Continuous track - Knowledge

254:(also Heathcote) M.P. for Tiverton, the Heathcote steam plough was demonstrated in 1837 and press coverage fortunately provided a wood cut of this unusual tracked vehicle. The continuous tracks were made of 215 cm (7 ft) sections of wood bolted to continuous iron bands which were driven by the 'drums' at each end. A strong chassis provided the bearings for the drums, and carried the steam engine, fuel and winch. The chassis was supported on "numerous small wheels or rollers" which ran upon the lower iron bands, which "thus form a perfectly portable and smooth road for the platform". The drums were 275 or 305 cm (9 or 10 ft) in diameter, 790 cm (26 ft) apart. The tracks were each 215 cm (7 ft) wide with a 215 cm (7 ft) gap in-between giving an overall width of 640 cm (21 ft). The twin-cylinder steam engine could be used either to drive the plough winch or to drive the vehicle along, at a speed of up to 150 cm/min (5 ft/min). Although the machine weighed 30 tons complete with 6 tons of fuel, its ground pressure was only 869 kg/m (178 lb/sq ft), considerably less than a man. The successful demonstration was carried out on 1404: 1017: 1462: 1001: 1064:

overlapping wheels, freeze, and immobilize the vehicle. As a tracked vehicle moves, the load of each wheel moves over the track, pushing down and forward that part of the earth or snow underneath it, similarly to a wheeled vehicle but to a lesser extent because the tread helps distribute the load. On some surfaces, this can consume enough energy to slow the vehicle down significantly. Overlapped and interleaved wheels improve performance (including fuel consumption) by loading the track more evenly. It also must have extended the life of the tracks and possibly of the wheels. The wheels also better protect the vehicle from enemy fire, and mobility is improved when some wheels are missing.

1339: 1163: 776: 80: 1209: 1091:, is placed at the opposite end of the track, primarily to tension the track, since loose track could be easily thrown (slipped) off the wheels. To prevent throwing, the inner surface of the track links usually have vertical guide horns engaging grooves, or gaps between the doubled road and idler/sprocket wheels. In military vehicles with a rear sprocket, the idler wheel is placed higher than the road wheels to allow it to climb over obstacles. Some track arrangements use return rollers to keep the top of the track running straight between the drive sprocket and idler. Others, called 931: 538: 460: 1497: 1187: 981:. While tracked construction equipment typically lacks suspension due to the vehicle only moving at low speeds, in military vehicles road wheels are typically mounted on some form of suspension to cushion the ride over rough ground. Suspension design in military vehicles is a major area of development; the very early designs were often completely unsprung. Later-developed road wheel suspension offered only a few inches of travel using springs, whereas modern hydro-pneumatic systems allow several feet of travel and include 618: 562: 62: 22: 1446: 398: 91: 2959: 418:. He was granted a patent in 1901 and built the first steam-powered log hauler at the Waterville Iron Works in Waterville, Maine, the same year. In all, 83 Lombard steam log haulers are known to have been built up to 1917, when production switched entirely to internal combustion engine powered machines, ending with a Fairbanks diesel-powered unit in 1934. Alvin Lombard may also have been the first commercial manufacturer of the tractor crawler. 943: 1482: 242: 3542: 1175: 1354:

track easily rout the turf. Accordingly, vehicle laws and local ordinances often require rubberised tracks or track pads. A compromise between all-steel and all-rubber tracks exists: attaching rubber pads to individual track links ensures that continuous track vehicles can travel more smoothly, quickly, and quietly on paved surfaces. While these pads slightly reduce a vehicle's cross-country traction, in theory they prevent damage to any pavement.

3554: 480: 809: 974:, reducing it improves suspension performance at speeds where the track's momentum is significant. In contrast, agricultural and construction vehicles opt for a track with shoes that attach to the chain with bolts and do not form part of the chain's structure. This allows track shoes to break without compromising the ability of the vehicle to move and decrease productivity but increases the overall weight of the track and vehicle. 352:

between each pair of wheels, to support the 'track'. Comprising only eight sections, the 'track' sections are essentially 'longitudinal', as in Boydell's initial design. Fowler's arrangement is a precursor to the multi-section caterpillar track in which a relatively large number of short 'transverse' treads are used, as proposed by Sir George Caley in 1825, rather than a small number of relatively long 'longitudinal' treads.

