of money
2226:Local currencies
2130:
2121:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2042:Pakistan studies
1882:Himachal Pradesh
1722:Portuguese India
1718:
1717:
1714:
1672:Sikh Confederacy
1568:
1567:
1564:
1417:Bengal Sultanate
1356:Sayyid Sultanate
1334:Khalji Sultanate
1323:Mamluk Sultanate
1288:
1287:
1284:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1201:Kakatiya Kingdom
1111:Paramara Kingdom
1004:
1000:
997:
973:
970:
913:Kamarupa Kingdom
876:
872:
869:
862:Kalabhras Empire
855:
851:
848:
774:
771:
758:(50 BC β AD 400)
738:(180 BC β AD 10)
717:
713:
710:
679:
678:
675:
646:
642:
639:
625:
622:
608:
605:
591:
588:
574:
571:
557:
553:
550:
468:
465:
451:
448:
431:Haryanka dynasty
421:Pradyota dynasty
363:
362:
359:
268:
267:
264:
205:
202:
195:Anarta tradition
191:
190:
187:
155:Mehrgarh culture
145:Bhirrana culture
141:
140:
137:
136:(10,800β3300 BC)
103:
102:
99:
89:
88:
76:
62:
61:
43:Hoard of mostly
40:
30:Coinage of India
7587:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7541:
7531:
7428:
7404:Pakistani rupee
7380:
7307:
7288:Pallava coinage
7234:
7230:Coinage of Asia
7208:
7203:
7124:
7064:
7046:Mukherjee, B.N.
7039:
6934:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6840:
6833:
6817:
6813:
6804:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6779:
6777:
6768:
6764:
6755:
6753:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6684:
6680:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6410:
6406:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6347:
6336:
6332:
6321:
6317:
6308:
6306:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6194:
6190:
6177:
6173:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6083:
6076:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6026:
6022:
6013:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5949:
5942:
5933:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5817:
5813:
5782:
5773:
5760:
5753:
5740:
5731:
5688:
5684:
5680:Sellwood (2008)
5679:
5675:
5652:10.2307/4300441
5632:
5628:
5623:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5468:
5464:
5441:10.2307/3596241
5425:
5421:
5398:10.2307/3632688
5382:
5378:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5338:
5334:
5287:
5283:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5225:
5221:
5209:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5134:. Coinindia.com
5130:
5124:
5122:
5121:. Coinindia.com
5117:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5091:. Coinindia.com
5087:
5081:
5079:
5078:. Coinindia.com
5074:
5068:
5066:
5065:. Coinindia.com
5061:
5055:
5053:
5052:. Coinindia.com
5048:
5042:
5040:
5039:. Coinindia.com
5035:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5017:
5012:
4997:
4992:
4959:Coinage of Asia
4955:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4911:
4902:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4789:
4776:
4764:
4743:
4737:
4728:
4708:
4692:
4690:Hyderabad State
4671:
4669:Princely States
4622:
4616:
4592:
4573:
4493:
4485:
4449:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4268:Ziauddin Barani
4240:
4204:Alauddin Khalji
4197:Alauddin Khalji
4189:
4187:Alauddin Khalji
4178:
4173:
4168:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4114:
4111:
4087:
4074:
4053:
4046:
4027:
4018:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3973:
3959:
3925:
3919:
3838:Chandragupta II
3818:Chandragupta II
3816:Silver coin of
3810:
3804:
3799:
3784:
3687:Northern Satrap
3675:
3667:Western Satraps
3665:, ruled by the
3637:Pliny the Elder
3590:
3546:
3537:
3521:
3519:The Indo-Greeks
3510:
3503:
3494:
3491:
3482:
3479:
3470:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3431:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3344:
3335:
3307:
3287:
3265:
3225:; Others, like
3139:
3133:
3117:
3108:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3019:
2966:
2960:
2884:
2870:
2752:
2715:
2713:Weight standard
2694:
2689:
2594:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2425:Coin collecting
2420:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2153:
2152:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2066:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1715:
1712:
1710:Colonial states
1702:
1701:
1592:Madurai Kingdom
1565:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1500:Bidar Sultanate
1489:Berar sultanate
1457:Ladakh Kingdom
1447:Gajapati Empire
1427:Garhwal Kingdom
1312:Delhi Sultanate
1285:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1241:Chutiya Kingdom
1211:Zamorin Kingdom
1002:
998:
990:Maukhari Empire
980:Chalukya Empire
971:
933:Maitraka Empire
874:
870:
853:
849:
841:Vakataka Empire
821:Sasanian Empire
772:
715:
711:
693:Kuninda Kingdom
676:
673:
671:Middle Kingdoms
663:
662:
653:Parthian Empire
644:
640:
623:
606:
589:
572:
555:
551:
466:
449:
360:
357:
347:
346:
265:
262:
252:
251:
203:
188:
185:
175:
174:
165:Edakkal culture
138:
135:
125:
124:
116:Soanian culture
100:
97:
86:
52:
51:
50:
49:
48:
41:
32:
31:
23:
12:
11:
5:
7585:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7562:Coins of India
7547:
7546:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7414:Nepalese rupee
7411:
7406:
7401:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7293:Pandya coinage
