45:
367:, who converted the plant from ethanol production to renewable natural gas production for eventual use as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified natural gas (LNG) vehicle fuel. Humus is also produced as a byproduct of natural gas production. Humus, alternatively known as digestate, is a value-added lignin- and nutrient-rich soil amendment similar to peat moss or compost which may be returned to feedstock suppliers or further processed into marketable products. As of 2021, Verbio is considering adding back ethanol production capabilities to the plant.
132:
27:
2350:
262:, and (2) when the corn crop is used as a grain crop (as opposed to a silage crop), harvesting the (grainless) stover simply does not pay; there is often no market demand for it that outweighs its value on the farm as soil maintenance, which represents an economic factor of its own. Regular annual harvesting of the whole corn plant (chopping for silage) is more challenging to
363:, that was expected to generate 30 million gallons annually of cellulosic biofuel produced from corn stover residues. The plant provisionally opened in 2015, but shut down in 2017 after a previous temporary shutdown in 2016. DuPont repaid $ 10.5 million of the $ 17.5 million in incentives received from the state of Iowa. DuPont sold the plant to a German company,
186:
remaining in the field, kernels of grain may also be left over from harvest. These left over kernels, along with the corn stover, serve as an additional feed source for grazing cattle. Over time, the stalks will decrease in value as feed, so farmers aim to graze the corn stover as soon as possible
805:
for eventual use as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified natural gas (LNG) vehicle fuel. Humus, alternatively known as digestate, is a value-added lignin- and nutrient-rich soil amendment similar to peat moss or compost which may be returned to feedstock suppliers or further processed into
354:
advances enough technologically, biomass ethanol production would use the corn stover from the corn crop produced in areas around ethanol plants. Corn stover, due to the relative close proximity of the corn grain produced for ethanol production, "is by far the most abundant crop residue readily
169:
forage is usually ensiled in cooler regions, but it can be harvested year-round in the tropics and fed as green forage to the animals. In the silage use case, it is usual for the entire plant (grain and stover together) to be chopped into pieces which are then crushed between rollers while
817:
Huang, H.G., Ramaswamya, S., Al-Dajania, W., Tschirnera, U., Cairncross, R.A.(2009) Effect of biomass species and plant size on cellulosic ethanol: A comparative process and economic analysis. Biomass and
Bioenergy; 33 (2): p 236.
190:
When corn stover is harvested intact (as opposed to the whole plant being chopped for silage, or the stover being left in the field by a combine), it can be cut and gathered by corn binders, which are
110:. Corn stover is a very common agricultural product in areas of large amounts of corn production. As well as the non-grain part of harvested corn, the stover can also contain other weeds and grasses.
187:
after harvest. The amount of grazing possible on a field of corn stover is "between one and two months of grazing per cow per acre (50 cows on 50 acres (200,000 m) for one to two months)."
258:
The feed and bedding uses of corn stover are common, but the plant litter/vegetable manure use is also common. The latter is true for any combination of two reasons: (1) it helps to maintain
266:
than is using the corn as a grain crop and mulching the field with the stover. Reincorporating the organic matter is good for the soil, although it must be managed properly to prevent
655:
430:
741:
541:
274:
to be hoarded by the soil microbes diligently digesting the cellulose and lignin. They can outcompete the plants for the nitrogen. There are both
182:
producers because the "corn stover can provide a low cost feed source for mid-gestation beef cows". In addition to the stalks, leaves, husks, and
2227:
912:
495:
1256:
716:
460:
542:"Corn Stover as an Emergency Feed Source and the Potential for a Supplemental PAN Allowance For Small Grain Sown After Stover Removal"
2232:
1124:
661:
44:
2300:
1112:
351:
1887:
974:
685:
749:
552:
355:
available today." The free accessibility to corn stover makes it a prime candidate for biomass ethanol production.