1087:, driven by the motor and engaging with holes in the track links or with pegs on them to drive the track. In military vehicles, the drive wheel is typically mounted well above the contact area on the ground, allowing it to be fixed in position. In agricultural crawlers it is normally incorporated as part of the bogie. Placing suspension on the sprocket is possible, but is mechanically more complicated. A non-powered wheel, an 33: 1390: 1430: 379:. But neither dreadnaught wheels nor continuous tracks were used, rather "roll-out" wooden plank roads were thrown under the wheels as required. In short, whilst the development of the continuous track engaged the attention of a number of inventors in the 18th and 19th centuries, the general use and exploitation of the continuous track belonged to the 20th century, mainly in the 882:

patent rights after a single rear-tracked gasoline-powered road engine of tricycle arrangement was built to replace the larger motor home in 1909 on account of problems with the old picturesque wooden bridges. This dispute resulted in Linn departing Maine and relocating to Morris, New York, to build an improved, contour following flexible lag tread or crawler with

2342: 119:, running on a continuous band of treads or track plates driven by two or more wheels. The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tyres on an equivalent vehicle, enabling continuous tracked vehicles to traverse soft ground with less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking. 1056:(interleaved or overlapping running gear) in German, for both half-track and fully tracked vehicles. There were suspensions with single or sometimes doubled wheels per axle, alternately supporting the inner and outer side of the track, and interleaved suspensions with two or three road wheels per axle, distributing the load over the track. 2274: 1357:

Additionally, the loss of a single segment in a track immobilizes the entire vehicle, which can be a disadvantage in situations where high reliability is important. Tracks can also ride off their guide wheels, idlers or sprockets, which can cause them to jam or to come completely off the guide system

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The prominent treads of the metal plates are both hard-wearing and damage resistant, especially in comparison to rubber tyres. The aggressive treads of the tracks provide good traction in soft surfaces but can damage paved surfaces, so some metal tracks can have rubber pads installed for use on paved

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The disadvantages of tracks are lower top speed, much greater mechanical complexity, shorter life and the damage that their all-steel versions cause to the surface on which they pass: They often cause damage to less firm terrain such as lawns, gravel roads, and farm fields, as the sharp edges of the

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track is slightly more complex, with each link connected to the next by a bushing which causes the track to bend slightly inward. A length of live track left on the ground will curl upward slightly at each end. Although the drive sprocket must still pull the track around the wheels, the track itself

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Track construction and assembly is dictated by the application. Military vehicles use a track shoe that is integral to the structure of the chain in order to reduce track weight. Reduced weight allows the vehicle to move faster and decreases overall vehicle weight to ease transportation. Since track

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At least one of Lombard's steam-powered machines apparently remains in working order. A gasoline-powered Lombard hauler is on display at the Maine State Museum in Augusta. In addition, there may have been up to twice as many Phoenix Centipeed versions of the steam log hauler built under license from

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A little-known American inventor, Henry Thomas Stith (1839–1916), had developed a continuous track prototype which was, in multiple forms, patented in 1873, 1880, and 1900. The last was for the application of the track to a prototype off-road bicycle built for his son. The 1900 prototype is retained

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Modern tracks are built from modular chain links which together compose a closed chain. The links are jointed by a hinge, which allows the track to be flexible and wrap around a set of wheels to make an endless loop. The chain links are often broad, and can be made of manganese alloy steel for high

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powered. Although several were delivered for military use between 1917 and 1946, Linn never received any large military orders. Most of the production between 1917 and 1952, approximately 2500 units, was sold directly to highway departments and contractors. Steel tracks and payload capacity allowed

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In a patent dispute involving rival crawler builder Best, testimony was brought in from people including Lombard, that Holt had inspected a Lombard log hauler shipped out to a western state by people who would later build the Phoenix log hauler in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, under license from Lombard.

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This relatively complicated approach has not been used since World War II ended. This may be related more to maintenance than to original cost. The torsion bars and bearings may stay dry and clean, but the wheels and tread work in mud, sand, rocks, snow, and other surfaces. In addition, the outer

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filed British Patent No. 1948 on another form of "Endless Railway". In his illustration of the invention, Fowler used a pair of wheels of equal diameter on each side of his vehicle, around which pair of toothed wheels ran a 'track' of eight jointed segments, with a smaller jockey/drive wheel

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car only with wheels in front and Lombard crawlers in rear. Linn had experimented with gasoline and steam-powered vehicles and six-wheel drive before this, and at some point entered Lombard's employment as a demonstrator, mechanic and sales agent. This resulted in a question of proprietorship of

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was not ready for service. A detailed report of the tests on steam traction, carried out by a select Committee of the Board of Ordnance, was published in June 1856, by which date the Crimean War was over, consequently the mortar and its transportation became irrelevant. In those tests, a Garrett

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suspension members, allowing any German tracked military vehicle with such a setup to have a noticeably smoother ride over challenging terrain, leading to reduced wear, ensuring greater traction and more accurate fire. However, on the Russian front, mud and snow would become lodged between the

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in England manufactured at least two full length "track steer" machines, and their patent was later purchased by Holt in 1913, allowing Holt to claim to be the "inventor" of the crawler tractor. Since the "tank" was a British concept it is more likely that the Hornsby, which had been built and

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moved on endless rails". It lacked self-propulsion and was pulled by horses. Blinov received a patent for his "wagon" in 1878. From 1881 to 1888 he developed a steam-powered caterpillar-tractor. This self-propelled crawler was successfully tested and featured at a farmers' exhibition in 1896.

