711:
proceeding by the district courts of the federal judiciary. This was likewise also superseded by an Amparo law in 1882., promulgated on 14 December 1882 and effective the following year. The use of the legislative writ of Apmaro increased significantly during the life span of the 1857 constitution, for example in 1869 only 123 suits were decided, in 1880, only a little more than a decade later, the number of cases had risen to 2,108, and in a three-month period from June 1901 to August 1901 there were 957 amparo suits heard and decided. In 1897, the first
Federal Code of Civil Procedure was enacted, which included an Amparo suit, thus effectively repealing the 1882 law, followed by a similar Federal Code of Civil Procedure provision in 1908, which reflected the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. The writ of Amparo legislation transformed Amparo from "an instrument lacking precise contours to a true proceeding directed at violative official acts, with a particular emphasis placed on the protection of life and liberty of the citizens."
1252:
1163:: "All privileges of ecclesiastical jurisdiction are removed; it establishes that no one can absolutely enjoy emoluments that are a serious burden for society; everyone who can be bound by any obligation that implies either a contract, or a promise, or religious vows is prohibited; the free exercise of all cults is admitted, and everyone is granted the full power to manifest publicly and openly all kinds of opinions and thoughts." In March 1857, Archbishop José Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros stated that Catholics could not swear allegiance to the Constitution on pain of
718:, establishing a firm foundation for the amparo. The 1917 constitution largely tracks the 1857 constitution in order of article and text, only argumenting and clarifying certain clauses. Therefore, both of these amaro provisions featured in the subsequent 1917 Mexican constitution, i.e. article 101 (1857 version) was identical to article 103 (1917 version); and article 102 (1857 version) corresponded to article 107 (1917), with amendments Currently, amparo exists in 17 other countries, however, there is no comparable mechanism in the common law.
758:
702:" is the annunciation of individual guarantees, and the judicial proceedings to protect those rights. Section 101 of the 1857 constitution established that the amparo will lie only against violations of individual rights. The conscious division of Amparo into two sections in the 1857 Mexican Constitution, as opposed to the United States Constitution, meant that, although it protects against violation of constitutional privileges, it may not issue an order to maintain respect for treaties and laws.
40:
1680:
2515:
It may be taken as an indication of the attitude of the
Government toward the individual and also as a justification of the need for such a remedy that, whereas in 1869 only 123 such suits were decided, in 1880, only a little more than a decade later, the number of cases 'had risen to 2,108. These
683:
judgment should contain no general declarations about the law or act complained of, thus having no effect beyond preventing the application of the constitutionally defective law to the immediate party complainant. The 1847 Reform Act officially incorporated and amended, the
Federal Constitution of
2618:
These laws were subsequently incorporated into the
Federal Codes of Civil Procedure of 1897 and 1908 which reflected the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. The writ of amparo was thus transformed from an instrument lacking precise contours to a true proceeding directed against violative official
1409:
a great black banner for mourning with the legend "The
Constitution is dead." Less well known is that Reform liberals, including Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort saw the flaws of the 1857 constitution, which undercut the power of the executive. With the triumph of the Constitutionalists on the
1404:
fought in the name of the
Constitution of 1857, with the explicit understanding that they fought for constitutional order. During the Porfiriato, Díaz had strengthened the power of the executive and place his loyalists in power in most Mexican state governments, creating a centralized government.
705:
The 1857 Constitution provided that a special law relating to the procedure and regulation of an amparo suit should be enacted subsequently. This law of Amparo was divided into four sections: 1) violations of individual rights; 2) violations of state sovereignty; 3) violations of the Power of the
2377:
No procedural law regulating the suit was adopted, however, until 1861;16 and its application was further delayed for several years, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire, under
Maxmilian of Austria, which suspended the constitutional
1978:
Article 25 of the new constitutional document contained a provision known as the "Otero
Formula" which provided that the protection granted by the amparo judgment should contain no general declarations about the law or act complained of; that is, an amparo judgment holding a law unconstitutional
2412:
No procedural law regulating the suit was adopted, however, until 1861; and its application was further delayed for several years, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire, under
Maxmilian of Austria, which suspended the constitutional
2228:
According to Judge Rabasa, the authors of the
Constitution of 1857 divided into two parts the article on the jurisdiction of the judicial power, which corresponds to the single provision on the same subject in our own Constitution. This separation of jurisdiction was not an oversight but a
1178:
In Mexico, the Congress presided over by Valentín Gómez Farías and the head of the Executive Comonfort swore the Constitution on 5 February 1857, which was promulgated on 11 March. Despite the fact that Comonfort won the elections, and that in December he should extend his mandate for a new
710:
which suspended constitutional government. The Secretary of Justice drafted and presented a new law at the end of the year 1868, which was approved by Congress and promulgated on 20 January 1869. This law was more simple in its procedure, establishing a single suit to be judged in a summary
2302:
This law of Amparo was divided into four sections dealing respectively with: (1) violations of the rights of individuals; (2) federal laws and acts violating the sovereignty of the states; (3) laws and acts of the states infringing upon the power of the Union; and (4) decisions and
1234:
agreed the plan. Veracruz changed from supporting the conservatives to the liberals in a major blow against Comonfort. Zuloaga distrusted the president, because he thought that he was returning to the side of the Liberals. Without any alternative, Comonfort resorted to the
1499:
were privileges that kept the military and clergy to forbade members of these two groups were judged by the law, which effectively put them above the law and that no matter what kind of crime they committed, could not be judged, or in the best cases judged by special
1684:
2758:
2670:
1908:
1781:
1885:
In 1847 a committee of six members was appointed to draw up a draft for a new Federal Constitution. Rej6n, from Yucatan, was appointed as a member; and Mariano Otero, who vies with Rej6n for the title of the creator of the amparo action, was another
2233:
may be petitioned for protection against the violation of privileges granted by the Constitution, it may not issue in order to maintain respect for the treaties and laws. ... These problems, then, would not be approached through an amparo
1174:
with the Cardinal Secretary of State. The Pope accepted the Juárez Law and the disposals of the Lerdo Law but demanded the ability to acquire political rights. The negotiations were interrupted by the resignation of President Comonfort.
