2072:
compounds. For oxidation-reduction reactions, see the following section. In this study, it was seen that certain compounds such as benzene were only reduced under sulfate-enriched environments, while toluene was reduced under a variety of bacteria-enriched environments, not just sulfate. The biodegradation of a creosote preservative in an anaerobic enrichment depends not only on the type of bacteria enriching the environment, but also the compound that has been released from the preservative. In aerobic environments, preservative compounds are limited in the biodegradation process by the presence of free oxygen. In an aerobic environment, free oxygen comes from oxygen saturated sediments, sources of precipitation, and plume edges. The free oxygen allows for the compounds to be oxidized and decomposed into new intermediate compounds. Studies have shown that when BTEX and PAH compounds were placed in aerobic environments, the oxidation of the ring structures caused cleavage in the aromatic ring and allowed for other functional groups to attach. When an aromatic hydrocarbon was introduced to the molecular oxygen in experimental conditions, a dihydrodiol intermediate was formed, and then oxidation occurred transforming the aromatic into a catechol compound. Catechol allows for cleavage of the aromatic ring to occur, where functional groups can then add in an ortho- or meta- position.
1959:(PAH), which are low molecular hydrocarbons found in some creosote-based preservatives. In a study conducted from Pensacola, Florida, a group of native mollusks were kept in a controlled environment, and a different group of native mollusks were kept in an environment contaminated with creosote preservatives. The mollusks in the contaminated environment were shown to have a bioaccumulation of up to ten times the concentration of PAH than the control species. The intake of organisms is dependent on whether the compound is in an ionized or an un-ionized form. To determine whether the compound is ionized or un-ionized, the pH of the surrounding environment must be compared to the pKa or acidity constant of the compound. If the pH of the environment is lower than the pKa, then the compound is un-ionized which means that the compound will behave as if it is non-polar. Bioaccumulation for un-ionized compounds comes from partitioning equilibrium between the aqueous phase and the lipids in the organism. If the pH is higher than the pKa, then the compound is considered to be in the ionized form. The un-ionized form is favored because the bioaccumulation is easier for the organism to intake through partitioning equilibrium. The table below shows a list of pKas from compounds found in creosote preservatives and compares them to the average pH of seawater (reported to be 8.1).
2152:(1,3,4- and 1,3,5-) all are acute aquatic hazards prior to going through chemical reactions with the sediments. Alkylation reactions allows for the compounds to transition into more toxic compounds with the addition of R-groups to the major compounds found in creosote preservatives. Compounds formed through alkylation include: 3,4-dimethylphenol, 2,3-dimethylphenol, and 2,5-dimethylphenol, which are all listed as acute environmental hazards. Biodegradation controls the rate at which the sediment holds the chemicals, and the number of reactions that are able to take place. The biodegradation process can take place under many different conditions, and vary depending on the compounds that are released. Oxidation-reduction reactions allow for the compounds to be broken down into new forms of more toxic molecules. Studies have shown oxidation-reduction reactions of creosote preservative compounds included compounds that are listed as environmental hazards, such as p-benzoquinone in the oxidation of phenol. Not only are the initial compounds in creosote hazardous to the environment, but the byproducts of the chemical reactions are environmental hazardous as well.
1477:. Creosotes from vertical-retort and low temperature tars contain, in addition, some paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. The tar-acid content also depends on the source of the tarâit may be less than 3% in creosote from coke-oven tar and as high as 32% in creosote from vertical retort tar. All of these have antiseptic properties. The tar acids are the strongest antiseptics but have the highest degree of solubility in water and are the most volatile; so, like with wood-tar creosote, phenols are not the most valued component, as by themselves they would lend to being poor preservatives. In addition, creosote contains several products naturally occurring in coalânitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as acridines, carbazoles, and quinolines, referred to as the "
963:
1583:, because they involve compressing the air inside the wood so that the preservative can only coat the inner cell walls rather than saturating the interior cell voids. This is a less effective, though usually satisfactory, method of treating the wood, but is used because it requires less of the creosoting material. The first method, the "RĂŒping process" was patented in 1902, and the second, the "Lowry process" was patented in 1906. Later in 1906, the "Allardyce process" and "Card process" were patented to treat wood with a combination of both creosote and zinc chloride. In 1912, it was estimated that a total of 150,000,000 gallons were produced in the US per year.
29:
2161:
creosote. Other issues with ecosystems include bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation occurs when high levels of chemicals are passed to aquatic life near the creosote pilings. Mollusks and other smaller crustaceans are at higher risk because they are directly attached to the surface of wood pilings that are filled with creosote preservative. Studies show that mollusks in these environments take on high concentrations of chemical compounds which will then be transferred through the ecosystem's food chain. Bioaccumulation contributes to the higher concentrations of chemicals within the organisms in the aquatic ecosystems.
2101:
condition and formed four different intermediates. After the formation of the intermediates, the study reported further degradation of the intermediates leading to the production of carbon dioxide and methane. The p-hydroxylbenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxylbenzaldehye, p-hyrdoxylbenzoate, and benzoate intermediates all are produced from this oxidation and released into the sediments. Similar results were also produced by different studies using other forms of oxidation such as: iron-reducing organisms, Copper/Manganese Oxide catalyst, and nitrate- reducing conditions.
2111:
1661:
1691:. The tar is a by-product resulting from enrichment of water gas with gases produced by thermal decomposition of petroleum. Of the creosotes derived from oil, it is practically the only one used for wood preservation. It has the same degree of solubility as coal-tar creosote and is easy to infuse into wood. Like standard oil-tar creosote, it has a low amount of tar acids and tar bases, and has less antiseptic qualities. Petri dish tests have shown that water-gas-tar creosote is one-sixth as anti-septically effective as that of coal-tar.
1796:
creosote wood-treating plants or exposure to creosote-based preservatives was associated with any significant mortality increase from either site-specific cancers or non-malignant diseases. The study consisted of 2,179 employees at eleven plants in the United States where wood was treated with creosote preservatives. Some workers began work in the 1940s to 1950s. The observation period of the study covered 1979â2001. The average length of employment was 12.5 years. One third of the study subjects were employed for over 15 years.
840:
2095:
1912:
1427:
1569:
1933:
1827:, because the creosote deposits reduce the draft (airflow through the chimney) which increases the probability that the wood fire is not getting enough air for complete combustion. Since creosote is highly combustible, a thick accumulation creates a fire hazard. If a hot fire is built in the stove or fireplace, and the air control left wide open, this may allow hot oxygen into the chimney where it comes in contact with the creosote which then ignitesâcausing a
903:
over with them, and within one hour the meat would have the same quality of that of traditionally smoked preparations. Sometimes the creosote was diluted in vinegar rather than water, as vinegar was also used as a preservative. Another was to place the meat in a closed box, and place with it a few drops of creosote in a small bottle. Because of the volatility of the creosote, the atmosphere was filled with a vapour containing it, and it would cover the flesh.
6764:
1831:. Chimney fires often spread to the main building because the chimney gets so hot that it ignites any combustible material in direct contact with it, such as wood. The fire can also spread to the main building from sparks emitting from the chimney and landing on combustible roof surfaces. In order to properly maintain chimneys and heaters that burn wood or carbon-based fuels, the creosote buildup must be removed.
6774:
1530:
using compressed air, removing the drawback of the smoke. Creosote was also processed into gas and used for lighting that way. As a fuel, it was used to power ships at sea and blast furnaces for different industrial needs, once it was discovered to be more efficient than unrefined coal or wood. It was also used industrially for the softening of hard pitch, and burned to produce
1407:", which when cold is mostly solid and greasy, of a buttery consistence. Creosote refers to the portion of coal tar which distills as "heavy oil", typically between 230 and 270 °C, also called "dead oil"; it sinks into water but still is fairly liquid. Carbolic acid is produced in the second fraction of distillation and is often distilled into what is referred to as "
1675:
percentage of cyclic hydrocarbons, a very low amount of tar acids and tar bases, and no true anthracenes have been identified. Historically, this has mainly been produced in the United States on the
Pacific coast, where petroleum has been more abundant than coal. Limited quantities have been used industrially, either alone, mixed with coal-tar creosote, or fortified with
1844:
223:, timbers, and utility polesâare manufactured using this type of wood preservative. The manufacturing process can only be a pressure process under the supervision of a licensed applicator certified by the State Departments of Agriculture. No brush-on, spray, or non-pressure uses of creosote are allowed, as specified by the EPA-approved label for the use of creosote.