595:
Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2017. Maize silage. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
1368:
849:
1520:
1984:
1117:
612:
2330:
2320:
2247:
1168:
1134:
949:
729:
2039:
907:
642:
420:
819:
2305:
2013:
1086:
2183:
2279:
2252:
1251:
227:
1880:
1263:
969:
964:
480:
2237:
1129:
1053:
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789:
491:
771:
8:
2335:
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267:
83:
653:
2353:
2154:
1979:
1967:
1873:
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239:
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or litter for the livestock (that is, cellulosic bulk to catch and contain the animal
2274:
2166:
1236:
1023:
710:
271:
207:
1724:
2206:
2117:
1957:
1709:
1603:
1537:
1104:
1038:
247:
154:
2050:
1363:
330:(biomass ethanol), which is "ethanol made from non-grain plant materials known as
242:) for later field spreading. In either of the latter two use cases, it ends up as
2315:
2177:
2127:
1775:
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1373:
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1795:
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243:
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harvesting. Maize silage is one of the most valuable forages for ruminants. In
692:
636:
515:
135:
2368:
2325:
1991:
1805:
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1002:
929:
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DuPont Nevada Site
Cellulosic Ethanol Facility – DuPont Biofuel Solutions
323:
315:
259:
179:
142:
26:
1850:
1298:
596:
2171:
2107:
1952:
1917:
1694:
1572:
1527:
1424:
1241:
1179:
944:
902:
897:
892:
872:
287:
230:). When used as bedding (barn litter), it is then removed and directly
223:
115:
111:
95:
60:
20:
1358:
578:
2295:
2211:
2112:
1937:
1896:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1754:
1638:
1608:
1505:
1454:
1323:
1318:
1099:
1071:
956:
887:
882:
877:
386:
339:
307:
118:, two different types of maize, have relatively similar corn stover.
2195:
2160:
2085:
2075:
2018:
1815:
1664:
1648:
1623:
1613:
1464:
1393:
1221:
1206:
470:
206:
Instead of feed uses, corn stover can also be collected for use as
1408:
2102:
2096:
2045:
1927:
1904:
1845:
1749:
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1669:
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1459:
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997:
922:
917:
827:
450:
440:
347:
335:
331:
235:
183:
146:
87:
64:
742:"DuPont to temporarily halt corn stover program at Nevada plant"
549:
North
Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services
141:
Corn stover (like various other kinds of stover) can be used as
2148:
2080:
1996:
1942:
1840:
1790:
1744:
1719:
1714:
1704:
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283:
211:
162:
158:
150:
103:
91:
654:
Pennsylvania State
University agricultural extension service,
638:"1920s McCormick Corn Binder and Farmall H still going strong"
214:), or it can be a vegetable manure that stays in the field as
201:
2122:
2065:
2055:
2008:
1835:
1780:
1770:
1699:
1587:
1547:
1485:
1480:
1403:
1348:
858:
577:
Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Edouard, N.; Lebas, F. (June 21, 2017).
400:
279:
195:
166:
99:
1865:
657:
Corn Silage
Production and Management. Agronomy Facts No. 18
2090:
2060:
1542:
1490:
1338:
1226:
1211:
291:
278:
and nonorganic ways to augment the nitrogen supply. Animal
178:
during the winter season. Corn stover can be beneficial to
68:
56:
2070:
334:." However, with current technology, a large part of the
647:
576:
165:, or collected for direct (nonensilaged) fodder use.