2814:
Despite difficulty in defining the scope of amparo, other nascent hemispheric democracies adopted it and amparo now exists in 17 other countries. It serves as an extraordinary remedy and no comparable mechanism exists in the common law
2068:
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2529:
2494:
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1995:
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presidential term, he considered that his popularity was seriously affected by the constitutional reforms in religious matters. In December he expressed his intention to reverse the reforms achieved by the Legislative branch.
2706:
The current constitution, largely known as the 1917 Constitution, did not begin from tabula rasa, as it largely tracks the 1857 constitution in order of articles and text although, at times, it augments and clarifies certain
465:
liberals ensured that their proposals successfully included: the prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military
1192:, which sought repeal of the Constitution and the convening of a new Constituent Congress. During the coup against the Congress and the Constitution, several ministers of Presidential Cabinet resigned. The president of the
1414:
initially opposed calls for drafting an entirely new constitution in 1916, but advisers convinced him that doing that would be far easier than doing piecemeal amendments to the lengthy and complex charter for the nation.
2656:
The 1857 Constitution served as an important model for the current 1917 Constitution. Among other elements, it established a firm foundation for the amparo procedure that has become a major feature of Mexican judicial
706:
Union; and 4) decisions and sentences. The first Amparo Law had little effect due to the French intervention, first by the war in which the nation was then engaged, and later by the establishment of the Empire under
382:
was again governed under the 1857 Constitution. The constitution was durable but its provisions not always followed in practice. It was revised in 1874 to create a Senate. It remained as Mexico's constitution
1146:
was called the State of Valley of Mexico but only if the powers of the Federation moved to another site. On February 26, 1864, Nuevo León was separated from Coahuila and regained its status as a free state.
1588:, p.200 : "On December 14, 1838 a popular movement emerged in Mexico City that invaded the National Palace acting against the constituted authorities and according to Bocanegra, under the slogan of
2016:
The ampara is found definitely established and clearly described for the first time in the Mexican Federal Constitution of 1857. No mention of it was made in the first Constitution of the new nation in
2991:
1743:
Amparo had its origin in the early nineteenth century, when the state of Yucatan adopted a procedure to strengthen the judicial enforcement of individual rights in the state constitution of 1841.
1979:
shall have no effect beyond preventing the application of the constitutionally defective law to the immediate party complainant. This aspect of the amparo proceeding persists to the present day.
1851:
The Act of Reforms undoubtedly derived from a proposal drafted by another distinguished Mexican jurist and politician, Mariano Otero, who is considered to be the second Father of the amparo.
1376:. Because of the civil war, the Constitution remained without effect on almost all the country until January, 1861, when the Liberals returned to the capital. In 1862, as a result of
358:(1858-1860) began as a result, with liberals winning on the battlefield over conservatives. The losing conservatives sought another way back into power, and their politicians invited
684:
1824 (which made no mention of amparo), to operate while the next constitution was drafted (1857 constitution). The 1857 constitution was Mexico's first "constitutionalization" of a
2051:
It was translated into Spanish in 1855, the same year that the Constituent Congress produced the Federal Constitution of 1857, Mexico's first "constitutionalization" of the writ of
1944:
Borrowing the Yucatán's Constitution, Mariano Otero's proposed inclusion of Amparo on the federal level was almost universally approved in the 1847 Acta Constitutiva de Reformas.
2550:
When, in 1897, the Federal Code of Civil Procedure was enacted, it included among its contents provisions on the amparo suit, thus effectively repealing the special law of 1882.
679:") (Article 25), which was almost universally approved. The "Otero Formula", a provision of the Act of Reforms which persists today, provided that the protection granted by an
1652:
626:
2930:
617:
Despite problems in Texas, some deputies unsuccessfully proposed a law granting certain rights to foreign colonization by arguing that the country needed to be settled.
1592:. From that came, by the same author, the title of pure, which met the radical sector of the Mexican liberals (according to the book in 1858, a popular slogan was that
434:
with some changes. Some of the prominent figures were Mariano Arizcorreta, Marcelino Castañeda, Joaquín Cardoso, and Pedro Escudero y Echánove. Their opponents the
3097:
Knowlton, Robert J. "Some practical effects of clerical opposition to the Mexican Reform, 1856-1860." The Hispanic American Historical Review 45.2 (1965): 246–256.