1860:
debris, or are completely washed away during these storms. When the pilings are washed away, they come to settle on the bottom of the body of water where they reside, and then they leach chemicals into the water slowly over a long period of time. This long-term secretion is not normally noticed because the piling is submerged beneath the surface, hidden from sight.
1399:, with some amount of bases and acids and other neutral oils. The flash point is 70–75 °C and burning point is 90–100 °C, and when burned it releases a greenish smoke. The smell largely depends on the naphtha content in the creosote. If there is a high amount, it will have a naphtha-like smell, otherwise it will smell more of tar.
1522:âinvolves placing wood to be treated in a sealed chamber and applying a vacuum to remove air and moisture from wood "cells". The wood is then pressure-treated to imbue it with creosote or other preservative chemicals, after which vacuum is reapplied to separate the excess treatment chemicals from the timber. Alongside the zinc chloride-based
1788:(OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 0.2 milligrams of coal-tar creosote per cubic meter of air (0.2 mg/m3) in the workplace during an 8-hour day, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of one pound (0.454 kg) or more of creosote be reported to them.
291:
formed salts. Nonetheless, Reichenbach argued that creosote was also the active element, as it was in pyroligneous acid. Despite evidence to the contrary, his view held sway with most chemists, and it became commonly accepted wisdom that creosote, carbolic acid, and phenylhydrate were identical substances, with different degrees of purity.
1150:", marketed to add a smoked flavour to meat and aid as a preservative, consist primarily of creosote and other constituents of smoke. Creosote is the ingredient that gives liquid smoke its function; guaicol lends to the taste and the creosote oils help act as the preservative. Creosote can be destroyed by treatment with chlorine, either
2059:
8-13 centimeters. A form an anaerobic biodegradation of m-cresol was seen in a study using sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing enriched environments. The reduction of m-cresol in this study was seen in under 144 hours, while additional chemical intermediates were being formed. The chemical intermediates were formed in the presence of
1902:, can provide alkyl groups for alkylation. Methanol is found naturally in the environment in small concentrations, and has been linked to the release from biological decomposition of waste and even a byproduct of vegetation. The following reactions are alkylations of soluble compounds found in creosote preservatives with methanol.
1704:
coal-tar creosote or petroleum. Its effectiveness when used alone has not been established. In an experiment with southern yellow pine fence posts in
Mississippi, straight lignite-tar creosote was giving good results after about 27 years exposure, although not as good as the standard coal-tar creosote used in the same situation.
858:
oily layer, boiled in contact with air to reduce impurities, and decomposed by diluted sulfuric acid. This produces a crude creosote, which is purified by re-solution in alkali, re-precipitation with acid, then redistilled with the fraction passing over between 200° and 225° constituting the purified creosote.
1955:
species of aquatic organisms are affected differently from the chemicals released from creosote preservatives. One of the more studied organisms is a mollusk. Mollusks attach to the wooden, marine pilings and are in direct contact with the creosote preservatives. Many studies have been conducted using
2084:
occur naturally and allow for chemicals to go through processes such as biodegradation, outlined above. Oxidation is defined as the loss of an electron to another species, while reduction is the gaining of an electron from another species. As compounds go through oxidation and reduction in sediments,
1674:
Oil-tar creosote is derived from the tar that forms when using petroleum or shale oil in the manufacturing of gas. The distillation of the tar from the oil occurs at very high temperatures; around 980 °C. The tar forms at the same time as the gas, and once processed for creosotes contains a high
299:, after realizing that two samples of substances labelled as creosote were different, started a series of investigations to determine the chemical nature of carbolic acid, leading to a conclusion that it more resembled chlorinated quinones and must have been a different, entirely unrelated substance.
1529:
Besides treating wood, it was also used for lighting and fuel. In the beginning, it was only used for lighting needed in harbour and outdoor work, where the smoke that was produced from burning it was of little inconvenience. By 1879, lamps had been created that ensured a more complete combustion by
934:
was the pitch and resin of the cedar tree, being equivalent to the oil of tar and pyroligneous acid which are used in the first stage of distilling creosote. He recommends cedria to ease the pain in a toothache, as an injection in the ear in case of hardness of hearing, to kill parasitic worms, as a
857:
rather than other woods, since it distills with a higher proportion of those chemicals to other phenolics. The creosote can be obtained by distilling the wood tar and treating the fraction heavier than water with a sodium hydroxide solution. The alkaline solution is then separated from the insoluble
2071:
is a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, that was studied in the presence of four different anaerobic-enriched sediments. Though the compound, BTEX, is not found in creosote preservatives, the products of creosote preservatives' oxidation-reduction reactions include some of these
2058:
It can be seen in some studies that biodegradation accounts for the absence of creosote preservatives on the initial surface of the sediment. In a study from
Pensacola, Florida, PAHs were not detected on the surface on the aquatic sediment, but the highest concentrations were detected at a depth of
2049:
Each of the compounds in the table above is found in creosote preservatives; all are in the favored un-ionized form. In another study, various species of small fish were tested to see how the exposure time to PAH chemicals affected the fish. This study showed that an exposure time of 24â96 hours on
1500:
Commercially used creosote is often treated to extract the carbolic acid, naphthalene, or anthracene content. The carbolic acid or naphthalene is generally extracted to be used in other commercial products. American produced creosote oils typically have low amounts of anthracene and high amounts of
1394:
Coal-tar creosote is greenish-brown liquid, with different degrees of darkness, viscosity, and fluorescence depending on how it is made. When freshly made, the creosote is a yellow oil with a greenish cast and highly fluorescent, and the fluorescence is increased by exposure to air and light. After
906:
The application of wood tar to seagoing vessels was practiced through the 18th century and early 19th century, before the creosote was isolated as a compound. Wood-tar creosote was found not to be as effective in wood treatments, because it was harder to infuse the creosote into the wood cells, but
902:
Soon after it was discovered and recognized as the principle of meat smoking, wood-tar creosote became used as a replacement for the process. Several methods were used to apply the creosote. One was to dip the meat in pyroligneous acid or a water of diluted creosote, as
Reichenbach did, or brush it
861:
When ferric chloride is added to a dilute solution, it will turn green: a characteristic of ortho-oxy derivatives of benzene. It dissolves in sulfuric acid to a red liquid, which slowly changes to purple-violet. Shaken with hydrochloric acid in the absence of air, it becomes red, the color changing
1917:
The diagram above depicts a reaction between m-cresol and methanol where a c-alkylation product is produced. The c-alkylation reaction means that instead of replacing the hydrogen atom on the -OH group, the methyl group (from the methanol) replaces the hydrogen on a carbon in the benzene ring. The
1863:
The creosote is mostly insoluble in water, but the lower-molecular-weight compounds will become soluble the longer the broken wood is exposed to the water. In this case, some of the chemicals become water-soluble and further leach into the aquatic sediment while the rest of the insoluble chemicals
1795:
A 2005 mortality study of creosote workers found no evidence supporting an increased risk of cancer death, as a result of exposure to creosote. Based on the findings of the largest mortality study to date of workers employed in creosote wood treating plants, there is no evidence that employment at
1815:
or stove), causes incomplete combustion of the oils in the wood, which are off-gassed as volatiles in the smoke. As the smoke rises through the chimney it cools, causing water, carbon, and volatiles to condense on the interior surfaces of the chimney flue. The black oily residue that builds up is
1703:
rather than bituminous coal, and varies considerably from coal-tar creosote. Also called "lignite oil", it has a very high content of tar acids, and has been used to increase the tar acids in normal creosote when necessary. When it has been produced, it has generally been applied in mixtures with