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in July 1907. The soldiers immediately christened the 70bhp No.2 machine the 'caterpillar'." Holt adopted that name for his "crawler" tractors. Holt began moving from steam to gasoline-powered designs, and in 1908 brought out the 40-horsepower (30 kW) "Holt Model 40 Caterpillar". Holt

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Tracks are often equipped with rubber pads to improve travel on paved surfaces more quickly, smoothly and quietly. While these pads slightly reduce a vehicle's cross-country traction, they prevent damage to any pavement. Some pad systems are designed to remove easily for cross-country

1016: 442:, developed a continuous track which was patented in 1905. The design differed from modern tracks in that it flexed in only one direction, with the effect that the links locked together to form a solid rail on which the road wheels ran. Hornsby's tracked vehicles were given trials as 293:

Boydell patented improvements to his wheel in 1854 (No. 431) – the year his dreadnaught wheel was first applied to a steam engine – and 1858 (No. 356), the latter an impracticable palliative measure involving the lifting one or other of the driving wheels to facilitate turning.

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Tracked vehicles have better mobility over rough terrain than those with wheels: they smooth out the bumps, glide over small obstacles and are capable of crossing trenches or breaks in the terrain. Riding in a fast tracked-vehicle feels just like riding in a boat over heavy

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employing dreadnaught wheels was built at Bach's Birmingham works, and was used between 1856 and 1858 for ploughing in Thetford; and the first generation of Burrell/Boydell engines was built at the St. Nicholas works in 1856, again, after the close of the Crimean War.

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wheels (up to nine of them, some double) had to be removed to access the inner ones. In WWII, vehicles typically had to be maintained for a few months before being destroyed or captured, but in peacetime, vehicles must train several crews over a period of decades.

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track is a simple design in which each track plate is connected to the rest with hinge-type pins. These dead tracks will lie flat if placed on the ground; the drive sprocket pulls the track around the wheels with no assistance from the track itself.

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A long line of patents disputes who was the "originator" of continuous tracks. There were a number of designs that attempted to achieve a track laying mechanism, although these designs do not generally resemble modern tracked vehicles.

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has become the most common type of military vehicle suspension. Construction vehicles have smaller road wheels that are designed primarily to prevent track derailment and they are normally contained in a single bogie that includes the

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allowed pulp to be taken to rivers in the winter. Prior to then, horses could be used only until snow depths made hauling impossible. Lombard began commercial production which lasted until around 1917 when focus switched entirely to

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moved on endless rails", which received a patent the next year. In 1881–1888 he created a steam-powered caterpillar-tractor. This self-propelled crawler was successfully tested and showed at a farmers' exhibition in 1896.

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Linn was a pioneer in snow removal before the practice was embraced in rural areas, with a nine-foot steel v-plow and sixteen foot adjustable leveling wings on either side. Once the highway system became paved,

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in 1846. In Boydell's design, a series of flat feet are attached to the periphery of the wheel, spreading the weight. A number of horse-drawn wagons, carts and gun carriages were successfully deployed in the

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Starting from late 1980s, many manufacturers provide rubber tracks instead of steel, especially for agricultural applications. Rather than a track made of linked steel plates, a reinforced rubber belt with

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and the mechanics of the tracks, which must be overhauled or replaced regularly. It is common to see tracked vehicles such as bulldozers or tanks transported long distances by a wheeled carrier such as a

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gave a brief description of a Clayton & Shuttleworth engine fitted with dreadnaught wheels, which was supplied not to the Western Allies, but to the Russian government for heavy artillery haulage in

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Tracked vehicles are much less likely than wheeled vehicles to get stuck in soft ground, mud or snow, since the tracks distribute the weight of the vehicle over a larger contact area, decreasing its

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Frank Beamond (1870–1941), a less-commonly known but significant British inventor, designed and built caterpillar tracks, and was granted patents for them in a number of countries, in 1900 and 1907.

671:, built by Great Britain, were designed from scratch and were inspired by, but not directly based on, the Holt. The slightly later French and German tanks were built on modified Holt running gear. 611:

credited Scott's "motors" with the inspiration for the British World War I tanks, writing: "Scott never knew their true possibilities; for they were the direct ancestors of the 'tanks' in France."

