2898:. The abundant oil reserves resulted in widespread exploitation. The Niger Delta region encompasses about 8% of Nigeria's landmass and is the largest wetlands region on the African continent. Oil drilling in the region began in the 1950s. In the beginning, the oil drilling in the region really stimulated Nigeria's economy and was extremely beneficial to the country. Numerous multinational corporations established oil operations in the region and made a conscious effort to not violate any environmental or human rights regulations. Shell began drilling in the Niger Delta region in 1956. Over time, Shell's presence in Nigeria has been very detrimental.
2674:, announced they had come because youths trying to stop the oil companies. On the morning of December 30, two thousand young people processed through Yenagoa, dressed in black, singing and dancing. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. After a march demanding the release of those detained was turned back by soldiers, three more protesters were shot dead including Nwashuku Okeri and Ghadafi Ezeifile. The military declared a state of emergency throughout Bayelsa State, imposed a dusk-to-dawn
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were widely reported to have used the conflict as an excuse to raid homes, claiming that innocent civilians were cahoots with the NDPVF. Government soldiers and police obtained and destroyed civilian property by force. The NDPVF also accused the military of conducting air bombing campaigns against several villages, effectively reducing them to rubble, because they were believed to be housing NDPVF soldiers. The military denies this, claiming they engaged in aerial warfare only once in a genuine effort to wipe out an NDPVF stronghold.
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3029:(NDDC) was entrenched on the region with the purpose of encouraging environmental relief, preventing pollution, as well as locating and removing any inhibitions to community advancement. Developed in 1981 was one of the first NGO's to dedicate work towards oil spills, the Clean Nigeria Associates(N.C.A.). The N.C.A. currently consists of fifteen oil companies who attempt to tackle any pollutants that are being spilled into the Niger Delta's bodies of water.
2722:
to the demands of the population of the Niger Delta, a populous area inhabited by a diversity of minority ethnic groups. During the 1990s these ethnic groups, most notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the
Nigerian government and multinational oil companies such as Shell. The minorities of the Niger Delta have continued to agitate and articulate demands for greater autonomy and control of the area's petroleum resources.
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2784:, some of which include Icelanders, Greenlanders, KKK, and Vikings. All of the groups are constituted mostly by disaffected young men from Warri, Port Harcourt, and their suburban areas. Although the smaller groups are autonomous, they have formed alliances with and are largely controlled from above by either Asari and his NDPDF or Tom's NDV, who provide military support and instruction.
3145:, a military operation undertaken by a Joint Task Force (JTF) began against MEND militants operating in the Niger Delta region. It came in response to the kidnapping of Nigerian soldiers and foreign sailors in the Delta region. Thousands of Nigerians have fled their villages and hundreds of people may be dead because of the offensive.
3283:, NDA declared a ceasefire and agreed to negotiate with the Nigerian government. After declaration of ceasefire by Niger Delta Avengers, Reformed Egbesu Fraternities comprising the three militants groups Egbesu Boys of the Niger Delta, Egbesu Red Water Lions and Egbesu Mightier Fraternity; announced a 60-day ceasefire.
2655:. In the declaration, and in a letter to the companies, the Ijaws called for oil companies to suspend operations and withdraw from Ijaw territory. The IYC pledged "to struggle peacefully for freedom, self-determination and ecological justice," and prepared a campaign of celebration, prayer, and direct action,
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signed the amnesty after consultation with the
National Council of State. During the 60-day period, armed youths were required to surrender their weapons to the government in return for training and rehabilitation by the government. The program has been continued into the present. Militants led their
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with the sole mandate of developing the petroleum-rich Niger-Delta region of southern
Nigeria. Since its inauguration, the NDDC has focused on the development of social and physical infrastructures, ecological/environmental remediation and human development. The NDDC was created largely as a response
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The government forces collaborated with the NDV during the summer, and were seen protecting NDV militiamen from attacks by the NDPVF. The state forces failed to protect the civilian population from the violence and actually increased the destruction of citizens' livelihood. The
Nigerian state forces
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and Ikiyan, two Ijaw communities in Delta State. Bright
Pablogba, the traditional leader of Ikiyan, who came to the river to negotiate with the soldiers, was shot along with a seven-year-old girl and possibly dozens of others. Of the approximately 1,000 people living in the two villages, four people
3190:
The
Presidential Amnesty Program (PAP) program proved to be a success, with violence and kidnappings decreasing sharply. Petroleum production and exports have increased from about 700,000 barrels per day (bpd) in mid-2009 to between 2.2 and 2.4 million bpd since 2011. However, the program is costly
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is tapped and the oil extracted onto a barge. Oil corporations and the
Nigerian state point out that bunkering is illegal; militants justify bunkering, saying they are being exploited and have not received adequate profits from the profitable but ecologically destructive oil industry. Bunkered oil
2787:
The NDPVF was founded by Asari, a former president of the Ijaw Youth
Council, in 2003 after he "retreated into the bush" to form the group with the explicit goal of acquiring control of regional petroleum resources. The NDPFV attempted to control such resources primarily through oil "bunkering", a
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As of 2006, the situation in
Ogoniland has eased significantly, assisted by the transition to democratic rule in 1999. However, no attempts have been made by the government or any international body to bring about justice by investigating and prosecuting those involved in the violence and property
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Military repression escalated in May 1994. On May 21, soldiers and mobile policemen appeared in most Ogoni villages. On that day, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered. Saro-Wiwa, head of the opposing faction, had been denied
2533:
The Ogonis threatened mass action to disrupt oil company operations if they failed to comply with MOSOP demands, and thereby shifted the focus of their actions from the unresponsive federal government to the oil companies producing in the region. The rationale for this assignment of responsibility
2820:
The state campaign against the NDPVF emboldened Asari who began publicly articulating populist, anti-government views and attempted to frame the conflict in terms of pan-Ijaw nationalism and "self-determination." Consequently, the state government escalated the campaign against him by bringing in
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addresses the laws of compensation for any damage done to the
Nigerian community; oil companies are legally obligated by the judicial court to repay the country for harming their infrastructure and environment, so long as these affected regions are occupied by local people. In the year 2000, the
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and kills trees because their roots are not able to get oxygen. Moreover, the fish population has also been negatively affected by oil drilling. The region is home to over 250 different fish species, and 20 of these species are found nowhere else in the world. If oil spills continue at this rate
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From 2004 on, violence also hit the oil industry with piracy and kidnappings. In 2009, a presidential amnesty program accompanied with support and training of ex-militants proved to be a success. Thus until 2011, victims of crimes were fearful of seeking justice for crimes committed against them
2816:
Subsequent violence occurred chiefly in riverine villages southeast and southwest of Port Harcourt, with the two groups fighting for control of bunkering routes. The conflagrations spurred violent acts against the local population, resulting in numerous deaths and widespread displacement. Daily
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to prevent oil smugglers from entering, leaving, or engaging in any business in the area. Though action has been taken in the previous years, the Niger Delta continues to experience environmental and physical detriments with little to no legitimate interference from the oil companies involved.
2901:
These negative consequences are the result of thousands of oil spills, human rights violations, environmental destruction, and corruption. Over the past half century, Nigeria has become a plutocracy; political power is concentrated solely in the hands of the socioeconomic elite. Shell's strong
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have launched international campaigns aimed at having Shell clean the oil spills in the Delta. The organisations are concerned about the economic and health consequences for the people in the region. Shell's inability to respond effectively has led Friends of the Earth Netherlands and Amnesty
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A 1979 constitutional amendment gave the federal government full ownership and rights to all Nigerian territory and also declared that eminent domain compensation for seized land would "be based on the value of the crops on the land at the time of its acquisition, not on the value of the land
2693:
Nonetheless, Operation Climate Change continued, and disrupted Nigerian oil supplies through much of 1999 by turning off valves through Ijaw territory. In the context of high conflict between the Ijaw and the Nigerian Federal Government (and its police and army), the military carried out the
2735:
The ethnic unrest and conflicts of the late 1990s (such as those between the Ijaw, Urhobo and Itsekiri), coupled with a peak in the availability of small arms and other weapons, led increasingly to the militarization of the Delta. Local and state officials offered financial support to the
2405:
The Delta region has a steadily growing population estimated at more than 30 million people in 2005, and accounts for more than 23% of Nigeria's total population. The population density is also among the highest in the world, with 265 people per square kilometre, according to the
2479:, a minority ethnic group of about half a million people who call Ogoniland home, and other ethnic groups in the region attest that during this time, the government began forcing them to abandon their land to oil companies without consultation, offering negligible compensation.
2624:
report found that "two witnesses that accused them later admitted that Shell and the military had bribed them with promises of money and jobs at Shell. Shell admitted having given money to the Nigerian military, who brutally tried to silence the voices which claimed justice".
3186:
sees it as a potentially enabling corruption and so feels that cannot be continued indefinitely. The amnesty office has worked to reintegrate the fighters into society, primarily by placing and sponsoring them in vocational and higher education courses in Nigeria and abroad.
2437:
during the 19th century, and finally for petroleum after Nigerian independence. Conflict has also resulted from artificial political borders drawn during British rule that resulted in nearly 300 ethnic groups being arbitrarily consolidated into a single nation-state.
2517:
Beginning in December 1992, the conflict between the Ogoni and the oil companies escalated to a level of greater seriousness and intensity on both sides. Both parties began carrying out acts of violence and MOSOP issued an ultimatum to the oil companies (Shell,
2812:
local and state elections. After Asari publicly criticized the election process as fraudulent, the Odili government withdrew its financial support from the NDPVF and began to support Tom's NDV, effectively launching a paramilitary campaign against the NDPVF.
2381:. This portion has since risen to 60%, as of 2008. Despite the vast wealth created by petroleum, the benefits have been slow to trickle down to the majority of the population, who since the 1960s have increasingly been forced to abandon their traditional
2490:
The 1970s and 1980s saw government promised benefits for the Niger Delta peoples fall through and fail to materialize, with the Ogoni growing increasingly dissatisfied and their environmental, social, and economic apparatus rapidly deteriorating. The
4845:
3272:. The NDA have attacked oil-producing facilities in the delta, causing the shutdown of oil terminals and a fall in Nigeria's oil production to its lowest level in twenty years. The attacks caused Nigeria to fall behind Angola as Africa's largest
2569:
to murder following the deaths of four Ogoni elders. Saro-Wiwa and his comrades denied the charges, but were imprisoned for over a year before being found guilty and sentenced to death by a specially-convened tribunal, hand-selected by General
5626:
2986:. Due to the circumstances, the Niger Delta is only capable of producing small portions of food unaffected by oil spills. This has increased hunger in families and individuals of all ages, leading to a country of predominant
2401:
by 64%. While many skilled, well-paid Nigerians have been employed by oil corporations, the majority of Nigerians and most especially the people of the Niger Delta states and the far north have become poorer since the 1960s.