325:
Historically, coal-tar creosote has been distinguished from what was thought of as creosote properâthe original substance of
Reichenbach's discoveryâand it has been referred to specifically as "creosote oil". But, because creosote from coal-tar and wood-tar are obtained from a similar process and
2121:
This reagent is used to oxidize phenol groups by the use of a radical hydroxide group produced from the peroxide in the p-benzoquinone. This product of phenol's oxidation is now leached into the environment while other products include iron(II) and water. P-benzoquinone is listed as being a very
1954:
is the process by which an organism takes in chemicals through ingestion, exposure, and inhalation. Bioaccumulation is broken down into bioconcentration (uptake of chemicals from the environment) and biomagnification (increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain). Certain
290:
obtained it from "phenylhydrate", which was soon determined to be the same compound. There was no clear view on the relationship between carbolic acid and creosote; Runge described it as having similar caustic and antiseptic properties, but noted that it was different, in that it was an acid and
230:
The information that follows describing the other various types of creosote materials and its uses should be considered as primarily being of only historical value. This history is important, because it traces the origin of these different materials used during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
1882:
Once the soluble compounds from the creosote preservative leach into the water, the compounds begin reacting with the external environment or are consumed by organisms. The reactions vary depending on the concentration of each compound that is released from the creosote, but major reactions are
1859:
and water flow which slowly opens the oily outer coating and exposes the smaller internal pores to more water flow. Frequent weathering occurs daily, but more severe weather, such as hurricanes, can cause damage or loosening of the wooden pilings. Many pilings are either broken into pieces from
1612:
Coal-tar creosote is the most widely used wood treatment today; both industrially, processed into wood using pressure methods such as "full-cell process" or "empty-cell process", and more commonly applied to wood through brushing. In addition to toxicity to fungi, insects, and marine borers, it
1076:
was responsible for the disease, sought to rehabilitate creosote for its use as an antiseptic to treat it. He began a series of trials with
Gimbert to convince the scientific community, and claimed a promising cure rate. A number of publications in Germany confirmed his results in the following
2160:
From the contamination of the sediment, more of the ecosystem is affected. Organisms in the sediment are now exposed to the new chemicals. Organisms are then ingested by fish and other aquatic animals. These animals now contain concentrations of hazardous chemicals which were secreted from the
1724:
According to the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), eating food or drinking water contaminated with high levels of coal-tar creosote may cause a burning in the mouth and throat, and stomach pains. ATSDR also states that brief direct contact with large amounts of coal-tar
1456:
nature, which distill above 255 °C. The quantity of each varies based on the quality of tar and temperatures used, but generally, the tar acids won't exceed 5%, the naphthalenes make up 15 to 50%, and the anthracenes make up 45% to 70%. The hydrocarbons are mainly aromatic; derivatives of
2100:
This reaction shows the oxidation of p-cresol in a sulfate-enriched environment. P-cresol was seen to be the easiest to degrade through the sulfate-enriched environment, while m-cresol and o-cresol where inhibited. In the chart above, p-cresol was oxidized under an anaerobic sulfate reducing
226:
The use of creosote according to the AWPA Standards does not allow for mixing with other types of "creosote type" materialsâsuch as lignite-tar creosote, oil-tar creosote, peat-tar creosote, water-gas-tar creosote, or wood-tar creosote. The AWPA Standard P3 does however, allow blending of a
1621:, pilings, telephone poles, power line poles, marine pilings, and fence posts. Although suitable for use in preserving the structural timbers of buildings, it is not generally used that way because it is difficult to apply. There are also concerns about the environmental impact of the
1009:, as suggested by the previous use of pyroligneous acid. It was prescribed to quell the irritability of the stomach and bowels and detoxify, treat ulcers and abscesses, neutralize bad odors, and stimulate the mucous tissues of the mouth and throat. Creosote in general was listed as an
234:
For some part of their history, coal-tar creosote and wood-tar creosote were thought to have been equivalent substancesâalbeit of distinct originsâaccounting for their common name; the two were determined only later to be chemically different. All types of creosote are composed of
274:
and had attained a smoky flavor. This led him to reason that creosote was the antiseptic component contained in smoke, and he further argued that the creosote he had found in wood tar was also in coal tar, as well as amber tar and animal tar, in the same abundance as in wood tar.
1791:
There is no unique exposure pathway of children to creosote. Children exposed to creosote probably experience the same health effects seen in adults exposed to creosote. It is unknown whether children differ from adults in their susceptibility to health effects from creosote.
231:
Furthermore, it must be considered that these other types of creosotes â lignite-tar, wood-tar, water-gas-tar, etc. â are not currently being manufactured and have either been replaced with more-economical materials, or replaced by products that are more efficacious or safer.
4380:
Medical
Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science: Containing a Concise Explanation of the Various Subjects and Terms, with the French and Other Synonymes, Notices of Climate, and of Celebrated Mineral Waters, Formulae for Various Officinal and Empirical Preparations,
1212:
medicine in Japan, used as an anti-diarrheal, and has 133 mg wood creosote from beech, pine, maple or oak wood per adult dose as its primary ingredient. Seirogan was first used as a gastrointestinal medication by the
Imperial Japanese Army in Russia during the
466:
of 1.037 to 1.087, retains fluidity at a very low temperature, and boils at 205-225 °C. In its purest form, it is transparent. Dissolution in water requires up to 200 times the amount of water as the base creosote. This creosote is a combination of natural
2063:. The products included 4-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid and acetate compounds. Although the conditions were enriched with the reducing anaerobic compounds, sulfate and nitrate reducing bacteria are commonly found in the environment. For further information, see
1938:
This diagram shows an o-alkylation between phenol and methanol. Unlike the c-alkylation, the o-alkylation replaces the hydrogen atom on the -OH group with the methyl group (from the methanol). The product of the o-alkylation is methoxybenzene, better-known as
1501:
naphthalene, because when forcing the distillate at a temperature that produces anthracene the soft pitch will be ruined and only the hard pitch will remain; this ruins it for use in roofing purposes, and only leaves a product which isn't commercially useful.
40:, in March 1943. This U.S. wartime governmental photo reports that "The steaming black ties in the ... have just come from the retort where they have been infused with creosote for eight hours." Ties are "made of pine and fir... seasoned for eight months" .
1080:
Later, a period of experimentation with different techniques and chemicals using creosote in treating tuberculosis lasted until about 1910, when radiation therapy seemed more promising. Guaiacol, instead of a full creosote solution, was suggested by
1402:
In the process of coal-tar distillation, the distillate is collected into four fractions; the "light oil", which remains lighter than water, the "middle oil" which passes over when the light oil is removed; the "heavy oil", which sinks; and the
982:, published in 1778, says that cedar tree oil is believed to cure vomiting and help medicate tumors and ulcers. Physicians contemporary to the discovery of creosote recommended ointments and pills made from tar or pitch to treat skin diseases.
1085:
in 1887. He argued it had the active chemical of creosote and had the advantage of being of definite composition and having a less unpleasant taste and odor. A number of solutions of both creosote and guaiacol appeared on the market, such as
2135:
In aquatic sediments, several reactions can transform the chemicals released by the creosote preservatives into more dangerous chemicals. Most creosote preservative compounds have hazards associated with them before they are transformed.
823:
of pyrocatechin. Methyl ethers differ from simple phenols in being less hydrophilic, caustic, and poisonous. This allows meat to be successfully preserved without tissue denaturation, and allows creosote to be used as a medical ointment.
