Complete blood count

1907:. A reticulocyte count is sometimes performed as part of a complete blood count, usually to investigate the cause of a person's anemia or evaluate their response to treatment. Anemia with a high reticulocyte count can indicate that the bone marrow is producing red blood cells at a higher rate to compensate for blood loss or hemolysis, while anemia with a low reticulocyte count may suggest that the person has a condition that reduces the body's ability to produce red blood cells. When people with nutritional anemia are given nutrient supplementation, an increase in the reticulocyte count indicates that their body is responding to the treatment by producing more red blood cells. Hematology analyzers perform reticulocyte counts by staining red blood cells with a dye that binds to RNA and measuring the number of reticulocytes through light scattering or fluorescence analysis. The test can be performed manually by staining the blood with 2486: 2594:, released in 1965. It achieved this by partitioning blood samples into two channels: one for counting red and white blood cells and one for measuring hemoglobin. However, the instrument was unreliable and difficult to maintain. In 1968, the Coulter Model S analyzer was released and gained widespread use. Similarly to the Technicon instrument, it used two different reaction chambers, one of which was used for the red cell count, and one of which was used for the white blood cell count and hemoglobin determination. The Model S also determined the mean cell volume using impedance measurements, which allowed the red blood cell indices and hematocrit to be derived. Automated platelet counts were introduced in 1970 with Technicon's Hemalog-8 instrument and were adopted by Coulter's S Plus series analyzers in 1980. 2424: 1310: 1818: 2346: 1014:, a microscope slide containing a chamber that holds a specified volume of diluted blood. The hemocytometer's chamber is etched with a calibrated grid to aid in cell counting. The cells seen in the grid are counted and divided by the volume of blood examined, which is determined from the number of squares counted on the grid, to obtain the concentration of cells in the sample. Manual cell counts are labour-intensive and inaccurate compared to automated methods, so they are rarely used except in laboratories that do not have access to automated analyzers. To count white blood cells, the sample is diluted using a fluid containing a compound that lyses red blood cells, such as 1076:. Most manufacturers provide preserved blood with defined parameters and the analyzers are adjusted if the results are outside defined thresholds. To ensure that results continue to be accurate, quality control samples, which are typically provided by the instrument manufacturer, are tested at least once per day. The samples are formulated to provide specific results, and laboratories compare their results against the known values to ensure the instrument is functioning properly. For laboratories without access to commercial quality control material, an Indian regulatory organization recommends running patient samples in duplicate and comparing the results. A 2547: 1892: 541:

results are only slightly outside the reference range, if they are consistent with previous results, or if there are no other related abnormalities shown by the CBC. When the test is performed on a relatively healthy population, the number of clinically insignificant abnormalities may exceed the number of results that represent disease. For this reason, professional organizations in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada recommend against pre-operative CBC testing for low-risk surgeries in individuals without relevant medical conditions. Repeated blood draws for hematology testing in hospitalized patients can contribute to

2321:, which is less effective at delivering oxygen to tissues than mature forms of hemoglobin, inside their red blood cells. The MCV is also increased, and the white blood cell count is elevated with a preponderance of neutrophils. The red blood cell count and related values begin to decline shortly after birth, reaching their lowest point at about two months of age and increasing thereafter. The red blood cells of older infants and children are smaller, with a lower MCH, than those of adults. In the pediatric white blood cell differential, lymphocytes often outnumber neutrophils, while in adults neutrophils predominate. 890: 1744: 647: 31: 992: 806: 288: 2567:, attempted to improve on photoelectric cell counting techniques. His research was aided by his brother, Joseph R. Coulter, in a basement laboratory in Chicago. Their results using photoelectric methods were disappointing, and in 1948, after reading a paper relating the conductivity of blood to its red blood cell concentration, Wallace devised the Coulter principle—the theory that a cell suspended in a conductive medium generates a drop in current proportional to its size as it passes through an aperture. 983: 633: 1928: 1287:

be calculated from the hematocrit and red blood cell count. Hemoglobin, measured after the red blood cells are lysed, is usually reported in units of grams per litre (g/L) or grams per decilitre (g/dL). Assuming that the red blood cells are normal, there is a constant relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit: the hematocrit percentage is approximately three times greater than the hemoglobin value in g/dL, plus or minus three. This relationship, called the

2606:. They were expensive, slow, and did little to reduce workload in the laboratory because they still required blood smears to be prepared and stained, so flow cytometry-based systems became more popular, and by 1990, no digital image analyzers were commercially available in the United States or western Europe. These techniques enjoyed a resurgence in the 2000s with the introduction of more advanced image analysis platforms using 1306:. Changes in these indices are visible on the blood smear: red blood cells that are abnormally large or small can be identified by comparison to the sizes of white blood cells, and cells with a low hemoglobin concentration appear pale. Another parameter is calculated from the initial measurements of red blood cells: the red blood cell distribution width or RDW, which reflects the degree of variation in the cells' size. 786:(MCV), and calculate the hematocrit by multiplying the red blood cell count by the MCV. Some measure the hematocrit by comparing the total volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood sampled, and derive the MCV from the hematocrit and red blood cell count. The hemoglobin concentration, the red blood cell count and the hematocrit are used to calculate the average amount of hemoglobin within each red blood cell, the 1443:, use of some drugs, and some bone marrow diseases. Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, and various chronic diseases can result in anemia with a normocytic blood picture. The MCV serves an additional purpose in laboratory quality control. It is relatively stable over time compared to other CBC parameters, so a large change in MCV may indicate that the sample was drawn from the wrong patient. 1302:. These parameters describe the hemoglobin content of each red blood cell. The MCH and MCHC can be confusing; in essence the MCH is a measure of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. The MCHC gives the average proportion of the cell that is hemoglobin. The MCH does not take into account the size of the red blood cells whereas the MCHC does. Collectively, the MCV, MCH, and MCHC are referred to as the 1872:

production of platelets due to dysfunction of the bone marrow can result in a low MPV. The MPV is also useful for differentiating between congenital diseases that cause thrombocytopenia. The immature platelet fraction (IPF) or reticulated platelet count is reported by some analyzers and provides information about the rate of platelet production by measuring the number of immature platelets in the blood.

1845:. A low platelet count, known as thrombocytopenia, may cause bleeding if severe. It can occur in individuals who are undergoing treatments that suppress the bone marrow, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or taking certain drugs, such as heparin, that can induce the immune system to destroy platelets. Thrombocytopenia is a feature of many blood disorders, like acute leukemia and 2619:

Spectrophotometer, and his colleagues later created the first commercial flow cytometric white blood cell differential analyzer, the Hemalog D. Introduced in 1974, this analyzer used light scattering, absorbance and cell staining to identify the five normal white blood cell types in addition to "large unidentified cells", a classification that usually consisted of

1688:, can lead to an increased risk of acquiring infections, and occurs in treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy and many conditions that inhibit the production of blood cells. Sepsis is associated with both leukocytosis and leukopenia. The total white blood cell count is usually reported in cells per microlitre of blood (/μL) or 10 cells per litre (× 10/L). 2528:. In 1920, a method to convert the different forms of hemoglobin to one stable form (cyanmethemoglobin or hemiglobincyanide) was introduced, allowing hemoglobin levels to be measured automatically. The cyanmethemoglobin method remains the reference method for hemoglobin measurement and is still used in many automated hematology analyzers. 554: 1034:, can make platelets easier to identify. The manual red blood cell count is rarely performed, as it is inaccurate and other methods such as hemoglobinometry and the manual hematocrit are available for assessing red blood cells; but if it is necessary to do so, red blood cells can be counted in blood that has been diluted with saline. 371:. People who have been diagnosed with disorders that may cause abnormal CBC results or who are receiving treatments that can affect blood cell counts may have a regular CBC performed to monitor their health, and the test is often performed each day on people who are hospitalized. The results may indicate a need for a 2623:

or blast cells. The Hemalog D could count 10,000 cells in one run, a marked improvement over the manual differential. In 1981, Technicon combined the Hemalog D with the Hemalog-8 analyzer to produce the Technicon H6000, the first combined complete blood count and differential analyzer.

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through a diluted blood sample, as measured by photometry, to estimate the red blood cell count, but this proved inaccurate for samples with abnormal red blood cells. Other unsuccessful attempts, in the 1930s and 1940s, involved photoelectric detectors attached to microscopes, which would count cells

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to determine normal ranges for red blood cell parameters, and invented a method known as the Wintrobe hematocrit. Hematocrit measurements had previously been described in the literature, but Wintrobe's method differed in that it used a large tube that could be mass-produced to precise specifications,

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Other differences between populations may affect the reference ranges: for example, people living at higher altitudes have higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC results, and people of African heritage have lower white blood cell counts on average. The type of analyzer used to run the CBC affects the

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or cubic micrometres. By multiplying the mean cell volume by the red blood cell count, the hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV), a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells, can be derived; and when the hematocrit is performed directly, the mean cell volume may

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facilities in these regions, testing may be limited to examination of red cell morphology and manual measurement of hemoglobin, while more complex techniques like manual cell counts and differentials, and sometimes automated cell counts, are performed at district laboratories. Regional and provincial

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On board the analyzer, the sample is agitated to evenly distribute the cells, then diluted and partitioned into at least two channels, one of which is used to count red blood cells and platelets, the other to count white blood cells and determine the hemoglobin concentration. Some instruments measure

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in babies. Testing is typically performed on an automated analyzer, but manual techniques such as a blood smear examination or manual hematocrit test can be used to investigate abnormal results. Cell counts and hemoglobin measurements are performed manually in laboratories lacking access to automated

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refers to any measurement of the properties of individual cells in a fluid stream, and in this respect, all hematology analyzers (except those using digital image processing) are flow cytometers. However, the term is commonly used in reference to light scattering and fluorescence methods, especially

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After basic cell counting had been automated, the white blood cell differential remained a challenge. Throughout the 1970s, researchers explored two methods for automating the differential count: digital image processing and flow cytometry. Using technology developed in the 1950s and 60s to automate

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in their plasma (referred to as an icteric sample or a lipemic sample, respectively) may show falsely high readings for hemoglobin, because these substances change the colour and opacity of the sample, which interferes with hemoglobin measurement. This effect can be mitigated by replacing the plasma

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staining to produce differential counts can measure white blood cells' expression of the enzyme, which is altered in various disorders. Some instruments can report the percentage of red blood cells that are hypochromic in addition to reporting the average MCHC value, or provide a count of fragmented

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and spleen in fetuses, red blood cells contain a cell nucleus, which is usually absent in the mature cells that circulate in the bloodstream. Nucleated red blood cells are normal in newborn babies, but when detected in children and adults, they indicate an increased demand for red blood cells, which

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An abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit, or red blood cell count indicates anemia. Anemia is not a diagnosis on its own, but it points to an underlying condition affecting the person's red blood cells. General causes of anemia include blood loss, production of defective red blood cells (ineffective

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To perform a manual white blood cell differential, the microscopist counts 100 cells on the blood smear and classifies them based on their appearance; sometimes 200 cells are counted. This gives the percentage of each type of white blood cell, and by multiplying these percentages by the total number

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to be quantified. One such instrument—the Rapid Cell Spectrophotometer, developed by Louis Kamentsky in 1965 to automate cervical cytology—could generate blood cell scattergrams using cytochemical staining techniques. Leonard Ornstein, who had helped to develop the staining system on the Rapid Cell

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measurement, in which the average results for patient samples are measured at set intervals, can be used as an additional quality control technique. Assuming that the characteristics of the patient population remain roughly the same over time, the average should remain constant; large shifts in the

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and the absorbance is measured at a specific wavelength, which depends on the type of reagent used. A reference standard containing a known amount of hemoglobin is used to determine the relationship between the absorbance and the hemoglobin concentration, allowing the hemoglobin level of the sample