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engine was put through its paces on Plumstead Common. The Garrett engine featured in the Lord Mayor's show in London, and in the following month that engine was shipped to Australia. A

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are known for their ability to creep about on each other and on hard surfaces such as microscope slides. It is thought that around the outside of the navicula's shell is a girdle of

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Many World War II German military vehicles, initially (starting in the late 1930s) including all vehicles originally designed to be half-tracks and all later tank designs (after the

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in the post-war period. Steam tractors fitted with dreadnaught wheels had a number of shortcomings and, notwithstanding the creations of the late 1850s, were never used extensively.

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which he patented the same year, but due to a lack of funds and interest from manufacturers he was unable to build a working prototype, and his patent was voided in 1839.

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on 20 April 1837. The steam plough was lost when it sank into a swamp by accident and was then abandoned as the inventor did not have the funds to continue development.

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these machines to work in terrain that would typically cause the poorer quality rubber tyres that existed before the mid-1930s to spin uselessly, or shred completely.

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In comparison to steel tracks, rubber tracks are lighter, waste less power on internal friction, make less noise and do not damage paved roads. However, they impose

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Diagram of tracked suspension: (1=rear drive wheel (rear wheel drive), 2=track, 3=return rollers, 4=front drive wheel (front wheel drive), 5=road wheels, 6=idler)

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applied the Boydell patent under licence. The British military were interested in Boydell's invention from an early date. One of the objectives was to transport

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tracks. Another disadvantage is that they are not disassemblable into tracks and therefore cannot be repaired, having to be discarded as whole if once damaged.

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military vehicles, may often continue driving even after the loss of one or more non-sequential wheels, depending on the base wheel pattern and drive train.

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surfaces. Other than soft rubber belts, most chain tracks apply a stiff mechanism to distribute the load equally over the entire space between the

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The Hornsby tractors pioneered a track-steer clutch arrangement, which is the basis of the modern crawler operation. The patent was purchased by Holt.

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invented a "vehicle" on endless tracks, patented as No. 351,749 on November 2, 1886. The article gives a detailed description of the endless tracks.

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below the wheels, as they are not able to equalize pressure as well as the stiff mechanism of track plates, especially the spring loaded

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The Phoenix Centipeed typically had a fancier wood cab, steering wheel tipped forward at a 45 degree angle and vertical instead of horizontal

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in World War II, were not as strong, and during military actions were easily damaged. The first rubber track was invented and constructed by

1911: 1287:). Since tyre air pressure is approximately equal to average ground pressure, a typical car will have an average ground pressure of 28 326:

Between late 1856 and 1862 Burrell manufactured not less than a score of engines fitted with dreadnaught wheels. In April 1858, the journal

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incorporated the Holt Caterpillar Company, in early 1910, later that year trademarked the name "Caterpillar" for his continuous tracks.

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by applying more or less drive torque to one side of the vehicle than the other, and this can be implemented in a variety of ways.

2447: 2088: 1614: 1174: 663:, Holt tractors were used by the British and Austro-Hungarian armies to tow heavy artillery and stimulated the development of 3527: 3287: 2468: 1758: 3208: 2687: 656:, became convinced that it was possible to develop a fighting vehicle that could provide protection from machine gun fire. 2734: 2422: 617: 348: 2135: 1785: 479: 2880: 2248: 1849: 977:

The vehicle's weight is transferred to the bottom length of track by a number of road wheels, or sets of wheels called

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for minimal deformation, so that even the heaviest vehicles can move easily, just like a train on its straight tracks.

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with sled steerage on front and crawlers in rear for hauling logs in the Northeastern United States and Canada. The

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Biographical information about the American inventor Henry Thomas Stith (1839-1916) is available from the

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The choice of overlapping/interleaved road wheels allowed the use of slightly more transverse-orientation

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presented his view that man-hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed.

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in 1977, Caterpillar resurrected a design by Holt and Best, the high-sprocket-drive, since known as the "

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developed the idea of a caterpillar track for snow surfaces. These tracked motors were built by the

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Lombard, with vertical instead of horizontal cylinders. In 1903, the founder of Holt Manufacturing,

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tends to bend inward, slightly assisting the sprocket and somewhat conforming to the wheels.

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Small tracks on a roadworks machine. Note the rubber pads to reduce wear on the carriageway.

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trucks equipped by improving tyre designs, and the Linn became an off highway vehicle, for

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The pioneer manufacturers have been replaced mostly by large tractor companies such as

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powered machines. A gasoline-powered hauler is on display at the Maine State Museum in

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Continuous track was first applied to a military vehicle on the British prototype tank

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In time, however, a wide array of vehicles were developed for snow and ice, including

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In 1925 Holt and C.W. Best's company merged to form the Caterpillar Tractor Company.

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HGR in 1945-1948, which was ahead of its time and only seen small-scale production.