807:
nucleus. The high level of methyl derivates created from the action of heat on wood (also apparent in the methyl alcohol produced through distillation) make wood-tar creosote substantially different from coal-tar creosote. Guaiacol is a
78:, where the coal or wood burns under variable conditions, producing soot and tarry smoke. Creosotes are the principal chemicals responsible for the stability, scent, and flavor characteristic of smoked meat; the name is derived from
2116:
This reaction shows the oxidation of phenol by iron and peroxide. This combination of iron, which comes from iron oxide in the sediment, and the peroxide, commonly released by animals and plants into the environment, is known as the
4312:
A treatise on the chemical, medicinal, and physiological properties of creosote: illustrated by experiments on the lower animals: with some considerations on the embalment of the
Egyptians. Being the Harveian prize dissertation for
1526:, use of creosoted wood prepared by the Bethell process became a principal way of preserving railway timbers (most notably railway sleepers) to increase the lifespan of the timbers, and avoiding having to regularly replace them.
207:
for use as a wood preservative meeting the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards P1/P13 and P2. The AWPA Standards require that creosote "shall be a pure coal tar product derived entirely from tar produced by the
4062:
Bolognini M, Cavani F, Scagliarini D, Flego C, Perego C, Sabo M (July 2002). "Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts as Alternative to Homogeneous Catalysts:Reactivity of Mg/Al mixed Oxides in the Alkylation of m-Cresol with Methanol".
294:
Carbolic acid was soon commonly sold under the name "creosote", and the scarcity of wood-tar creosote in some places led chemists to believe that it was the same substance as that described by Reichenbach. In the 1840s,
1118:, tannates of creosote. Creosote and eucalyptus oil were also a remedy used together, administered through a vaporizor and inhaler. Since then, more effective and safer treatments for tuberculosis have been developed.
1874:. Though creosote is used as a pesticide preservative, studies have shown that Limnoria is resistant to wood preservative pesticides and can cause small holes in the wood, through which creosote can then be released.
1922:
of the dimethylphenol (DMP) compound are the products of the para- and ortho-c-alkylation. Dimethylphenol (DMP) compound is listed as an aquatic hazard by characteristic, and is toxic with long lasting effects.
1395:
settling, the oil is dark green by reflected light and dark red by transmitted light. To the naked eye, it generally appears brown. The creosote (often called "creosote oil") consists almost wholly of
2067:. The type of anaerobic bacteria ultimately determines the reduction of the creosote preservative compounds, while each individual compound may only go through reduction under certain conditions.
1576:
Creosoted wood blocks were a common road-paving material in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but ultimately fell out of favor because they did not generally hold up well enough over time.
314:
identified a substance common to guaiacum and creosote that he called creosol, and he determined that creosote contained a mixture of creosol and guaiacol. Later investigations by Gorup-Besanez,
1799:
The largest health effect of creosote is deaths caused by residential chimney fires due to chimney tar (creosote) build-up. This is entirely unconnected with its industrial production or use.
1519:
239:
derivatives and share some quantity of monosubstituted phenols, but these are not the only active element of creosote. For their useful effects, coal-tar creosote relies on the presence of
4743:
On food: its varieties, chemical composition, nutritive value, comparative digestibility, physiological functions and uses, preparation, culinary treatment, preservation, adulteration, etc
1894:
occurs when a molecule replaces a hydrogen atom with an alkyl group that generally comes from an organic molecule. Alkyl groups that are found naturally occurring in the environment are
1005:
Given this history, and the antiseptic properties known to creosote, it became popular among physicians in the 19th century. A dilution of creosote in water was sold in pharmacies as
5456:
Tsiamis, Costas; Sgantzou, Ioanna; Popoti, Panagiota; Papavramidou, Niki; Sgantzos, Markos (March 6, 2020). "Dimitrios Mavrokordatos Disproving the Hemostatic Myth of Aqua Binelli".
3990:
1768:
to humans, based on adequate animal evidence and limited human evidence. The animal testing relied upon by IARC involved the continuous application of creosote to the shaved skin of
5580:
Wong O, Harris F (July 2005). "Retrospective cohort mortality study and nested case-control study of workers exposed to creosote at 11 wood-treating plants in the United States".
3709:
1898:
compounds. Organometallic compounds generally contain a methyl, ethyl, or butyl derivative which is the alkyl group that replaces the hydrogen. Other organic compounds, such as
1716:-tar, although mostly unsuccessful due to the problems with winning and drying peat on an industrial scale. Peat tar by itself has in the past been used as a wood preservative.
462:
Wood-tar creosote is a colourless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor, produces a sooty flame when burned, and has a burned taste. It is non-buoyant in water, with a
5523:
Wang F, Yang G, Zhang W, Wu W, Xu J (June 2004). "Oxidation of p-Cresol to p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of CuMn-Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst".
1599:
agent used to treat ulcers and malignancies, cauterize wounds, and prevent infection and decay. It was particularly used in dentistry to destroy tissues and arrest necrosis.
1174:, sold over the counter, and usually taken by mouth to assist the bringing up of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections. Guaifenesin is a component of
2085:
the preservative compounds are altered to form new chemicals, leading to decomposition. An example of the oxidation of p-cresol and phenol can be seen in the figures below:
1497:. The tar bases are often extracted by washing the creosote with aqueous mineral acid, although they're also suggested to have antiseptic ability similar to the tar acids.
1565:. External parasites would be killed in a creosote diluted dip, and drenching tubes would be used to administer doses to the animals' stomachs to kill internal parasites.
5311:
4043:
Siris: a Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries Concerning the Virtues of Tar Water: And Divers Other Subjects Connected Together and Arising One from Another
992:
Siris: a chain of philosophical reflexions and inquiries concerning the virtues of tar water, and divers other subjects connected together and arising one from another
303:
113:. The coal-tar variety, having stronger and more toxic properties, has chiefly been used as a preservative for wood; coal-tar creosote was also formerly used as an
4391:"Accumulation and bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a nearshore estuarine environment near a Pensacola (Florida) creosote contamination site"
1632:
character, the European Union has regulated the quality of creosote for the EU market and requires that the sale of creosote be limited to professional users. The
1223:
is a cough medicine in the United States, introduced in 1925, that is still sold and contains beechwood creosote. Beechwood creosote is also found under the name
1550:
1129:)âon animals. His data showed that both drugs were effective in increasing secretions into the airways in laboratory animals, when high-enough doses were given.
4497:
Hartnik T, Norli HR, Eggen T, Breedveld GD (January 2007). "Bioassay-directed identification of toxic organic compounds in creosote-contaminated groundwater".
1440:
Commercial creosote contains substances from six groups. The two groups occur in the greatest amounts and are the products of the distillation processâthe "
1060:, who suggested it be applied locally by spray to the bronchial mucous membrane. This was followed up in 1877 when it was argued for in a clinical paper by
915:
Even before creosote as a chemical compound was discovered, it was the chief active component of medicinal remedies in different cultures around the world.
788:, which is a water-soluble protein found in meat, so they serve as a preserving agent, but also cause denaturation. Most of the phenols in the creosote are
326:
have some common uses, they have also been placed in the same class of substances, with the terms "creosote" or "creosote oil" referring to either product.
5681:
1580:
1514:
The use of coal-tar creosote on a commercial scale began in 1838, when a patent covering the use of creosote oil to treat timber was taken out by inventor
1637:
1057:
319:
5617:
Zazo JA, Casas JA, Mohedano AF, Gilarranz MA, RodrĂguez JJ (October 26, 2005). "Chemical Pathway and Kinetics of Phenol Oxidation by Fenton's Reagent".
3150:
1056:. The idea of using it for tuberculosis failed to be accepted. Use for this purpose was dropped, until the idea was revived in 1876 by British doctor
70:
Some creosote types were used historically as a treatment for components of seagoing and outdoor wood structures to prevent rot (e.g., bridgework and
1918:
products of this c-alkylation can be in either a para- or ortho- orientation on the molecule, as seen in the diagram, and water, which is not shown.
270:, Reichenbach conducted experiments by dipping meat in a dilute solution of distilled creosote. He found that the meat was dried without undergoing
1404:
5545:
1065:
315:
5292:
4700:
1408:
2050:
various shrimp and fish species affected the growth, reproduction, and survival functions of the organisms for most of the compounds tested.