126:
318:. It can be burned in furnaces to yield energy that
16:
Corn (maize) plant parts left in field after harvest
790:"VERBIO Nevada Biorefinery - VERBIO North America"
2366:
194:designed specifically for maize. It can also be
2228:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
270:of the next crop, as the high C/N ratio causes
290:is the main nonorganic way; both ways provide
174:, corn silage is primarily used as fodder for
1881:
843:
370:
613:"Beef: Turn Corn Stover to Low Cost Pasture"
286:is the main organic way, whereas commercial
306:Another use for corn stover is as fuel for
202:Bedding (litter) followed by soil amendment
1888:
1874:
850:
836:
772:"Nevada DuPont facility opening on Friday"
2233:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
782:
1125:International corn production statistics
253:
130:
43:
25:
19:For the furnace that can burn corn, see
607:
605:
352:commercialization of cellulosic ethanol
294:, which the microbes digest with their
2367:
715:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
680:
678:
520:Agricultural Marketing Resource Center
1869:
831:
597:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/13883
513:
342:is wasted due to the strength of the
2301:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
602:
599:Last updated on June 22, 2017, 14:24
507:
106:; in Britain it is sometimes called
675:
272:available nitrogen (fixed nitrogen)
13:
857:
127:Fodder (ensilaged or nonensilaged)
14:
2386:
533:
98:of a corn crop and is similar to
2349:
2348:
539:
226:than some others, with a higher
811:
764:
748:. April 8, 2016. Archived from
734:
723:
629:
589:
570:
1:
1895:
1521:List of tortilla-based dishes
500:
326:. It also has potential for
301:
7:
2331:Issues relating to biofuels
2321:Energy return on investment
1169:National Cornbread Festival
1135:Three Sisters (agriculture)
585:. INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
94:makes up about half of the
48:Corn field in Liechtenstein
10:
2391:
371:Composition and properties
238:(in long piles handled by
18:
2344:
2306:Energy content of biofuel
2288:
2220:
2136:
2027:
1903:
1763:
1657:
1596:
1473:
1417:
1274:
1199:
1190:
1143:
1085:
1052:
1016:
990:
865:
2280:Thermal depolymerization
2253:Industrial biotechnology
198:into large round bales.
2248:Fischer–Tropsch process
2238:Biomass heating systems
121:
1130:List of popcorn brands
138:
49:
41:
935:Quality Protein Maize
359:opened a facility in
254:Direct soil amendment
161:to be used later for
134:
47:
29:
908:Genetically modified
806:marketable products.
794:VERBIO North America
752:on November 22, 2016
579:"Maize green forage"
346:that pair chains of
82:.) plants left in a
2336:Sustainable biofuel
1174:Sweet Corn Festival
778:. October 28, 2015.
514:Koundinya, Vikram.
1369:Mămăligă în pături
1077:Maize streak virus
558:on 3 February 2017
350:units. But if the
328:cellulosic ethanol
139:
50:
42:
2362:
2361:
2275:Sabatier reaction
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1024:Corn construction
489:
488:
234:on the fields or
2382:
2352:
2351:
2196:Pongamia pinnata
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1604:Battered sausage
1538:Pastel de choclo
1474:Breads and cakes
1257:Public relations
1197:
1196:
1165:(1994 sculpture)
1105:Cornstalk fiddle
852:
845:
838:
829:
828:
822:
815:
809:
808:
802:
800:
786:
780:
779:
776:The Ames Tribune
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
746:The Ames Tribune
738:
732:
727:
721:
720:
714:
706:
704:
703:
697:
691:. Archived from
690:
682:
673:
672:
670:
669:
660:, archived from
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
626:
624:
623:
617:Omafra.gov.on.ca
609:
600:
593:
587:
586:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
557:
551:. Archived from
546:
537:
531:
530:
528:
526:
511:
375:
374:
344:glycosidic bonds
268:nitrogen robbery
222:, although less
136:Baled cornstalks
55:consists of the
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2340:
2316:Energy forestry
2284:
2216:
2178:Jatropha curcas
2139:
2132:
2040:Camelina sativa
2030:
2023:
1899:
1894:
1864:
1855:
1776:Bourbon whiskey
1759:
1685:Corn on the cob
1653:
1592:
1469:
1413:
1276:
1270:
1186:
1139:
1081:
1048:
1034:Nixtamalization
1012:
986:
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826:
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724:
708:
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686:"Archived copy"
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264:soil management
256:
204:
129:
124:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2388:
2378:
2377:
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2359:
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2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2167:Chinese tallow
2164:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2134:
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2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
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2093:
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2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:Water hyacinth
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
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1982:
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1798:
1796:Chicha de jora
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1773:
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1765:
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1752:
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1732:
1727:
1725:Maíz con hielo
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Corn schnitzel
1631:
1626:
1621:
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1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
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1568:Sopa paraguaya
1565:
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1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
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1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Ginataang mais
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Corn crab soup
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:Binte biluhuta
1286:
1280:
1278:
1275:Soups, stews,
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859:Maize and corn
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383:
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372:
369:
320:steam turbines
303:
300:
255:
252:
248:soil amendment
244:organic matter
203:
200:
192:reaper-binders
128:
125:
123:
120:
104:cereal grasses
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2372:
2370:
2355:
2347:
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2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Food vs. fuel
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2307:
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2302:
2299:
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2119:
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2034:
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2026:
2020:
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1533:Makki di roti
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1516:Corn tortilla
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1354:Hasty pudding
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1254:
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1252:High-fructose
1250:
1248:
1247:Glucose syrup
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1162:Field of Corn
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1044:Popcorn maker
1042:
1040:
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1029:Maize milling
1027:
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698:on 2008-11-23
694:
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664:on 2016-12-27
663:
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635:For example,
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516:"Corn Stover"
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172:dairy farming
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58:
54:
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39:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2159:
2155:Big bluestem
2147:
2140:energy crops
2095:
2038:
2001:
1821:Corn whiskey
1619:Corn fritter
1597:Fried dishes
1399:Suam na mais
1334:Creamed corn
1314:Corn pudding
1304:Corn chowder
1277:and porridge
1264:High-maltose
1237:Steep liquor
1192:Maize dishes
1178:
1160:
1067:Corn allergy
1007:
813:
804:
797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
775:
766:
756:November 21,
754:. Retrieved
750:the original
745:
736:
725:
700:. Retrieved
693:the original
666:, retrieved
662:the original