2690:
were found dead and sixty-two were still missing months after the attack. The same soldiers set the villages ablaze, destroyed canoes and fishing equipment, killed livestock, and destroyed churches and religious shrines.
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2549:
Internal Security, claimed to be 'searching for those directly responsible for the killings of the four Ogonis.' However, witnesses say that they engaged in terror operations against the general Ogoni population.
2775:
and outlying towns. The two groups dwarf a plethora of smaller militias, supposedly numbering more than one hundred. The Nigerian government classifies these groups as "cults", but many began as local university
5335:
5038:
2934:, there has been an estimation of 240,000 barrels of oil being spilled annually onto the Niger Delta region. Therefore, the prolificacy of this soil is prone to producing crops that contain higher amounts of
3635:
2678:, and banned meetings. At military roadblocks, local residents were severely beaten or detained. At night, soldiers invaded private homes, terrorizing residents with beatings and raping the women and girls.
3138:, the Nigerian government launched a massive military crackdown on militants. They patrolled waters and hunted for militants, searched all civilian boats for weapons, and raided numerous militant hideouts.
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2499:, became the major organization representing the Ogoni people in their struggle for ethnic and environmental rights. Its primary targets, and at times adversaries, have been the Nigerian government and
4473:
3174:
groups to surrender weapons such as rocket-propelled grenades, guns, explosives, and ammunition. Even gunboats have been surrendered to the government. Over 30,000 purported members signed up between
7340:
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3363:
in the Niger Delta also joined the Biafran insurgency. Meanwhile, the Niger Delta Avengers continued to target and destroy pipelines, while local bandit groups exploited the unrest to stage raids.
3339:, the group blew up the Ogor-Oteri oil pipeline. On 4 September, the group claimed it had rigged all marked oil and gas facilities with explosives and warned residents living near them to evacuate
447:
5227:
5447:
2558:. By mid-June, the security forces had razed 30 villages, detained 600 people and killed at least 40. This figure eventually rose to 2,000 civilian deaths and the displacement of around 100,000
2377:
Nigeria, after nearly four decades of oil production, had by the early 1980s become almost completely economically dependent on petroleum extraction, which at the time generated 25% of its
416:
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2930:
also have negative implications on local human health. A primary cause of this is the effect crude oil spills have on crops in the given area. According to a Stanford University article,
388:
2848:
there were several particularly brutal battles over the Port Harcourt waterfront; some residential slums were completely destroyed after the NDPVF deliberately burned down buildings. By
2589:
organisations and the governments of other states, who condemned the Nigerian government's long history of detaining its critics, mainly pro-democracy and other political activists. The
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in exchange for monthly payments and in some cases lucrative contracts for guarding the pipelines. Though the programme has been extended through this year, the new government of
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International to believe it actively contributes to the human rights violations in the region. Because of the large area affected, the environmental consequences are vast.
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3276:. The reduced oil output has hampered the Nigerian economy and destroyed its budget, since Nigeria depends on the oil industry for nearly all its government revenue.
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2954:
addresses the harm lead and other metals can cause after strenuous exposure. Lead is a heavy metal that accumulates around regions that produce extreme amounts of
440:
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oil facility. Three soldiers guarding the installation were killed in an attack, said Col. Isa Ado of the Joint Military Force. A bomb had closed down Chevron's
2990:. There is also a higher demand for food of good quality, but not enough monetary income, which leads to sex exchanges that ultimately transmit diseases such as
2906:, one and a half million tons of oil have been discharged into the Delta's farms, forests, and rivers since oil drilling began in 1956. This is equivalent to 50
395:
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2534:
was the benefits accrued by the oil companies from extracting the natural wealth of the Ogoni homeland, and the central government's neglectful failure to act.
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2429:
Some Nigerian scholars state that the Niger Delta conflict has roots in a long history of exploitation and dispossession of the region beginning during the
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3100:
has sent soldiers to train Nigerian soldiers in maritime tactics against pirates. Since this initiative began, 33 pirates have been captured. Although the
2800:
The intense confrontation between the NDPVF and NDV seems to have been brought about by Asari's political falling out with the NDPVF's financial supporter
423:
3670:
3499:
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2651:. In it, long-held Ijaw concerns about the loss of control over their homeland and their own lives to the oil companies were joined with a commitment to
2530:, damages and compensation, and "immediate stoppage of environmental degradation", as well as negotiations for mutual agreement on all future drilling.
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entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was detained in connection with the killings. The occupying forces, led by Major Paul Okuntimo of
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3229:, the minister of state for petroleum and the head of Nigeria's oil company, said Nigerian production was down 300,000 barrels a day as a result. On
7374:
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3089:
2620:
Shell claimed to have asked the Nigerian government to show clemency towards those found guilty, but said its request was refused. However, a 2001
477:
3016:
The implications on local human health are a direct consequence of environmental changes. As a result, there has been an influx of legal Acts and
8027:
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2565:
In May 1994, nine activists from the movement who later became known as 'The Ogoni Nine', among them Ken Saro-Wiwa, were arrested and accused of
3656:
3191:
and chronic poverty and catastrophic oil pollution that which fueled the earlier rebellion, remain largely unaddressed. With Nigerian President
7433:
7282:
5099:
4901:"IRIN Africa | NIGERIA: Thousands flee violence, hundreds suspected dead | Nigeria | Conflict | Economy | Environment"
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2541:
acts of treason. Oil extraction from the territory slowed to a trickle of 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m/d) (.5% of the national total).
2426:
is considered a fact of life. The resulting scenario is one in which urbanization does not bring accompanying economic growth to provide jobs.
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paramilitary groups they believed would attempt to enforce their own political agenda. Conflagrations have been concentrated primarily in
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2629:
destruction that have occurred in Ogoniland, although individual plaintiffs have brought a class action lawsuit against Shell in the US.
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2797:, but also abroad. Bunkering is a fairly common practice in the Delta but in this case the militia groups are the primary perpetrators.
2643:
The December 1998, All Ijaw Youths Conference crystallized the Ijaws' struggle for petroleum resource control with the formation of the
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4240:"Contamination in Paulina by Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin and other toxic chemicals produced and disposed of by Shell Chemicals of Brazil"
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established between the early 80's and the early 2000s to reduce the crude oil damage in the Niger region. Part IV of Nigeria's
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From early 2021, Niger Delta militant groups such as the "Niger Delta People's Salvation Force" led by Asari-Dokubo joined an
2891:
evacuated 235 non-essential personnel from two oil fields, cutting oil production by 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m/d).
2844:
Innocent civilians were also killed by NDPVF forces firing indiscriminately in order to engage their opponents. At the end of
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5132:
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as the Ijaw Youth Congress (IYC) mobilized for Operation Climate Change. Soldiers entered the Bayelsa, the state capital of
381:
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3080:, Nigeria experienced a large spike in piracy off its coast. By early 2013 Nigeria became the second most-pirated nation in
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have been destroyed by the oil spills. When petroleum is discharged into the soil, the soil becomes acidic, which disrupts
2817:
civilian life was disrupted, forcing schools and economic activity to shut down, widespread property destruction resulted.
3225:
to the Shell Forcados export terminal halted both production and imports. Speculation centered on militants using divers.
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4955:"Engaging the Nigerian Niger Delta Ex-Agitators: The Impacts of the Presidential Amnesty Program to Economic Development"
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practices. Annual production of both cash and food crops dropped significantly in the later decades of the 20th century.
2467:
was discovered in Ogoniland in 1957, just one year after the discovery of Nigeria's first commercial petroleum deposit.
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4611:"The human health implications of crude oil spills in the Niger delta, Nigeria: An interpretation of published studies"
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also plays a key role in the act of restoring the region. The United States provides the Nigerian Navy with equipped
551:
5328:"Niger Delta: Another militant group emerges, vows to bring down refineries in Port Harcourt, Warri within 48 hours"
2852:, the situation was rapidly approaching a violent climax which caught the attention of the international community.
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Martin, Sabine; Griswold, Wendy. "Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals". Center for Hazardous Substance Research.
4557:
3887:"The Effects of Oil Production and Ethnic Representation on Violent Conflict in Nigeria: A Mixed-Methods Approach"
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Pipeline attacks had become common during the insurgency in the Niger Delta, but ended after the government on
5678:
Environmental Pollution in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The Conceptual Inadequacy of ‘Environmental Justice’
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The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities
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3671:"Pro-Biafrans claim Niger Delta Avengers link: Who is behind group that halted Nigeria's oil production?"
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efficiency. Another detrimental result of crude oil spills in the region is an increase of exposure to
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presence has played a major role in the absence of democracy in Nigeria. According to the documentary
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4147:"Bogumil Terminski, Oil-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue"
3497:Нигерийские солдаты проходят специальную подготовку в Беларуси для борьбы с боевиками в дельте Нигера
3212:
3096:, MEND has hijacked 12 ships, kidnapped 33 sailors, and killed 4 oil workers. Since this started the
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within a few days. The next day, the group reportedly blew up a major oil pipeline operated by the
624:
3461:"Amnesty Programme: Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders berate those seeking to oust Prof. Dokubo"
35:
Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region: 1.
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herders, and bandits. Asari-Dokubo formed the "Biafra Customary Government" (BCG) in March 2021.
3002:. Citizens briefly mention their bodily experience when consuming local crops and protein in the
2610:
2590:
1832:
1048:
1024:
988:
5639:
Other Separatist Groups - MASSOB-Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
4307:
2958:
and seep into products of consumption. Consuming lead is toxic enough to affect every organ and
2585:
The executions met with an immediate international response. The trial was widely criticised by
8176:
7994:
7783:
7323:
7185:
6991:
6342:
6173:
6168:
6074:
5652:
4661:
4246:
3170:
3126:. More than 200 foreigners have been kidnapped since 2006, though most were released unharmed.
2919:
entire species will become extinct and the entire Nigerian fishing industry will be decimated.
2822:
2389:
production dropped by 43% for example; Nigeria was the world's largest cocoa exporter in 1960.
2378:
2340:
2328:
855:
5677:
5632:
3591:
2487:
could now distribute the land to oil companies as it deemed fit, said the Human Rights Watch.
8128:
7705:
6874:
6489:
6297:
6262:
6183:
6091:
4675:
4053:
3226:
3054:
2760:
2737:
2551:
2108:
2104:
1772:
1736:
1627:
1181:
1121:
508:
214:
197:
5538:
Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta : managing the complex politics of petro-violence
5218:"Avengers unite! Violence in the Delta has cut oil output by a third. It may get even worse"
4180:"Shell in court over alleged role in Nigeria executions | Business | The Observer"
3932:
3838:
3104:
now has learned new tactics to use against pirates, attacks still occur on a regular basis.