1785:
1777:
1687:
Water-gas-tar creosote is also derived from petroleum oil or shale oil, but by a different process; it is distilled during the production of
1633:
1220:
687:
3180:
1745:. Longer direct skin contact with low levels of creosote mixtures or their vapours can result in increased light sensitivity, damage to the
5103:
Engineering chemistry: a practical treatise for the use of analytical chemists, engineers, ironmasters, iron founders, students, and others
4008:
Balsama S, Beltrame P, Beltrame PL, Carniti P, Forni L, Zuretti G (December 14, 1984). "Alkylation of Phenol with Methanol over Zeolites".
3997:
1122:
6778:
1761:
1478:
1441:
1313:
1294:
959:
was a tar water that was made by boiling cedria, spreading wool fleeces over the vessels to catch the steam, and then wringing them out.
3201:
1558:
1040:
Creosote was suggested as a treatment for tuberculosis by Reichenbach as early as 1833. Following Reichenbach, it was argued for by
247:, while wood-tar creosote relies on the presence of methyl ethers of phenol. Otherwise, either type of tar would dissolve in water.
5674:
4322:
1816:
referred to as creosote, which is similar in composition to the commercial products by the same name, but with a higher content of
125:
properties became known. The wood-tar variety has been used for meat preservation, ship treatment, and such medical purposes as an
5146:"Anaerobic degradation of m-cresol in anoxic aquifer slurries: carboxylation reactions in a sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment"
1146:, but it is generally mixed with coal-tar creosote, since the former is not as effective. Commercially available preparations of "
3437:
1158:
solutions. The phenol ring is essentially opened, and the molecule is then subject to normal digestion and normal respiration.
4535:
1943:, and water, which is not shown in the diagram. Anisole is listed as an acute hazard to aquatic life with long-term effects.
1052:, suggested its use for tuberculosis through inhalation. He also suggested it for epilepsy, neuralgia, diabetes, and chronic
32:
Wood railroad ties before (right) and after (left) infusion with creosote, being transported by railcar at a facility of the
5315:
192:
The term creosote has a broad range of definitions depending on the origin of the coal tar oil and end-use of the material.
3275:
6815:
6767:
5667:
4441:"Wood Preserving Creosotes: Methods of Production, Properties, Quality, Price and Quantity Consumed in the United States"
3957:"Wood Preserving Creosotes: Methods of Production, Properties, Quality, Price and Quantity Consumed in the United States"
5513:
4695:
3257:
955:
both on the skin and in the lungs. He further speaks of cedria being used as the embalming agent for preparing mummies.
6810:
3403:
5412:
5223:
5008:
4944:
4923:
4580:
4250:
4171:
1444:", which distill below 205 °C and consist mainly of phenols, cresols, and xylenols, including carbolic acidâand
3881:
3409:
1561:
parasites from cattle pasturing on a sewage farm. This later led to widespread use of creosote as a cattle wash and
5063:
Phelps CD, Young LY (February 1999). "Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and gasoline in various aquatic sediments".
994:, and a poem where he praised its virtues. Pyroligneous acid was also used at the time in a medicinal water called
296:
4863:"Action of a Fluoranthene-Utilizing Bacterial Community on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Components of Creosote"
907:
still experiments were done, including by many governments, because it proved to be less expensive on the market.
4856:(Report). United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organization, and World Health Organization.
2262:
1956:
1261:
1037:. It was used to treat ulcers, and as a way to sterilize the tooth and deaden the pain in case of a tooth-ache.
6191:
2303:
2237:
1640:. Creosote is considered a restricted-use pesticide and is only available to licensed pesticide applicators.
962:
1489:
produced by the other substances during the distillation process and likely resulting from a combination of
322:
showed that wood-tar creosote also contained phenols, giving it a feature in common with coal-tar creosote.
4378:
3991:
Aerobic Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals in Environment Media: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Studies
4753:"Anaerobic Oxidation of Toluene, Phenol, and p-Cresol by the Dissimilatory Iron-Reducing Organism, GS-15"
3717:
1864:
remain together in a tar-like substance. Another source of damage comes from wood-boring fauna, such as
1855:â occurs due to many different events: During the lifetime of the marine piling, weathering occurs from
28:
6800:
6578:
5552:
990:
wrote several works on the medical virtues of tar water, including a philosophical work in 1744 titled
5873:
1725:
creosote may result in a rash or severe irritation of the skin, chemical burns of the surfaces of the
5690:
2064:
853:
Because wood-tar creosote is used for its guaiacol and creosol content, it is generally derived from
279:
20:
1579:
Two later methods for creosoting wood were introduced after the turn of the century, referred to as
1895:
5279:
6298:
5846:
4694:
Lee, Kwang-Guen; Lee, Sung-Eun; Takeoka, Gary R.; Kim, Jeong-Han; Park, Byeoung-Soo (July 2005).
1832:
1812:
1515:
1061:
37:
1485:âand oxygen-containing heterocycles, dibenzofurans. Lastly, creosote contains a small number of
6724:
6181:
4458:"On the comparative value of sulphuric acid and creosote in the treatment of alveolar cavities"
3939:
3580:
3398:
1851:
Even though creosote is pressurized into the wood, the release of the chemical â and resulting
5440:
5423:
5262:
5047:
5030:
4972:
4934:
4833:
4670:
4653:
4636:
4619:
4570:
4457:
4440:
4361:
4330:
4240:
4182:
4136:
3973:
3956:
3922:
2622:
1823:
Over the course of a season creosote deposits can become several inches thick. This creates a
998:(Binelli's water), a compound which its inventor, the Italian Fedele Binelli, claimed to have
6805:
6669:
6335:
6233:
5816:
5564:
5428:
Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Railway, Bridge and Building Association
5234:
4850:
3961:
Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Railway, Bridge and Building Association
2286:
Communication between United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Creosote Council.
1337:
1255:
5324:
5196:
4474:
2607:
2592:
6405:
6263:
6253:
6238:
6033:
6028:
6023:
5796:
5626:
5363:
5157:
4874:
4764:
4709:
4506:
4097:
3856:
1481:" and generally make up about 3% of the creosoteâsulfur-containing heterocycles, generally
1445:
1396:
1155:
781:
The simple phenols are not the only active element in wood-tar creosote. In solution, they
4696:"Antioxidant activity and characterization of volatile constituents of beechwood creosote"
4210:
1636:
regulates the use of coal-tar creosote as a wood preservative under the provisions of the
302:
Independently, there were investigations into the chemical nature of creosote. A study by
8:
6048:
6018:
6008:
4936:
Bioaccumulation in Marine Organisms: Effect of Contamination from Oil Well Produced Water
4346:
2110:
1596:
1542:
1523:
1151:
986:
had been used as a folk remedy since the Middle Ages to treat affections like dyspepsia.
479:(4-methylguaiacol), which typically constitutes 50% of the oil; second in prevalence are
339:
Constituency of distillations of creosote from different woods at different temperatures
5630:
5367:
5161:
5112:
4878:
4768:
4713:
4510:
4310:
4268:"The Clinician, Germs and Infectious Diseases: The Example of Charles Bouchard in Paris"
4101:
4052:
216:
6345:
5997:
5605:
5593:
5489:
5088:
4292:
4267:
1660:
1546:
1214:
311:
5384:
5351:
5178:
5145:
5021:
The London Medical Dictionary, including under distinct heads every branch of medecine
4895:
4862:
4785:
4752:
4518:
4339:
4152:
4118:
4085:
4076:
4021:
3448:
1048:. Elliotson, inspired by the use of creosote to arrest vomiting during an outbreak of
1002:
properties in his research published in 1797. These claims have since been disproven.