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for the complete blood count represent the range of results found in 95% of apparently healthy people. By definition, 5% of results will always fall outside this range, so some abnormal results may reflect natural variation rather than signifying a medical issue. This is particularly likely if such

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to provide precise control over sample size, the brothers founded Coulter Electronics Inc. in 1958 to market their instruments. The Coulter counter was initially designed for counting red blood cells, but with later modifications it proved effective for counting white blood cells. Coulter counters

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that causes their platelets to form clumps when their blood is drawn into tubes containing EDTA, the anticoagulant typically used to collect CBC samples. Platelet clumps may be counted as single platelets by automated analyzers, leading to a falsely decreased platelet count. This can be avoided by

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within a given laboratory, external quality assessment verifies that results from different laboratories are consistent with each other and with the target values. The expected results for external quality assessment samples are not disclosed to the laboratory. External quality assessment programs

821:, allowing a three-part differential to be performed based on cell volume alone. More advanced analyzers use additional techniques to provide a five- to seven-part differential, such as light scattering or radiofrequency analysis, or using dyes to stain specific chemicals inside cells—for example, 1109:

The CBC measures the amounts of platelets and red and white blood cells, along with the hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Red blood cell indices—MCV, MCH and MCHC—which describe the size of red blood cells and their hemoglobin content, are reported along with the red blood cell distribution width

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The tests can be performed manually when automated equipment is not available or when the analyzer results indicate that further investigation is needed. Automated results are flagged for manual blood smear review in 10–25% of cases, which may be due to abnormal cell populations that the analyzer

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and collects information on their size and structure. The concentration of hemoglobin is measured, and the red blood cell indices are calculated from measurements of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Manual tests can be used to independently confirm abnormal results. Approximately 10–25% of samples

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Some instruments measure the average amount of hemoglobin in each reticulocyte; a parameter that has been studied as an indicator of iron deficiency in people who have conditions that interfere with standard tests. The immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) is another measurement produced by some

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refers to tests conducted outside of the laboratory setting, such as at a person's bedside or in a clinic. This method of testing is faster and uses less blood than conventional methods, and does not require specially trained personnel, so it is useful in emergency situations and in areas with

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Most analyzers take less than a minute to run all the tests in the complete blood count. Because analyzers sample and count many individual cells, the results are very precise. However, some abnormal cells may not be identified correctly, requiring manual review of the instrument's results and

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The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in femtolitres. It can aid in determining the cause of thrombocytopenia; an elevated MPV may occur when young platelets are released into the bloodstream to compensate for increased destruction of platelets, while decreased

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back to the lungs where it is exhaled. These functions are mediated by the cells' hemoglobin. The analyzer counts red blood cells, reporting the result in units of 10 cells per microlitre of blood (× 10/μL) or 10 cells per litre (× 10/L), and measures their average size, which is called the

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hospitals and academic centres typically have access to automated analyzers. Where laboratory facilities are not available, an estimate of hemoglobin concentration can be obtained by placing a drop of blood on a standardized type of absorbent paper and comparing it to a colour scale.

2388:. This phenomenon causes red blood cells to clump together because of antibodies bound to the cell surface. Red blood cell aggregates are counted as single cells by the analyzer, leading to a markedly decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit, and markedly elevated MCV and MCHC ( 1045:. To measure hemoglobin manually, the sample is diluted using reagents that destroy red blood cells to release the hemoglobin. Other chemicals are used to convert different types of hemoglobin to one form, allowing it to be easily measured. The solution is then placed in a measuring 906:. The appearance of the red and white blood cells and platelets is assessed, and qualitative abnormalities are reported if present. Changes in the appearance of red blood cells can have considerable diagnostic significance—for example, the presence of sickle cells is indicative of 662:) the red cells in a channel separate from that used for red blood cell counts. On analyzers that perform white blood cell counts in the same channel as hemoglobin measurement, this permits white blood cells to be counted more easily. Hematology analyzers measure hemoglobin using 1915:

analyzers which quantifies the maturity of reticulocytes: cells that are less mature contain more RNA and thus produce a stronger fluorescent signal. This information can be useful in diagnosing anemias and evaluating red blood cell production following anemia treatment or

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The hematocrit can performed manually by filling a capillary tube with blood, centrifuging it, and measuring the percentage of the blood that consists of red blood cells. This is useful in some conditions that can cause automated hematocrit results to be incorrect, such as

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That October, Wallace built a counter to demonstrate the principle. Owing to financial constraints, the aperture was made by burning a hole through a piece of cellophane from a cigarette package. Wallace filed a patent for the technique in 1949, and in 1951 applied to the

1110:(RDW), which measures the amount of variation in the sizes of red blood cells. A white blood cell differential, which enumerates the different types of white blood cells, may be performed, and a count of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) is sometimes included. 721:

pulse generated as a cell crosses the aperture correlates with the amount of fluid displaced by the cell, and thus the cell's volume, while the total number of pulses correlates with the number of cells in the sample. The distribution of cell volumes is plotted on a

2474:, simplified the microscopic counting of blood cells. Malassez's hemocytometer consisted of a microscope slide containing a flattened capillary tube. Diluted blood was introduced to the capillary chamber by means of a rubber tube attached to one end, and an 1360:

can cause a "relative" polycythemia by decreasing the amount of plasma compared to red cells. A true increase in the number of red blood cells, called absolute polycythemia, can occur when the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for chronically

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cannot properly count, internal flags generated by the analyzer that suggest the results could be inaccurate, or numerical results that fall outside set thresholds. To investigate these issues, blood is spread on a microscope slide, stained with a

1026:. Sometimes a stain is added to the diluent that highlights the nuclei of white blood cells, making them easier to identify. Manual platelet counts are performed in a similar manner, although some methods leave the red blood cells intact. Using a 557: 771:. Small red cells and cellular debris, which are similar in size to platelets, may interfere with the platelet count, and large platelets may not be counted accurately, so some analyzers use additional techniques to measure platelets, such as 2738:

to count plankton. However, Wallace never worked for the Navy, and his earliest writings on the device state that it was first used to analyze blood. The paint story was eventually retracted from documents produced by the Wallace H. Coulter

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Early flow cytometry devices shot beams of light at cells in specific wavelengths and measured the resulting absorbance, fluorescence or light scatter, collecting information about the cells' features and allowing cellular contents such as

1345:). Anemia reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath. If the hemoglobin level falls below thresholds based on the person's clinical condition, a blood transfusion may be necessary. 1946:

can be caused by bleeding, some cancers and anemia. Most analyzers can detect these cells as part of the differential cell count. High numbers of nucleated red cells can cause a falsely high white cell count, which will require adjusting.

881:, but these measurements sometimes correlate poorly with those obtained through standard methods. There are simplified versions of hematology analyzers designed for use in clinics that can provide a complete blood count and differential. 2519:

The first techniques for measuring hemoglobin were devised in the late 19th century, and involved visual comparisons of the colour of diluted blood against a known standard. Attempts to automate this process using spectrophotometry and

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readings indicating the size and position of each white blood cell cluster. These parameters (termed cell population data) have been studied as potential markers for blood disorders, bacterial infections and malaria. Analyzers that use

5284: 2317:. CBC results for children and newborn babies differ from those of adults. Newborns' hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count are extremely high to compensate for low oxygen levels in the womb and the high proportion of 1954:

Advanced hematology analyzers generate novel measurements of blood cells which have shown diagnostic significance in research studies but have not yet found widespread clinical use. For example, some types of analyzers produce

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may be used to isolate individual cells so that more accurate results can be obtained: the diluted sample is injected into a stream of low-pressure fluid, which causes the cells in the sample to line up in single file through

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technique, it is unsuitable for testing, because the platelet count will be falsely decreased and other results may be abnormal. Samples stored at room temperature for several hours may give falsely high readings for MCV

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is credited with performing the first blood count. His technique, published in 1852, involved aspirating a carefully measured volume of blood into a capillary tube and spreading it onto a microscope slide coated with

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In the white blood cell differential, the different types of white blood cells are identified and counted. The results are reported as a percentage and as an absolute number per unit volume. Five types of white blood

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and may occur transiently after viral or bacterial infections in children. People with severe neutropenia and clinical signs of infection are treated with antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening disease.

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were introduced, complete blood count tests were performed manually: white and red blood cells and platelets were counted using microscopes. The first person to publish microscopic observations of blood cells was

2602:, several models of image processing analyzers were produced. These instruments would scan a stained blood smear to find cell nuclei, then take a higher resolution snapshot of the cell to analyze it through 347:

may affect the blood, so CBC results are useful for investigating a wide range of conditions. Because of the amount of information it provides, the complete blood count is one of the most commonly performed

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This analyzer was unpopular with hematology laboratories because it was labour-intensive to operate, but in the late 1980s to early 1990s similar systems were widely produced by other manufacturers such as

877:, which derives a hemoglobin reading by estimating the concentration of red blood cells from the conductivity of the blood. Hemoglobin and hematocrit can be measured on point-of-care devices designed for 246:

published the first procedure for performing a blood count, which involved spreading a known volume of blood on a microscope slide and counting every cell. The invention of the hemocytometer in 1874 by

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to produce a wide range of hues not present when either of the stains was used alone. This became the basis for Romanowsky staining, the technique still used to stain blood smears for manual review.

942:, can be detected by finding the causative organisms on the blood smear, and the platelet count can be estimated from the blood smear, which is useful if the automated platelet count is inaccurate. 1969:), which occur in some types of hemolytic anemia. Because these parameters are often specific to particular brands of analyzers, it is difficult for laboratories to interpret and compare results. 2342:), because red blood cells swell as they absorb water from the plasma; and platelet and white blood cell differential results may be inaccurate in aged specimens, as the cells degrade over time. 2867: 759:-based methods can be used in combination with impedance. These techniques work on the same principle of measuring the interruption in current as cells pass through an aperture, but since the 1454:

and anemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, while people with thalassemia may have a normal RDW. Based on the CBC results, further steps can be taken to investigate anemia, such as a

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This is not always the case. In some types of thalassemia, for example, a high red blood cell count occurs alongside a low or normal hemoglobin, as the red blood cells are very small. The

1857:, meaning a high platelet count, may occur in states of inflammation or trauma, as well as in iron deficiency, and the platelet count may reach exceptionally high levels in people with 737:

is directed at the stream of cells to collect information about their size and structure. Cells scatter light at different angles as they pass through the beam, which is detected using

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had described red blood cells some years earlier, but did not publish his findings at the time. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, improvements in microscope technology such as

845:, where it forms clusters that correlate with each white blood cell type. Another approach to automating the differential count is the use of digital microscopy software, which uses 1911:

and counting the percentage of red blood cells containing RNA under the microscope. The reticulocyte count is expressed as an absolute number or as a percentage of red blood cells.

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may be counted in a separate channel where a reagent destroys other white cells and leaves basophils intact. The data collected from these measurements is analyzed and plotted on a

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developed techniques for staining white and red blood cells that are still used to examine blood smears. Automated methods for measuring hemoglobin were developed in the 1920s, and

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The complete blood count is interpreted by comparing the output to reference ranges, which represent the results found in 95% of apparently healthy people. Based on a statistical

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measurements to count blood cells and determine their sizes; it is a technology that remains in use in many automated analyzers. Further research in the 1970s involved the use of

473:, which is the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. The results of the CBC and smear examination reflect the functioning of the 556: 616:

counts and specialized measurements of platelets. The cells are suspended in a fluid stream and their properties are measured as they flow past sensors in a technique known as

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After being treated with reagents, white blood cells form three distinct peaks when their volumes are plotted on a histogram. These peaks correspond roughly to populations of

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the sample and measuring the proportion of red blood cells, and in laboratories without access to automated instruments, blood cells are counted under the microscope using a

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introduced the Wintrobe hematocrit method in 1929, which in turn allowed him to define the red blood cell indices. A landmark in the automation of blood cell counts was the

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Automated instruments group these three types of cells together under the "immature granulocyte" classification, but they are counted separately in the manual differential.