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A first effective continuous track was not only invented but really implemented by

151: 127: 2200: 1962:"The iron, coal, and general trades of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and other towns" 1099:, leading to occasional misidentification of other slack track-equipped vehicles. 225:

designed caterpillar vehicles in the 1830s to compete with the railways. In 1837,

3404: 3389: 3292: 3282: 3274: 3139: 3012: 2990: 2980: 2464: 1326: 1272: 1236: 1153: 874: 785: 607:. Scott died during the expedition in 1912, but expedition member and biographer 600: 596: 524: 314: 259: 201:. The idea of continuous tracks can be traced back as far as the 1830s, however. 147: 2683: 3522: 3338: 3328: 3250: 3193: 3134: 3073: 3068: 3053: 2985: 2847: 2744: 2185: 2178: 2171: 1556: 1524: 982: 734: 653: 649: 573:. The elevated drive sprocket offers advantages to large earth-moving machines. 567: 251: 61: 2853: 2843: 2833: 2416: 599:

in Birmingham, tested in Switzerland and Norway, and can be seen in action in

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came from a soldier during the tests on the Hornsby crawler, "trials began at

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Scale model of Hornsby Chain Tractor at 2005 Harrogate Model Engineering Show

2127: 1609: 1300: 1292: 1284: 1192: 971: 891: 763: 684: 645: 548: 423: 380: 356: 319: 282: 214: 2492:, James K Glen, "Improvement in Motive Power", issued 1867-10-22 2244: 426:, paid Lombard $ 60,000 for the right to produce vehicles under his patent. 217:

patented a continuous track, which he called a "universal railway" in 1825.

21: 3238: 3213: 3198: 3171: 3161: 3022: 2933: 1507: 1503: 1488: 1410: 1319: 1049: 798: 544: 447: 397: 95: 66: 2511:, William Fender, "Wheel With Endless Rail", issued 1887-11-29 2403:

Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.

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The story of the St. Nicholas Works: A History of Charles Burrell and Sons

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Russian off-road vehicles are built by companies such as ZZGT and Vityaz.

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army captain Dmitry Andreevich Zagryazhsky (1807 – after 1860) designed a

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U.S. Patent no. 224,741 (filed: 5 August 1879; issued: 17 February 1880).

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and patented in 1913; in historic context rubber tracks are often called

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U.S. Patent no. 654,291 (filed: 26 December 1899; issued: 24 July 1900).

725: 241: 2245:"Lombard Log Hauler and Model T Snowmobile Show Route 175 Thornton, NH" 1787:

Steam on the Farm: A History of Agricultural Steam Engines 1800 to 1950

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gasoline crawler tractors teamed up to pull a long wagon train in the

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to pull the equipment wagon of his dog & pony show, resembling a

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Dedication to the only commercially-sold Hornsby caterpillar crawler

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with continuous track wheels crosses a river and dumps its load in

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overlapped/interleaved roadwheel sets for each track unit per side

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Although not a continuous track in the form encountered today, a

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U.S. Patent no. 138,707 (filed: 2 May 1873; issued: 6 May 1873).

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or "endless railway wheel" was patented by the British Engineer

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made of steel plates (with or without rubber pads), also called

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unsuccessfully pitched to their military, was the inspiration.

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Tracks cannot be punctured or torn and are more resilient in

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in several countries. The first tanks to go into action, the

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on several occasions between 1905 and 1910, but not adopted.

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Tracked vehicles long-distance hauling on equipment trailers

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The stiff mechanism was first given a physical form by

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A Russian tracked vehicle designed to operate on snow and

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tank has an average ground pressure of just over 15

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was built by Lombard for Holman Harry (Flannery) Linn of

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In August 1858, more than two years after the end of the

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The Sledging Problem in the Antarctic, Men versus Motors

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Worn and new track pads on an M1 Abrams main battle tank

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Further to Fowler's patent of 1858, in 1877, a Russian,

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Scientific American, December 18, 1886, Vol. LV, No. 25

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At about the same time a British agricultural company,

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The larger contact area, coupled with the cleats, or

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Transfer of power to the track is accomplished by a

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The Earthmover Encyclopedia, Page 28, Keith Haddock