740:
with the latter name being adopted. The creation of a new state and the admission of three of the four territories as free states of the federation also occurred.
354:(legal privileges), and the forced sale of Church property. Conservatives strongly opposed the enactment of the constitution, which polarized Mexican society. The
461:
President Comonfort interfered through its ministers for the moderate faction, which he preferred. Despite opposition from the executive branch and the minority,
3273:
3193:
591:
40. Mexico is constituted as a representative, democratic, federal Republic, composed of free and sovereign States in everything concerning its internal regime.
2995:
2447:
This law was more simple in its procedure, establishing a single suit to be judged in a summary proceeding by the district courts of the federal judiciary.
1405:
Díaz's critics viewed him as a dictator. On February 5, 1903, a liberal group protesting the regime placed on the balcony of the offices of the newspaper
485:. During the sessions of Congress, an insurrection for the clergy supported by conservatives, the staunchest opponents of the liberals, gathered force in
2516:
figures are given by Isidro Rojas, who also states that in a three-month period from June to August, 1901, there were heard and decided 957 amparo suits.
1666:
1262:
Conservatives refused to recognize the new constitution or the liberal government. Conservative Félix Zuloaga established a Conservative Government in
572:
27. No civil or ecclesiastical corporation allowed to hold or manage real estate except buildings for services or for the purpose of the institution (
2887:
447:
2268:
The Constitution of 1857 also provided that a special law relating to the procedure and regulation of an amparo suit should be enacted subsequently.
665:
3235:, "El congreso constituyente de 1856-1857: el decenio de su entorno" Fernando Zertuche Muñoz, México, ed.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
3038:
1551:
Martin Quirarte. "Visión panorámica de la historia de México". Librería Porrúa Hnos y Cia, S. A. 27a. edición 1995. México, D. F. Pág. 170-171.
1243:. On 7 February, he sailed for exile in the United States. As head of the Supreme Court, Juárez became president of Mexico on 21 January 1858.
496:
The Constitution was promulgated on February 5, 1857, but the clergy threatened that whoever swore the Constitution would be excommunicated.
2343:
The first Amparo Law had little effect, due to the French intervention, and was eventually superseded by later Amparo Laws of 1869 and 1882.
569:
23. Abolition of death penalty for political prisoners, (later modified to permit the execution of traitors under the law of 12 April 1869).
3258:
3225:
2973:
675:
3265:
3087:
Knapp, Frank A, Jr., "Parliamentary Government and the Mexican Constitution of 1857: A Forgotten Phase of Mexican Political History,"
2631:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
2318:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
1718:
Zamora, Stephen; Ramón Cossío, José; Pereznieto, Lenone; Xopa, José Roldá; Lopez, David (June 2005). "1. The History of Mexican Law".
647:), a procedure adopted to strengthen the judicial enforcement of individual rights in that state. In 1847, Rejón (from Yucatán) and
2848:
2122:
2955:
1755:
3330:
1193:
635:
2934:
2912:
3240:
3222:
3190:
1519:
1440:
1377:
375:
207:
17:
1817:
Rejón was then instrumental in placing the inaugural amparo in the Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán in 1841.
2873:
547:
5. Freedom of vocation, with a ban on contracts with loss of freedom for the sake of work, education, or religious vows.
655:) were members of the six-member committee appointed to draft up the new 1857 Federal Constitution, that abrogated the
1615:
3173:
2642:
2329:
1729:
1623:
1239:
and released Juárez and other political prisoners. On January 11, 1858, Comonfort resigned and left with a guard for
1214:
adhered to the plan: "I just change my legal title of president, by those of revolutionary miserable." The states of
698:
word for "protection" (literally also "favor", "aid", "defence", "shelter" or "help"). The generic legal concept of "
3315:
3290:
537:
2. Abolition of slavery. It was ratified by the Decree of Abolition of Slavery on September 15, 1829, by President
430:
The Congress was divided between two main factions. Most members were moderate liberals and planned to restore the
2861:
Amparo is an extraordinary recourse in the Mexican justice system, with no equivalent in the common law tradition.
2481:
The third regulatory law on amparo procedure was promulgated on December 14, 1882,19 effective the following year.
1372:, President Juárez and his government added to the Constitution of 1857, the Reform Laws that had been enacted in
3168:
capítulo "El liberalismo militante", Lilia Díaz, México, ed.El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos,
2181:
727:
3178:
1384:, the Constitution was suspended. In 1867 the liberal, republican forces succeeded in ousting the monarchy, and
3305:
1475:
2891:
2089:
The proceeding by which the judicial protection is extended is called amparo, the Spanish word for protection.
396:
3320:
732:
During the promulgation of the constitution, the nation was composed of 23 states and one federal territory.