8518:
8458:
8170:
6364:
6322:
6231:
6211:
6130:
6054:
5917:
4410:
4271:
3404:
3257:
3221:
explosion in a pipeline operated by Shell Petroleum Development Corporation, a Royal Dutch
3046:
2872:
2861:
2756:
2751:. However, after the violent convergence of the largest military groups in the region, the
2270:
1447:
1145:
1084:
976:
374:
8:
8482:
7857:
7657:
7579:
7438:
7212:
7135:
7115:
7084:
6539:
6519:
6389:
6369:
6257:
6020:
6001:
3969:
3203:
and with patronage to former militant leaders terminated, local discontent is deepening.
2682:
2519:
2484:
2472:
2336:
1808:
1603:
1507:
1483:
1411:
1349:
5627:
SPECIAL REPORT: Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
4579:
3157:, announced that it would grant amnesty and an unconditional pardon to militants in the
7863:
7646:
7623:
6981:
6774:
6682:
6573:
6549:
6481:
6399:
6374:
6226:
6156:
6044:
5886:
5791:
5725:
4702:
4637:
4610:
4026:
3914:
3572:
3425:
3420:
2789:
2648:
2644:
2324:
2254:
1928:
1543:
1531:
1495:
1471:
1435:
1361:
1337:
1277:
1253:
952:
752:
595:
523:
464:
3886:
2701:
Subsequent actions by Ijaws against the oil industry included both renewed efforts at
8604:
8448:
8117:
7976:
7911:
7423:
7240:
7195:
7044:
6996:
6965:
6662:
6543:
6514:
6494:
6445:
6359:
6312:
6193:
5606:
5587:
5568:
5545:
4900:
4642:
4507:
4465:
4388:
4360:
4030:
4018:
3906:
3865:
3595:
3192:
2995:
2888:
2864:
2718:
2500:
2468:
2036:
1892:
1820:
1193:
1108:
868:
843:
808:
272:
125:
48:
8293:
7481:
4496:"Ideological Battle in the Nigerian State: An interplay of democracy and plutocracy"
3918:
3321:, the group warned that it will blow up additional oil installations in the future.
2537:
The government responded by banning public gatherings and declaring disturbances to
8552:
8452:
8244:
7946:
7550:
7364:
7359:
7160:
7001:
6950:
6824:
6769:
6589:
6529:
6524:
6504:
6419:
6414:
6302:
5861:
5818:
5756:
5647:
5124:
4729:
4632:
4622:
4008:
3898:
3745:
3704:
3440:
3183:
2559:
2335:, causing the militarization of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups,
2315:. Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to
2145:
2120:
2072:
2000:
1940:
1916:
1748:
1663:
1615:
1398:
1313:
1217:
1012:
940:
831:
794:
638:
609:
4330:
3562:
Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists.
8503:
8311:
7934:
7778:
7379:
7170:
7060:
7028:
6911:
6509:
6106:
5929:
5781:
5751:
5561:
4734:
4717:
4417:
4086:
3902:
3568:
3503:
3030:
2830:
2826:
2781:
2708:
2347:
by discouraging foreign investment in new power generation plants in the region.
2097:
2012:
1976:
1423:
1241:
1000:
916:
904:
681:
667:
653:
248:
115:
40:
4925:
4871:
4774:
4430:
8431:
8163:
8158:
7970:
7964:
7952:
7896:
7272:
7255:
7219:
7180:
6747:
6742:
6687:
6594:
6203:
5776:
5766:
5660:
Nigerian Oil -- "Curse of the Black Gold: Hope and Betrayal in the Niger Delta"
5603:
A Swamp Full of Dollars: Pipelines and Paramilitaries at Nigeria's Oil Frontier
4558:"World Wildlife Fund. 2006. Fishing on the Niger River. Retrieved May 10, 2007"
3380:
3234:
3050:
2959:
2915:
2748:
2606:
2602:
2538:
2430:
2060:
2024:
1988:
1724:
1700:
1567:
1519:
1133:
1096:
880:
766:
545:
4986:"Why Buhari Will Sustain Amnesty Programme – Presidency - INFORMATION NIGERIA"
4826:
4526:
4045:
3588:
Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World
3009:
2938:
than they would otherwise. Crops that prevailed in the oil spill, such as the
2307:'s minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the
2183:
8619:
8589:
8390:
8372:
8328:
8220:
7982:
7958:
7466:
7277:
7175:
6841:
6752:
6699:
5823:
5786:
5222:
5190:
4627:
4511:
4469:
4022:
3910:
3394:
3295:
3222:
3120:
3101:
3097:
2772:
2652:
2598:
2511:
2496:
2459:
is a 1,050-square-kilometre (404-square-mile) region in the southeast of the
2451:
2411:
2351:
because of a failure to prosecute those responsible for human rights abuses.
2332:
2277:
2141:
1952:
1880:
1796:
1784:
1712:
1373:
1169:
1072:
1060:
780:
260:
120:
44:
5276:"Rebels in Niger Delta cease attacks on oil platforms, agree to peace talks"
5250:"Rebels in Niger Delta cease attacks on oil platforms, agree to peace talks"
3485:
Belarusian Military Cooperation With Developing Nations: Dangerous Yet Legal
7524:
5761:
5092:"Nigeria's Qua Iboe crude oil terminal closed, workers evacuated - traders"
4646:
4079:
3435:
3311:
3238:
2999:
2987:
2907:
2876:
2805:
2777:
2741:
2695:
2638:
2586:
2546:
2506:
2476:
2419:
2410:. This population is expanding at a rapid 3% per year and the oil capital,
2382:
2308:
2300:
2234:
2229:
2112:
1964:
1760:
1386:
1265:
1229:
1157:
1036:
892:
332:
150:
68:
6605:
5358:"New Niger Delta militant group, Greenland blows up oil pipeline in Delta"
8599:
8594:
8143:
7917:
7672:
6667:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5964:
5581:
5013:
4705:[Chapter 338] (IV). Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990. 1990.
3360:
3356:
3329:
3265:
3158:
3112:
3034:
2967:
2955:
2927:
2911:
2801:
2794:
2768:
2681:
On January 4, 1999, about one hundred soldiers from the military base at
2667:
2575:
2571:
2460:
2372:
2312:
2304:
2084:
2048:
1904:
1868:
1856:
1687:
1555:
1301:
1205:
928:
581:
284:
130:
105:
52:
8215:
5771:
5089:
3997:"Understanding Niger Delta's violence from a World-Ecology perspective"
3519:
3303:
3246:
2883:
and pipelines. This quickly caused a major crisis the following day on
2879:
and threatened to disrupt oil production activities through attacks on
2730:
2702:
2621:
2566:
2495:(MOSOP) was formed in 1992, spearheaded by Ogoni playwright and author
2423:
2386:
2093:
1639:
1459:
1289:
738:
724:
320:
236:
145:
110:
64:
36:
4458:"The environmental and social impact of Shell's operations in Nigeria"
3328:, the group reportedly blew up two pipelines belonging to NPDC in the
2662:
In December 1998, two warships and 10–15,000 Nigerian troops occupied
5828:
5541:
5414:"Suspected Niger Delta militants blow up two NPDC pipelines in Delta"
3657:‘Asari Dokubo asking Niger Delta to join Biafra is a suicide mission’
3261:
2979:
2923:
2764:
2555:
2527:
2464:
2456:
2316:
2136:
1844:
1675:
1325:
964:
696:
308:
296:
140:
135:
60:
56:
4013:
3933:"Violence in Nigeria's Oil Rich Rivers State in 2004 : Summary"
2597:, suspended Nigeria's membership in response to the executions. The
8040:
7761:
7513:
6906:
5682:
3537:
2991:
2880:
2594:
2434:
2320:
30:
4044:
Obi, C. I.; Development, UN Research Institute for Social (2005).
5806:
5713:
4531:
3630:
3388:
3123:
3108:
3085:
2943:
2939:
2705:
action and attacks on oil installations and foreign oil workers.
2671:
2663:
2415:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
850:
838:
826:
710:
604:
590:
576:
352:
100:
95:
4359:. Effurun/Warri: New Pages Law Publishing Co. pp. 247–256.
3864:. New Pages Law Publishing Co. Effurun/Warri. pp. 247–250.
5796:
5039:"Curbing Violence in Nigeria (III): Revisiting the Niger Delta"
4411:
Rivers and Blood: Guns, Oil and Power in Nigeria's Rivers State
3352:
3294:
declared its existence and threatened to destroy refineries in
3081:
2983:
2963:
2962:
in the human body. Other detriments include the development of
2675:
2614:
2579:
2433:: first for slaves during the 17th and 18th century, later for
2398:
2394:
2390:
469:
364:
5535:
5521:‘Nobody can stop us’ — Asari Dokubo declares Biafra government
4749:
3729:"Nigeria's Cults and their Role in the Niger Delta Insurgency"
2875:
declared "all-out war" with the Nigerian state as well as the
2709:
Creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission (2000–2003)
5801:
5584:
The Next Gulf: London, Washington and Oil Conflict in Nigeria
5014:
Maggie Fick in Lagos; Anjli Raval in London (March 8, 2016).
4802:"British hostages moved by Niger rebels after botched rescue"
3626:"New militant group threatens Niger Delta oil war - in Latin"
3299:
3253:
shut down and evacuated its workers due to militant threats.
2975:
2971:
2935:
5582:
Lorne Stockman; James Marriott; Andrew Rowell (3 Nov 2005).
5090:
Jarrett Renshaw; Libby George; Simon Falush (May 19, 2016).
5061:"Shell Nigeria shuts oil terminal as attacks cut production"
84:(21 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
5811:
4604:
4602:
4600:
3148:
2947:
3746:"BBC News - Nigerian militants seize workers from oil rig"
5638:
5496:"Biafra Struggle: How Nnamdi Kanu, Asari Dokubo Fell Out"
5058:
4728:. Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics: 567–570.
4524:
3003:
2860:
After launching a mission to wipe out NDPVF, approved by
172:~15,000 militants signed for presidential amnesty program
5444:"JUST IN: Militants strike again, blow up NPDC facility"
4597:
4210:"Shell in court over alleged role in Nigeria executions"
4378:
4376:
2475:
set up shop there throughout the next two decades. The
5304:. Reports Afrique News. 22 August 2016. Archived from
4718:"Oil Spill Problems and Management in the Niger Delta"
4382:
2747:
Prior to 2003, the epicenter of regional violence was
7511:
5633:
Peace and Security in the Niger Delta: Baseline Study
4133:
Fossile Ressourcen, Erdölkonzerne und indigene Völker
3119:(MEND), have resorted to taking foreign employees of
3061:
2296:
first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between
5672:
A Look At the Fight Over Nigeria's Natural Resources
5388:"Niger Delta militants issue another deadly warning"
4872:"Africa | Will Nigeria oil offensive backfire?"
4494:
Ojukwu, Dr chris c; Nwaorgu, O. G. F. (2012-03-15).