1246:Previous belt-like systems, such as those used for 1006:Overlapped and interleaved road wheels of a German 2834:Hornsby Chain Tractor Promotion-Video (6:17, 1908) 2130:[The inventor of the tractor (F.Blinov)]. 1365:Prolonged use places enormous strain on the drive 636:, and countless commercial and military vehicles. 405: 401:Lombard Steam Log Hauler (Designed, patented 1901) 297:A number of manufacturers including Richard Bach, 2331:. MotorBooks International. pp. 17, 20, 21. 1583:that can flow and thus act as a continuous track. 1026:'s half-track units, showing the rims of its six 134:. The more common classical type is a solid 3572: 1977: 1258:. First rubber-tracked agricultural tracked was 375:were used at the end of the 19th century in the 2167:Henry T. Stith's patents for tracked wheels: 1455:tank with "slack track" and rear drive sprocket 591:did not yet exist however, and so his engineer 122:Modern continuous tracks can be made with soft 2442: 1998:The Development of the English Traction Engine 1693:"Sir George Cayley's patent universal railway" 687:created a horse-drawn tracked vehicle called " 603:'s 1911 documentary film of Scott's Antarctic 245:Heathcote Steam Plough as demonstrated in 1837 2874: 2303:. Antique Caterpillar Machinery Owners Club. 2268: 966:strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance. 960: 2646:Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War II 2581: 2089:"Patent No. 5260 A New Locomotive Apparatus" 583:In a memorandum of 1908, Antarctic explorer 430:The stiff chain by Hornsby & Sons (1904) 2786:. Russia: Vityaz machine-building company. 2735:"The Small Tractor FAQ – Tractor Resources" 2414: 837:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 492: 236: 2881: 2867: 2709:"Search results for Used Tracked tractors" 1035: 146:, which is preferred for robust and heavy 2328:Giant Earthmovers: An Illustrated History 2125: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 857:Learn how and when to remove this message 1514: 1475:and return rollers holding up the track 1337: 720:that resembles a regular railroad steam 623:Snow wing skid steer with tracked treads 396: 240: 89: 78: 60: 31: 20: 2589:"Caterpillar Tractor Co. List of Deals" 1959: 1658: 1656: 1559:firm of Minnesota since the mid-1990s. 639: 367: 3573: 2759:"The Zavolzhsky Crawler Vehicle Plant" 2732: 2293: 2112: 1711: 3288:Simultaneous localization and mapping 2862: 2086: 1995: 1933:Science& Society: Picture Library 1783: 1125:Tracks may be broadly categorized as 1052:tanks, generically known by the term 339:Endless Railway by John Fowler (1858) 2644:Peter Chamberlain and Hilary Doyle, 2549:, H. W. Wilson Company (1950), p. 47 2022:"Charles Burrell & Sons Limited" 1983: 1839: 1653: 1146: 869:In the meantime, a gasoline-powered 835:adding citations to reliable sources 802: 716:was issued a patent in 1901 for the 359:, created a tracked vehicle called " 2822:Hornsby Steam Chain Tractor website 2324: 2128:"Изобретатель трактора (Ф. Блинов)" 1926:"Tuxford's Boydell Traction Engine" 597:Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company 512:began in 1925 from a merger of the 267:Dreadnaught wheel by Boydell (1846) 13: 2462: 2156:The Implement and Machinery Review 1763:. MotorBooks International. 2001. 1747:. US. 29 December 1837. p. 4. 766:'s steam-powered continuous track 737:. After Lombard began operations, 473:(1905, Richard Hornsby & Sons) 14: 3617: 2805: 674: 648:. British Army officers, Colonel 169:in 1904 and then made popular by 3552: 3541: 3540: 2957: 2172:"Improvement in traction-wheels" 1914:from the original on 2016-03-04. 1707:from the original on 2017-03-13. 1495: 1480: 1460: 1444: 1428: 1402: 1388: 1333: 1219: 1207: 1185: 1173: 1161: 1015: 999: 941: 929: 807: 781:A working model of the original 774: 755: 616: 578: 560: 536: 478: 458: 3553: 2790:from the original on 2016-10-22 2776: 2751: 2726: 2715:from the original on 2013-06-02 2701: 2690:from the original on 2012-03-14 2676: 2665:from the original on 2006-10-14 2651: 2638: 2627:from the original on 2012-03-08 2613: 2572: 2569:A design for a tracked vehicle. 