1735:) may occur in individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy or taking certain drugs, or who have diseases affecting the bone marrow. Neutropenia can also be caused by some 8168:"Spurious counts and spurious results on haematology analysers: a review. Part II: white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, red cell indices and reticulocytes" 1712:—are typically measured. Some instruments report the number of immature granulocytes, which is a classification consisting of precursors of neutrophils; specifically, 167:

The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to

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for diseases as part of a medical assessment. It is also called for when a healthcare provider suspects a person has a disease that affects blood cells, such as an

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developed a staining technique using a combination of an acidic and basic dye that could distinguish different types of white blood cells and allow red blood cell

2470:. After the blood dried, he counted every cell on the slide; this process could take more than three hours to complete. The hemocytometer, introduced in 1874 by 231:

to verify that the analyzer results are consistent with the appearance of the cells and to look for abnormalities. The hematocrit can be determined manually by

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The data used to construct reference ranges is usually derived from "normal" subjects, but it is possible for these individuals to have asymptomatic disease.

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to determine the hematocrit. The invention of a reproducible method for determining hematocrit values allowed Wintrobe to define the red blood cell indices.

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On average, adult females have lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count values than males; the difference lessens, but is still present, after

8355: 505:, while an abnormally high count of neutrophils or lymphocytes, in combination with indicative symptoms and blood smear findings, may raise suspicion of a 2333:

Some medical conditions or problems with the blood sample may produce inaccurate results. If the sample is visibly clotted, which can be caused by poor

1408:, referring to a high MCHC, is generally not used. Elevation of the MCHC above the upper reference value is rare, mainly occurring in conditions such as 4087:, ed. (2018), sec. "Mean corpuscular volume"; "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin"; "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration"; "Red cell distribution width". 974:(a highly elevated white blood cell count, which interferes with red blood cell measurements by causing white blood cells to be counted as red cells). 2857: 2325:

reference ranges as well. Reference ranges are therefore established by individual laboratories based on their own patient populations and equipment.

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are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as

8367: 3557: 8223: 5856:"Utility of cell population data (VCS parameters) as a rapid screening tool for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in resource-constrained laboratories" 726:, and by setting volume thresholds based on the typical sizes of each type of cell, the different cell populations can be identified and counted. 5344: 8615: 1097:

have been widely adopted in North America and western Europe, and laboratories are often required to participate in these programs to maintain

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were limited by the fact that hemoglobin is present in the blood in many different forms, meaning that it could not be measured at a single

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invented a hemocytometer with a built-in counting grid, eliminating the need to produce specially calibrated eyepieces for each microscope.

446:). Because anemia during pregnancy can result in poorer outcomes for the mother and her baby, the complete blood count is a routine part of 3562: 2478:

with a scaled grid was attached to the microscope, permitting the microscopist to count the number of cells per volume of blood. In 1877,

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While blast and lymphoma cells can be identified in the manual differential, microscopic examination cannot reliably determine the cells'

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because so few cells are counted compared with automated analysis, but it can identify abnormal cells that analyzers cannot, such as the

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A low RDW has no clinical significance, but an elevated RDW represents increased variation in red blood cell size, a condition known as

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Sireci, AN (2015). "Hematology testing in urgent care and resource-poor settings: an overview of point of care and satellite testing".

2912: 2442: 2407:. This information is often necessary for diagnosing blood cancers. After abnormal cells are identified, additional techniques such as 7415:

Kirkham, KR; Wijeysundera, DN; Pendrith, C; Ng, R; Tu, JV; Boozary, AS; et al. (2016). "Preoperative laboratory investigations".

1101:. Logistical issues may make it difficult for laboratories in under-resourced areas to implement external quality assessment schemes. 686:, and to create a permanent colour change. The absorbance of the resulting colour, when measured at a specific wavelength—usually 540 8276: 7502:

Lewandrowski, K; Rudolf, J (2016). "Utilization Management in the Routine Hematology Laboratory". In Lewandrowski J, Sluss PM (ed.).

2389: 2153: 1299: 791: 1861:, a rare blood disease. The platelet count can be reported in units of cells per microlitre of blood (/μL), 10 cells per microlitre 2427:

An early hemoglobinometer: blood samples were compared to a colour chart of reference standards to determine the hemoglobin level.

1004:. Right: View through the microscope of the hemocytometer. The built-in grid helps to keep track of which cells have been counted. 8605: 1727:

Differential results are useful in diagnosing and monitoring many medical conditions. For example, an elevated neutrophil count (

2835: 8156: 8135: 8114: 8056: 8035: 8014: 7995: 7974: 7953: 7858: 7743: 7722: 7701: 7680: 7659: 7630: 7603: 7582: 7561: 7540: 7519: 7492: 7471: 7405: 7384: 7363: 7342: 7321: 7300: 7279: 7258: 7237: 7216: 7154: 7108: 7050: 6992: 6973: 6952: 5688: 2579:. Wallace's patent application was granted in 1953, and after improvements to the aperture and the introduction of a mercury 1384:

Evaluation of red blood cell indices is helpful in determining the cause of anemia. If the MCV is low, the anemia is termed

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samples from regulatory organizations. While the purpose of internal quality control is to ensure that analyzer results are

853:

of the blood smear. The cell images are displayed to a human operator, who can manually re-classify the cells if necessary.

763:

RF current penetrates into the cells, the amplitude of the resulting pulse relates to factors like the relative size of the

8501: 8216: 6194: 2554:

Research into automated cell counting began in the early 20th century. A method developed in 1928 used the amount of light

2485: 1833:

is damaged, platelets adhere to the exposed surface at the site of injury and plug the gap. Simultaneous activation of the

1294:

Two other measurements are calculated from the red blood cell count, the hemoglobin concentration, and the hematocrit: the

7755:"ICSH recommendations for the standardization of nomenclature and grading of peripheral blood cell morphological features" 3144: 390:

to detect anemia, ensure that platelet levels are sufficient, and screen for infection, as well as after surgery, so that

8610: 3126: 926:, high levels of protein in the blood may cause red blood cells to appear stacked together on the smear, which is termed 809:

Example of a white blood cell differential scattergram: differently coloured clusters indicate different cell populations

1341:), decreased production of red blood cells (insufficient erythropoeisis), and increased destruction of red blood cells ( 6383:

Bezrukov, AV (2017). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority".

1672:. A high white blood cell count, which is called leukocytosis, often occurs in infections, inflammation, and states of 9082: 8686: 8552: 8286: 2703:, which compares the MCV to the RBC count, can be used to distinguish between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia. 2564: 2432: 2172: 1652:

The white blood cell and platelet counts are markedly increased, and anemia is present. The differential count shows

1053:

In rural and economically disadvantaged areas, available testing is limited by access to equipment and personnel. At

946:

of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained. Manual counting is subject to

915: 795: 8589: 2396:), and the agglutination can be reversed by heating the sample to 37 °C (99 °F). Samples from people with 674:

of light and the amount of hemoglobin present. Chemicals are used to convert different forms of hemoglobin, such as

8513: 2655:

Though commonly referred to as such, platelets are technically not cells: they are cell fragments, formed from the

2397: 1978: 1731:) is associated with bacterial infection, inflammation, and myeloproliferative disorders, while a decreased count ( 745:

of light and correlates with cellular size, while side scatter (light scattered at a 90-degree angle) is caused by

537: 168: 2423: 893:

Manual determination of hematocrit. The blood has been centrifuged, separating it into red blood cells and plasma.

8648: 8209: 2012: 1253:

An example of CBC results showing a low hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC. The person was anemic. The cause could be

873:, a portable analyzer that uses spectrophotometry to measure the hemoglobin concentration of the sample, and the 579: 709:, and as they pass through a small opening (an aperture), they cause decreases in current because of their poor 612:

hemoglobin in a separate channel, and additional channels may be used for differential white blood cell counts,

46:

Complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), full blood cell count, full blood examination (FBE), hemogram

8415: 1420:(which causes a false decrease in the red blood cell count, elevating the MCHC) or highly elevated amounts of 1309: 335:. The complete blood count evaluates the three cellular components of blood. Some medical conditions, such as 8542: 8300: 5601:

Kaufman, RM; Djulbegovic, B; Gernsheimer, T; Kleinman, S; Tinmouth, A T.; Capocelli, KE; et al. (2015).

2505: 2489: 1791:

and polycythemia vera. The presence of some types of abnormal cells, such as blast cells or lymphocytes with

1681: 1479: 459: 279:

measurements to count and identify cells, which enabled the automation of the white blood cell differential.

256: 184: 161: 1817: 741:. Forward scatter, which refers to the amount of light scattered along the beam's axis, is mainly caused by 8967: 8679: 8537: 2479: 2385: 2349: 1772: 1417: 1348:

An increased number of red blood cells, leading to an increase in the hemoglobin and hematocrit, is called

513:. Examination of the CBC results and blood smear can help to distinguish between causes of anemia, such as 510: 6313:

Means, RT (2011). "It all started in New Orleans: Wintrobe, the hematocrit and the definition of normal".

2686:

those involving the identification of cells using labelled antibodies that bind to cell surface markers (

8459: 8425: 8271: 2730:

An apocryphal story holds that Wallace invented the Coulter counter to study particles in paints used on

2134: 1916: 1763:

and occurs in sepsis and some blood disorders, but is normal in pregnancy. An elevated lymphocyte count (

1295: 1089: 787: 506: 7753:

Palmer, L; Briggs, C; McFadden, S; Zini, G; Burthem, J; Rozenberg, G; Proytcheva, M; Machin, SJ (2015).

1081:

average value can indicate instrument problems. The MCHC values are particularly useful in this regard.

88: 8547: 8398: 3639:, ed. (2018), sec. "Cell counts", "Volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)", "Leukocyte differentials". 1459: 1067: 9004: 7868:

Pierre, RV (2002). "Peripheral blood film review: the demise of the eyecount leukocyte differential".

3193:"Reducing unnecessary postoperative complete blood count testing in the pediatric intensive care unit" 2345: 160:, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a 8992: 8829: 8775: 8508: 8305: 5336: 2607: 1858: 1822: 1428: 1027: 522: 4887:"Recommendation for standardization of haematology reporting units used in the extended blood count" 2978:

Green, R; Wachsmann-Hogiu, S (2015). "Development, history, and future of automated cell counters".

869:

limited access to resources. Commonly used devices for point-of-care hematology testing include the

9029: 9024: 8787: 8385: 8027:

Linné & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts, Procedures, and Clinical Applications

2572: 1936: 1788: 1748: 542: 51: 2721:

The RDW is highly elevated at birth and gradually decreases until approximately six months of age.

2534:

is credited with the invention of the hematocrit test. In 1929, he undertook a PhD project at the

8469: 8281: 6596:

Lewis, SM (1981). "Automated differential leucocyte counting: Present status and future trends".

2437: 2339: 2115: 1320:, displaying characteristic red blood cell morphology. The red blood cells are abnormally small ( 1042: 878: 846: 710: 490: 3552: 1779:) are associated with chronic inflammatory states; and the eosinophil count is often increased ( 8926: 8403: 8295: 8266: 2471: 2229: 1796: 1451: 1317: 1303: 1131: 248: 180: 157: 6265:

Read at a Meeting of the Section of the History of Medicine, First Australian Medical Congress

3846:"Methods and analyzers for hemoglobin measurement in clinical laboratories and field settings" 2392:). Often, these antibodies are only active at room temperature (in which case they are called 9039: 8878: 8600: 8579: 7373:

Kaushansky, K; Lichtman, MA; Prchal, J; Levi, MM; Press, OW; Burns, LJ; Caligiuri, M (2015).