4373:
3538:"Инструкторы из Израиля готовят нигерийский спецназ"
3370:
3355:
separatists against Nigerian security forces, armed
2731:
Emergence of armed groups in Niger Delta (2003–2004)
5523:, The Cable, 14 March 2021. Accessed 15 March 2021.
5470:"Militants tell residents to vacate oil facilities"
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3506:- Центр специальной подготовки Республики Беларусь
3092:is thought to be behind most of the attacks. Since
2793:can be sold for profit, usually to destinations in
2132:General Benikeme Hitler (Niger Delta Marine Force)
6683:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5560:
5302:"N'Delta Militants: More Groups Declare Ceasefire"
5156:"Africa's largest oil producer has been dethroned"
4828:Military operations in the Niger Delta - 16 Aug 08
2855:
2414:, and other large towns are also growing quickly.
5635:WAC Global Services Baseline Study, December 2003
5567:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Westview Press.
5186:"The Niger Delta Avengers: Danegeld in the Delta"
5041:. Crisis Group. 29 September 2015. Archived from
3659:, PM News, 17 March 2021. Accessed 18 March 2021.
3129:
2780:. The groups have adopted names largely based on
2574:, on 10 November 1995. The activists were denied
8617:
4926:"Africa | Nigeria offers militants amnesty"
3608:
3590:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p.
3117:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
3090:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
3041:
478:Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
204:Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders (since 2019)
4046:"Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa"
3959:Where Vultures Feast (Okonta and Douglas, 2001)
2213:
7434:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
5733:
4722:International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings
4322:
4207:
4043:
4001:Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional
3884:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3579:
3199:, the amnesty program seemed likely to end in
2982:, making individuals more prone to developing
7497:
6621:
5698:
5605:(illustrated, reprint ed.). I.B.Tauris.
5153:
4493:
4464:. International Catalan Institute for Peace.
4455:
2833:forces that began occupying Port Harcourt in
2526:) demanding some $ 10 billion in accumulated
2493:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
2448:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
2199:
5059:Hilary Uguru; Michelle Faul (May 11, 2016).
4304:"Shell hit by new litigation over Ogoniland"
3668:
3623:
3010:Battle Raging in Nigeria over Control of Oil
2717:(NDDC) was established in 2000 by President
2343:. The violence has contributed to Nigeria's
2130:Corporal "Oleum Bellum" (New Delta Avengers)
6635:
5119:
5117:
5016:"Bombed pipeline to hit Nigeria oil output"
5009:
5007:
3955:
3953:
3885:Koos, Carlo; Pierskalla, Jan (2015-01-20).
3693:
3302:within 48 hours, as well as a gas plant in
2698:, killing scores if not hundreds of Ijaws.
7504:
7490:
6628:
6614:
5705:
5691:
5656:, February 2007 (accessed 28 January 2007)
5125:"Nigeria arrests 'Avengers' oil militants"
5054:
5052:
4659:
4525:Maweni Farm Documentaries (15 July 2008).
4232:
3161:which would last for 60 days beginning on
2632:
2206:
2192:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4733:
4665:
4636:
4626:
4354:
4328:
4272:"THE NIGER DELTA: NO DEMOCRATIC DIVIDEND"
4177:
4012:
3859:
2613:—but not on petroleum, Nigeria's primary
7653:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
6428:
5563:This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis
5114:
5004:
4715:
4406:
4404:
3950:
3149:Presidential amnesty program (2009–2016)
2767:(both of which are primarily made up of
2505:
2178:~15,000 militants surrendered as of 2023
8196:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
7870:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
7395:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor
5536:Obi, Cyril and Siri Aas Rustad (2011).
5147:
5049:
3585:
2554:characterized the policy as deliberate
2524:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
2361:Environmental issues in the Niger Delta
2098:
448:Reformed Egbesu Boys of the Niger Delta
8618:
7131:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
5368:from the original on 17 September 2016
5338:from the original on 17 September 2016
5282:from the original on 15 September 2016
5256:from the original on 15 September 2016
5026:
4869:
4843:
4500:Global Journal of Human-Social Science
4383:Okonata, Ike; Douglas, Oronto (2003).
4296:
4284:from the original on 24 September 2015
4159:from the original on 23 September 2015
4130:
3994:
3681:from the original on 13 September 2016
3268:, publicly announced its existence in
8385:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
8306:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
7485:
6609:
5686:
5558:
5476:from the original on 6 September 2016
5102:from the original on October 14, 2017
4800:Philp, Catherine (January 19, 2009).
4799:
4437:from the original on 11 December 2015
4401:
4264:
4135:. Giessen: Focus Verlag. p. 105.
4073:
3342:
3292:Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate
3018:non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
2910:disasters. Hundreds of kilometers of
2422:in Nigeria are growing, and official
2187:
382:Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate
5712:
5629:Journal of Energy Security, May 2010
5600:
5071:from the original on October 3, 2016
4992:from the original on 26 January 2016
4131:Haller, Tobias; et al. (2000).
3976:from the original on 20 October 2014
3835:""Armed Conflicts Report - Nigeria""
3586:Minahan, James B. (2016). "Urhobo".
3049:, Friends of the Earth Netherlands (
2952:Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals
2753:Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
485:Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
8475:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
8426:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
7941:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
7462:Dissident Irish republican campaign
7336:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
6808:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
6658:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
5450:from the original on 31 August 2016
5424:from the original on 21 August 2016
4846:"Niger Delta offensive intensifies"
4781:from the original on 11 August 2016
4608:
3703:Katrin Gänsler (3 September 2021).
3308:Nigerian National Petroleum Company
2329:environmental harm over its impacts
417:Niger Delta Revolutionary Crusaders
410:Asawana Deadly Force of Niger Delta
13:
8183:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
7725:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
6902:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
6880:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
6673:Central African Republic Civil War
6450:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
5529:
5252:. Deutsche Welle. 21 August 2016.
4580:"Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta"
4577:
4245:. Greenpeace. 2001. Archived from
4037:
3487:// Belarus Digest, 5 December 2013
3349:insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
3206:
3062:Piracy and kidnappings (2006–2014)
3027:Niger Delta Development Commission
2715:Niger Delta Development Commission
2578:and upon being found guilty, were
2408:Niger Delta Development Commission
389:Joint Niger Delta Liberation Force
14:
8667:
8420:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
8123:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
7251:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
7121:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
6712:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5620:
5230:from the original on 24 June 2016
5198:from the original on 24 June 2016
4306:. Mallenbaker.net. Archived from
4220:from the original on June 3, 2016
4112:from the original on 3 March 2016
3638:from the original on 21 July 2018
2323:government in 1999. Struggle for
8250:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
7268:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
7261:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
7126:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
5586:. Constable & Robinson Ltd.
5166:from the original on 5 June 2016
5135:from the original on 16 May 2016
4431:"Nigerian army warns oil rebels"
4208:Nick Mathiason (April 4, 2009).
3891:Terrorism and Political Violence
3387:
3373:
2932:Oil Pollution in the Niger Delta
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1392:
1380:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
849:
837:
825:
802:
788:
774:
760:
746:
732:
718:
704:
690:
675:
661:
647:
632:
618:
603:
589:
575:
522:
463:
357:
345:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
242:
230:
208:
190:
94:
29:
8267:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
7099:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
7080:Internal conflict in Bangladesh
5514:
5488:
5462:
5436:
5406:
5380:
5350:
5320:
5294:
5268:
5242:
5210:
5178:
5083:
4978:
4947:
4936:from the original on 2012-03-25
4918:
4907:from the original on 2011-01-27
4893:
4882:from the original on 2009-09-30
4863:
4837:
4820:
4793:
4767:
4756:from the original on 2012-06-11
4742:
4709:
4695:
4653:
4571:
4550:
4539:from the original on 2016-01-06
4518:
4487:
4476:from the original on 2016-09-13
4456:Antoni Pigrau (November 2013).
4449:
4423:
4348:
4337:from the original on 2012-04-05
4201:
4190:from the original on 2013-09-06
4171:
4139:
4124:
4092:
3988:
3962:
3939:from the original on 2008-11-02
3925:
3878:
3853:
3827:
3796:
3785:from the original on 2011-01-26
3767:
3756:from the original on 2011-01-26
3738:
3722:
3662:
3544:from the original on 2018-09-10
3107:Since 2006, militant groups in
2856:Nigerian oil crisis (2004–2006)
2441:
2339:and police forces, notably the
1580:Ganiyu Tunde Adegboyega Adekeye
7141:Sectarian violence in Pakistan
7066:Islamic State–Taliban conflict
6835:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
6760:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
4775:"Nigeria's shadowy oil rebels"
4716:Nwilo, PC; Badejo, OT (2005).
4462:Per la Pau / Peace in Progress
4329:Aghadiuno, Eric (1999-01-04).
4178:Mathiason, Nick (2009-04-05).
3650:
3555:
3530:
3512:
3490:
3477:
3453:
3416:Islamist insurgency in Nigeria
3130:Military crackdown (2008–2009)
2894:Nigeria was the world's tenth
2771:), conflict became focused on
2685:'s Escravos facility attacked
1:
8631:Petroleum industry in Nigeria
8568:2014 Lesotho political crisis
8525:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
7688:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
7390:Syrian–Turkish border clashes
7312:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
7094:Insurgency in Northeast India
6890:Religious violence in Nigeria
6870:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
6446:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
6405:Sustainable Development Goals
5601:Peel, Michael (24 Mar 2011).
5154:Elena Holodny (16 May 2016).
4870:Walker, Andrew (2009-05-27).
4848:. 234next.com. Archived from
4100:"International Action Report"
3705:"In Biafra wächst die Unruhe"
3624:Tife Owolabi (14 June 2017).
3447:
3042:Royal Dutch Shell controversy
2647:(IYC) and the issuing of the
2369:Nigerian energy supply crisis
2365:Petroleum industry in Nigeria
2354:
436:Reformed Egbesu Fraternities
8562:SADC intervention in Lesotho
8164:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
8118:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
7875:ECOWAS military intervention
7595:2011–2014 factional violence
7203:Conflicts in the Philippines
6813:Jihadist insurgency in Niger
5665:National Geographic Magazine
5278:. Pulse.ng. 21 August 2016.
4903:. Irinnews.org. 2009-05-22.
4735:10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-567
4357:Environmental Protection Law
4277:. Human Rights Watch. 2002.
3995:Mateos, Oscar (2021-06-21).
3903:10.1080/09546553.2014.962021
3862:Environmental Protection Law
3431:Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
3241:facility a week earlier. On
3169:. Former Nigerian President
3068:Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
2345:ongoing energy supply crisis
2331:has fueled violence between
492:Niger Delta Liberation Front
7:
8239:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
8094:Insurgency in Northern Chad
7444:Russian invasion of Ukraine
7353:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
7348:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
6946:Jamaican political conflict
6897:Conflict in the Niger Delta
6410:Water supply and sanitation
4844:Fatade, Wale (2009-05-28).