340:
A number of articles were contrary to the traditional powers of the Catholic Church, such as the ending of
330:
298:
153:
3042:
1460:
1455:
505:
431:
262:
225:
3233:
El proceso constituyente mexicano: a 150 años de la Constitución de 1857 y 90 de la Constitución de 1917
2229:
deliberate act on the part of the drafters. ... It stipulates that, although provision is made that the
659:("Siete Leyes"). Borrowing the Yucatán's Constitution, Otero promoted an Amparo procedure, known as the
2770:
2632:
2319:
1719:
1385:
379:
266:
1139:
597:
76. On the election of the president through indirect suffrage in the first degree and secret ballot.
326:
1183:
186:
3137:
3325:
3300:
1450:
3161:
2977:
1251:
3310:
3012:, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 373.
1538:
1401:
715:
707:
370:
with the Church's support. The republican government-in-domestic-exile was headed by President
359:
314:
640:
1445:
1381:
521:
367:
310:
2619:
acts, with particular emphasis placed on the protection of life and liberty of the citizens.
3295:
2597:
2030:
1957:
1830:
451:
400:
278:
250:
135:
3107:
Scholes, Walter V. "Church and State at the Mexican Constitutional Convention, 1856-1857"
1317:
supported the liberal government of Benito Juárez and the Constitution of 1857. States of
8:
2828:
2102:
1411:
475:
416:
348:, the nationwide establishment of secular public education, the removal of institutional
282:
140:
118:
2959:
644:
415:
and to draft a new constitution embodying liberalism. The following year, the incumbent
325:
of individuals and sought to abolish common ownership by corporate entities, mainly the
2798:
2782:
2732:
2690:
1928:
1801:
1759:
1470:
1397:
1201:
384:
345:
302:
294:
274:
254:
2169:
It is known as amparo, a term literally signifying protection, favor, aid, or defense.
1362:
1326:
1223:
3243:
3236:
3218:
3186:
3169:
2802:
2790:
2694:
2638:
2584:
Similar provisions were also included in the Federal Code of Civil Procedure of 1908.
2325:
1932:
1805:
1725:
1619:
1330:
1211:
1208:
699:
685:
420:
270:
258:
147:
108:
1270:
repealed the liberal reforms. Liberal were forced to move the seat of government to
2916:
2840:
2774:
2682:
2114:
1920:
1793:
1188:
695:
670:
630:
559:
13. Prohibition of privileges to individuals or institutions or of special courts (
538:
525:
517:
455:
443:
439:
322:
238:
1653:"El Congreso Constituyente a la Nación al proclamar la nueva Constitución Federal"
1197:
411:, he convened the Constituent Congress on October 16 to establish headquarters in
371:
3068:
1523:
1318:
1215:
1164:
482:
412:
127:
3201:
La constitución y la dictadura: Estudio sobre la organización política de México
3185:, edición de Eugenia Meyer, México, ed.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
757:
566:
22. Prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment or the confiscation of property.
532:
in which each state was divided politically. These were most relevant articles:
404:
1267:
529:
408:
714:
The 1857 Constitution served as an important model for the subsequent current
639:) was instrumental in placing the inaugural Amparo in the constitution of the
3284:
2794:
2786:
648:
513:
504:
The Constitution of 1857, with 8 titles and 128 articles, was similar to the
305:. The constitution was designed to guarantee a limited central government by
286:
1681:"El presidente Vicente Guerrero expide un decreto para abolir la esclavitud"
1298:
733:
560:
471:
39:
318:
290:
73:
1294:
1290:
2759:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
2721:"The Mexican Constitution of 1917 Compared with The Constitution of 1857"
2671:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1909:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1782:"Amparo as a Reflection of Mexico's Evolving Society and Judicial System"
1435:
1263:
1143:
486:
424:
341:
166:
3008:
Paul Vanderwood, "Betterment for Whom? The Reform Period: 1855-1875" in
3092:
3082:
2844:
2778:
2736:
2720:
2686:
2118:
1924:
1797:
1430:
1425:
1410:
battlefield, there was a reassessment of the constitutional framework.
1369:
1306:
1286:
1275:
1271:
656:
509:
355:
306:
123:
93:
3271:
Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas del Senado de la República,
374:
as the legitimate Mexican government under the constitution. With the
1186:, epudiated the Constitution. On 17 December 1857, he proclaimed the
1160:
1159:
denounced the new Constitution and criticized the Juárez Law and the
573:
334:
438:, who wanted to make a completely-new constitution. Among them were
1373:
1342:
1314:
1302:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1171:
737:
363:
3072:
The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico
2725:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3039:"La República Restaurada. Una década en busca de un nuevo Estado"
1354:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1282:
1156:
3210:. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, UNAM 1959.
3123:
The Mexican Reform, 1856-1876:A Study in Liberal Nation-Building
2630:
2317:
1717:
1667:"El clero, intolerante, amenaza a quienes juren la constitución"
2069:"Constitutionalism in the Americas: A Bicentennial Perspective"
1358:
1350:
1322:
1310:
1219:
490:
403:
sought to implement their ideology in new laws and briefly had
176:
58:
1182:
Conservatives began planning a coup. A conservative general,
594:
50. Division of powers: executive, legislative, and judicial.
350:
261:. Ratified on February 5, 1857, the constitution established
1461:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917
2135:
The word amparo literally means protection, favor, or aid.