2546: 2540: 2267: 2210: 1891: 1760: 1676:. It can also be caused by diseases that involve abnormal production of blood cells, such as 1669: 865: 734: 621: 4762:

Favaloro, EJ; Jennings, I; Olson, J; Van Cott, EM; Bonar, R; Gosselin, R; Meijer, P (2018).

4234:"Purpose and criteria for blood smear scan, blood smear examination, and blood smear review" 2904: 1783:) in parasitic infections and allergic conditions. An increased number of basophils, termed 1743: 442:, which in rare cases can cause a life-threatening drop in the number of white blood cells ( 9087: 8883: 8530: 8496: 8317: 4292:

Mooney, C; Byrne, M; Kapuya, P; Pentony, L; De la Salle, B; Cambridge, T; Foley, D (2019).

3857: 2535: 2501: 1812: 1413: 1396:. If anemia is present but the red blood cell indices are normal, the anemia is considered 746: 694: 667: 474: 376: 356: 272: 3690:

D'Souza, C; Briggs, C; Machin, SJ (2015). "Platelets: the few, the young and the active".

2404: 8: 9034: 8962: 8888: 8819: 8525: 8380: 8048:

Davis's Comprehensive Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications

6189: 3326:

Wiciński, M; Węclewicz, MM (2018). "Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia".

2629: 2620: 2307: 2286: 2248: 1834: 1736: 907: 782:

Most analyzers directly measure the average size of red blood cells, which is called the

776: 640: 567: 407: 383: 211: 196: 192: 8474: 6109:"Unreliable automated complete blood count results: causes, recognition, and resolution" 4764:"Towards harmonization of external quality assessment/proficiency testing in hemostasis" 4684:"Quality management and accreditation in laboratory hematology: Perspectives from India" 3861: 3039:"Interpretation of the full blood count in systemic disease – a guide for the physician" 1381:, the bone marrow produces red cells and other blood cells at an excessively high rate. 489:) can indicate that blood cell production is being affected by a marrow disorder, and a 30: 8852: 8420: 8329: 8324: 7830: 7797: 7532:

Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, Single Volume

7448: 7313:

Handbook of Surgical Technique: A True Surgeon's Guide to Navigating the Operating Room

6924: 6891: 6629: 6555: 6522: 6416: 6285: 6260: 6133: 6108: 5890: 5855: 4801: 4266: 4233: 3980: 3878: 3845: 3359: 3225: 3192: 2862: 2800: 2765: 2560: 2059: 1908: 1896: 1850: 1677: 1393: 799: 650:

The Coulter principle—the transient current drop is proportional to the particle volume

526: 514: 395: 349: 268: 207:. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. 125: 7881: 7622: 7100:

Accurate Results in the Clinical Laboratory: A Guide to Error Detection and Correction

6892:"Technology and new fluorescence flow cytometry parameters in hematological analyzers" 6678: 6665:

Bentley, SA (1990). "Automated differential white cell counts: a critical appraisal".

3967: 3950: 2539:

with a built-in scale. The fraction of red blood cells in the tube was measured after

9019: 9014: 8658: 8431: 8189: 8184: 8167: 8152: 8131: 8110: 8091: 8083: 8052: 8031: 8010: 7991: 7970: 7949: 7930: 7922: 7893: 7885: 7854: 7835: 7817: 7784: 7776: 7739: 7718: 7697: 7676: 7655: 7636: 7626: 7599: 7578: 7557: 7536: 7515: 7488: 7467: 7440: 7432: 7401: 7380: 7359: 7338: 7317: 7296: 7275: 7254: 7233: 7212: 7189: 7181: 7150: 7131: 7104: 7085: 7077: 7046: 7027: 7019: 6988: 6969: 6948: 6929: 6911: 6849: 6841: 6739: 6731: 6690: 6682: 6621: 6613: 6560: 6542: 6494: 6486: 6408: 6400: 6338: 6330: 6290: 6138: 5895: 5877: 5632: 5624: 5040: 5032: 4916: 4908: 4793: 4785: 4713: 4705: 4652: 4644: 4369: 4361: 4323: 4315: 4271: 4253: 3984: 3972: 3883: 3779: 3715: 3707: 3351: 3343: 3230: 3212: 3068: 3060: 3003: 2995: 2805: 2787: 2687: 2633: 2555: 2408: 2031: 1436: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1362: 1038: 1023: 959: 955: 931: 857:

identification by other means of abnormal cells the instrument could not categorize.

702: 683: 679: 663: 455: 419: 372: 364: 343:, are defined by marked increases or decreases in blood cell counts. Changes in many 328: 264: 137: 7672:

Hematopathology: Morphology, Immunophenotype, Cytogenetics, and Molecular Approaches

7452: 7331:

Hoffman, R; Benz, EJ Jr.; Silberstein, LE; Heslop, H; Anastasi, J; Weitz, J (2013).

6633: 6420: 3363: 2384:

Another antibody-mediated condition that can affect complete blood count results is

1984:

Example of reference ranges for complete blood count with differential (CBC w DIFF)

1903:

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, which, unlike the mature cells, contain

8945: 8867: 8557: 8454: 8449: 8392: 8375: 8179: 8075: 7914: 7877: 7825: 7809: 7766: 7618: 7507: 7424: 7173: 7069: 7011: 6919: 6903: 6831: 6721: 6674: 6605: 6550: 6534: 6476: 6392: 6322: 6280: 6272: 6128: 6120: 5885: 5867: 5821: 5614: 5022: 4898: 4805: 4775: 4695: 4634: 4353: 4305: 4261: 4245: 3962: 3873: 3865: 3769: 3699: 3335: 3220: 3204: 3050: 2987: 2827: 2795: 2777: 2531: 2393: 2318: 1853:. If the platelet count is extremely low, a platelet transfusion may be performed. 1724:. Other cell types are reported if they are identified in the manual differential. 1673: 1475: 1463: 1342: 1279: 1258: 1031: 1015: 923: 899: 818: 783: 706: 698: 478: 431: 423: 340: 260: 224: 176: 6396: 5680: 1427:

Microcytic anemia is typically associated with iron deficiency, thalassemia, and

251:

simplified the microscopic analysis of blood cells, and in the late 19th century,

71: 8342: 8146: 8125: 8104: 8046: 8025: 7985: 7964: 7943: 7848: 7733: 7712: 7691: 7670: 7649: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7530: 7511: 7482: 7461: 7428: 7395: 7374: 7353: 7332: 7311: 7290: 7269: 7248: 7227: 7206: 7144: 7098: 7040: 6963: 6942: 6326: 3339: 3139: 3135: 2637: 2576: 2451: 1961: 1846: 1768: 1759:—young neutrophils that lack segmented nuclei—or immature granulocytes is termed 1756: 1657: 1254: 1093: 1085: 850: 826: 591: 518: 443: 324: 300: 188: 141: 100: 57: 9009: 6184: 5826: 5809: 3774: 3757: 1792: 8972: 8752: 8711: 8653: 8562: 8491: 8312: 8261: 4885:

Brereton, M; McCafferty, R; Marsden, K; Kawai, Y; Etzell, J; Ermens, A (2016).

2942:, ed. (2018), sec. "Advantages and sources of error with automated hematology". 2587:

The first analyzer able to produce multiple cell counts simultaneously was the

2563:, motivated by a need for better red blood cell counting methods following the 2513: 2447: 2374: 1854: 1440: 1374: 1338: 1274: 1119: 1077: 991: 947: 760: 756: 617: 498: 403: 303:, which carry oxygen are predominant and give rise to the colour of blood. The 292: 287: 200: 84: 8079: 7918: 7813: 7613:

Melamed, M (2001). "Chapter 1 a brief history of flow cytometry and sorting".

7504:

Utilization Management in the Clinical Laboratory and Other Ancillary Services

7177: 7073: 7015: 6276: 6124: 4357: 3703: 2991: 693:

Sensors count and identify the cells in the sample using two main principles:

9076: 8857: 8782: 8481: 8464: 8408: 8361: 8087: 7926: 7889: 7821: 7780: 7436: 7202: 7185: 7081: 7023: 6915: 6845: 6735: 6710:"Digital morphology analyzers in hematology: ICSH review and recommendations" 6686: 6617: 6546: 6490: 6404: 6334: 5881: 5628: 5036: 4912: 4789: 4709: 4648: 4365: 4319: 4257: 3976: 3783: 3711: 3347: 3216: 3064: 2999: 2791: 2766:"How to interpret and pursue an abnormal complete blood cell count in adults" 2700: 2660: 2462: 1764: 1721: 1713: 1409: 1370: 1098: 1011: 1001: 889: 822: 675: 575: 447: 439: 308: 243: 236: 215: 95: 35:

A CBC specimen in front of a printout displaying CBC and differential results

4249: 481:

involved in the production and development of blood cells, particularly the

187:, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose 8997: 8847: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8643: 8574: 8350: 8193: 8095: 7934: 7897: 7839: 7788: 7640: 7444: 7247:

Greer, JP; Arber, DA; Glader, BE; List, AF; Means, RM; Rodgers, GM (2018).

7193: 7089: 7031: 6933: 6743: 6564: 6498: 6412: 6342: 6294: 6142: 5899: 5636: 5331: 5044: 5027: 5010: 4920: 4797: 4780: 4763: 4717: 4656: 4373: 4327: 4275: 3887: 3719: 3355: 3234: 3072: 3055: 3038: 3007: 2899: 2809: 2735: 2603: 2497: 1886: 1830: 1780: 1728: 1447: 1397: 1366: 1349: 1329: 1321: 1054: 971: 967: 962:

can also be ascertained from microscopic examination of white blood cells.

911: 834: 764: 646: 626: 613: 486: 415: 411: 344: 320: 252: 8148:

Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science: A Story of Inspiration and Effort

7135: 7119: 6853: 6694: 6625: 805: 164:, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included. 8984: 8893: 8806: 8770: 8760: 8702: 8441: 8201: 6538: 6481: 6464: 3208: 2521: 2412: 1966: 1776: 1732: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1353: 1325: 1313: 1019: 919: 842: 814: 772: 742: 595: 583: 563: 530: 494: 482: 312: 220: 65: 7905:

Powell, DJ; Achebe, MO (2016). "Anemia for the primary care physician".

7798:"Flow cytometry: retrospective, fundamentals and recent instrumentation" 426:

and can produce severely low levels of white blood cells, platelets and

8954: 8921: 8903: 8801: 8638: 8518: 8256: 8251: 8235: 8232: 7771: 7754: 6907: 6726: 6709: 6609: 5872: 4903: 4886: 4700: 4683: 4639: 4622: 3869: 2599: 2525: 2334: 2087: 1956: 1784: 1685: 1661: 1653: 1432: 1424:

in the blood (which causes a false increase in the hemoglobin result).

1401: 1283: 1127: 1123: 1073: 951: 939: 903: 750: 738: 687: 671: 470: 427: 391: 304: 232: 228: 153: 149: 8671: 7164:

Dooley, EK; Ringler, RL (2012). "Prenatal care: touching the future".

4310: 4293: 2440:, who reported on the appearance of red cells in a 1674 letter to the 1927: 8811: 8796: 7529:

Lewis, SL; Dirksen, SR; Heitkempet, MM; Bucher, L; Camera, I (2015).

6836: 6819: 5619: 5602: 5600: 2782: 2656: 2588: 2580: 2467: 2400:

may exhibit red cell agglutination that does not resolve on warming.