3366:
3072:Foreign hostages in Nigeria
2725:
2463:basin. Economically viable
2393:production dropped by 29%,
2294:conflict in the Niger Delta
2217:Conflict in the Niger Delta
499:Joint Revolutionary Council
24:Conflict in the Niger Delta
10:
8672:
8530:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
8351:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
8206:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
8071:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
7882:Western Togoland Rebellion
7429:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
7319:Kurdish separatism in Iran
7297:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
7246:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
7104:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
6987:Ecuadorian security crisis
6919:Western Togoland Rebellion
6830:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
5472:. Naij. 4 September 2016.
4420:(Human Rights Watch, 2005)
4355:Ehighelua, Ikhide (2007).
4089:(Human Rights Watch, 1999)
3860:Ehighelua, Ikhide (2007).
3210:
3065:
2636:
2445:
2358:
455:Egbesu Mightier Fraternity
8582:
8539:
8511:
8502:
8441:
8412:
8367:Second Sudanese Civil War
8359:
8321:
8275:
8231:
8151:
8142:
8110:
8081:
8050:
8010:
7927:
7904:
7895:
7844:
7818:
7792:
7771:
7734:
7680:
7671:
7639:
7610:
7572:
7532:
7523:
7454:
7416:
7409:
7307:Hezbollah–Israel conflict
7233:
7225:South Thailand insurgency
7191:Conflict in Rakhine State
7151:
7053:
7037:
7021:
7014:
6974:
6956:Salvadoran gang crackdown
6938:
6931:
6862:
6798:Insurgency in the Maghreb
6785:
6720:
6650:
6643:
6567:
6480:
6350:Female genital mutilation
6253:
6244:
6164:
6155:
6060:Federal Executive Council
6028:
6019:
5925:
5916:
5837:
5724:
3213:2016 Niger Delta conflict
2659:, beginning December 28.
2225:
2168:
2155:
565:
182:
74:
28:
23:
16:Ongoing military conflict
8470:2008 invasion of Anjouan
8066:Civil War (2012–present)
8035:Pool Department conflict
6885:Nigerian bandit conflict
6765:Insurgency in Mozambique
6733:Ethiopian civil conflict
6693:Western DR Congo clashes
6102:House of Representatives
6033:Administrative divisions
5446:. Naij. 30 August 2016.
4628:10.4103/0300-1652.108887
4615:Nigerian Medical Journal
4152:. Conflictrecovery.org.
3733:The Jamestown Foundation
3022:Oil Pipelines Act (1990)
2950:absorption by over 90%.
2788:process in which an oil
2657:Operation Climate Change
2593:, which had pleaded for
2319:and the election of the
625:Mohammed Badaru Abubakar
472:separatists (from 2021)
431:Niger Delta Marine Force
8465:Hanish Islands conflict
8001:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
7852:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
7694:Herder–farmer conflicts
7618:Western Sahara conflict
6961:Honduran gang crackdown
6852:Western Saharan clashes
6847:Western Sahara conflict
6803:Insurgency in the Sahel
6637:Ongoing armed conflicts
3972:. Essentialaction.org.
3731:by Bestman Wellington,
3411:Human rights in Nigeria
2633:Ijaw unrest (1998–1999)
2591:Commonwealth of Nations
2582:by the Nigerian state.
1833:Diepreye Alamieyeseigha
1592:Samuel Olajide Afolayan
1049:Mohammed Dikko Abubakar
1025:Ogbonna Okechukwu Onovo
989:Mustafa Adebayo Balogun
82:12 March 2003 - present
8641:Wars involving Nigeria
8636:21st-century conflicts
8288:Somali–Kenyan conflict
8177:Second Afar insurgency
7784:Sierra Leone Civil War
7283:Saudi–led intervention
7111:Insurgency in Pakistan
6992:Insurgency in Paraguay
6343:Oodua Peoples Congress
4789:– via bbc.co.uk.
4683:Cite journal requires
4416:July 20, 2008, at the
4061:Cite journal requires
2761:Niger Delta Vigilantes
2514:
2510:Ogoni Flag created by
2341:Nigerian Mobile Police
2128:General "Busta Rhymes"
566:Commanders and leaders
441:Red Egbesu Water Lions
8547:Bophuthatswana crisis
8211:Oromia–Somali clashes
8129:Boko Haram insurgency
8089:Civil War (2005–2010)
7706:Boko Haram insurgency
7629:Clashes, 2020–present
7071:Republican insurgency
6875:Boko Haram insurgency
6461:Niger Delta conflicts
6007:Wildlife conservation
5882:Military dictatorship
4752:. Milieudefensie.nl.
4433:. 28 September 2014.
4333:. OnlineNigeria.com.
4085:May 27, 2016, at the
3227:Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu
3055:Amnesty International
2552:Amnesty International
2509:
2169:Casualties and losses
2109:Ebikabowei Victor-Ben
2105:Government Ekpemupolo
1773:Henry Seriake Dickson
1737:Udom Gabriel Emmanuel
1628:Adesola Nunayon Amosu
1182:Haliru Mohammed Bello
1122:Bashir Salihi Magashi
685:(2023–present)
642:(2023–present)
613:(2023–present)
509:Niger Delta Vigilante
396:Niger Delta Red Squad
370:Niger Delta Republic
215:Nigerian Armed Forces
8626:Terrorism in Nigeria
8519:Mozambican Civil War
8479:Burundian conflicts
8459:Djiboutian Civil War
8171:Insurgency in Ogaden
7799:Liberian Civil Wars
7712:Niger Delta conflict
7385:Russian intervention
7375:Inter-rebel conflict
7329:Western Iran clashes
7302:Gaza–Israel conflict
5955:Environmental issues
5559:Maier, Karl (2002).
5045:on 18 February 2016.
4385:Where Vultures Feast
4105:. Nigerianmuse.com.
3405:Drilling and Killing
3258:Niger Delta Avengers
3197:March 2015 elections
2896:largest oil exporter
2873:Mujahid Dokubo-Asari
2757:Mujahid Dokubo-Asari
2431:British imperial era
2303:and a number of the
1448:Abdulrahman Dambazau
1146:Aliyu Mohammed Gusau
1085:Ibrahim Kpotun Idris
977:Abdulrahman Dambazau
812:(2023–present)
798:(2023–present)
784:(2020–present)
770:(2016–present)
756:(2023–present)
742:(2023–present)
728:(2020–present)
714:(2023–present)
700:(2023–present)
671:(2023–present)
657:(2023–present)
628:(2023–present)
599:(2023–present)
585:(2023–present)
375:Niger Delta Avengers
8558:Lesothan conflicts
8483:1993–2005 Civil War
8201:Afar–Somali clashes
7988:2022–2024 offensive
7983:2012–2013 rebellion
7825:Ivorian Civil Wars
7658:Tunisian revolution
7600:2014–2020 civil war
7580:2008 Kufra conflict
7517:conflicts in Africa
7439:Russo-Ukrainian War
7136:Insurgency in Sindh
7116:Insurgency in Sindh
6793:Insurgency in Egypt
6738:Afar–Somali clashes
6456:Islamist insurgency
4609:Med, Niger (2013).
3576:; 05/20/2014 18:03.
3233:, Shell closed its
3171:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
2974:, and reduction of
2485:Nigerian government
2473:Chevron Corporation
1809:Werinipre Seibarugo
1652:Mohammed Dikko Umar
1604:Isiaka Oladayo Amao
1508:Awwal Zubairu Gambo
1484:Martin Luther Agwai
1412:Tukur Yusuf Buratai
1350:Martin Luther Agwai
856:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
403:Adaka Boro Avengers
198:Nigerian government
8605:Colour revolutions
8403:Sudanese civil war
8255:2009–present phase
7995:Batwa–Luba clashes
7864:Casamance conflict
7741:Tuareg rebellions
7701:Religious violence
7647:Algerian Civil War
7563:Terrorism in Egypt
7324:Iran–PJAK conflict
7186:Karen–Mon conflict
6982:Colombian conflict
6775:Operation Atalanta
6678:Insurgency in Chad
6293:Child sexual abuse
6273:Capital punishment
6222:Telecommunications
5420:. 19 August 2016.
5364:. 10 August 2016.
5308:on 12 October 2017
4584:large.stanford.edu
4310:on 7 February 2009
3669:Ludovica Iaccino.
3573:The Jerusalem Post
3567:2018-09-10 at the
3520:"VK.com | VK"
3502:2018-07-16 at the
3426:Petroleum politics
3421:Nigerian Civil War
3343:Biafran insurgency
2885:September 26, 2004
2649:Kaiama Declaration
2645:Ijaw Youth Council
2515:
2280:and Ogoni activism
1929:Oserheimen Osunbor
1544:Dele Joseph Ezeoba
1532:Usman Oyibe Jibrin
1496:Alexander Ogomudia
1472:Owoye Andrew Azazi
1436:Azubuike Ihejirika
1362:Alexander Ogomudia
1338:Owoye Andrew Azazi
1278:Abayomi Olonisakin
1254:Theophilus Danjuma
953:Emmanuel Iheanacho
753:Sheriff Oborevwori
596:Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo
424:New Delta Avengers
8656:Niger River Delta
8613:
8612:
8578:
8577:
8498:
8497:
8449:Rwandan Civil War
8397:Blue Nile clashes
8379:Nomadic conflicts
8335:Nomadic conflicts
8138:
8137:
7977:March 23 Movement
7912:Angolan Civil War
7891:
7890:
7667:
7666:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7424:Abkhazia conflict
7405:
7404:
7241:Abkhazia conflict
7196:Rohingya conflict
7166:Myanmar civil war
7045:Xinjiang conflict
7010:
7009:
6997:Peruvian conflict
6966:Gang war in Haiti
6927:
6926:
6663:Anglophone Crisis
6603:
6602:
6563:
6562:
6515:List of Nigerians
6476:
6475:
6355:Gender inequality
6318:Domestic violence
6282:Girl child labour
6240:
6239:
6151:
6150:
6114:Political parties
6097:National Assembly
6082:Human trafficking
6065:Foreign relations
6015:
6014:
5912:
5911:
5674:December 26, 2006
5551:978-1-84813-808-7
5334:. 9 August 2016.
4988:. 25 April 2015.
4777:. 20 April 2006.