1391:
1456:
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824
493:. Comonfort sent federal troops and defeated the rebels.
1274:. Armies of the two opposing governments clashed in the
588:
39. The sovereignty of the nation comes from the people.
3208:
La prensa periódicoa en torno a la Constitución de 1857
3158:. Vol. 1. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1988.
3077:
Hamnett, Brian. "The Comonfort presidency, 1855-1857,"
387:
although many of its provisions ceased to be enforced.
3266:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
3259:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
2874:"Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"
458:. The discussions were heated and lasted over a year.
243:
Constitución Política de la República Mexicana de 1857
235:
Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic of 1857
27:
Fundamental law of Republican Mexico from 1857 to 1917
2598:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
2313:
2311:
2031:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
1958:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
1831:"A Brief Introduction to the Mexican Writ of Amparo"
481:
Those reforms were contrary to the interests of the
3274:
El federalismo mexicano (elementos para su estudio)
3116:
Mexican Politics during the Juárez Regime 1855-1872
321:. Liberal ideals meant the constitution emphasized
3257:Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
3104:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978.
1590:We want tailless Constitution and pure Federation!
1365:supported the conservative government of Zuloaga.
767:States admitted by the Constitution of 1824 were::
3020:
3018:
2624:
2308:
1711:
1536:Arroyo García, Israel. "Constitution of 1857" in
609:124. Prohibition on internal customs checkpoints.
378:and the defeat of the conservatives in 1867, the
152:Yes, presidential elections are validated by the
3282:
1989:
1987:
423:, endorsed the call to move the headquarters to
253:constitution promulgated in 1857 by Constituent
3015:
2820:
2589:
2094:
1949:
1822:
33:Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic
3149:La constitución de 1857 y los leyes en México
3074:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.
2662:
2521:
2273:
2239:
2199:
2140:
1984:
1900:
1856:
1773:
746:Map of Mexico under the Constitution of 1857
2602:California Western International Law Journal
2035:California Western International Law Journal
1962:California Western International Law Journal
1835:California Western International Law Journal
1170:Justice Minister Ezequiel Montes met in the
3156:México: del antiguo régimen a la revolución
3102:Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
2718:
2595:
2060:
2028:
1955:
1828:
1706:Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
1388:and bringing the constitution into effect.
309:and created a strong national congress, an
2763:International Journal of Legal Information
2675:International Journal of Legal Information
1913:International Journal of Legal Information
1786:International Journal of Legal Information
516:were again implemented, and there were 23
38:
3231:Valadés, Diego; Carbonell, Miguel (2007)
3151:. Mexico City: Tipografía Económica 1906.
2146:
1993:
1862:
1613:
620:
600:77. Requirements to be elected president.
3166:Historia general de México, versión 2000
2913:"Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala"
2561:
2527:
2492:
2458:
2424:
2389:
2354:
2279:
2245:
2205:
1250:
333:, incorporating the legal thrust of the
3215:Leyes fundamentales de México 1808-1992
2826:
2756:
2719:Branch, H. N.; L. S., Rowe (May 1917).
2668:
2637:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
2324:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
2100:
1906:
1779:
1724:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
1392:Replacement by the Constitution of 1917
1204:, Isidoro Olvera, were taken prisoner.
663:, on the national level as part of the
612:128. Inviolability of the Constitution.
44:Original front of the 1857 Constitution
14:
3283:
3142:La constitución de 1857 y sus críticos
2066:
1614:Revueltas, Silvestre Villegas (1997).
1194:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
579:30. Definition of Mexican nationality.
395:Having overthrown the dictatorship of
2931:"Portal Ciudadano de Baja California"
2851:from the original on 16 December 2022
2125:from the original on 16 December 2022
1368:After the Liberal government won the
750:The 23 states of the federation were:
407:in the presidency. As established in
126:, amended in 1874 to reestablish the
3144:. Mexico City: SepSetentas 98, 1973.
3118:(University of Missouri Press, 1957)
1642:, "Fernado Zertuche Muñoz" p.865-867
1575:, capítulo "La Constitución de 1857"
556:12. Abolition of titles of nobility.
208:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones
98:Constitutional presidential republic
3246:consultado el 23 de octubre de 2009
3228:consultado el 23 de octubre de 2009
3089:Hispanic American Historical Review
3079:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2757:McNulty, Devin C. (17 March 2022).
2073:University of Pittsburgh Law Review
1638:Valadés, Diego; Carbonell, Miguel,
1616:"El Liberalismo Moderado en México"
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1488:
1256:Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857
1246:
499:
24:
3206:Ruiz Castañeda, María del Carmen.
3061:
2833:United States - Mexico Law Journal
2107:United States - Mexico Law Journal
756:
651:(considered the "second father of
544:3. Free public, secular education.
25:
3342:
3251:
3196:consultado 3 de noviembre de 2009
3125:(University of Texas Press, 1979)
2067:Barker, Robert S. (Spring 1988).