2357: 2314: 1717: 1709: 1701: 838: 768: 723: 714: 599: 435: 360: 332: 296: 145: 129: 1668:

White blood cells defend against infections and are involved in the

9055: 8931: 8765: 7124:

Caduceus: A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences

7002:

Chabot-Richards, DS; George, TI (2015). "White blood cell counts".

5603:"Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB" 3125: 2475: 2455: 2369: 2191: 1842: 1808: 1455: 1416:. An elevated MCHC can also be a false result from conditions like 1357: 927: 574:

The sample is collected by drawing blood into a tube containing an

502: 204: 5011:"Three neglected numbers in the CBC: The RDW, MPV, and NRBC count" 4623:"Verification and quality control of routine hematology analyzers" 2734:

ships; other accounts claim it was originally designed during the

1931:

Blood smear from a newborn baby, showing a few nucleated red cells

632: 8584: 7142: 5810:"Nucleated RBCs – significance in the peripheral blood film" 2731: 2378: 1829:

Platelets play an essential role in clotting. When the wall of a

1046: 982: 935: 870: 802:

of the mean cell volume and reflects variation in cellular size.

718: 655: 451: 387: 41: 8166:

Zandecki, M; Genevieve, F; Gerard, J; Godon, A (February 2007).

6708:

Kratz, A; Lee, S; Zini, G; Riedl, JA; Hur, M; Machin, S (2019).

3844:

Whitehead, RD; Mei, Z; Mapango, C; Jefferds, MED (August 2019).

825:, which are found in higher concentrations in immature cells or 7595:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

5165:, ed. (2018), sec. "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration". 2625: 1838: 1421: 1266: 1010:

Red and white blood cells and platelets can be counted using a

874: 830: 636: 463: 368: 336: 276: 172: 7795: 5854:

Virk, H; Varma, N; Naseem, S; Bihana, I; Sukhachev, D (2019).

5322:, ed. (2016), sec. "White blood cell count and differential". 4884: 1899:: the cells containing dark blue structures are reticulocytes. 1377:, a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. In 1113: 7414: 7060:

Da Costa, L (2015). "Digital image analysis of blood cells".

4761: 4074:, ed. (2018), sec. "Volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)". 2509: 2361: 1942: 1270: 954:

seen in acute leukemia. Clinically significant features like

767:, the nucleus's structure, and the amount of granules in the 730: 659: 399: 398:, the CBC is used to investigate numerous symptoms, such as 133: 79: 8165: 7553:

Clinical Biochemistry E-Book: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects

7528: 7372: 7330: 6987:(1 ed.). Institute of Biomedical Science. p. 106. 2508:

improved on this technique in the 1890s, using a mixture of

8106:

Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice

8102: 7962: 4179: 4177: 3843: 3043:

The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

1751:: many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible. 587: 382:

The complete blood count has specific applications in many

7796:

Picot, J; Guerin, CL; Le Van Kim, C; Boulanger, C (2012).

4231: 2352:: clumps of red blood cells are visible on the blood smear 414:. Blood counts are closely monitored in people undergoing 7143:

DiGregorio, RV; Green-Hernandez, C; Holzemer, SP (2014).

2615: 1904: 493:

can further investigate the cause. Abnormal cells on the

424:

suppress the production of blood cells in the bone marrow

7752: 7549: 7484:

Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

7397:

Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications

6465:"Wallace H. Coulter: decades of invention and discovery" 5008: 4291: 4174: 3553:"Routine Preoperative Tests for Elective Surgery (NG45)" 2356:

Samples drawn from individuals with very high levels of

1841:, which reinforces the platelet plug to create a stable 1450:. Anisocytosis is common in nutritional anemias such as 7966:

Strange and Schafermeyer's Pediatric Emergency Medicine

5594: 5009:

May, JE; Marques, MB; Reddy, VVB; Gangaraju, R (2019).

4878: 3689: 1291:, can be used to confirm that CBC results are correct. 7710: 6817: 2310:, the tested samples' ranges vary with sex and age. 590:, but when this is difficult it may be collected from 7846: 7001: 6811: 5853: 4755: 4232:

Gulati, G; Song, J; Dulau Florea, A; Gong, J (2013).

3319: 3143:. American Association of Blood Banks. Archived from 3131:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 2415:

that provide additional information about the cells.

1088:

samples with known results, laboratories may receive

7647: 7550:

Marshall, WJ; Lapsley, M; Day, A; Ayling, R (2014).

7480: 7459: 7351: 7246: 7120:"The evolution of the progressive-era hemocytometer" 3955:

Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation

2977: 2763: 1458:

test to confirm the presence of iron deficiency, or

914:) requires urgent investigation as it can suggest a 753:

and provides information about cellular complexity.