4703:Oil Pipelines Act
4394:978-1-85984-473-1
3601:978-1-61069-954-9
3195:'s defeat in the
3193:Goodluck Jonathan
3115:, especially the
3000:illegal abortions
2996:teenage pregnancy
2865:Olusegun Obasanjo
2719:Olusegun Obasanjo
2560:internal refugees
2501:Royal Dutch Shell
2469:Royal Dutch Shell
2337:Nigerian military
2287:
2286:
2182:
2181:
2037:Adebayo Adefarati
1893:Emmanuel Uduaghan
1821:Goodluck Jonathan
1194:Adetokunbo Kayode
1109:Usman Alkali Baba
869:Olusegun Obasanjo
844:Goodluck Jonathan
819:Former commanders
809:Siminalayi Fubara
273:Cross River State
178:
177:
126:Cross River State
8663:
8553:Caprivi conflict
8509:
8508:
8488:2015–2018 unrest
8294:Likoni massacres
8283:Ethnic conflicts
8245:Somali Civil War
8149:
8148:
7947:Second Congo War
7902:
7901:
7678:
7677:
7557:Post-coup unrest
7551:Sinai insurgency
7530:
7529:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7414:
7413:
7365:Daraa insurgency
7360:Syrian civil war
7290:Yemeni Civil war
7161:Myanmar conflict
7019:
7018:
7002:Mapuche conflict
6951:Mexican drug war
6936:
6935:
6825:Sinai insurgency
6770:Somali Civil War
6648:
6647:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6607:
6606:
6583:
6576:
6426:
6425:
6251:
6250:
6207:
6189:Economic history
6162:
6161:
6026:
6025:
5923:
5922:
5872:Southern Nigeria
5867:Northern Nigeria
5862:Colonial Nigeria
5731:
5730:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5648:Sebastian Junger
5616:
5597:
5578:
5566:
5555:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5500:Sahara Reporters
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5394:. 12 August 2016
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5226:. 25 June 2016.
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5194:. 25 June 2016.
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5160:Business Insider
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5035:
5024:
5023:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4960:. Archived from
4959:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4750:"Worse Than Bad"
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4669:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4630:
4606:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4252:on 17 March 2012
4251:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4090:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4016:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3837:. Archived from
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3809:. Archived from
3808:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3742:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3621:
3606:
3605:
3583:
3577:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3465:Vanguard-nigeria
3457:
3441:Bakassi conflict
3397:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3223:Shell subsidiary
3184:Muhammadu Buhari
2877:oil corporations
2609:all implemented
2301:oil corporations
2220:
2218:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2161:150,000 soldiers
2150:
2125:
2100:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2073:Celestine Omehia
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2001:Rotimi Akeredolu
1999:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1941:Lucky Igbinedion
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1917:Adams Oshiomhole
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1749:Godswill Akpabio
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1664:Oluseyi Petinrin
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1616:Sadique Abubakar
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
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1529:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
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1480:
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1468:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1399:Ibrahim Attahiru
1397:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1314:Oluseyi Petinrin
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1218:Shettima Mustafa
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1013:Mike Mbama Okiro
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
987:
986:
975:
974:
963:
962:
951:
950:
941:Shettima Mustafa
939:
938:
927:
926:
915:
914:
903:
902:
891:
890:
879:
878:
867:
866:
854:
853:
842:
841:
832:Muhammadu Buhari
830:
829:
807:
806:
805:
795:Lucky Aiyedatiwa
793:
792:
791:
779:
778:
777:
765:
764:
763:
751:
750:
749:
737:
736:
735:
723:
722:
721:
709:
708:
707:
695:
694:
693:
680:
679:
678:
666:
665:
664:
652:
651:
650:
639:Christopher Musa
637:
636:
635:
623:
622:
621:
610:Kayode Egbetokun
608:
607:
594:
593:
580:
579:
527:
526:
468:
467:
363:
361:
360:
351:
349:
348:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
245:
235:
234:
233:
213:
212:
211:
195:
194:
193:
99:
98:
76:
75:
33:
21:
20:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8651:2015 in Nigeria
8646:2014 in Nigeria
8616:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8574:
8535:
8504:Southern Africa
8494:
8437:
8408:
8355:
8340:Ethnic violence
8317:
8312:Baragoi clashes
8271:
8227:
8134:
8106:
8096:(2016–present)
8077:
8052:
8051:Central African
8046:
8012:
8006:
7935:First Congo War
7923:
7887:
7840:
7814:
7788:
7779:Ndogboyosoi War
7767:
7730:
7714:(2003–present)
7690:(1998–present)
7663:
7635:
7620:(1970–present)
7606:
7568:
7546:2011 revolution
7540:Egyptian Crisis
7519:
7510:
7480:
7471:
7450:
7401:
7380:Rojava conflict
7370:Desert campaign
7229:
7171:Kachin conflict
7153:
7147:
7061:Afghan conflict
7049:
7033:
7029:Korean conflict
7006:
6970:
6923:
6912:Azawad conflict
6858:
6781:
6716:
6639:
6634:
6604:
6599:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6559:
6535:Public holidays
6472:
6439:
6438:
6424:
6236:
6205:
6147:
6087:Law enforcement
6011:
5930:Adamawa Plateau
5908:
5904:Fourth Republic
5892:Second Republic
5833:
5745:
5744:
5720:
5711:
5668:(February 2007)
5623:
5613:
5594:
5575:
5552:
5532:
5530:Further reading
5527:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5131:. 16 May 2016.
5129:BBC News Online
5123:
5122:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5057:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5027:
5020:Financial Times
5012:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4939:
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4924:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4864:
4855:
4853:
4842:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4714:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4684:
4682:
4673:
4672:
4667:10.1.1.399.9831
4658:
4654:
4607:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4523:
4519:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4418:Wayback Machine
4409:
4402:
4395:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
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4297:
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4265:
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4202:
4193:
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4176:
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4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4087:Wayback Machine
4078:
4074:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4014:10.18847/1.13.4
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3958:
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3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3926:
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3879:
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3854:
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3828:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3797:
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3773:
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3768:
3759:
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3744:
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3727:
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3713:
3711:
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3694:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3622:
3609:
3602:
3584:
3580:
3569:Wayback Machine
3560:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:Wayback Machine
3495:
3491:
3483:Siarhei Bohdan.
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3345:
3337:August 30, 2016
3326:August 19, 2016
3319:August 12, 2016
3215:
3209:
3207:2016 escalation
3167:October 4, 2009
3151:
3132:
3074:
3066:Main articles:
3064:
3047:Platform London
3044:
3031:Multilateralism
2994:, and increase
2946:, increased in
2858:
2782:Western culture
2755:(NDPVF) led by
2733:
2728:
2711:
2641:
2635:
2454:
2444:
2375:
2357:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2177:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:Olusegun Mimiko
2007:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1977:Rochas Okorocha
1971:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:Kenneth Minimah
1418:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:Rabiu Kwankwaso
1236:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
1001:Sunday Ehindero
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
917:Oluyemi Adeniji
909:
905:Magaji Muhammed
897:
885:
873:
861:
848:
836:
824:
821:
820:
815:
811:
803:
801:
797:
789:
787:
783:
775:
773:
769:
761:
759:
755:
747:
745:
741:
733:
731:
727:
719:
717:
713:
705:
703:
699:
691:
689:
686:
684:
682:Hassan Abubakar
676:
674:
670:
668:Emmanuel Ogalla
662:
660:
656:
654:Taoreed Lagbaja
648:
646:
643:
641:
633:
631:
627:
619:
617:
614:
612:
602:
598:
588:
584:
574:
543:
537:
533:
521:
520:
515:
511:
505:
501:
494:
487:
480:
474:
462:
457:
450:
443:
435:
433:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
358:
356:
355:
346:
344:
343:
339:
327:
325:
315:
313:
303:
301:
291:
289:
279:
277:
267:
265:
255:
253:
249:Akwa Ibom State
243:
241:
231:
229:
224:
223:
209:
207:
191:
189:
157:
116:Akwa Ibom State
93:
83:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8669:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8586:
8584:
8583:Related topics
8580:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8556:
8550:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8532:(2017–present)
8527:
8522:
8515:
8513:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8432:Kasese clashes
8429:
8428:(1996–present)
8423:
8422:(1987–present)
8416:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8405:(2023–present)
8400:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8381:(2009–present)
8376:
8370:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8290:(1963–present)
8285:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8242:
8241:(1998–present)
8235:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8189:War, 1998–2000
8180:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8159:Oromo conflict
8155:
8153:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8131:(2009–present)
8126:
8125:(1987–present)
8120:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8100:2021 offensive
8091:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8016:
8014:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7974:
7973:(2009–present)
7971:Ituri conflict
7968:
7965:Dongo conflict
7962:
7961:(2004–present)
7956:
7953:Ituri conflict
7950:
7944:
7943:(1996–present)
7938:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7920:(1975–present)
7915:
7908:
7906:
7899:
7897:Central Africa
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7884:(2020–present)
7879:
7878:
7877:
7867:
7866:(1982–present)
7861:
7858:Guinea clashes
7855:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7764:(2012–present)
7759:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7727:(2021–present)
7722:
7721:
7720:
7709:
7708:(2009–present)
7703:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7684:
7682:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7624:War, 1975–1991
7614:
7612:
7611:Western Sahara
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7590:2011 civil war
7582:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7565:(2013–present)
7560:
7554:
7553:(2011–present)
7548:
7543:
7536:
7534:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7509:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7273:Qatif conflict
7265:
7264:
7263:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7220:Papua conflict
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7181:Karen conflict
7178:
7173:
7168:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
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7123:
7118:
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7101:
7096:
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7055:
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7041:
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7035:
7034:
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7031:
7025:
7023:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
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6968:
6963:
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6953:
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6942:
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6899:
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6887:
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6856:
6855:
6854:
6844:
6839:
6838:
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6827:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6748:Oromo conflict
6745:
6743:OLA insurgency
6740:
6730:
6728:ADF insurgency
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6688:Ituri conflict
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6632:
6625:
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6598:
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6412:
6407:
6402:
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6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6288:Child marriage
6285:
6275:
6270:
6268:Baby factories
6265:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6217:Stock Exchange
6214:
6209:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6136:Vice-President
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
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6023:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5977:
5975:National parks
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5945:Climate change
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5899:Third Republic
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5877:First Republic
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
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5849:
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5838:
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5834:
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5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
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5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5777:Hausa kingdoms
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5662:—article from
5657:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5621:External links
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:978-1848858404
5611:
5598:
5593:978-1845292591
5592:
5579:
5573:
5556:
5550:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5502:. 15 June 2021
5487:
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4932:. 2009-06-26.
4917:
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4741:
4708:
4694:
4685:|journal=
4652:
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4578:Nwagbo, Gigi.
4570:
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4393:
4372:
4366:978-9780629328
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4091:
4072:
4063:|journal=
4036:
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3924:
3897:(5): 888–911.
3877:
3871:978-9780629328
3870:
3852:
3826:
3795:
3781:. 2003-07-01.
3766:
3752:. 2010-11-09.