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7273:Kushan coinage
7270:
7268:Narwar coinage
7265:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7202:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7171:by Arman Warsi
7166:
7160:
7155:
7147:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7123:
7122:External links
7120:
7119:
7118:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7067:
7062:
7042:
7037:
7022:
7007:
6996:
6981:
6967:
6952:
6937:
6932:
6914:
6899:
6892:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6858:
6838:
6831:
6811:
6786:
6762:
6738:
6731:
6711:
6699:
6678:
6661:
6654:
6634:
6622:Wisdom Library
6609:
6597:Wisdom Library
6584:
6570:
6550:
6538:Wisdom Library
6525:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6482:
6442:
6431:
6424:
6404:
6397:
6377:
6368:
6356:
6345:
6330:
6315:
6291:
6280:
6269:
6262:
6242:
6235:
6212:
6203:
6188:
6171:
6150:
6133:
6126:
6106:
6099:
6074:
6047:
6040:
6020:
5995:
5970:
5963:
5940:
5915:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5811:
5771:
5751:
5729:
5682:
5673:
5626:
5610:
5593:
5586:
5566:
5564:, p. 214.
5554:
5552:, p. 412.
5542:
5540:, p. 212.
5527:
5513:
5462:
5435:(2): 201β205.
5419:
5376:
5359:
5352:
5332:
5297:(2): 307β318.
5281:
5262:(30): 97β102.
5246:
5239:
5219:
5192:
5166:
5153:
5144:
5028:
5015:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4875:
4873:, 985β1014 CE.
4868:
4861:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4807:Chandragupta I
4804:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4775:
4772:
4763:
4760:
4749:5 Rupees coin
4739:Main article:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4710:Issues of the
4707:
4704:
4691:
4688:
4670:
4667:
4634:Queen Victoria
4618:Main article:
4615:
4612:
4599:Maratha Empire
4591:
4590:Maratha Empire
4588:
4572:
4569:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4532:
4497:Medieval India
4492:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4465:Sher Shah Suri
4457:Sher Shah Suri
4448:
4445:
4423:Shahrukh Mirza
4421:, named after
4402:
4399:
4394:Main article:
4391:
4388:
4347:Main article:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:in Ahom script
4332:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4303:Main article:
4300:
4297:
4289:Satish Chandra
4239:
4236:
4210:. Sikander is
4188:
4185:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:Sharada script
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4105:
4086:
4083:
4073:
4070:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4043:Indo-Sassanian
4039:Chavda dynasty
4028:
4021:
4019:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3974:
3967:
3929:Gadhaiya paisa
3921:Main article:
3918:
3915:
3907:Chandragupta I
3895:Chandragupta I
3836:Gold coins of
3826:Western Satrap
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3780:
3742:Indo-Scythians
3736:on the reverse
3703:Alkidemos and
3674:
3671:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3413:Mauryan Empire
3408:
3407:Mauryan Empire
3405:
3403:
3400:
3395: 350 BCE
3371:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3306:
3303:
3286:
3283:
3264:
3261:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3113:
3051: 350 BCE
3018:
3015:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2958:
2885: 400 BCE
2878:British Museum
2869:
2866:
2830:or a thousand
2820:naishkaβΕatika
2751:
2748:
2714:
2711:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:Maratha Empire
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:Sikkim Kingdom
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:Marava Kingdom
1628:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:Keladi Kingdom
1528:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:Mysore Kingdom
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:Lodi Sultanate
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:Ghurid Dynasty
1298:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:Hoysala Empire
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:Lohara Kingdom
1157:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:Tibetan Empire
1017:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
965:
959:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
919:
918:
915:
909:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
893:Kadamba Empire
889:
888:
885:
879:
878:
864:
858:
857:
843:
837:
836:
833:
827:
826:
823:
817:
816:
813:
807:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
777:
776:
766:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
705:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
677:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
634:
628:
627:
617:
615:Pallava Empire
611:
610:
600:
594:
593:
583:
577:
576:
566:
560:
559:
545:
539:
538:
535:
533:Seleucid India
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
460:
458:Maha Janapadas
454:
453:
443:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
413:
406:
405:
402:
395:
394:
393:(1300β1000 BC)
391:
384:
383:
380:
373:
372:
369:
361:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
342:
339:
332:
331:
330:(2000β1600 BC)
328:
321:
320:
317:
311:
310:
309:(1900β1300 BC)
307:
300:
299:
298:(2600β1900 BC)
296:
289:
288:
287:(3300β2600 BC)
285:
278:
277:
276:(3300β1300 BC)
274:
266:
263:(3300β1300 BC)
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