2552: 2539: 2520: 2501: 2482: 2471:from the original on 2016-11-09 2456: 2436: 2425:from the original on 2016-10-03 2408: 2395: 2383: 2365: 2356: 2345:from the original on 2015-10-07 2307:from the original on 2016-03-22 2281: 2262: 2251:from the original on 2011-08-14 2237: 2226:from the original on 2015-07-21 2206: 2193: 2161: 2149: 2138:from the original on 2011-07-27 2101:from the original on 2017-11-21 2080: 2069:from the original on 2013-10-02 2049: 2038:from the original on 2014-02-21 2014: 2000:. Cambridge UK: Goose and Son. 1989: 1953: 1942:from the original on 2016-03-04 1918: 1892: 1881:from the original on 2013-10-02 1822:from the original on 2013-10-02 1725:from the original on 2009-08-11 1674:from the original on 2017-03-13 406:First commercial success (1901) 72:with rubber tracks, mitigating 2827: 2449:The Worst Journey in the World 1833: 1804: 1777: 1751: 1736: 1719:"Josef-Maria Hoëné de Wronski" 1685: 1435:Experimental four-track tank ( 1071: 922: 1: 2621:"Austenitic Manganese Steels" 2467:. UK: Spartacus Educational. 1974:See p. 328, left-hand column. 1664:"The Tank Tread Was His Baby" 1646: 1265: 485:Hornsby Chain Tracked Tractor 231:"carriage with mobile tracks" 2888: 1760:Classic Caterpillar Crawlers 1743:"Heathcote's Steam Plough". 1703:(127): 225–227. 1826-01-28. 1565: 994:and sometimes the sprocket. 16:System of vehicle propulsion 7: 3298:Vision-guided robot systems 2844:Scale Model Hornsby Traktor 1587: 1102: 630:ski slope grooming machines 551:during construction of the 510:Caterpillar Tractor Company 171:Caterpillar Tractor Company 10: 3622: 3518:Technological unemployment 2740:Carnegie Mellon University 2686:. Kubota.com. 2008-07-14. 2593:Lehman Brothers Collection 2415:riverbanksy (2011-08-21). 1381: 1113: 1107:Continuous track vehicles 961:Construction and operation 796: 518:C. L. Best Tractor Company 514:Holt Manufacturing Company 307:Clayton & Shuttleworth 303:Charles Burrell & Sons 299:Richard Garrett & Sons 270: 204: 3536: 3506:Workplace robotics safety 3488: 3382: 3306: 3269: 3224: 3122: 2966: 2955: 2896: 2854:1/3 Scale Hornsby Traktor 2558: 2526: 2507: 2488: 2201:Kansas Historical Society 2057:"Burrell-Boydell Tractor" 1996:Clark, Ronald H. (1974). 1960:(Staff) (23 April 1858). 1910:(1). London. 1856-06-30. 1869:"Boydell Artillery Wheel" 1844:. London: Unicorn Press. 1840:Lane, Michael R. (1994). 890:type, gasoline and later 683:In 1877 Russian inventor 391:by his surviving family. 223:Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński 2684:"Kubota crawler tractor" 2126:Lozovoi, D.; Lozova, A. 1784:Brown, Jonathan (2008). 718:Lombard Steam Log Hauler 685:Fyodor Abramovich Blinov 493:Holt and the Caterpillar 416:Lombard Steam Log Hauler 237:Heathcote's Steam Plough 3596:Carriages and mountings 3354:Human–robot interaction 2401:Roland Huntford (2003) 1620:Screw-propelled vehicle 1121:"Live" and "dead" track 1036:Overlapping road wheels 792: 487:(1907 enhanced Version) 25:Continuous tracks on a 2838:British Film Institute 2444:Cherry-Garrard, Apsley 1350: 987:Torsion-bar suspension 884:independent suspension 402: 373:Steam traction engines 246: 132:agricultural machinery 101: 87: 76: 58: 29: 3460:Starship Technologies 2545:Kane, Joseph Nathan, 2405:Abacus, London, p.224 2087:Caley, Georg (1825). 2029:University of Reading 1904:The Farmer's Magazine 1615:Recreational products 1515:Current manufacturers 1502:Experimental tracked 1341: 1260:Oliver Farm Equipment 1116:Differential steering 970:weight is completely 609:Apsley Cherry-Garrard 605:Terra Nova Expedition 412:Alvin Orlando Lombard 400: 244: 148:construction vehicles 93: 82: 64: 44: 24: 3591:Engineering vehicles 3410:Energid Technologies 2733:Burner, Ken (1997). 2560:US patent 351749 2528:US patent 433488 2509:US patent 373887 2465:"Little Willie Tank" 2432:– via YouTube. 2389:R. F. Scott (1908). 2288:The Devil's Chariots 1745:Chelmsford Chronicle 915:, dam construction, 831:improve this section 712:Alvin O. Lombard of 707:Warren, Pennsylvania 640:Military application 553:Los Angeles Aqueduct 368:20th century efforts 250:Patented in 1832 by 219:Polish mathematician 3501:Powered exoskeleton 2846:(Stapleford Steam, 2490:US patent 69987 2301:"About Caterpillar" 1349:with a thrown track 1097:Christie suspension 698:Scientific American 585:Robert Falcon Scott 3470:Universal Robotics 3445:Intuitive Surgical 3435:Harvest Automation 3400:Barrett Technology 3182:Robotic spacecraft 3028:Audio-Animatronics 2659:"Official website" 2547:Famous First Facts 1697:Mechanics Magazine 1670:(June): 63. 