3737:
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3399:
3398:
3384:
3381:Nigeria portal
3368:
3365:
3344:
3341:
3288:August 9, 2016
3211:Main article:
3208:
3205:
3163:August 6, 2009
3150:
3147:
3131:
3128:
3063:
3060:
3051:Milieudefensie
3043:
3040:
2960:nervous system
2916:photosynthesis
2869:September 2004
2857:
2854:
2850:September 2004
2808:following the
2804:, governor of
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2710:
2707:
2637:Main article:
2634:
2631:
2603:United Kingdom
2539:oil production
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2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2061:Rotimi Amaechi
2051:
2039:
2027:
2025:Olusegun Agagu
2015:
2003:
1991:
1989:Emeka Ihedioha
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1725:Orji Uzor Kalu
1715:
1703:
1701:Okezie Ikpeazu
1691:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1568:Ishaya Ibrahim
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1520:Ibok Ekwe Ibas
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1389:
1377:
1364:
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1340:
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1316:
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1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1134:Mansur Dan Ali
1124:
1112:
1099:
1097:Mohammed Adamu
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
881:Mohammed Shata
871:
859:
846:
834:
818:
817:
816:
814:
813:
799:
785:
771:
767:Godwin Obaseki
757:
743:
729:
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701:
687:
672:
658:
644:
629:
615:
600:
586:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
561:
560:
557:
554:
546:Nigerian mafia
514:
513:
504:
503:
496:
489:
482:
460:
459:
458:(2016–present)
452:
451:(2016–present)
445:
444:(2016–present)
434:(2017–present)
428:
427:
426:(2017–present)
421:
420:(2016–present)
414:
413:(2016–present)
407:
406:(2016–present)
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399:(2016–present)
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392:(2016–present)
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385:(2016–present)
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378:(2016–present)
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71:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8668:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
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8639:
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8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8590:War on terror
8588:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8569:
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8563:
8560:
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8427:
8424:
8421:
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8415:
8411:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8391:Heglig Crisis
8389:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8373:War in Darfur
8371:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8329:Heglig Crisis
8327:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8300:Kenyan crisis
8298:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8265:
8261:
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8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8222:
8221:War in Amhara
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8190:
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8119:
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8113:
8109:
8101:
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8080:
8072:
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8055:
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8002:
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7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7972:
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7959:Kivu conflict
7957:
7954:
7951:
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7945:
7942:
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7926:
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7853:
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7849:
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7843:
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7832:
7830:
7827:
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7824:
7823:
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7819:Côte d'Ivoire
7817:
7809:
7806:
7804:
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7800:
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7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7723:
7719:
7718:2016 conflict
7716:
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7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7686:
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7642:
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7627:
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7616:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7585:Libyan crisis
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7564:
7561:
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7555:
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7549:
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7518:
7515:
7507:
7502:
7500:
7495:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7468:
7467:Loyalist feud
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7435:
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7412:
7408:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
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7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
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7362:
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7358:
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7351:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:Yemeni crisis
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:Iraq conflict
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:Kalay clashes
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7150:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:War in Darfur
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Libyan Crisis
6818:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6753:War in Amhara
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6705:M23 offensive
6703:
6702:
6701:
6700:Kivu conflict
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6467:
6466:2016 conflict
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6328:Ethnic groups
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6143:Supreme Court
6141:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Early history
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5574:9780813340456
5570:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5522:
5517:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5223:The Economist
5219:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5191:The Economist
5187:
5181:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5070:
5066:
5065:Seattle Times
5062:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5008:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4967:on 2016-01-25
4963:
4956:
4950:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4852:on 2016-02-18
4851:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4677:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:"Poison Fire"
4521:
4513:
4509:
4506:(A6): 29–38.
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4127:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4068:
4055:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3841:on 2006-10-10
3840:
3836:
3830:
3816:on 2011-07-22
3812:
3805:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3735:, 6 July 2007
3734:
3730:
3725:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:Energy portal
3390:
3385:
3382:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:which pitted
3350:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:Port Harcourt
3293:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:group in the
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:February 2016
3214:
3204:
3202:
3201:December 2015
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:June 26, 2009
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:oil companies
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3102:Nigerian Navy
3099:
3098:United States
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:documentary,
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:, wearing of
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2773:Port Harcourt
2770:
2766:
2763:(NDV) led by
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2742:Rivers States
2739:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:direct action
2650:
2646:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:United States
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2512:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2494:
2488:
2486:
2483:itself." The
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2449:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:Port Harcourt
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:ethnic groups
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2279:
2278:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2276:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2260:Environmental
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:Other issues
2246:
2245:2016 conflict
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2176:2,500+ killed
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:Soboma George
2139:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1953:Achike Udenwa
1944:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1881:Ifeanyi Okowa
1872:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1797:Timipre Sylva
1788:
1786:
1785:Nestor Binabo
1776:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1713:Theodore Orji
1704:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1374:Ibrahim Ogohi
1365:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:Olusola Obada
1161:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:Solomon Arase
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:Suleiman Abba
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
985:
980:
978:
973:
968:
966:
961:
956:
954:
949:
944:
942:
937:
932:
930:
925:
920:
918:
913:
908:
906:
901:
896:
894:
889:
884:
882:
877:
872:
870:
865:
860:
857:
852:
847:
845:
840:
835:
833:
828:
823:
822:
810:
800:
796:
786:
782:
781:Hope Uzodinma
772:
768:
758:
754:
744:
740:
730:
726:
716:
712:
702:
698:
688:
683:
673:
669:
659:
655:
645:
640:
630:
626:
616:
611:
606:
601:
597:
592:
587:
583:
578:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
532:
530:
525:
519:
518:Supported by:
510:
507:
506:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
475:
473:
471:
466:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
366:
354:
342:
341:supported by:
334:
324:
322:
312:
310:
300:
298:
288:
286:
276:
274:
264:
262:
261:Bayelsa State
252:
250:
240:
238:
228:
227:
226:
225:
216:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
187:
186:
181:
171:
170:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
121:Bayelsa State
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
97:
91:
88:
87:
81:
78:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
8451: /
8185:(2000–2018)
8013:of the Congo
7772:Sierra Leone
7711:
7525:North Africa
7341:2015–present
6896:
6555:Video gaming
6500:Coat of arms
6460:
6395:Social class
6380:Prostitution
6308:Demographics
6278:Child labour
6179:Central Bank
6070:Human rights
6050:Constitution
5663:
5651:
5602:
5583:
5562:
5537:
5516:
5504:. Retrieved
5499:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5464:
5452:. Retrieved
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5417:
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5391:
5382:
5370:. Retrieved
5361:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5331:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5270:
5258:. Retrieved
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5221:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5189:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5128:
5104:. Retrieved
5095:
5085:
5073:. Retrieved
5064:
5043:the original
5019:
4994:. Retrieved
4980:
4969:. Retrieved
4962:the original
4949:
4938:. Retrieved
4929:
4920:
4909:. Retrieved
4895:
4884:. Retrieved
4875:
4865:
4854:. Retrieved
4850:the original
4839:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4805:
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4769:
4758:. Retrieved
4744:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4697:
4676:cite journal
4655:
4621:(1): 10–16.
4618:
4614:
4587:. Retrieved
4583:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4541:. Retrieved
4530:
4520:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4478:. Retrieved
4461:
4451:
4439:. Retrieved
4425:
4384:
4356:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4331:"Ijaw Tribe"
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4308:the original
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4247:the original
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4213:
4203:
4192:. Retrieved
4183:
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4141:
4132:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4094:
4075:
4054:cite journal
4039:
4007:(1): 29–43.
4004:
4000:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3964:
3941:. Retrieved
3927:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3861:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:the original
3829:
3818:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3804:"Background"
3798:
3787:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3758:. Retrieved
3749:
3740:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3683:. Retrieved
3674:
3664:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3629:
3587:
3581:
3571:
3557:
3546:. Retrieved
3532:
3523:
3514:
3508:(in Russian)
3492:
3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:
3455:
3436:Warri Crisis
3403:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3274:oil producer
3269:
3255:
3243:May 19, 2016
3242:
3239:Escravos GTL
3231:May 11, 2016
3230:
3218:
3216:
3200:
3189:
3179:
3176:October 2009
3175:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3143:May 15, 2009
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3106:
3094:October 2012
3093:
3078:October 2012
3077:
3076:Starting in
3075:
3045:
3035:patrol boats
3021:
3015:
3007:
2988:malnutrition
2968:miscarriages
2966:, pregnancy
2956:fossil fuels
2951:
2931:
2921:
2908:Exxon Valdez
2903:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:Rivers State
2799:
2786:
2778:fraternities
2746:
2734:
2712:
2700:
2696:Odi massacre
2692:
2680:
2668:Delta states
2661:
2656:
2642:
2639:Warri Crisis
2627:
2619:
2587:human rights
2584:
2564:
2547:Rivers State
2543:
2536:
2532:
2516:
2489:
2481:
2477:Ogoni people
2455:
2442:Ogoni crisis
2428:
2420:urbanization
2404:
2397:by 65%, and
2383:agricultural
2376:
2349:
2293:
2292:The current
2291:
2268:
2249:
2215:
2147:
2135:
2122:
2113:Dokubo-Asari
2092:
1965:Ikedi Ohakim
1761:Victor Attah
1387:Faruk Yahaya
1266:Lucky Irabor
1230:Yayale Ahmed
1158:Labaran Maku
1037:Hafiz Ringim
893:Iyorchia Ayu
544:
538:
534:
517:
516:
461:
429:
369:
340:
333:Rivers State
196:
188:
183:Belligerents
165:
151:Rivers State
8600:Arab Winter
8595:Arab Spring
8564:(1998–1999)
8555:(1994–1999)
8521:(1977–1992)
8461:(1991–1994)
8455:(1990–1994)
8399:(2022–2023)
8387:(2011–2020)
8375:(2003–2020)
8369:(1983–2005)
8347:(2013–2020)
8322:South Sudan
8308:(2012–2013)
8302:(2007–2008)
8179:(1995–2018)
8173:(1994–2018)
8144:East Africa
8062:(2004–2007)
8043:(2016–2017)
8037:(2002–2003)
8019:Civil wars
8003:(2016–2019)
7997:(2013–2018)
7955:(1999–2007)
7949:(1998–2003)
7937:(1996–1997)
7918:Cabinda War
7914:(1975–2002)
7854:(1998–1999)
7673:West Africa
7660:(2010–2011)
7649:(1991–2002)
7559:(2013–2014)
7542:(2011–2014)
6668:Cabinda War
6174:Brain Drain
6169:Agriculture
6075:LGBT rights
5980:Niger Delta
5965:Jos Plateau
5852:before 1500
5762:Kanem-Bornu
5653:Vanity Fair
5644:"Blood Oil"
5480:7 September
5454:7 September
5428:7 September
5398:7 September
5372:7 September
5342:7 September
5312:7 September
5286:7 September
5260:7 September
3935:. Hrw.org.