236:(1600β1300 BC)
234:
228:
227:
224:
218:
217:
216:(3000β1500 BC)
214:
208:
207:
197:
189:
186:(3500β1500 BC)
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
170:
169:(5000β3000 BC)
167:
161:
160:
159:(7000β3300 BC)
157:
151:
150:
149:(7570β6200 BC)
147:
139:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
120:
118:
112:
111:
109:
101:
93:
92:
87:
82:
81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
42:
35:
34:
33:
29:
28:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7584:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7200:
7195:
7193:
7188:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7146:at rbi.org.in
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7115:81-85026-73-4
7112:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7079:81-7017-053-2
7076:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7020:
7019:0-415-32919-1
7016:
7013:, Routledge,
7012:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:0-521-26931-8
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6964:0-521-28542-9
6961:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:81-208-0592-5
6908:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:81-85026-73-4
6886:
6882:
6881:
6868:
6862:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6834:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6815:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6775:
6774:
6766:
6751:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6732:9788131711200
6728:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6674:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6655:9781000227932
6651:
6647:
6646:
6638:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6573:
6571:9781482894479
6567:
6563:
6562:
6554:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6492:
6486:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6440:
6435:
6427:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6341:
6334:
6327:. p. 62.
6326:
6319:
6305:
6304:coinindia.com
6301:
6295:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6273:
6265:
6263:9780199088140
6259:
6255:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6219:
6217:
6210:Jha A. M, 409
6207:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6183:
6175:
6160:
6154:
6146:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6127:9788170170358
6123:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6100:9781136176418
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6079:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6041:9788120606067
6037:
6033:
6032:
6024:
6010:on 2019-12-25
6009:
6005:
5999:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5966:
5964:9780951839911
5960:
5956:
5955:
5947:
5945:
5930:on 2020-06-10
5929:
5925:
5919:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5373:. p. 33.
5372:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5203:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5148:
5133:
5120:
5108:on 2012-06-05
5107:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5064:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5025:
5019:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4869:Gold coin of
4865:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4821:Gold coin of
4817:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4784:
4782:
4771:
4769:
4756:
4752:
4751:commemorating
4747:
4742:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4684:
4680:
4679:Gwalior State
4675:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4491:
4488:All Coins of
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4365:was the gold
4364:
4355:
4350:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4279:became a mint
4277:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Sikander Sani
4205:
4198:
4193:
4184:
4182:
4181:Razia Sultana
4176:Razia Sultana
4163:
4161:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960: 530 CE
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:Indo-Scythian
3679:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:Kushan Empire
3607:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:Apollodotus I
3561:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Maurya Empire
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:, written by
3420:
3419:
3414:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:Mahajanapadas
3192:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:Vincent Smith
2996:
2988:
2984:
2983:James Princep
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:According to
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:Maurya Empire
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Bullion coins
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Company scrip
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:South America
2212:
2210:
2209:North America
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Uttar Pradesh
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:Mughal Empire
1570:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:Reddy Kingdom
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1121:Yadava Empire
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:Harsha Empire
1009:
1008:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
865:
863:
860:
859:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
812:
809:
808:
804:
802:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:Kushan Empire
789:
788:
784:
782:
779:
778:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
724:Shunga Empire
722:
721:
706:
704:
703:Mitra Dynasty
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
672:
667:
666:
656:
654:
651:
650:
645: AD 500
641: 250 BC
635:
633:
630:
629:
624: 250 AD
618:
616:
613:
612:
607: 300 BC
601:
599:
596:
595:
590: 300 BC
584:
582:
581:Chera Kingdom
579:
578:
573: 300 BC
567:
565:
564:Pandya Empire
562:
561:
556: 300 AD
552: 300 BC
546:
544:
543:Sangam period
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:Maurya Empire
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
461:
459:
456:
455:
450: 600 BC
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
412:
408:
407:
404:(1200β600 BC)
403:
401:
397:
396:
392:
390:
386:
385:
382:(1500β600 BC)
381:
379:
375:
374:
371:(1500β500 BC)
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:(1500β200 BC)
356:
351:
350:
341:(1600β500 BC)
340:
338:
334:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:
319:(2000β500 BC)
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
306:
302:
301:
297:
295:
291:
290:
286:
284:
280:
279:
275:
273:
270:
269:
261:
256:
255:
246:(1400β700 BC)
245:
243:
242:Jorwe culture
240:
239:
235:
233:
232:Malwa culture
230:
229:
226:(1600β750 BC)
225:
223:
222:Pandu culture
220:
219:
215:
213:
210:
209:
198:
196:
193:
192:
184:
179:
178:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
146:
143:
142:
134:
129:
128:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
96:
91:
90:
85:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
56:
46:
45:Maurya Empire
39:
25:
21:
16:
7522:Madras fanam
7434:Denomination
7392:Indian rupee
7224:
7150:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7070:
7053:
7027:
7010:
7003:
6999:
6984:
6975:
6955:
6940:
6922:
6902:
6895:
6861:
6821:
6814:
6803:. Retrieved
6799:the original
6789:
6778:, retrieved
6772:
6765:
6754:, retrieved
6748:
6741:
6721:
6714:
6702:
6692:
6681:
6671:
6664:
6644:
6637:
6625:. Retrieved
6621:
6612:
6600:. Retrieved
6596:
6587:
6575:. Retrieved
6560:
6553:
6541:. Retrieved
6537:
6528:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6485:
6434:
6414:
6407:
6387:
6380:
6371:
6348:
6339:
6333:
6324:
6318:
6307:. Retrieved
6303:
6294:
6283:
6272:
6252:
6245:
6225:
6206:
6197:
6191:
6181:
6174:
6163:. Retrieved
6153:
6143:
6136:
6116:
6109:
6090:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6030:
6023:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:the original
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5982:
5973:
5953:
5932:. Retrieved
5928:the original
5918:
5908:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5789:
5785:
5764:
5744:
5742:Cribb, Joe.
5699:
5695:
5685:
5676:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5576:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5516:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5392:(1): 72β94.
5389:
5385:
5379:
5369:
5362:
5342:
5335:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5229:
5222:
5175:
5169:
5164:, pp. 52β55.
5161:
5156:
5147:
5136:. Retrieved
5123:. Retrieved
5110:. Retrieved
5106:the original
5093:. Retrieved
5080:. Retrieved
5067:. Retrieved
5054:. Retrieved
5041:. Retrieved
5031:
5023:
5018:
4969:Indian rupee
4839:Ahom kingdom
4777:
4765:
4729:
4726:Baroda state
4709:
4693:
4663:
4608:
4574:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4526:
4518:
4494:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4412:
4396:Koch coinage
4360:
4320:Rudra Singha
4305:Ahom coinage
4292:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4241:
4231:
4223:
4207:
4202:
4179:
4157:
4151:
4149:avyaktam eka
4148:
4144:
4140:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4075:
4066:
4061:Uttama Chola
4014:
3975:Coin of the
3928:
3926:
3903:
3899:Samudragupta
3891:
3850:Gupta Empire
3847:
3842:Gupta Empire
3822:Gupta Empire
3785:
3763:
3739:
3708:
3697:
3693:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3622:
3599:
3591:
3579:
3547:
3538:
3437:
3426:
3418:Arthashastra
3416:
3410:
3378:
3352:Arthashastra
3345:
3342:Svarna coins
3336:
3327:
3308:
3288:
3274:G. R. Sharma
3266:
3235:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3188:
3184:
3140:
3091:Pushkalavati
3067:Pushkalavati
3056:
3046:β380 BC, or
3011:
2992:
2968:
2955:
2939:
2890:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:is called a
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2728:Arthashastra
2716:
2697:Cowry shells
2695:
2677:Indo Islamic
2674:
2630:Mahajanapada
2625:
2619:
2601:
2599:
2482:Credit cards
2315:
2243:Time dollars
1982:Demographics
1976:
1972:Architecture
1752:French India
1742:Danish India
1622:Bengal Subah
1612:Bhoi dynasty
1542:Koch Kingdom
1377:Ahom Kingdom
1251:Deva Kingdom
943:Huna Kingdom
883:Gupta Empire
785:(AD 35β405 )
744:Kanva Empire
716: 50 BC
598:Chola Empire
537:(312β303 BC)
527:(321β184 BC)
517:(330β323 BC)
507:(380β321 BC)
503:Nanda Empire
497:(424β345 BC)
479:(550β330 BC)
435:(684β424 BC)
425:(799β684 BC)
415:(700β200 BC)
337:Swat culture
183:Chalcolithic
95:Palaeolithic
24:
15:
7312:Near modern
6503:Curtin, 100
6375:Prasad, 166
6366:Prasad, 168
6063:: 200β203.