1520:"Día de la Constitución Mexicana"
2974:"Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán"
1897:Acta de Reformas, art. 25 (1847)
1554:
3031:
3002:
2984:
2966:
2948:
2923:
2905:
2880:
2866:
2750:
2712:
2555:
2486:
2452:
2418:
2383:
2348:
2174:
2022:
1891:
1748:
1698:
1673:
1490:
1138:The only federal territory was
728:Territorial evolution of Mexico
528:. It supported the autonomy of
2829:"The Amparo Process in Mexico"
2564:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2530:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2495:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2461:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2427:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2392:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2357:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2282:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2248:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2208:"The Mexican Suit of "Amparo""
2149:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
2103:"The Amparo Process in Mexico"
1996:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
1865:"The Mexcian Suit of "Amparo""
1659:
1645:
1632:
1607:
1578:
1545:
1530:
1512:
1476:History of democracy in Mexico
1266:; through the promulgation of
636:Manuel Crescencio García Rejón
13:
1:
3331:1857 establishments in Mexico
3264:Archivo General de la Nación
3130:
2992:"Información turística INEGI"
1504:
1441:French intervention in Mexico
1150:
721:
390:
3213:Tena Ramírez, Felipe (1997)
3041:(in Spanish). Archived from
3010:The Oxford History of Mexico
2994:(in Spanish). Archived from
2976:(in Spanish). Archived from
2958:(in Spanish). Archived from
2933:(in Spanish). Archived from
2915:(in Spanish). Archived from
2890:(in Spanish). Archived from
2596:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
2029:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1956:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1829:Fix-Zamudio, Hector (1979).
1758:(in Spanish). Archived from
1683:(in Spanish). Archived from
1522:(in Spanish). Archived from
606:123. Regulation of religion.
585:36. Obligations of citizens.
582:31. Obligations of Mexicans.
299:cruel and unusual punishment
7:
3203:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1974.
3091:(1953) 33#1 pp. 65–87
2888:"Portal Estado de Guerrero"
2147:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1994:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1863:Hellen L., Clagett (1945).
1418:
1396:The winning faction of the
1060:
1015:
770:
742:
397:Antonio López de Santa Anna
245:), often called simply the
226:1824 Constitution of Mexico
10:
3347:
3277:accessed November 22, 2009
3183:Los caminos de la historia
3147:García Granados, Ricardo.
2771:Cambridge University Press
2562:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2528:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2493:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2459:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2425:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2390:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2355:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2280:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2246:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
2206:Helen L., Clagett (1945).
725:
3268:accessed October 23, 2009
3261:accessed October 23, 2009
3154:Guerra, François-Xavier,
1380:and the establishment of
1258:, Petronilo Monroy, 1869.
625:In 1841, Mexican justice
289:. It also reaffirmed the
257:during the presidency of
221:
217:1857 Constituent Congress
213:
203:
195:
185:
175:
165:
160:
146:
134:
117:
107:
102:
92:
72:
64:
54:
49:
37:
32:
3100:Perry, Laurens Ballard.
1482:
1057:States admitted in 1857:
3316:Legal history of Mexico
3291:Constitutions of Mexico
2827:Zagaris, Bruce (1998).
2101:Zagaris, Bruce (1998).
1451:Constitutions of Mexico
1200:, and the president of
1155:In December 1856, Pope
627:Manuel Crescencio Rejón
553:10. Right to bear arms.
337:into the constitution.
267:universal male suffrage
80:; 167 years ago
3138:Cosío Villegas, Daniel
3081:(1996) 15#1 pp 81–100
3024:El Colegio de México,
2669:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
2568:Georgetown Law Journal
2534:Georgetown Law Journal
2499:Georgetown Law Journal
2465:Georgetown Law Journal
2431:Georgetown Law Journal
2396:Georgetown Law Journal
2361:Georgetown Law Journal
2286:Georgetown Law Journal
2252:Georgetown Law Journal
2212:Georgetown Law Journal
2153:Georgetown Law Journal
2000:Georgetown Law Journal
1907:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
1869:Georgetown Law Journal
1780:McNulty, D.C. (2021).
1584:Reyes Heroles, Jesús,
1571:Tena Ramírez, Felipe,
1539:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1407:El hijo de El Ahuizote
1259:
761:
674:
634:
621:Articles 101 & 102
360:Maximilian I of Mexico
331:indigenous communities
242:
3306:Defunct constitutions
2731:(Supplement): 80–86.
1756:"El Juicio de Amparo"
1446:Second Mexican Empire
1386:restored the Republic
1382:Second Mexican Empire
1254:
760:
603:101 & 102. Amparo
550:7. Freedom of speech.
311:independent judiciary
275:freedom of conscience
269:, and others such as
3321:Liberalism in Mexico
3179:Reyes Heroles, Jesús
3162:El Colegio de México
708:Maxmilian of Austria
432:Constitution of 1824
376:ouster of the French
291:abolition of slavery
279:freedom of the press
247:Constitution of 1857
103:Government structure
78:5 February 1857
18:Constitution of 1857
3121:Sinkin, Richard N.
3114:Scholes, Walter V.