6268:
6248:
5992:
5937:
5642:
5597:
5493:
5481:
5473:
5408:
5389:
5335:
5219:
5183:
5134:
5080:
5004:
4986:
4940:
4919:
4900:
4886:
4790:
4576:
4522:
4410:
4406:
4297:
4246:
4167:
4123:
3911:
3129:
2175:
1754:
1676:
1143:
1125:
experimented with guaiacol and a recent synthetic modificationâglycerol guaiacolate (
1045:
820:
744:
421:
255:
196:
33:
5239:
A Treatise on Chemistry: The Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives or Organic Chemistry
5169:
5092:
4776:
4109:
3619:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2080:
Even though many studies conduct testing under experimental or enriched conditions,
1557:
derived from creosote. McDougall, in 1864, experimented with his solution to remove
59:
of plant-derived material, such as wood, or fossil fuel. They are typically used as
6739:
6729:
6714:
6340:
6161:
5977:
5947:
5927:
5883:
5761:
5634:
5609:
5589:
5532:
5465:
5379:
5371:
5173:
5165:
5072:
4890:
4882:
4803:
4780:
4772:
4717:
4682:
4543:
4536:"Revocation of approvals for amateur creosote/coal tar creosote wood preservatives"
4514:
4402:
4287:
4279:
4231:
The Newer Remedies ...: A Reference Manual for Physicians, Pharmacists and Students
4148:
4137:"Increase in the use of wood preservatives indicates progress in wood preservation"
4113:
4105:
4072:
4017:
2094:
1852:
1734:
463:
259:
251:
5375:
4809:(Report). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Handbook No. 40
3996:(Report). Environment Science Center Syracuse Research Corporation. Archived from
3989:
Aronson, D.; Citra, M.; Shuler, K.; Printup, H.; Howard, P.H. (January 27, 1999).
1911:
1452:, which distill approximately between 205 and 255 °C, and constituents of an
1426:
839:
6679:
6600:
6365:
6277:
6117:
5959:
5878:
5504:
Pharmacopée de Lyon, ou exposition méthodique des médicaments simples et composés
5502:
5402:
5251:
5213:
5123:
5101:
5019:
4998:
4961:
4913:
4822:
4608:
4597:
4559:
4487:
4429:
4229:
4199:
4161:
4041:
4030:
2289:
2118:
2068:
1951:
1738:
1614:
1183:
987:
967:
919:
287:
4686:
4572:
Handbook of Environmental Fate and exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Volume 2
4390:
4340:"At the Santa Fe R.R. tie plant, Albuquerque, N[ew] Mex[ico]..."
4211:
Assessing Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Contaminated Sediments
3954:
3014:
2673:
2671:
1932:
6744:
6710:
6583:
6542:
6310:
6213:
6038:
5982:
5942:
5932:
5922:
5836:
5723:
5698:
3507:
1535:
1486:
1482:
1370:
1342:
1191:
1179:
1041:
866:
79:
5912:
5895:
5076:
4725:
4283:
6794:
6719:
6500:
6475:
6420:
6176:
6145:
5972:
5967:
5868:
5811:
5659:
5477:
5469:
2668:
1494:
1376:
1187:
1082:
1069:
948:
793:
597:
209:
199:, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers the term
3944:
Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association at the Annual Meeting
1568:
1323:
Pyridines, quinolines, benzoquinolines, acridines, indolines, and carbazoles
922:
mentions a variety of tar-like substances being used as medicine, including
6749:
6734:
6573:
6495:
6385:
6330:
6325:
6293:
6283:
6228:
6203:
6186:
6092:
5987:
5646:
5601:
5536:
5485:
5084:
4904:
4794:
4526:
4414:
4301:
1828:
1817:
1776:
developed cancerous skin lesions and in one test, lesions of the lung. The
1765:
1618:
1470:
1466:
1273:
1147:
971:
816:
809:
271:
267:
220:
71:
60:
48:
5393:
5187:
4127:
940:
6684:
6625:
6515:
6510:
6485:
6468:
6458:
6449:
6315:
6166:
6061:
5801:
3181:"The Creosoted Wood Block: One Step in the Evolution of St. Louis Paving"
2060:
1808:
1490:
1458:
1449:
1171:
1167:
1126:
1034:
936:
782:
488:
379:
240:
138:
126:
4741:
6595:
6590:
6547:
6530:
6520:
6490:
6480:
6430:
6320:
6208:
6097:
5917:
5863:
5826:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5740:
5716:
5336:"Environmental Issues Related to the Use of Creosote Wood Preservative"
5052:
Pharmaceutical Journal: A Weekly Record of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences
5045:
2456:
1891:
1781:
1750:
1730:
1629:
1592:
1531:
1462:
1453:
1018:
1010:
999:
878:
854:
492:
263:
244:
134:
130:
122:
114:
64:
6620:
5638:
4721:
6674:
6525:
6395:
6370:
6258:
6243:
6223:
6082:
6013:
6003:
5900:
5890:
5821:
5806:
5771:
1726:
1688:
1591:
Coal-tar creosote, despite its toxicity, was used as a stimulant and
1562:
983:
204:
165:
153:
149:
56:
3408:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 7, 1988.
1379:, aminofluorenes, and aminophenanthrenes, cyano-PAHs, benz acridines
6415:
6288:
6273:
6171:
6127:
6112:
6102:
6087:
6077:
5831:
5756:
5518:(Masters). Oregon State University – via ScholarsArchive@OSU.
4475:"Pulpless teeth; abscess; treatment, especially surgical treatment"
3937:
2405:
2309:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 25, 2008
2145:
1899:
1870:
1865:
1824:
1474:
1317:
1205:
1073:
1053:
1030:
1026:
1022:
944:
882:
870:
819:, while creosol is a methyl ether of methyl-pyrocatechin, the next
628:
570:
566:
539:
472:
398:
307:
142:
118:
101:
918:
In antiquity, pitches and resins were used commonly as medicines.
6657:
6652:
6642:
6615:
6535:
6435:
6400:
6390:
6375:
6132:
6043:
5907:
5786:
5455:
2677:
2170:
2149:
1940:
1877:
1784:
based on both human and animal studies. As a result, the Federal
1749:, and skin damage. Longer exposure to creosote vapours can cause
1700:
1269:
1265:
1199:
1195:
1175:
1049:
1014:
804:
789:
785:
740:
656:
484:
476:
468:
417:
169:
145:, though these have mostly been replaced by modern formulations.
3888:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 2019
6700:
6662:
6647:
6610:
6568:
6563:
6463:
6218:
6122:
5791:
5751:
4861:
Mueller, J.G.; Chapman, P.J.; Pritchard, P.H. (December 1989).
4671:"New outlooks in the prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis"
4620:"New outlooks in the prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis"
2141:
2137:
1919:
1773:
1769:
1746:
1554:
1354:
1333:
1298:
1277:
516:
480:
306:
revealed that the smell of purified creosote resembled that of
283:
250:
Creosote was first discovered in its wood-tar form in 1832, by
236:
168:. Creosote also has been made from pre-coal formations such as
4849:
Melber, Christine; Kielhorn, Janet; Mangelsdorf, Inge (2004).
3183:. St. Louis, Missouri: Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc
2304:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Creosote (Case 0139)"
117:, to burn malignant skin tissue, and in dentistry, to prevent
6630:
6505:
6425:
6410:
6357:
6107:
6066:
5858:
5736:
5711:
4086:"Anaerobic oxidation of p-cresol by a denitrifying bacterium"
2081:
1742:
1653:
Derivation and general composition of water-gas-tar creosote
1209:
952:
886:
874:
812:
346:
215:
Currently, all creosote-treated wood productsâfoundation and
4824:
Industrial and manufacturing chemistry: a practical treatise
4431:
EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge
6637:
6605:
5850:
5546:
Creosote Release from Cut/broken Piles, Asarco Smelter Site
4652:
King, John; Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri (1905).
4533:
4438:
3292:
2987:
1856:
1811:
in the absence of adequate airflow (such as in an enclosed
1713:
1281:
1170:
developed by Eldon Boyd is still commonly used today as an
356:
177:
75:
74:, see image). Samples may be found commonly inside chimney
3913:
The preservation of food: From the "Aus der natur" of Abel
2695:
2244:. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
6445:
6150:
5706:
5293:"Causes and Control of Wood Decay, Degradation and Stain"
4848:
3955:
American Railway Bridge and Building Association (1914).