6004:"CNG Coins"
5988:11 November
5872:, CNG Coins
5702:(1): 1β19.
5478:(1): 1β26.
5210:|work=
4550:(1582 CE):
4212:Old Persian
4147:; reverse:
3911:Skandagupta
3889:(2.2678g).
3867:Skandagupta
3740:During the
3629:Myos Hormos
3600:Coinage of
3427:bimetallism
3207:Karshapanas
3099:tetradrachm
3083:Achaemenids
3031:Kabul hoard
2768:of gold. A
2723:Gunja seeds
2681:British Raj
2621:Karshapanas
2602:Coinage of
2516:Scripophily
2116:Numismatics
1967:Agriculture
1937:South India
1912:Maharashtra
1862:Balochistan
1802:Afghanistan
1776:(1858β1947)
1772:British Raj
1766:(1757β1858)
1762:Company Raj
1756:(1759β1954)
1746:(1620β1869)
1736:(1605β1825)
1732:Dutch India
1726:(1510β1961)
1713:(1510β1961)
1696:(1799β1849)
1692:Sikh Empire
1686:(1729β1947)
1676:(1707β1799)
1666:(1674β1818)
1656:(1650β1948)
1646:(1642β1975)
1636:(1600β1750)
1626:(1576β1757)
1616:(1541β1804)
1606:(1532β1673)
1596:(1529β1736)
1586:(1540β1556)
1576:(1526β1858)
1563:(1526β1858)
1546:(1515β1947)
1536:(1499β1763)
1526:(1518β1687)
1515:(1492β1686)
1504:(1492β1619)
1493:(1490β1574)
1482:(1490β1636)
1471:(1490β1596)
1461:(1470β1842)
1451:(1434β1541)
1441:(1399β1947)
1431:(1358β1803)
1421:(1352β1576)
1411:(1336β1646)
1401:(1325β1448)
1391:(1300β1779)
1381:(1228β1826)
1371:(1451β1526)
1360:(1414β1451)
1349:(1320β1414)
1338:(1290β1320)
1327:(1206β1290)
1316:(1206β1526)
1306:(1170β1206)
1283:(1206β1526)
1264: 1300
1260: 1200
1245:(1187β1673)
1235:(1156β1184)
1215:(1102β1766)
1205:(1083β1323)
1195:(1078β1434)
1185:(1070β1230)
1181:Sena Empire
1175:(1040β1347)
1165:(1003β1320)
1091:Pala Empire
953:Rai Kingdom
795:(AD 60β240)
728:(185β73 BC)
484:Ror Dynasty
204: 3950
7556:Categories
7537:See also:
7512:Karshapana
7447:Indian pie
7397:Gulf rupee
7339:Kutch kori
7303:Setu coins
7154:at Zeno.ru
7130:at Numista
6878:References
6805:2007-07-13
6780:25 January
6756:25 January
6309:2018-08-16
6165:2007-09-06
6014:2019-09-13
5934:2018-07-29
5646:: 97β111.
5138:2012-05-22
5125:2012-05-22
5112:2012-05-22
5095:2012-05-22
5082:2012-05-22
5069:2012-05-22
5056:2012-05-22
5043:2012-05-22
4841:, 1696 CE.
4584:Shah Jahan
4565:numismatic
4427:Shahrukhis
4376:ramatankas
4131:Ghaznavids
3988: 570
3713:Indo-Greek
3705:Kharoshthi
3633:Gold coins
3631:to India.