656:
649:
631:
620:. Retrieved
616:
591:
582:
572:
560:. Retrieved
553:the original
548:
535:
523:. Retrieved
519:
509:
490:
361:Nevada, Iowa
305:
257:
220:green manure
218:(serving as
216:plant litter
205:
189:
140:
107:
76:
72:
52:
51:
34:
30:
2311:Energy crop
2258:Pellet fuel
2243:Biorefinery
2207:Switchgrass
2051:Coconut oil
2029:Energy from
1963:Cooking oil
1948:Biogasoline
1923:Babassu oil
1786:Champurrado
1735:Maque choux
1710:Huitlacoche
1690:Corn relish
1680:Corn flakes
1658:Other foods
1644:Milho frito
1511:Corn cookie
1501:Chipa guasu
1217:Mielie-meal
1200:Ingredients
1156:Corn School
1151:Corn Palace
1109:By country
1039:Wet-milling
540:Hall, Tim.
494:: 19 MJ/kg
435:18.6 MJ/kg
324:electricity
322:convert to
316:bioproducts
260:soil health
180:beef cattle
102:from other
53:Corn stover
2221:Technology
2202:Salicornia
2185:Miscanthus
2108:Sugar beet
1980:cellulosic
1953:Bioliquids
1933:Biobutanol
1695:Corn sauce
1573:Spoonbread
1528:Johnnycake
1087:Production
1062:BBCH-scale
1017:Processing
961:By origin
873:Amylomaize
702:2008-02-22
668:2016-11-24
622:2017-03-22
583:Feedipedia
501:References
378:Component
288:fertilizer
176:dairy cows
145:, whether
116:sweet corn
112:Field corn
108:corn straw
21:Corn stove
2296:Agflation
2189:giganteus
2118:Sunflower
2113:Sugarcane
2031:foodstock
1938:Biodiesel
1897:Bioenergy
1831:Pinolillo
1826:Mazamorra
1811:Corn beer
1764:Beverages
1755:Succotash
1730:Maja maíz
1639:Hushpuppy
1609:Corn chip
1506:Cornbread
1455:Nacatamal
1324:Corn stew
1319:Corn soup
1100:Corn crib
1072:Corn smut
1054:Pathology
950:Varieties
866:Varieties
799:28 August
387:Cellulose
348:D-glucose
340:cellulose
312:feedstock
308:bioenergy
302:Bioenergy
236:composted
228:C/N ratio
71:(maize) (
2369:Category
2354:Category
2289:Concepts
2172:Duckweed
2161:Camelina
2138:Non-food
2086:Rapeseed
2076:Palm oil
2019:Wood gas
1992:Methanol
1985:mixtures
1905:Biofuels
1851:Tesgüino
1816:Corn tea
1665:Alivenci
1649:Sorullos
1624:Corn nut
1614:Corn dog
1465:Pasteles
1394:Sagamite
1364:Mămăligă
1299:Cocoloși
1207:Cornmeal
1118:Tanzania
711:cite web
471:Galactan
461:Arabinan
381:WT% dry
73:Zea mays
31:Zea mays
2103:Soybean
2097:Sorghum
2046:Cassava
1975:Ethanol
1958:Biomass
1928:Bagasse
1913:Alcohol
1846:Tejuino
1750:Popcorn
1675:Conkies
1670:Binatog
1629:Cornick
1496:Cachapa
1460:Pamonha
1445:Hallaca
1440:Guanime
1418:Tamales
1384:Polenta
1379:Pashofa
1359:Kačamak
1329:Cou-cou
1144:Culture
1095:Biofuel
970:Ecuador
965:Bolivia
940:Shoepeg
923:MON 863
918:MON 810
643:YouTube
451:Acetate
441:Protein
336:biofuel
332:biomass
276:organic
240:loaders
208:bedding
155:chopped
90:. Such
88:harvest
2149:Arundo
2081:Potato
1997:Stover
1943:Biogas
1841:Tejate
1791:Chicha
1745:Pinole
1720:Kuymak
1715:Kenkey
1705:Hominy
1583:Totopo
1558:Sloosh
1553:Pupusa
1450:Humita
1435:Binaki
1430:Tamale
1389:Pozole
1232:Starch
1183:(film)
1008:Stover
1003:Kernel
930:Purple
562:3 July
525:3 July
481:Mannan
411:Lignin
391:glucan
365:Verbio
357:DuPont
310:or as
296:urease
284:manure
232:spread
212:manure
163:fodder
159:silage
151:forage
147:grazed
92:stover
86:after
63:, and
61:stalks
57:leaves
2375:Maize
2268:stove
2123:Wheat
2066:Maize
2056:Grape
2009:Straw
1918:Algae
1836:Pozol
1781:Cauim
1771:Atole
1700:Gofio
1588:Wotou
1548:Proja
1486:Bollo
1481:Arepa
1425:Acaçá
1409:Xarém
1404:Ugali
1349:Grits
1284:Banku
1242:Syrup
991:Parts
975:Italy
945:Sweet
903:Flour
898:Flint
893:Field
696:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
545:(PDF)
415:18.0
405:21.1
401:Xylan
395:37.4
280:urine
224:green
196:baled
167:Maize
100:straw
96:yield
84:field
75:ssp.
33:ssp.
2263:mill
2212:Wood
2091:Rice
2061:Hemp
2002:corn
1740:Mote
1578:Talo
1563:Sope
1543:Piki
1491:Broa
1374:Mush
1339:Fufu
1294:Bulz
1227:Samp
1212:Masa
980:Peru
957:Waxy
913:List
888:Dent
883:Blue
878:Baby
801:2021
758:2016
717:link
564:2017
527:2017
485:1.6
475:2.0
465:2.9
455:2.9
445:3.1
425:5.2
314:for
292:urea
282:and
246:for
184:cobs
143:feed
122:Uses
114:and
77:mays
69:corn
65:cobs
35:mays
2128:Yam
2071:Oat
1222:Oil
1180:Zea
998:Cob
820:doi
641:on
496:DAF
492:HHV
431:GCV
421:Ash
157:as
149:as
67:of
2371::
2187:×
803:.
792:.
774:.
744:.
713:}}
709:{{
677:^
615:.
604:^
581:.
547:.
518:.
298:.
250:.
153:,
59:,
1889:e
1882:t
1875:v
851:e
844:t
837:v
760:.
719:)
705:.
671:.
625:.
566:.
529:.
389:/
80:L
40:.
38:L
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