485:. For example, a low count of all three cell types ( 430:. Regular CBCs are necessary for people taking some 7963:Schafermeyer, RW; Tenenbein, M; Macias, CJ (2018). 7393: 5807: 5318:McCulloh, RJ; Opal, SM. Chapter 42 in Oropello, JM 1825:. Platelets are visible as small purple structures. 970:(a highly elevated red blood cell count) or severe 910:, and a high number of fragmented red blood cells ( 690:—corresponds with the concentration of hemoglobin. 7731: 7501: 7292:Clinical Hematology and Fundamentals of Hemostasis 7232:(12 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 6889: 6182: 6088:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012) pp. 80, 86–87. 5681:"Platelet count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4287: 4285: 3951:"The Coulter principle: foundation of an industry" 3685: 3683: 2858:"Blood tests: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)" 1941:During their formation in bone marrow, and in the 386:. It is often performed before a person undergoes 8103:Walls, R; Hockberger, R; Gausche-Hill, M (2017). 7689: 7096: 6707: 5230:Powell, DJ; Achebe, MO. (2016). pp. 530, 537–539. 5157: 5155: 4672:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). pp. 697–698. 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4215:, ed. (2018), sec. "Introduction"; "Cell counts". 3558:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 3534: 3532: 3325: 3164: 3162: 1787:, can occur in myeloproliferative disorders like 1373:, or when a person has abnormally high levels of 469:The complete blood count is an essential tool of 9074: 8044: 7735:Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 7617:. Vol. 63 part A. Elsevier. pp. 3–17. 7355:Hoffman and Abeloff's Hematology-Oncology Review 4945: 4943: 4150: 4148: 4146: 2757: 701:. Impedance-based cell counting operates on the 458:or to count the number of immature cells in the 156:(the volume percentage of red blood cells). The 8004: 7591: 7574:A History of Haematology: From Herodotus to HIV 7309: 6961: 6245: 6243: 6173:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). pp. 19–20. 6106: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5417: 5415: 4993: 4609: 4282: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 3680: 171:, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like 8616:aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test 8172:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 8123: 7759:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 7711:Oropello, JM; Kvetan, V; Pastores, SM (2016). 7271:Practical Guide to Modern Hematology Analyzers 7146:Primary Care: An Interprofessional Perspective 6820:"The Hemalog D white cell differential system" 6818:Mansberg, HP; Saunders, AM; Groner, W (1974). 6714:International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6249:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B. (2012). pp. 3–4. 6185:"Haemoglobinometer, United Kingdom, 1850–1950" 5847: 5730: 5728: 5687:. 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"Leukocyte differentials". 4143: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3590: 2950: 2948: 2584:were widely adopted by medical laboratories. 1684:. A decreased white blood cell count, termed 1431:, while macrocytic anemia is associated with 729:In light scattering techniques, light from a 705:: cells are suspended in a fluid carrying an 319:Blood is composed of a fluid portion, called 8127:Diagnosis of Blood and Bone Marrow Disorders 7904: 7847:Porwit, A; McCullough, J; Erber, WN (2011). 7481:Lanzkowsky, P; Lipton, JM; Fish, JD (2016). 6658: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6315:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6261:"The evolution of blood counting techniques" 6240: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5759: 5412: 4986: 4984: 4739:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012). p. 438. 4508: 4506: 4504: 4055: 3915: 3913: 3837: 3414: 2825: 2764:Tefferi, A; Hanson, CA; Inwards, DJ (2005). 1922: 1037:Hemoglobin can be measured manually using a 658:chemical is added to the sample to destroy ( 545:and may result in unnecessary transfusions. 8068:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 7732:Pagana, KD; Pagana, TJ; Pagana, TN (2014). 7149:(2 ed.). 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Davis Company. 5347:from the original on 19 August 2020 3127:American Association of Blood Banks 2915:from the original on 18 August 2020 1972: 1949: 1392:. Anemia with a low MCHC is called 849:to classify white blood cells from 315:, which prevent excessive bleeding. 210:The CBC is usually performed by an 13: 8005:Schmaier, AH; Lazarus, HM (2012). 7592:McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017). 7310:Hartman, CJ; Kavoussi, LR (2017). 6197:from the original on 29 March 2020 5161:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4844:Blann, A; Ahmed, N (2014). p. 106. 4528:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4211:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 4070:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3903:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3758:"The principles of flow cytometry" 3635:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3596:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3424:, ed. (2018), sec. "Introduction". 3420:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 3092: 2938:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer, JP 2850: 1084:In addition to analyzing internal 1061: 790:(MCH); and its concentration, the 136:. The CBC indicates the counts of 14: 9099: 8502:Dilute Russell's viper venom time 8287:Red blood cell distribution width 8124:Wang, SA; Hasserjian, RP (2018). 5287:from the original on 23 June 2020 4532:, ed. (2018), sec. "Cell counts". 4154:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer JP 4083:Smock, KJ. Chapter 1 in Greer JP 3565:from the original on 28 July 2020 2838:from the original on 2 April 2019 2816: 2565:bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1104: 1000:Left: A modified Fuchs-Rosenthal 916:microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 796:red blood cell distribution width 794:(MCHC). Another calculation, the 8514:Calibrated automated thrombogram 8185:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00871.x 6869: 6860: 6798: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6667:Baillière's Clinical Haematology 6649: 6640: 6580: 6571: 6427: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6231: 6222: 6209: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6033: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5963: 5940: 5931: 5906: 5834: 5801: 5792: 5779: 5750: 5747:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 318–319. 5741: 5712: 5703: 5672: 5659: 5581: 5572: 5559: 5556:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 358–360. 5550: 5537: 5524: 5515: 5502: 5489: 5480: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5428: 5403: 5390: 5381: 5368: 5359: 5312: 5299: 5255: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5202: 5193: 5168: 5143: 5134: 5121: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5077: 5064: 5051: 4972: 4927: 4875:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 319–320. 4869: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4825: 4812: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4596: 4583: 4434:Turgeon, ML (2016). pp. 325–326. 2724: 2715: 2706: 2693: 2681:In its broadest sense, the term 2398:warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 1979:Reference ranges for blood tests 990: 981: 570:Cell-Dyn 1700 automated analyzer 8009:(1 ed.). 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The platelets are needed to 223:review, in which the blood is 1: 8553:Thrombin–antithrombin complex 8301:White blood cell differential 7882:10.1016/S0272-2712(03)00075-1 7693:Morphology of Blood Disorders 7623:10.1016/S0091-679X(01)63005-X 6679:10.1016/S0950-3536(05)80138-6 6397:10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285 6113:Annals of Laboratory Medicine 6097:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 196–197. 5946:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 211–213. 5937:Bain, BJ (2015). pp. 211–213. 5679:Gersten, T (25 August 2020). 5239:Harmening, DM (2009). p. 380. 4238:Annals of Laboratory Medicine 3968:10.1016/S1535-5535(03)00023-6 3328:Current Opinion in Hematology 2745: 2506:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 2492:invented Romanowsky staining. 2490:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 1895:Red blood cells stained with 1795:features, is suggestive of a 1682:lymphoproliferative disorders 1480:white blood cell differential 1328:), and vary greatly in size ( 460:white blood cell differential 410:, and to assess bleeding and 257:Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky 212:automated hematology analyzer 162:white blood cell differential 8538:Overall hemostatic potential 7942:Rodak, BF; Carr, JH (2013). 7738:. 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Front matter. 5912:Bain, BJ (2015). p. 90. 5486:Bain, BJ (2015). p. 99. 4949:Bain, BJ (2015). p. 22. 4730:Greer, JP (2008). p. 4. 4443:Bain, BJ (2015). p. 98. 4250:10.3343/alm.2013.33.1.1 3668:Bain, BJ (2015). p. 29. 3138:: an initiative of the 2770:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2550:Model A Coulter counter 2438:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2433:automated cell counters 2340:mean corpuscular volume 1755:An increased number of 902:, and examined under a 847:artificial intelligence 711:electrical conductivity 491:bone marrow examination 148:, the concentration of 8927:Red cell agglutination 8404:Sickle solubility test 8296:White blood cell count 8267:Red blood cell indices 7042:Hematology in Practice 6259:Verso, ML (May 1962). 5591:(2017). pp. 1486–1488. 5477:(2017). pp. 1497–1498. 5451:. (2011). pp. 247–252. 5378:. (2015). pp. 294–295. 5265:(2017). pp. 1480–1481. 5212:. (2017). pp. 501–502. 5118:. (2014). pp. 491–493. 5028:10.3949/ccjm.86a.18072 4781:10.1515/cclm-2018-0077 4752:. 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Wiley. 7289:Harmening, D (2009). 6463:Robinson, JP (2013). 2866:. 18 September 2020. 2549: 2488: 2426: 2405:hematopoietic lineage 2348: 1930: 1894: 1820: 1767:) is associated with 1746: 1670:inflammatory response 1312: 1066:Further information: 892: 866:Point-of-care testing 861:Point-of-care testing 808: 735:tungsten-halogen lamp 666:and are based on the 649: 635: 622:Hydrodynamic focusing 582:—to stop its natural 562:CBC performed by the 561: 519:bone marrow disorders 394:can be monitored. In 290: 9030:Alder–Reilly anomaly 8884:Basophilic stippling 8594:-antiplasmin complex 8531:Thrombodynamics test 8497:Ecarin clotting time 8386:Kleihauer–Betke test 8318:Mean platelet volume 8262:Red blood cell count 8244:Complete blood count 8024:Turgeon, ML (2016). 7984:Shapiro, HM (2003). 7487:. Elsevier Science. 6883:General bibliography 6539:10.1002/cyto.a.22398 6482:10.1002/cyto.a.22296 5789:. (2017). pp. 42–43. 5722:. (2015). pp. 18–19. 4866:. (2017). pp. 33–34. 4580:. (2017). pp. 19–22. 4567:(2017). pp. 190–191. 4498:(2015). pp. 296–297. 3816:. (2017). pp. 32–33. 3466:. (2015). pp. 42–44. 3147:on 24 September 2014 2621:atypical lymphocytes 2536:University of Tulane 1813:mean platelet volume 1737:congenital disorders 1656:and the presence of 1414:hemoglobin C disease 695:electrical impedance 475:hematopoietic system 377:platelet transfusion 299:in human blood. The 273:electrical impedance 197:parasitic infections 110:complete blood count 24:Complete blood count 9005:Pelger–Huët anomaly 8963:Reactive lymphocyte 8889:Pappenheimer bodies 8820:Sickle cell disease 8526:Thromboelastography 7714:Lange Critical Care 7571:McCann, SR (2016). 7376:Williams Hematology 6521:Graham, MD (2013). 6190:Wellcome Collection 6030:. (2017). pp. 8–10. 5814:Laboratory Medicine 3949:Graham, MD (2003). 3862:2019NYASA1450..147W 3762:Laboratory Medicine 2832:HealthDirect.gov.au 2663:in the bone marrow. 2308:normal distribution 1985: 1851:autoimmune diseases 1835:coagulation cascade 1489: 1365:in conditions like 1316:from a person with 1141: 908:sickle cell disease 777:monoclonal antibody 668:linear relationship 641:hematology analyzer 639:XT-4000i automated 408:shortness of breath 384:medical specialties 227:and viewed under a 128:tests that provide 116:), also known as a 8853:Hypochromic anemia 8356:Total blood volume 8330:Reticulocyte index 8325:Reticulocyte count 7772:10.1111/ijlh.12327 7268:Groner, W (1995). 7226:Greer, JP (2008). 7118:Davis, JD (1995). 7039:Ciesla, B (2018). 6908:10.1002/jcla.21747 6727:10.1111/ijlh.13042 6610:10.1007/BF00319925 6219:. (2015). pp. 1–4. 5873:10.1002/jcla.22679 5844:(2007). pp. 24–25. 5337:"WBC Differential" 4904:10.1111/ijlh.12563 4835:. (2015). pp. 4–5. 4701:10.1111/ijlh.13017 4640:10.1111/ijlh.12503 3870:10.1111/nyas.14124 3756:Bakke, AC (2001). 3542:(2016). pp. 96–97. 3209:10.7812/TPP/16-051 2903:(12 August 2020). 2863:Cancer Research UK 2828:"Full blood count" 2561:Wallace H. Coulter 2552: 2494: 2429: 2354: 1983: 1933: 1909:new methylene blue 1901: 1897:new methylene blue 1881:Reticulocyte count 1849:, as well as some 1827: 1753: 1678:myeloproliferative 1674:physiologic stress 1485: 1394:hypochromic anemia 1334: 1137: 932:parasitic diseases 895: 811: 800:standard deviation 652: 644: 572: 527:sickle cell anemia 396:emergency medicine 350:medical laboratory 317: 269:Wallace H. Coulter 126:medical laboratory 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9020:Toxic vacuolation 9015:Toxic granulation 8946:White blood cells 8940: 8939: 8879:Howell–Jolly body 8669: 8668: 8659:Immunophenotyping 8432:Osmotic fragility 8158:978-0-8121-0961-0 8137:978-3-319-20279-2 8116:978-0-323-39016-3 8058:978-0-8036-9448-4 8037:978-0-323-22545-8 8016:978-1-4051-9666-6 7997:978-0-471-43403-0 7976:978-1-259-86076-8 7955:978-1-4557-0830-7 7860:978-0-7020-4535-6 7745:978-0-323-22592-2 7724:978-0-07-181726-4 7703:978-1-118-44258-6 7682:978-0-08-091948-5 7661:978-1-260-12860-4 7632:978-0-12-544166-7 7605:978-0-323-41315-2 7584:978-0-19-102713-0 7563:978-0-7020-5478-5 7542:978-0-323-29033-3 7521:978-3-319-34199-6 7494:978-0-12-801674-9 7473:978-1-4443-9857-1 7407:978-0-323-23906-6 7386:978-0-07-183301-1 7365:978-0-323-44318-0 7344:978-1-4377-2928-3 7323:978-0-323-51222-0 7302:978-0-8036-1732-2 7281:978-0-471-95712-6 7260:978-1-4963-6713-6 7239:978-0-7817-6507-7 7218:978-1-4939-2528-5 7156:978-0-8261-7148-1 7110:978-0-12-415858-0 7052:978-0-8036-6825-6 6994:978-1-118-35146-8 6975:978-0-7020-6925-3 6954:978-1-118-81733-9 6941:Bain, BJ (2015). 