3594:Indo-Greek
3543:Philoxenus
3534:Philoxenus
3530:Indo-Greek
3215:Saurashtra
3143:Karshapana
3135:See also:
3109: 500
3101:minted in
3071:Achaemenid
3044: 500
3021:See also:
2974:John Allan
2904:Nush-i-jan
2806:is called
2778:krishnadas
2418:Collection
2361:Production
2291:Achaemenid
2047:Philosophy
2027:Metallurgy
2017:Literature
1942:Tamil Nadu
1807:Bangladesh
1582:Sur Empire
1296:(977β1186)
1262: β c.
1225:(675β1210)
1155:(973β1189)
1145:(942β1244)
1135:(882β1110)
1125:(850β1334)
1115:(800β1327)
1095:(750β1174)
1075:(694β1947)
1055:(650β1036)
1035:(624β1075)
1003: 700
1001: β c.
999: 550
972: 500
917:(350β1100)
907:(350β1000)
875: 600
873: β c.
871: 250
854: 500
852: β c.
850: 250
773: 130
748:(75β26 BC)
714: β c.
712: 150
643: β c.
609:β AD 1279)
592:β AD 1102)
575:β AD 1345)
554: β c.
467: 600
452:β AD 1600)
260:Bronze Age
6439:CNG Coins
6353:CNG Coins
5837:0378-1143
5798:0378-1143
5724:191453065
5716:0266-6030
5660:0578-6967
5508:163304500
5492:0035-869X
5449:0022-4995
5406:0022-4995
5327:162603638
5311:0035-869X
5268:0012-9976
5212:ignored (
5202:cite book
4823:Gupta era
4716:Malayalam
4700:Charminar
4419:shahrukhi
4284:muqaddams
4216:Alexander
4031:Chaulukya
3945:Chaulukya
3808:Gupta art
3759:Parthians
3717:Strato II
3715:types of
3656:12.41.84.
3645:sesterces
3569:nandipada
3567:, with a
3552:Kharoshti
3164:Janapadas
2942:Joe Cribb
2935:West Asia
2816:ΕatamΔnam
2666:Surashtra
2463:Banknotes
2456:Notaphily
2390:Hammering
2373:Designers
2296:Byzantine
2163:Banknotes
1997:Education
1987:Dynasties
1907:Rajasthan
1892:Karnataka
1837:Sri Lanka
1105:(753β982)
1085:(736β916)
1065:(661β750)
1045:(632β661)
1025:(618β841)
1015:(606β647)
984:(543β753)
957:(489β632)
947:(475β576)
937:(475β767)
927:(420β624)
897:(345β525)
887:(280β550)
835:(230β360)
825:(224β651)
815:(210β340)
805:(170β350)
768:(AD 21 β
626:β AD 800)
378:Janapadas
206:β1900 BC)
133:Neolithic
7261:Gandhara
7213:Overview
7048:(2012),
6973:(1891),
6690:(1924).
6069:42666515
5845:41694610
5806:41694610
5500:25201443
5319:25201111
5276:40277774
5160:Kramer,
4919:See also
4757:in 1989.
4658:George V
4642:Calcutta
4576:Jahangir
4571:Jahangir
4513:Muhammad
4333:Coin of
4035:Paramara
3949:Paramara
3937:Gurjaras
3879:Sanskrit
3871:Sanskrit
3863:denarius
3855:Sanskrit
3844:, 400 CE
3791:Huvishka
3787:Kanishka
3767:Caduceus
3751:Pahlavas
3749:and The
3730:Kanishka
3728:Coin of
3690:Rajuvula
3682:Coin of
3563:Coin of
3507:Salisuka
3423:Kautilya
3388:Gandhara
3348:gandhara
3322:Gandhara
3246:Buddhist
3223:Swastika
3219:Panchala
3095:Pakistan
3087:Gandhara
2959:β
2915:currency
2900:currency
2812:ΕatamΔna
2670:Vidarbha
2662:Surasena
2654:Panchala
2638:Gandhara
2475:Exonumia
2326:Japanese
2306:Filipino
2286:Aksumite
2150:Currency
2138:Glossary
2108:a series
2106:Part of
2062:Timeline
2052:Religion
2032:Military
2022:Maritime
2012:Language
2002:Indology
1832:Pakistan
1822:Maldives
1520: β
1509: β
1498: β
1487: β
1476: β
1365: β
1354: β
1343: β
1332: β
1321: β
469:β300 BC)
409: β
398: β
387: β
376: β
355:Iron Age
335: β
324: β
303: β
292: β
281: β
7517:Shivrai
7467:Ashrafi
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