2856:
1843:
1764:(IARC) has determined that coal-tar creosote is probably
1518:. The "Bethell process"âor as it later became known, the
351:
227:
high-boiling petroleum oil meeting the AWPA Standard P4.
108:
52:
1419:
Derivation and general composition of coal-tar creosote
262:
of beechwood. Because pyroligneous acid was known as an
4860:
4637:"The seasoning and preservative treatment of wood ties"
4427:
3974:"The seasoning and preservative treatment of wood ties"
3385:
1712:
There have also been attempts to distill creosote from
5569:
Transactions of the Association of American Physicians
4596:
Hunt, George McMonies; Garratt, George Alfred (1967).
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
1780:
has stated that coal-tar creosote is a probable human
47:
is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the
5352:"Biodegradation of Cresol Isomers in Anoxic Aquifers"
4963:
Nelson's encyclopaedia: everybody's book of reference
3603:
3601:
3015:
American Railway Bridge and Building Association 1914
5291:
Shupe, Todd; Lebow, Stan; Ring, Dennis (June 2008).
5253:
Relationship of bovine tuberculosis to public health
5133:
Price, Overton W.; Kellogg, R.S.; Cox, W.T. (1909).
4180:
4163:
William Crookes and the commercialization of science
3202:"Historic Wood Paver from Galveston's Market Street"
2662:
832:
Derivation of wood-tar creosote from resinous woods
148:
Varieties of creosote have also been made from both
16:
Tar distillation byproduct used as wood preservative
5424:"Report of the committee XVII on wood preservation"
4915:
Petroleum products: instability and incompatibility
4479:
Transactions of the New York Ondontological Society
4209:Clarke, Joan U.; McFarland, Victor A. (July 1991).
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3756:
1638:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1538:totaled approximately 29,900,000 gallons per year.
5551:(Report). Bellevue, WA: Parametrix. Archived from
4985:
4804:Preservative Treatment of Wood by Pressure Methods
3598:
5263:"The history of creosote, cedriret, and pittacal"
5233:Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl (1888).
5232:
3264:. October 27, 2001 – via eur-lex.europa.eu.
2683:
2366:
2354:
1617:. It is commonly used to preserve and waterproof
885:, is the main chemical responsible for the smoky
6792:
5349:
5046:Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1898).
4693:
4320:
3831:
3793:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3303:
3282:. October 3, 2007 – via eur-lex.europa.eu.
2441:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1029:, and in small doses when taken internally as a
5543:
5143:
5132:
4911:
4651:
4561:Rules and Regulations for the Grading of Lumber
4208:
4061:
4046:. Dublin; London: W. Innys, C. Hitch, C. Davis.
3863:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
3735:
3657:
3646:
3626:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
3587:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
3556:
3529:
3527:
3297:
3077:
2972:
2720:
2483:
2207:
1110:, phosphate and tannophospate of creosote; and
862:in the presence of air to dark brown or black.
5689:
5290:
4750:
4701:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
3910:Abel, Ambrose; Smith, Elizur Goodrich (1857).
3804:
3467:
2779:
2777:
2372:
1878:Chemical reactions with sediment and organisms
99:The two main kinds recognized in industry are
5675:
5326:De aquae Binelli et Kreosoti virtute styptica
4496:
4007:
3988:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3651:
3607:
3539:
3491:
3489:
3477:
3475:
3355:
2998:
2996:
2903:
2901:
2789:
2213:
1786:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1778:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1634:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1622:
1553:as a sewer deodorant; it mainly consisted of
1534:. By 1890, the production of creosote in the
1457:benzene and related cyclic compounds such as
1142:Wood-tar creosote is to some extent used for
4607:Ibach, Rebecca E.; Miller, Regis B. (2007).
4388:
4083:
3938:American Pharmaceutical Association (1895).
3826:
3820:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3675:
3524:
3280:Official Journal of the European Communities
3262:Official Journal of the European Communities
3204:. Galveston, Texas: Rosenberg Library Museum
3088:
3086:
3061:
3059:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2824:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2557:
2555:
2457:Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1898
2325:
2323:
1847:Broken creosote piling exposed by weathering
1623:leaching of creosote into aquatic ecosystems
935:preventive for infusion, as a treatment for
503:Composition of a typical beech-tar creosote
5544:Weitkamp, Don; Bennett, Jesse (June 2011).
5267:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
5260:
5062:
4912:Mushrush, George C.; Speight, J.G. (1995).
4606:
4595:
3798:
3751:
3373:
3337:
3314:
3071:
2852:
2850:
2801:
2774:
2738:
2540:
2467:
2465:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2269:. National Cancer Institute. March 20, 2015
2224:
1838:
1772:. After weeks of creosote application, the
1762:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1244:Composition of a typical coal-tar creosote
5682:
5668:
5616:
5579:
5522:
5211:
4265:
3844:
3815:
3778:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3680:
3642:
3640:
3486:
3472:
3422:
3361:
3343:
2993:
2913:
2898:
2862:
2795:
2762:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2516:
2452:
2450:
2423:
2337:
2203:
2201:
2109:
2093:
1931:
1910:
1659:
1425:
838:
254:, when he found it both in the tar and in
5562:
5383:
5314:. LSU Agricultural Center. Archived from
5177:
4894:
4784:
4668:
4376:
4291:
4242:Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry
4197:
4117:
4054:La Tuberculose et la médication créosotée
3909:
3809:
3724:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3561:
3215:
3083:
3056:
3032:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2886:
2830:
2807:
2783:
2744:
2726:
2701:
2627:
2597:
2584:
2582:
2552:
2528:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2477:
2320:
1682:
1303:Phenols, cresols, xylenols, and naphthols
5511:
5277:
4996:
4485:
4434:. Vol. 21. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
4227:
4134:
4050:
4039:
3463:
3461:
3438:"Heating Fires in Residential Buildings"
3326:
3320:
3308:
3050:
3026:
3008:
3002:
2983:
2981:
2874:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2750:
2644:
2612:
2603:
2546:
2489:
2462:
2406:American Pharmaceutical Association 1895
2384:
2360:
2348:
2125:
1842:
1567:
1549:developed and patented a product called
961:
27:
5421:
5400:
5350:Smolenski WJ, Suflita JM (April 1987).
5136:Forests of the United States: Their Use
5099:
4997:Orr, Wilson L.; White, Curt M. (1990).
4970:
4801:
4739:
4366:Annual Reports on Diseases of the Chest
4359:
4343:Prints & Photographs Online Catalog
4308:
4238:
4028:
3740:
3637:
3533:
3416:
3349:
3286:
3268:
3250:
3227:
3110:
3098:
3065:
3038:
2919:
2907:
2892:
2868:
2857:Melber, Kielhorn & Mangelsdorf 2004
2768:
2707:
2638:
2567:
2561:
2522:
2447:
2435:
2429:
2399:
2343:
2333:. American Wood Protection Association.
2198:
1802:
1694:
1202:Mucous Control, Meltus, and Bidex 400.
1102:, valerinates of creosote and guaicol;
1094:, phosphites of creosote and guaiacol;
943:, as an antidote for the poison of the
6793:
6380:
5619:Environmental Science & Technology
5515:Oil tar creosote for wood preservation
5438:
5356:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5249:
5194:
5150:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
5000:Geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels
4983:
4959:
4867:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4831:
4820:
4757:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4634:
4568:
4557:
4472:
4455:
4337:
4090:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4084:Bossert ID, Young LY (November 1986).
3971:
3916:. Press of Case, Lockwood and company.
3662:
3567:
3432:
3430:
3367:
3331:
3233:
3221:
3116:
3092:
3044:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2732:
2579:
2534:
2501:
2417:
2411:
2193:
2075:
1699:Lignite-tar creosote is produced from
1072:in 1860, and Bouchard, arguing that a
1068:. Germ theory had been established by
5663:
5500:
5333:
5329:(Thesis) (in Latin). Berlin: Nietack.