6808:. (2012). p. 110. 6533:(12): 1057–1061. 6437:. (2015). p. 134. 6043:. (2015). p. 296. 5999:. (2015). p. 103. 5973:. (2016). p. 197. 5547:. (2015). p. 298. 5534:. (2011). p. 256. 5512:. (2017). p. 498. 5178:. (2015). p. 197. 5131:. (2017). p. 331. 5087:. (2015). p. 503. 5074:. (2015). p. 286. 5061:. (2015). p. 285. 4969:. (2015). p. 196. 4937:. (2015). p. 195. 4822:. (2017). p. 551. 4516:. (2015). p. 226. 4403:. (2015). p. 225. 4311:10.1111/bjh.16208 4171:. (2009). p. 210. 4113:. (2015). p. 209. 4043:. (2015). p. 210. 3923:. (2015). p. 208. 3587:. (2016). p. 805. 3526:. (2015). p. 245. 3407:Schafermeyer, RW 3303:. (2017). p. 162. 3264:. (2017). p. 219. 3191:Dewan, M (2016). 3129:(24 April 2014). 3089:. (2014). p. 497. 3037:Leach, M (2014). 3027:. (2015). p. 244. 2688:immunophenotyping 2644:Explanatory notes 2461:The physiologist 2452:achromatic lenses 2409:immunophenotyping 2304: 2303: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1607:Band neutrophils 1550: 1549: 1505:White cell count 1470:White blood cells 1390:macrocytic anemia 1379:polycythemia vera 1363:low oxygen levels 1282:and expressed in 1251: 1250: 1167:White cell count 1039:spectrophotometer 1024:hydrochloric acid 956:toxic granulation 879:blood gas testing 819:mononuclear cells 703:Coulter principle 684:cyanmethemoglobin 680:carboxyhemoglobin 664:spectrophotometry 566:method, using an 559: 432:psychiatric drugs 420:radiation therapy 365:bleeding disorder 329:white blood cells 305:white blood cells 265:Coulter principle 219:require a manual 138:white blood cells 106: 105: 9095: 9035:Jordans' anomaly 8951: 8950: 8868:Inclusion bodies 8717: 8716: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8558:Fibrinopeptide A 8455:Prothrombin time 8450:Clotting factors 8393:Hemoglobinopathy 8376:Fetal hemoglobin 8226: 8219: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8187: 8162: 8141: 8120: 8099: 8062: 8041: 8020: 8001: 7980: 7959: 7938: 7901: 7864: 7843: 7833: 7792: 7774: 7749: 7728: 7707: 7686: 7665: 7644: 7609: 7588: 7567: 7546: 7525: 7498: 7477: 7456: 7411: 7390: 7369: 7348: 7327: 7306: 7285: 7264: 7243: 7222: 7197: 7160: 7139: 7114: 7093: 7056: 7035: 6998: 6979: 6958: 6937: 6927: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6839: 6837:10.1177/22.7.711 6815: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6527:Cytometry Part A 6518: 6503: 6502: 6484: 6469:Cytometry Part A 6460: 6454: 6451: 6438: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6310: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6238: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5986:. (2015). p. 99. 5980: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5947: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5875: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5777: 5776:. (2015). p. 16. 5770: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5738:. (2015). p. 14. 5732: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5676: 5670: 5669:(2017). p. 1489. 5663: 5657: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5622: 5620:10.7326/M14-1589 5598: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5569:(2015). p. 1993. 5563: 5557: 5554: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5464:(2017). p. 1483. 5458: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5425:. (2015). p. 44. 5419: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5341:Lab Tests Online 5335:(29 July 2020). 5329: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5030: 5006: 4991: 4988: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4950: 4947: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4906: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4783: 4759: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4703: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4642: 4618: 4607: 4606:. (2015). p. 46. 4600: 4594: 4587: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4545:. (2017) p. 189. 4539: 4533: 4526: 4517: 4510: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4474: 4471: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4390:. (2017). p. 43. 4384: 4378: 4377: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4313: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4229: 4216: 4209: 4200: 4199:. (2017). p. 39. 4193: 4184: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4131:. (2017). p. 37. 4125: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4017:. (2017). p. 32. 4011: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3970: 3946: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3801: 3800:. (2015). p. 12. 3794: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3724: 3723: 3687: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3613:. (2015). p. 28. 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561:. 5 April 2016. 3549: 3543: 3538:Lewandrowski, K 3536: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504:. (2017). p. 10. 3498: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3453:. (2015). p. 43. 3447: 3441: 3440:. (2015). p. 11. 3434: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3290:(2017). p. 1464. 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3168:Lewandrowski, K 3166: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3123: 3117: 3112:Lewandrowski, K 3110: 3104: 3101: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3011: 2975: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2909:Lab Tests Online 2897: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2785: 2783:10.4065/80.7.923 2761: 2740: 2736:Second World War 2728: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2653: 2593: 2532:Maxwell Wintrobe 2504:to be examined. 2394:cold agglutinins 2319:fetal hemoglobin 2000:(4–7 years old) 1986: 1982: 1973:Reference ranges 1950:Other parameters 1868: 1864: 1757:band neutrophils 1658:band neutrophils 1642: 1632: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1510: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1476:White blood cell 1464:hemoglobinopathy 1343:hemolytic anemia 1280:mean cell volume 1259:hemoglobinopathy 1233: 1220: 1207: 1183: 1142: 1136: 1050:to be measured. 1032:light microscope 1030:, rather than a 1016:ammonium oxalate 994: 985: 924:multiple myeloma 900:Romanowsky stain 851:photomicrographs 784:mean cell volume 707:electric current 699:light scattering 560: 538:reference ranges 477:—the organs and 341:thrombocytopenia 307:are part of the 261:Maxwell Wintrobe 177:thrombocytopenia 169:reference ranges 118:full blood count 74: 60: 33: 21: 20: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9060: 9044: 8979: 8936: 8910: 8862: 8836: 8741: 8712:Red blood cells 8706: 8700: 8670: 8665: 8644:Blood viscosity 8627: 8593: 8563:Fibrin monomers 8436: 8381:Apt–Downey test 8368:Red cell volume 8343:red blood cells 8341:Other tests of 8336: 8238: 8230: 8200: 8159: 8138: 8117: 8059: 8038: 8017: 7998: 7977: 7956: 7861: 7746: 7725: 7704: 7683: 7662: 7633: 7606: 7585: 7564: 7543: 7522: 7495: 7474: 7408: 7387: 7366: 7345: 7324: 7303: 7282: 7261: 7240: 7219: 7157: 7111: 7053: 6995: 6976: 6955: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6706: 6702: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6519: 6506: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6441: 6432: 6428: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6311: 6302: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5733: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5677: 5673: 5664: 5660: 5656:. (2015). p. 4. 5651: 5644: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5459: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5438:(2013). p. 644. 5433: 5429: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400:(2015). p. 294. 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5309:(2014). p. 991. 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5252:(2014). p. 992. 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5114:DiGregorio, RV 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5007: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4813: 4760: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4694:(S1): 177–183. 4680: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4342: 4335: 4290: 4283: 4230: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4104: 4100:. (2015). p. 2. 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3947: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3895: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3727: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3488:. (2017). p. 8. 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3324: 3320: 3316:(2015). p. 280. 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3277:(2017). p. 199. 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3251:(2017). p. 130. 3246: 3242: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3140:ABIM Foundation 3136:Choosing Wisely 3124: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3015: 2976: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2898: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2817: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2638:Beckman Coulter 2598:the reading of 2591: 2577:Coulter counter 2421: 2331: 2104: 2076: 2048: 2006:(0–1 days old) 1981: 1975: 1962:myeloperoxidase 1952: 1939: 1925: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1847:aplastic anemia 1815: 1807:Main articles: 1805: 1769:viral infection 1666: 1665: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1617:Metamyelocytes 1610: 1600: 1543: 1540:Platelet count 1508: 1482: 1474:Main articles: 1472: 1263: 1262: 1255:iron deficiency 1231: 1218: 1205: 1181: 1156:Red cell count 1134: 1118:Main articles: 1116: 1107: 1086:quality control 1070: 1064: 1062:Quality control 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 995: 987: 986: 922:disorders like 887: 863: 835:myeloid lineage 827:myeloperoxidase 609: 553: 551: 497:might indicate 444:agranulocytosis 325:red blood cells 301:red blood cells 285: 201:blood disorders 181:iron deficiency 142:red blood cells 124:), is a set of 70: 56: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9101: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8973:Russell bodies 8965: 8959: 8957: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8875:Developmental 8872: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8768: 8763: 8755: 8753:Poikilocytosis 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8699: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8654:Flow cytometry 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:Reptilase time 8484: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8347: 8345: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8313:Platelet count 8310: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8259: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8206: 8199: 8198: 8163: 8157: 8142: 8136: 8121: 8115: 8100: 8074:(3): 613–628. 8063: 8057: 8042: 8036: 8021: 8015: 8002: 7996: 7981: 7975: 7960: 7954: 7939: 7913:(4): 527–542. 7902: 7876:(1): 279–297. 7865: 7859: 7844: 7808:(2): 109–130. 7802:Cytotechnology 7793: 7765:(3): 287–303. 7750: 7744: 7729: 7723: 7708: 7702: 7687: 7681: 7666: 7660: 7645: 7631: 7610: 7604: 7589: 7583: 7577:. OUP Oxford. 7568: 7562: 7547: 7541: 7526: 7520: 7499: 7493: 7478: 7472: 7457: 7423:(4): 804–814. 7417:Anesthesiology 7412: 7406: 7391: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7349: 7343: 7328: 7322: 7307: 7301: 7286: 7280: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7223: 7217: 7198: 7161: 7155: 7140: 7130:(3): 164–183. 7115: 7109: 7094: 7068:(1): 105–122. 7057: 7051: 7036: 6999: 6993: 6980: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6938: 6902:(3): 175–183. 6886: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6868: 6859: 6830:(7): 711–724. 6810: 6797: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6720:(4): 437–447. 6700: 6673:(4): 851–869. 6657: 6648: 6639: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6504: 6475:(5): 424–438. 6455: 6439: 6426: 6375: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6300: 6271:(2): 149–158. 6251: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6208: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6119:(5): 515–530. 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6032: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5995:Kaushansky, K 5988: 5982:Kaushansky, K 5975: 5969:Lanzkowsky, P 5962: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5914: 5905: 5846: 5833: 5820:(4): 223–229. 5800: 5791: 5778: 5772:Kaushansky, K 5758: 5749: 5740: 5734:Kaushansky, K 5724: 5718:Kaushansky, K 5711: 5702: 5671: 5658: 5642: 5613:(3): 205–213. 5593: 5580: 5571: 5565:Kaushansky, K 5558: 5549: 5536: 5523: 5514: 5501: 5499:(2017). p. 85. 5488: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5440: 5427: 5421:Kaushansky, K 5411: 5402: 5389: 5380: 5367: 5358: 5324: 5311: 5298: 5267: 5254: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5201: 5192: 5180: 5167: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5120: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5083:Kaushansky, K 5076: 5063: 5050: 5021:(3): 167–172. 4992: 4980: 4971: 4951: 4939: 4926: 4897:(5): 472–482. 4877: 4868: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4824: 4811: 4774:(1): 115–126. 4754: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4674: 4662: 4608: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4534: 4518: 4500: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4414: 4405: 4392: 4379: 4352:(1): 197–207. 4333: 4304:(3): 296–306. 4281: 4217: 4201: 4185: 4173: 4160: 4142: 4133: 4115: 4102: 4089: 4076: 4054: 4045: 4032: 4019: 4003: 3990: 3934: 3925: 3909: 3893: 3856:(1): 147–171. 3836: 3827: 3818: 3802: 3796:Kaushansky, K 3789: 3768:(4): 207–211. 3748: 3739: 3725: 3698:(1): 123–131. 3679: 3670: 3661: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3544: 3528: 3515: 3506: 3490: 3477: 3468: 3462:Kaushansky, K 3455: 3449:Kaushansky, K 3442: 3436:Kaushansky, K 3426: 3413: 3400: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3279: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3183: 3174: 3172:(2016). p. 97. 3158: 3118: 3116:(2016). p. 96. 3105: 3091: 3078: 3029: 3013: 2965: 2956: 2944: 2926: 2881: 2849: 2815: 2776:(7): 923–936. 