2410:. p. 422-423:
2375:. p. 422-423:
1412:Venustiano Carranza
1184:Félix María Zuloaga
641:Republic of Yucatán
512:and representative
476:freedom of religion
297:, and all forms of
283:freedom of assembly
3217:México, ed.Porrúa
2845:10.25922/359h-6s17
2779:10.1017/jli.2022.1
2687:10.1017/jli.2022.1
2119:10.25922/359h-6s17
1925:10.1017/jli.2022.1
1798:10.1017/jli.2022.1
1596:went forward, the
1471:Politics of Mexico
1465:currently in force
1402:Constitutionalists
1398:Mexican Revolution
1378:Franco-Mexican War
1260:
1072:to the Federation
1027:to the Federation
1012:New state created:
762:
287:right to bear arms
255:Congress of Mexico
3241:978-970-32-3930-6
3223:978-968-432-011-6
3191:978-968-36-9350-1
1600:did not move and
1212:Ignacio Comonfort
1209:Mexican President
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1075:Installation date
1070:Date of Admission
1054:
1053:
1030:Installation date
1025:Date of Admission
1009:
1008:
716:1917 constitution
506:1824 Constitution
421:Ignacio Comonfort
380:Restored Republic
366:, to establish a
346:official religion
271:freedom of speech
263:individual rights
259:Ignacio Comonfort
231:
230:
167:First legislature
148:Electoral college
16:(Redirected from
3338:
3199:Rabasa, Emilio.
3111:, vol. 5, no. 1.
3069:Hale, Charles A.
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2186:Google Translate
2178:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2011:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1777:
1771:
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1768:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1604:went backward)".
1582:
1576:
1569:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1494:
1247:Immediate impact
1207:On December 19,
1189:Plan of Tacubaya
1077:of the Congress
1061:
1032:of the Congress
1016:
915:Coahuila y Texas
771:
743:
676:Acta de Reformas
645:State of Yucatán
539:Vicente Guerrero
526:federal district
500:Major provisions
456:Santos Degollado
444:Guillermo Prieto
440:Ponciano Arriaga
368:Mexican monarchy
323:private property
295:debtors' prisons
171:7 September 1857
88:
86:
81:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3281:
3280:
3254:
3249:
3244:texto en la web
3226:texto en la web
3194:texto en la web
3133:
3128:
3064:
3062:Further reading
3059:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2956:"el Comentario"
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2854:
2852:
2825:
2821:
2812:. p. 152:
2807:
2805:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2717:
2713:
2704:. p. 159:
2699:
2697:
2667:
2663:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2616:. p. 313:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2590:
2582:. p. 423:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2548:. p. 423:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2522:
2513:. p. 423:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2487:
2479:. p. 423:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2445:. p. 423:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2419:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2384:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2316:
2309:
2300:. p. 423:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2266:. p. 422:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2226:. p. 434:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:. p. 418:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2126:
2099:
2095:
2087:. p. 906:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2049:. p. 309:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2014:. p. 418:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1985:
1976:. p. 313:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1883:. p. 418:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1857:
1849:. p. 313:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1815:. p. 154:
1810:
1808:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1703:
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1688:
1679:
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1674:
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1583:
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1555:
1550:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1485:
1480:
1421:
1394:
1327:San Luis Potosí
1249:
1224:San Luis Potosí
1165:excommunication
1153:
1140:Baja California
1125:
1107:
1089:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1044:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1005:
995:
983:
973:
961:
951:
939:
929:
917:
907:
905:San Luis Potosí
895:
883:
871:
861:
849:
839:
827:
817:
805:
795:
769:
730:
724:
623:
615:
502:
483:Catholic Church
452:José María Mata
448:Francisco Zarco
413:Dolores Hidalgo
393:
327:Catholic Church
199:7 November 1911
181:5 February 1917
84:
82:
79:
68:1856–1857
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:1857 documents
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:1857 in Mexico
3298:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3252:External links
3250:
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3247:
3229:
3211:
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3014:
3001:
2998:on 2011-07-22.
2983:
2980:on 2010-04-11.
2965:
2962:on 2010-08-10.
2947:
2922:
2919:on 2009-12-27.
2904:
2879:
2865:
2859:. p. 61:
2819:
2749:
2711:
2681:(3): 149–161.
2661:
2654:. p. 25:
2643:
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2341:. p. 25:
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2173:
2139:
2133:. p. 61:
2093:
2059:
2021:
1983:
1948:
1919:(3): 149–161.
1899:
1890:
1855:
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1792:(3): 149–161.
1772:
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1631:
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1618:(in Spanish).
1606:
1577:
1553:
1544:
1529:
1526:on 2003-08-11.
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1426:Liberal Reform
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1123:Aguascalientes
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666:Act of Reforms
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3174:968-12-0969-9
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1687:on 2010-09-18
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514:republicanism
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372:Benito Juárez
369:
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317:to prevent a
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3108:
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3071:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3033:
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2996:the original
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2960:the original
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2892:the original
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2839:(1): 61–69.
2836:
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2003:
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1961:
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1943:
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1634:
1609:
1602:conservative
1601:
1597:
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339:
319:dictatorship
301:such as the
265:, including
246:
234:
232:
196:Last amended
55:Jurisdiction
3296:1857 in law
2855:16 December
2808:16 December
2773:: 149–161.
2742:16 December
2700:14 December
2650:16 December
2634:Mexican Law
2612:14 December
2578:18 December
2544:18 December
2509:18 December
2475:18 December
2441:18 December
2413:government.