1944. 1351: 1275:. The seventy-ton 917:arctic exploration 783:Hornsby & Sons 444:artillery tractors 403: 247: 167:Hornsby & Sons 113:vehicle propulsion 102: 88: 77: 59: 30: 3568: 3567: 3511:Robotic tech vest 3440:Honeybee Robotics 3256:Electric unicycle 3209:remotely-operated 2377:Equipment Journal 2132:Russia in Colours 1790:. Crowood Press. 1423: 1147:Rubber track pads 1054:Schachtellaufwerk 1028:Schachtellaufwerk 903:could be done by 867: 866: 859: 714:Waterville, Maine 279:dreadnaught wheel 273:Dreadnaught wheel 152:military vehicles 140:caterpillar tread 99:Challenger 1 tank 42: 3613: 3606:Tank subassembly 3581:Tracked vehicles 3556: 3555: 3544: 3543: 3528:Fictional robots 3496:Critique of work 3145:Unmanned vehicle 2961: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2743:. Archived from 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2711:. Mascus.co.uk. 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2418:90 Degrees South 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2325:Haddock, Keith. 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2290:, John Glanfield 2285: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2186:"Traction wheel" 2184:Stith, Henry T. 2179:"Traction-wheel" 2177:Stith, Henry T. 2170:Stith, Henry T. 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1930: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1660: 1549:Caterpillar Inc. 1499: 1484: 1471:with rear drive 1464: 1448: 1432: 1417: 1406: 1392: 1372:tank transporter 1252:Adolphe Kégresse 1229:treads is used. 1211: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1019: 1003: 945: 933: 905:four wheel drive 862: 855: 851: 848: 842: 811: 803: 778: 759: 703:Charles Dinsmoor 620: 593:Reginald Skelton 564: 540: 482: 462: 177:emerging during 128:synthetic rubber 117:tracked vehicles 111:are a system of 105:Continuous track 43: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3532: 3484: 3405:Boston Dynamics 3390:Amazon Robotics 3378: 3302: 3293:Visual odometry 3283:Motion planning 3265: 3220: 3140:Continuum robot 3123:Classifications 3118: 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3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3475:Wolf Robotics 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3430:Foster-Miller 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3349:Developmental 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3114:Soft robotics 3112: 3110: 3109:BEAM robotics 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 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UK. 2004: 1848: 1794: 1767: 1640:Airoll 1541:Kubota 1533:Yanmar 1082:drive 979:bogies 913:mining 892:diesel 764:Blinov 669:Mark I 465:First 333:Crimea 315:mortar 160:wheels 85:swamps 3420:FANUC 3329:Suite 3194:Swarm 2968:Types 2914:Index 2224:(PDF) 2217:(PDF) 2099:(PDF) 2092:(PDF) 2067:(PDF) 2060:(PDF) 2036:(PDF) 2025:(PDF) 1940:(PDF) 1929:(PDF) 1879:(PDF) 1872:(PDF) 1553:CLAAS 1506:on a 1467:U.S. 1413:-era 1376:train 1360:8 X 8 1109:steer 1089:idler 1080:, or 689:wagon 665:tanks 361:wagon 199:tanks 175:tanks 124:belts 55:Japan 3455:KUKA 3319:Kits 3273:and 2939:Laws 2333:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1846:ISBN 1792:ISBN 1765:ISBN 1545:Case 1521:AGCO 1453:T-55 1344:JSDF 1241:live 1234:more 1200:8240 1140:Live 1135:Dead 1131:dead 1127:live 1048:and 954:tank 822:any 820:cite 793:Linn 543:Two 383:and 305:and 213:Sir 197:and 150:and 3047:arm 1374:or 1301:kPa 1297:psi 1293:kPa 1289:psi 1285:kPa 1281:psi 1129:or 1022:An 886:of 833:by 705:of 438:in 258:at 142:or 126:of 107:or 65:An 3577:: 2737:. 2623:. 2606:. 2591:. 2421:. 2375:. 2341:. 2247:. 2219:. 2114:^ 2094:. 2062:. 2027:. 1968:. 1964:. 1931:. 1908:45 1906:. 1902:. 1874:. 1860:^ 1814:. 1721:. 1699:. 1695:. 1666:. 1655:^ 1551:, 1547:, 1543:, 1539:, 1535:, 1531:, 1527:, 1523:, 1342:A 1303:). 1156:. 985:. 948:A 911:, 750:. 701:, 632:, 387:. 347:, 301:, 193:, 189:, 185:, 154:. 94:A 53:, 45:A 2882:e 2875:t 2868:v 2840:) 2836:( 2797:. 2772:. 2722:. 2697:. 2672:. 2634:. 2478:. 2352:. 2314:. 2258:. 2233:. 2203:. 2145:. 2108:. 2076:. 2045:. 2010:. 1986:. 1970:5 1949:. 1888:. 1854:. 1829:. 1800:. 1773:. 1732:. 1701:5 1681:. 1439:) 1202:) 1195:( 860:) 854:( 849:) 845:( 841:. 827:. 57:.

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