2755: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2692: 2683:flow cytometry 2674: 2665: 2661:megakaryocytes 2647: 2645: 2642: 2541:centrifugation 2514:methylene blue 2496:In the 1870s, 2480:William Gowers 2448:Jan Swammerdam 2420: 2417: 2375:sodium citrate 2330: 2327: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1974: 1971: 1951: 1948: 1935:Main article: 1924: 1921: 1885:Main article: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1855:Thrombocytosis 1821:Blood film of 1804: 1801: 1722:metamyelocytes 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1483: 1471: 1468: 1462:to diagnose a 1441:B12 deficiency 1375:erythropoietin 1339:erythropoeisis 1275:carbon dioxide 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1135: 1120:Red blood cell 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105:Included tests 1103: 1078:moving average 1063: 1060: 999: 998: 989: 988: 980: 979: 978: 977: 976: 948:sampling error 886: 883: 862: 859: 761:high-frequency 757:Radiofrequency 618:flow cytometry 608: 605: 550: 547: 499:acute leukemia 452:newborn babies 404:abdominal pain 284: 281: 132:in a person's 104: 103: 98: 92: 91: 82: 76: 75: 68: 62: 61: 54: 48: 47: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9100: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9071: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8858:Polychromasia 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8690: 8685: 8683: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487:animal enzyme 8485: 8483: 8482:Bleeding time 8480: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:Thrombin time 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8409:Mentzer index 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8362:Plasma volume 8360: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6985:Blood Science 6981: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6872: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6790: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6234: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5866:(2): e22679. 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4409: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3674: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3626:(2017). p. 1. 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3085:Marshall, WJ 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2701:Mentzer index 2696: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2463:Karl Vierordt 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365:with saline. 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1987: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1873: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:lymphocytosis 1762: 1758: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:promyelocytes 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1552: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:spherocytosis 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:heart disease 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1289:rule of three 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151:Normal range 1143: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1099:accreditation 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:hemocytometer 1003: 1002:hemocytometer 993: 984: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 882: 880: 876: 872: 867: 858: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:nucleic acids 820: 816: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:oxyhemoglobin 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 648: 642: 638: 634: 630: 628: 623: 619: 615: 604: 603:instruments. 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:anticoagulant 569: 565: 546: 544: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:prenatal care 445: 441: 440:carbamazepine 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 346: 345:organ systems 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 314: 310: 309:immune system 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 244:Karl Vierordt 240: 238: 237:hemocytometer 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 102: 99: 97: 93: 90: 86: 85:Codes for CBC 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 53: 49: 45: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 9070: 9010:Döhle bodies 8998:Arneth count 8985:Granulocytes 8848:Anisochromia 8826:Stomatocyte 8737:Microcytosis 8732:Macrocytosis 8727:Anisocytosis 8575:Fibrinolysis 8486: 8351:Blood volume 8243: 8178:(1): 21–41. 8175: 8171: 8147: 8130:. Springer. 8126: 8105: 8071: 8067: 8047: 8026: 8006: 7986: 7965: 7944: 7910: 7906: 7873: 7869: 7849: 7805: 7801: 7762: 7758: 7734: 7713: 7692: 7671: 7650: 7614: 7594: 7573: 7552: 7531: 7506:. Springer. 7503: 7483: 7462: 7420: 7416: 7396: 7375: 7354: 7333: 7312: 7291: 7270: 7249: 7228: 7207: 7201:Fatemi, SH; 7172:(1): 17–37. 7169: 7165: 7145: 7127: 7123: 7103:. Elsevier. 7099: 7065: 7061: 7041: 7010:(1): 11–24. 7007: 7003: 6984: 6964: 6943: 6899: 6895: 6871: 6862: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6530: 6526: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6434: 6429: 6391:(1): 29–35. 6388: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6321:(1): 64–65. 6318: 6314: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6233: 6224: 6216: 6211: 6199:. Retrieved 6188: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6048: 6040: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5970: 5965: 5942: 5933: 5925: 5908: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5841: 5840:Zandecki, M 5836: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5794: 5786: 5781: 5773: 5752: 5743: 5735: 5719: 5714: 5705: 5693:. Retrieved 5684: 5674: 5666: 5661: 5653: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5588: 5583: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5491: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5434:Hoffman, EJ 5430: 5422: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5383: 5375: 5370: 5361: 5349:. Retrieved 5340: 5327: 5319: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5280: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5195: 5175: 5170: 5162: 5145: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5058: 5053: 5018: 5014: 4974: 4966: 4934: 4929: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4832: 4827: 4819: 4814: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4630: 4626: 4603: 4598: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4513: 4495: 4490: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4349: 4345: 4301: 4297: 4241: 4237: 4212: 4196: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4136: 4128: 4110: 4105: 4097: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4071: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4027: 4022: 4014: 3998: 3993: 3961:(6): 72–81. 3958: 3954: 3928: 3920: 3904: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3813: 3797: 3792: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3742: 3695: 3691: 3673: 3664: 3656: 3636: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3584: 3583:Kirkham, KR 3579: 3567:. 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Retrieved 2831: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2651: 2612: 2604:densitometry 2596: 2586: 2569: 2553: 2530: 2518: 2498:Paul Ehrlich 2495: 2460: 2441: 2430: 2402: 2383: 2367: 2355: 2332: 2323: 2312: 2305: 2101:F: 0.35–0.49 2098:M: 0.40–0.54 2045:F: 3.80–5.20 2042:M: 4.20–6.00 2005: 1999: 1967:schistocytes 1953: 1940: 1913: 1902: 1887:Reticulocyte 1870: 1831:blood vessel 1828: 1781:eosinophilia 1754: 1729:neutrophilia 1726: 1690: 1667: 1637:Blast cells 1589:Eosinophils 1573:Lymphocytes 1565:Neutrophils 1486: 1448:anisocytosis 1445: 1426: 1406:hyperchromia 1405: 1398:normochromic 1383: 1350:polycythemia 1347: 1335: 1330:anisocytosis 1322:microcytosis 1293: 1288: 1264: 1138: 1108: 1094:reproducible 1083: 1071: 1055:primary care 1052: 1036: 1009: 972:leukocytosis 968:polycythemia 964: 944: 912:schistocytes 896: 864: 855: 815:granulocytes 812: 781: 755: 728: 692: 670:between the 653: 627:laminar flow 614:reticulocyte 610: 573: 535: 487:pancytopenia 468: 416:chemotherapy 381: 354: 318: 253:Paul Ehrlich 241: 233:centrifuging 216:counts cells 209: 166: 121: 117: 113: 109: 107: 18: 9088:Blood tests 8968:Smudge cell 8955:Lymphocytes 8894:Cabot rings 8807:Schistocyte 8771:Elliptocyte 8761:Acanthocyte 8442:Coagulation 8421:Haptoglobin 8236:blood tests 7203:Clayton, PJ 6433:Keohane, E 6215:Keohane, E 5924:Keohane, E 5695:9 September 5685:MedlinePlus 5652:Keohane, E 5351:8 September 5305:Pagana, TJ 5291:8 September 5248:Pagana, TJ 5174:Keohane, E 5070:Keohane, E 5057:Keohane, E 4965:Keohane, E 4933:Keohane, E 4831:Keohane, E 4633:: 100–109. 4602:Keohane, E 4563:Keohane, E 4541:Keohane, E 4512:Keohane, E 4399:Keohane, E 4109:Keohane, E 4096:Keohane, E 4039:Keohane, E 4026:Keohane, E 3997:Keohane, E 3919:Keohane, E 3609:Keohane, E 3569:8 September 3522:Keohane, E 3394:Keohane, E 3023:Keohane, E 2986:(1): 1–10. 2919:8 September 2842:8 September 2739:Foundation. 2556:transmitted 2522:colorimetry 2329:Limitations 2268:Eosinophils 2230:Lymphocytes 2211:Neutrophils 1965:red cells ( 1876:Other tests 1777:monocytosis 1733:neutropenia 1706:eosinophils 1698:lymphocytes 1694:neutrophils 1662:blast cells 1627:Myelocytes 1524:Hematocrit 1516:Hemoglobin 1404:. The term 1354:Dehydration 1326:hypochromia 1314:Blood smear 1284:femtolitres 1191:Hematocrit 1178:Hemoglobin 1043:colorimeter 1020:acetic acid 960:vacuolation 952:blast cells 920:paraprotein 843:scattergram 773:fluorescent 743:diffraction 739:photometers 596:fingerstick 592:capillaries 578:—typically 564:fingerstick 531:thalassemia 495:blood smear 483:bone marrow 221:blood smear 66:MedlinePlus 9077:Categories 9040:Left shift 8922:Haemoconia 8904:Heinz body 8802:Echinocyte 8783:Spherocyte 8703:Blood film 8639:Blood film 8475:Fibrinogen 8257:Hematocrit 8252:Hemoglobin 8233:Hematology 6604:(1): 1–6. 6039:Palmer, L 5543:Palmer, L 5530:Porwit, A 5447:Porwit, A 5396:Palmer, L 5374:Palmer, L 5127:Isaacs, C 4494:Palmer, L 4421:Palmer, L 4244:(1): 1–7. 3312:Lewis, SL 3299:Moore, EE 3203:: 16–051. 2874:23 October 2746:References 2600:Pap smears 2526:wavelength 2502:morphology 2335:phlebotomy 2183:11.5–14.5 2180:11.5–14.5 2110:0.48–0.68 2107:0.36–0.46 2073:F: 120–150 2070:M: 135–180 2054:4.10–6.10 2051:4.00–5.20 1998:Pediatric 1977:See also: 1957:coordinate 1793:neoplastic 1785:basophilia 1761:left shift 1718:myelocytes 1686:leukopenia 1654:basophilia 1597:Basophils 1581:Monocytes 1527:0.349 L/L 1433:alcoholism 1402:normocytic 1386:microcytic 1356:or use of 1247:10.3–15.3 1197:0.35–0.53 1170:9.8 x 10/L 1159:5.5 x 10/L 1128:hematocrit 1124:hemoglobin 1074:calibrated 940:babesiosis 934:, such as 904:microscope 751:refraction 747:reflection 688:nanometres 672:absorbance 598:, or by a 471:hematology 450:; and in 434:, such as 428:hemoglobin 392:blood loss 367:, or some 313:form clots 229:microscope 154:hematocrit 152:, and the 150:hemoglobin 8812:Degmacyte 8797:Dacrocyte 8590:Plasmin-α 8088:0733-8627 7927:0095-4543 7890:0272-2712 7822:0920-9069 7781:1751-5521 7437:0003-3022 7274:. Wiley. 7186:0095-4543 7082:0272-2712 7024:0272-2712 6916:0887-8013 6846:0022-1554 6804:Picot, J 6736:1751-5521 6687:0950-3536 6618:0006-5242 6547:1552-4922 6491:1552-4922 6405:1052-0295 6335:0002-9629 6026:Bain, BJ 5882:0887-8013 5785:Bain, BJ 5665:Walls, R 5629:0003-4819 5587:Walls, R 5508:Bain, BJ 5495:Bain, BJ 5473:Walls, R 5460:Walls, R 5261:Walls, R 5208:Bain, BJ 5037:0891-1150 4913:1751-5521 4862:Bain, BJ 4818:Bain, BJ 4790:1437-4331 4748:Bain, BJ 4710:1751-5521 4649:1751-5521 4589:Bain, BJ 4576:Bain, BJ 4386:Bain, BJ 4366:0272-2712 4320:0007-1048 4258:2234-3806 4195:Bain, BJ 4167:Naeim, F 4127:Bain, BJ 4013:Bain, BJ 3985:113694419 3977:1535-5535 3812:Bain, BJ 3784:1943-7730 3712:0272-2712 3655:Bain, BJ 3622:Bain, BJ 3500:Bain, BJ 3484:Bain, BJ 3348:1065-6251 3286:Walls, R 3273:Walls, R 3260:Walls, R 3247:Walls, R 3217:1552-5767 3065:1478-2715 3000:0272-2712 2792:0025-6196 2751:Citations 2657:cytoplasm 2592:SMA 4A−7A 2589:Technicon 2581:manometer 2512:and aged 2468:egg white 2456:platelets 2358:bilirubin 2315:menopause 2287:Basophils 2249:Monocytes 2243:1.6–14.1 2240:1.5–11.1 2224:3.7–30.0 2221:1.5–11.0 2186:elevated 2026:9.0–37.0 2023:5.0–17.0 2020:3.6–10.6 1867:(× 10/L). 1863:(× 10/μL) 1803:Platelets 1710:basophils 1702:monocytes 1358:diuretics 1269:from the 1173:4.0–10.0 839:Basophils 779:tagging. 769:cytoplasm 724:histogram 715:amplitude 607:Automated 600:heelprick 549:Procedure 436:clozapine 361:infection 333:platelets 297:platelets 242:In 1852, 193:bacterial 146:platelets 9056:Auer rod 8932:Rouleaux 8766:Codocyte 8705:findings 8395:testing 8194:17224005 8096:25060253 7935:27866575 7898:11933579 7840:22271369 7789:25728865 7641:11060834 7453:35916964 7445:26825151 7205:(2016). 7194:22309579 7090:25676375 7032:25676369 6934:24797912 6744:31046197 6634:31055044 6565:24151220 6499:23596093 6421:37401579 6413:28098484 6343:21191263 6295:14139094 6201:29 March 6195:Archived 6143:35470271 5900:30267430 5689:Archived 5637:25383671 5345:Archived 5285:Archived 5045:30849034 4921:27565952 4798:29668440 4718:31069974 4657:27161194 4374:25676380 4328:31578729 4276:23301216 3888:31162693 3720:25676376 3563:Archived 3364:20375973 3356:28984748 3235:28241909 3073:24995446 3008:25676368 2913:Archived 2868:Archived 2836:Archived 2810:16212155 2476:eyepiece 2370:antibody 2300:0.0–0.7 2297:0.0–0.3 2294:0.0–0.2 2281:0.0–1.5 2278:0.0–0.7 2275:0.0–0.3 2262:0.1–4.4 2259:0.1–1.9 2256:0.1–1.3 2237:1.0–3.2 2218:1.7–7.5 2205:150–450 2202:150–450 2199:150–450 2167:300–340 2164:320–360 2161:320–360 2082:165–215 2079:102–152 2004:Neonate 1809:Platelet 1557:Analyte 1535:89.0 fL 1519:116 g/L 1497:Analyte 1456:ferritin 1298:and the 1236:330–370 1186:133–167 1162:4.5–5.7 1145:Analyte 928:rouleaux 584:clotting 503:lymphoma 456:jaundice 214:, which 205:leukemia 96:HCPCS-L2 87:, e.g., 42:Synonyms 8585:D-Dimer 7831:3279584 7136:8680947 6925:6807107 6854:4137312 6695:2271793 6626:7260399 6556:4237176 6286:1033366 6134:9057813 5891:6818587 4806:4978828 4267:3535191 3879:6709845 3858:Bibcode 3226:5283785 3151:12 July 2801:7127472 2732:US Navy 2431:Before 2419:History 2413:markers 2379:heparin 2291:× 10/L 2272:× 10/L 2253:× 10/L 2234:× 10/L 2215:× 10/L 2196:× 10/L 2129:95–125 2123:80–100 2036:× 10/L 2017:× 10/L 1560:Result 1546:x 10/L 1511:x 10/L 1500:Result 1232:293 g/L 1219:22.4 pg 1182:123 g/L 1148:Result 1047:cuvette 936:malaria 930:. 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