3714:3 September
3685:7 September
3330:Delta State
3281:August 2016
3266:Niger Delta
3159:Niger Delta
3136:August 2008
3113:Niger Delta
2972:body joints
2928:Niger Delta
2912:rain forest
2904:Poison Fire
2846:August 2004
2802:Peter Odili
2795:West Africa
2576:due process
2572:Sani Abacha
2461:Niger Delta
2373:South South
2305:Niger Delta
2085:Peter Odili
2049:Nyesom Wike
1905:James Ibori
1869:Donald Duke
1857:Liyel Imoke
1688:Jonah Wuyep
1556:Ola Ibrahim
1302:Ola Ibrahim
1206:Godwin Abbe
929:Godwin Abbe
582:Bola Tinubu
556:The Outlaws
285:Delta State
131:Delta State
106:Niger Delta
49:Cross River
8620:Categories
8512:Mozambique
8216:Tigray war
6520:Literature
6298:Corruption
6263:Censorship
6206:(currency)
6184:Corruption
5950:Ecoregions
5540:. London:
5418:Daily Post
5362:Daily Post
5332:Daily Post
5075:August 22,
4971:2015-10-27
4940:2011-04-23
4911:2011-04-23
4886:2011-04-23
4856:2011-04-23
4760:2012-06-22
4543:2016-01-20
4480:2016-08-22
4441:20 January
4341:2011-04-23
4314:14 October
4288:14 October
4256:14 October
4224:August 22,
4194:2011-04-23
4186:. London.
4163:14 October
4116:14 October
3980:14 October
3970:"Untitled"
3943:2011-04-23
3820:2011-04-23
3789:2003-07-01
3760:2011-04-23
3548:2018-09-09
3470:2023-02-03
3448:References
3310:(NNPC) in
3304:Otu Jeremi
3270:March 2016
3247:ExxonMobil
2924:oil spills
2810:April 2003
2703:nonviolent
2622:Greenpeace
2605:, and the
2567:incitement
2522:, and the
2446:See also:
2424:corruption
2399:groundnuts
2359:See also:
2355:Background
2325:oil wealth
2094:Henry Okah
1640:Alex Badeh
1460:Luka Yusuf
1290:Alex Badeh
739:Bassey Otu
725:Douye Diri
321:Ondo State
237:Abia State
146:Ondo State
111:Abia State
8345:Civil War
8028:1997–1999
8023:1993–1994
7979:conflict
7834:2010–2011
7829:2002–2007
7808:1999–2003
7803:1989–1996
7750:2007–2009
7745:1990–1995
7208:Communist
6434:Conflicts
6365:Languages
6323:Education
6232:Transport
6212:Petroleum
6131:President
6055:Elections
5970:Mountains
5918:Geography
5887:Civil War
5857:1500-1800
5829:Kwararafa
5542:Zed Books
4806:The Times
4662:CiteSeerX
4589:March 26,
4512:2249-460X
4470:2013-5777
4387:. Verso.
4031:237787893
4023:2444-6157
3911:0954-6553
3845:9 October
3750:bbc.co.uk
3260:(NDA), a
3165:, ending
2980:radiation
2867:in early
2862:President
2835:June 2004
2765:Ateke Tom
2611:sanctions
2556:terrorism
2528:royalties
2465:petroleum
2457:Ogoniland
2317:democracy
2271:oil theft
2137:Ateke Tom
2117:John Togo
1845:Ben Ayade
1676:Paul Dike
1326:Paul Dike
965:Abba Moro
697:Alex Otti
552:Black Axe
531:elements
512:(2004–09)
502:(2004–14)
495:(2005–14)
488:(2003–09)
481:(2004–14)
309:Imo State
297:Edo State
141:Imo State
136:Edo State
41:Akwa Ibom
8453:genocide
8152:Ethiopia
8060:Bush War
8053:Republic
8041:Pool War
8011:Republic
7928:DR Congo
7762:Mali War
7514:Cold War
7213:Drug war
6932:Americas
6907:Mali War
6590:Category
6540:Religion
6390:Refugees
6385:Protests
6370:Polygamy
6313:Diaspora
6258:Abortion
6092:Military
6038:Villages
6021:Politics
6002:Wildlife
5842:Timeline
5738:Kingdoms
5718:articles
5474:Archived
5448:Archived
5422:Archived
5366:Archived
5336:Archived
5280:Archived
5254:Archived
5228:Archived
5196:Archived
5164:Archived
5133:Archived
5106:June 30,
5100:Archived
5069:Archived
4990:Archived
4934:Archived
4930:BBC News
4905:Archived
4880:Archived
4876:BBC News
4808:. London
4779:Archived
4754:Archived
4647:23661893
4537:Archived
4474:Archived
4435:Archived
4414:Archived
4335:Archived
4279:Archived
4218:Archived
4214:Guardian
4188:Archived
4184:Guardian
4154:Archived
4107:Archived
4083:Archived
3974:Archived
3937:Archived
3919:62815154
3783:Archived
3779:fpif.org
3754:Archived
3679:Archived
3636:Archived
3565:Archived
3542:Archived
3524:m.vk.com
3500:Archived
3367:See also
3279:In late
3262:militant
3251:Qua Iboe
3180:May 2011
3084:, after
2992:HIV/AIDS
2942:and the
2790:pipeline
2759:and the
2726:Timeline
2595:clemency
2435:palm oil
2321:Obasanjo
2311:and the
2156:Strength
535:Bandits
89:Location
8232:Somalia
7793:Liberia
7681:Nigeria
7038:Central
6651:Central
6574:Outline
6550:Smoking
6505:Cuisine
6482:Culture
6400:Slavery
6375:Poverty
6246:Society
6227:Tourism
6157:Economy
6045:Cabinet
5960:Islands
5935:Borders
5792:Katsina
5741:Empires
5726:History
5714:Nigeria
5506:22 June
5234:25 June
5202:25 June
5096:Reuters
4996:13 June
4833:YouTube
4785:13 June
4638:3644738
4563:13 June
4532:YouTube
3675:IBTimes
3642:20 July
3631:Reuters
3592:442–443
3353:Biafran
3124:hostage
3109:Nigeria
3086:Somalia
2944:cassava
2940:pumpkin
2926:in the
2683:Chevron
2672:Yenagoa
2664:Bayelsa
2520:Chevron
2416:Poverty
2298:foreign
2273:issues
2164:Unknown
2148:†
2123:†
2096: (
711:Umo Eno
540:Pirates
470:Biafran
353:Belarus
167:Ongoing
101:Nigeria
45:Bayelsa
8549:(1994)
8540:Others
8442:Others
8434:(2016)
8413:Uganda
8393:(2012)
8331:(2012)
8314:(2012)
8296:(1997)
8260:AMISOM
8111:Others
7967:(2009)
7905:Angola
7860:(2013)
7845:Others
7640:Others
7410:Europe
7152:South-
6644:Africa
6595:Portal
6544:Sharia
6495:Cinema
6490:Anthem
6360:Health
6333:MASSOB
6204:Naira
6199:Mining
6194:Energy
6107:Senate
5985:Rivers
5940:Cities
5819:Sokoto
5797:Zazzau
5716:
5609:
5590:
5571:
5548:
5392:News24
5170:16 May
5139:16 May
5067:. AP.
4812:May 2,
4664:
4645:
4635:
4510:
4468:
4391:
4363:
4029:
4021:
3917:
3909:
3868:
3775:"FPIF"
3598:
3357:Fulani
3088:. The
3082:Africa
3053:) and
2984:cancer
2964:anemia
2829:, and
2823:police
2676:curfew
2615:export
2601:, the
2580:hanged
2395:cotton
2391:Rubber
2371:, and
2264:piracy
2255:Kaiama
2144:
2119:
365:Israel
362:
350:
162:Status
69:Rivers
8360:Sudan
8276:Kenya
7573:Libya
7533:Egypt
7512:Post–
7085:Drugs
7054:South
6975:South
6939:North
6786:North
6581:Index
6530:Music
6525:Media
6420:Youth
6415:Women
6338:MOSOP
6303:Crime
5995:Benue
5990:Niger
5824:Kebbi
5807:Biram
5802:Gobir
5787:Daura
5757:Benin
4965:(PDF)
4958:(PDF)
4282:(PDF)
4275:(PDF)
4250:(PDF)
4243:(PDF)
4157:(PDF)
4150:(PDF)
4110:(PDF)
4103:(PDF)
4027:S2CID
3915:S2CID
3814:(PDF)
3807:(PDF)
3361:Igbos
3312:Isoko
3300:Warri
3235:Bonny
2976:sperm
2936:metal
2889:Shell
2887:, as
2881:wells
2769:Ijaws
2749:Warri
2738:Delta
2387:Cocoa
2309:Ogoni
2240:Abuja
2230:Warri
67:, 9.
63:, 8.
59:, 7.
55:, 6.
53:Delta
51:, 5.
47:, 4.
43:, 3.
39:, 2.
8082:Chad
7755:2012
7735:Mali
7455:West
7417:East
7234:West
7154:east
7022:East
7015:Asia
6863:West
6721:East
6510:Flag
5812:Rano
5782:Kano
5607:ISBN
5588:ISBN
5569:ISBN
5546:ISBN
5508:2021
5482:2016
5456:2016
5430:2016
5400:2016
5374:2016
5344:2016
5314:2016
5288:2016
5262:2016
5236:2016
5204:2016
5172:2016
5141:2016
5108:2017
5077:2016
4998:2016
4814:2010
4787:2016
4726:2005
4689:help
4643:PMID
4591:2019
4565:2016
4508:ISSN
4466:ISSN
4443:2016
4389:ISBN
4361:ISBN
4316:2014
4290:2014
4258:2014
4226:2016
4165:2014
4118:2014
4067:help
4019:ISSN
3982:2014
3907:ISSN
3866:ISBN
3847:2015
3716:2021
3687:2016
3644:2018
3596:ISBN
3298:and
3256:The
3178:and
3070:and
3008:The
2998:and
2948:lead
2922:The
2831:navy
2827:army
2740:and
2713:The
2687:Opia
2666:and
2471:and
2450:and
2418:and
2327:and
2313:Ijaw
2269:and
1401:†
858:†
559:Eiye
529:IPOB
222:List
79:Date
65:Ondo
37:Abia
6124:APC
6119:PDP
5772:Oyo
5767:Nri
5752:Aro
5650:in
5646:by
4831:on
4730:doi
4633:PMC
4623:doi
4009:doi
3899:doi
3709:taz
3335:On
3324:On
3317:On
3286:On
3249:'s
3141:On
3134:In
3111:'s
3004:HBO
2379:GDP
2235:Odi
2099:POW
61:Imo
57:Edo
8622::
5544:.
5498:.
5416:.
5390:.
5360:.
5330:.
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