2406:18 December
2378:government.
2371:18 December
2337:16 December
2321:Mexican Law
2296:18 December
2262:18 December
2222:18 December
2191:16 December
2163:18 December
2159:(4): 418437
2129:16 December
2083:16 December
2045:14 December
2010:18 December
2006:(4): 418437
1972:14 December
1938:14 December
1879:18 December
1875:(4): 418437
1845:14 December
1811:14 December
1737:16 December
1721:Mexican Law
1436:Reform laws
1264:Mexico City
1144:Mexico City
1128:05-02-1857
1113:19-07-1857
1110:09-12-1856
1095:01-06-1857
1092:09-12-1856
1050:30-01-1850
1047:27-10-1849
487:Zacapoaxtla
425:Mexico City
342:Catholicism
3285:Categories
3131:In Spanish
3049:2010-04-28
2941:2010-04-28
2898:2010-04-28
2815:tradition.
2303:sentences.
1766:2010-04-28
1691:2010-04-28
1505:References
1431:Reform War
1370:Reform War
1307:Tamaulipas
1299:Nuevo León
1287:Guanajuato
1281:States of
1276:Reform War
1272:Guanajuato
1151:Opposition
892:Nuevo León
869:Tamaulipas
815:Guanajuato
734:Nuevo León
722:Federation
657:Seven Laws
561:Juárez Law
524:, and the
510:federalism
472:Juárez Law
391:Background
385:until 1917
356:Reform War
307:federalism
285:, and the
249:, was the
222:Supersedes
187:Amendments
124:Unicameral
85:1857-02-05
3028:p.597-598
2803:247475612
2795:0731-1265
2787:2331-4117
2695:247475612
2079:(3): 891–
1933:247475612
1806:247475612
1331:Chihuahua
1295:Michoacán
1291:Querétaro
1268:Five Laws
1161:Lerdo Law
993:Zacatecas
959:Chihuahua
881:Michoacán
803:Querétaro
643:(now the
574:Lerdo Law
522:territory
417:president
399:in 1855,
335:Lerdo Law
315:executive
214:Author(s)
141:President
136:Executive
3093:in JSTOR
3083:in JSTOR
2849:Archived
2707:clauses.
2657:process.
2182:"Amparo"
2123:Archived
1640:op. cit.
1598:moderate
1573:op. cit.
1419:See also
1374:Veracruz
1343:Tlaxcala
1315:Veracruz
1303:Coahuila
1241:Veracruz
1232:Veracruz
1228:Tlaxcala
1202:Congress
1172:Holy See
1142:. Also,
1087:Tlaxcala
1042:Guerrero
927:Veracruz
738:Coahuila
401:liberals
364:Habsburg
204:Location
177:Repealed
154:Deputies
119:Chambers
109:Branches
74:Ratified
50:Overview
3181:(2002)
3164:(2009)
3026:Op.cit.
2737:1013370
1886:member.
1708:, p. 10
1704:Perry,
1586:op.cit.
1500:courts.
1363:Yucatán
1355:Sinaloa
1347:Chiapas
1339:Tabasco
1335:Durango
1283:Jalisco
1157:Pius IX
1003:Sinaloa
981:Chiapas
971:Jalisco
949:Yucatán
937:Durango
847:Tabasco
696:Spanish
694:is the
671:Spanish
631:Spanish
508:. Both
474:), and
251:liberal
239:Spanish
161:History
83: (
65:Created
3239:
3221:
3189:
3172:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2735:
2693:
2641:
2328:
2231:amparo
2053:amparo
1931:
1804:
1728:
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1497:fueros
1400:, the
1359:Oaxaca
1351:Sonora
1323:Puebla
1319:México
1311:Colima
1220:Puebla
1216:México
1105:Colima
1064:Order
1019:Order
859:Puebla
837:Oaxaca
825:Sonora
793:México
780:Order
774:Order
700:amparo
692:Amparo
681:amparo
653:Amparo
518:states
491:Puebla
468:fueros
454:, and
351:fueros
128:Senate
94:System
59:Mexico
2799:S2CID
2783:eISSN
2769:(3).
2733:JSTOR
2691:S2CID
2234:suit.
2017:1824.
1929:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1542:, 332
1483:Notes
1067:Name
1022:Name
783:Name
777:Name
3237:ISBN
3219:ISBN
3187:ISBN
3170:ISBN
2857:2022
2810:2022
2791:ISSN
2744:2022
2702:2022
2652:2022
2639:ISBN
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2580:2022
2546:2022
2511:2022
2477:2022
2443:2022
2408:2022
2373:2022
2339:2022
2326:ISBN
2298:2022
2264:2022
2224:2022
2193:2022
2165:2022
2131:2022
2085:2022
2047:2022
2012:2022
1974:2022
1940:2022
1881:2022
1847:2022
1813:2022
1739:2022
1726:ISBN
1620:ISBN
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1495:The
1361:and
1313:and
1237:pure
1230:and
520:, a
489:and
463:pure
362:, a
329:and
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2841:doi
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1921:doi
1794:doi
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1100:23
1082:22
1037:21
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988:10
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