5322:
5309:
5121:
5110:
5028:
4617:
4569:Howard, Phillip (February 28, 1990).
4159:
3920:
3716:. National Geographic. Archived from
3495:
3481:
3458:
3379:
3245:
3239:
3104:
3020:
2978:
2880:
2756:
2689:
2656:
2650:
2618:
2588:
2495:
2471:
2393:
2187:
345:
6773:
5404:The chemistry and technology of coal
5144:Ramanand K, Suflita JM (June 1991).
5017:
4932:
4751:Lovley DR, Lonergan DJ (June 1990).
4534:Health and Safety Executive (2011).
4439:Engineering and Contracting (1912).
4216:(Report). US Army Corps of Engineers
4032:Coal-tar and water-gas tar creosotes
3697:
2573:
1707:
1504:
1234:
329:
5565:"Creosote in Tuberculosis Pulmonum"
5323:Simon, Carl Gustav Theodor (1833).
4675:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
3927:Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis
3427:
3391:
2122:toxic, acute environmental hazard.
1643:
13:
5594:10.1097/01.jom.0000165016.71465.7a
5310:Shupe, Todd (September 27, 2012).
5031:"Arsenic, its application and use"
4975:. In Thorpe, Thomas Edward (ed.).
4198:Chenoweth, Walter Winfred (1945).
3404:Integrated Risk Information System
1946:
1260:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (
892:
487:; the rest being a combination of
160:when derived from oil tar, and as
14:
6827:
5655:
5125:Pliny's Natural History, Volume 5
5114:Pliny's Natural History, Volume 3
5035:British Journal of Dental Science
4977:A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry
4838:British Journal of Dental Science
4519:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.031
4141:Journal of the Franklin Institute
3276:"Commission Directive 76/769/EEC"
3258:"Commission Directive 2001/90/EC"
3132:. Ames, Iowa: Ames History Museum
2053:
1719:
1602:
6772:
6763:
6762:
5525:Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis
4979:. Vol. 1. pp. 614â620.
4887:10.1128/AEM.55.12.3085-3090.1989
4428:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica (1949).
3874:
3849:
3702:
3412:from the original on 2000-08-23.
3293:Health and Safety Executive 2011
3178:
3161:(32). Seattle: 7. August 7, 1915
2988:Engineering and Contracting 1912
1957:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1835:perform this service for a fee.
873:contributes mainly to the smoky
297:Eugen Freiherr von Gorup-Besanez
187:
5334:Smith, Stephen (May 31, 2002).
5201:Journal of the Chemical Society
5170:10.1128/AEM.57.6.1689-1695.1991
4802:MacLean, J.D. (December 1952).
4777:10.1128/AEM.56.6.1858-1864.1990
4309:Cormack, Sir John Rose (1836).
4110:10.1128/AEM.52.5.1117-1122.1986
3612:
3573:
3500:
3194:
3172:
3143:
3122:
1607:
1572:Wooden street pavers in Chicago
1509:
1137:
1132:
4988:Chemistry of organic compounds
4669:Kinnicutt, Francis P. (1892).
4635:Joerin, A.E. (December 1909).
4492:. Vol. 30. Tothill Press.
4239:Connell, Des (July 14, 2005).
4160:Brock, William Hodson (2008).
3886:Marine Life Education Resource
2280:
2255:
2230:
951:, and as an ointment to treat
877:, while the dimethyl ether of
792:derivatives: they contain the
1:
5512:Voorhies, Glenn (June 1940).
5376:10.1128/AEM.53.4.710-716.1987
5256:. Government printing office.
5212:Richardson, Barry A. (1993).
5139:. Government printing office.
5003:. American Chemical Society.
4966:. Vol. 3. Thomas Nelson.
4624:The Medical Times and Gazette
4564:. Government printing office.
4462:Annals of Anatomy and Surgery
4389:Elder JF, Dresler PV (1988).
4181:Chemist and Druggist (1889).
4153:10.1016/s0016-0032(09)90070-9
4077:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00050-0
4022:10.1016/S0166-9834(00)83334-5
3902:
2973:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909
2721:King, Felter & Lloyd 1905
2484:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909
2367:Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1888
2355:Roscoe & Schorlemmer 1888
2263:"Coal Tar and Coal-Tar Pitch"
2208:Price, Kellogg & Cox 1909
2082:oxidation-reduction reactions
1974:Form (Ionized or Un-Ionized)
1886:
1121:In the 1940s, Canadian-based
897:
164:when derived from the tar of
5235:"Creosote and Creosote oils"
4984:Noller, Carl Robert (1965).
4658:King's American Dispensatory
4407:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90244-8
4362:"Carbolic acid and creosote"
4135:Bradbury, Robert H. (1909).
3940:"Creosote and Creosote oils"
3923:"Creosote and Creosote oils"
3921:Allen, Alfred Henry (1910).
3794:Smolenski & Suflita 1987
3468:Shupe, Lebow & Ring 2008
3399:"Creosote (CASRN 8001-58-9)"
3386:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 1949
1737:, kidney or liver problems,
1586:
1375:Aniline, aminonaphthalenes,
1161:
7:
5100:Philips, H. Joshua (1891).
4687:10.1056/nejm189205261262101
4618:Imlay, G. Anderson (1876).
4445:Engineering and Contracting
4338:Delnao, Jack (March 1943).
4245:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
4204:. Houghton Mifflin company.
4166:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
3736:Ramanand & Suflita 1991
3658:Weitkamp & Bennett 2011
3647:Clarke & McFarland 1991
3078:Mushrush & Speight 1995
2331:2013 AWPA Book of Standards
2164:
2130:
2104:
2088:
1905:
10:
6832:
6816:Non-timber forest products
5691:Non-timber forest products
5507:. Chez les Freres Perisse.
5029:Pease, William A. (1862).
5024:. Vol. 1. J. Johnson.
5018:Parr, Bartholemew (1809).
4971:Nickels, Benjamin (1890).
4832:Martin, Stanlisas (1862).
4613:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.
4377:Dunglison, Robley (1846).
4266:Contrepois, Alain (2002).
3805:Lovley & Lonergan 1990
3151:"(untitled advertisement)"
910:
865:In preparation of food by
282:discovered carbolic acid (
18:
6811:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
6758:
6693:
6556:
6444:
6356:
6141:
6057:
5958:
5845:
5732:
5697:
5345:– via ResearchGate.
5298:. LSU Agricultural Center
4821:Martin, Geoffrey (1913).
4321:Creosote Council (2011).
4284:10.1017/S0025727300069088
4228:Coblentz, Virgil (1908).
4051:Bernheim, Samuel (1901).
4040:Berkeley, George (1744).
2663:Chemist and Druggist 1889
2065:sulfate-reducing bacteria
1984:
1926:
1357:-containing heterocycles
1320:-containing heterocycles
439:
416:
397:
378:
373:
370:
367:
364:
362:
355:
350:
343:
280:Friedrich Ferdinand Runge
278:Soon afterward, in 1834,
89: 'meat' and
21:Creosote (disambiguation)
5563:Whittaker, J.T. (1893).
5470:10.1177/1553350620907428
5280:"A Gift from the Forest"
5261:Schorlemmer, C. (1885).
5218:. Taylor & Francis.
5195:Renard, Adolphe (1895).
5106:. C. Lockwood & son.
4827:. Vol. 1. Appleton.
4610:The Encyclopedia of Wood
4360:Dobbell, Horace (1878).
4234:. Apothecary Publishing.
4029:Bateman, Ernest (1922).
3827:Bossert & Young 1986
3676:Elder & Dresler 1988
2181:
2155:
1839:Release into environment
5077:10.1023/a:1008303729431
4960:Nelson, Thomas (1907).
4740:Letheby, Henry (1870).
4486:Greenhow, E.J. (1965).
4395:Environmental Pollution
4316:. J. Carfrae & Son.
3752:Phelps & Young 1999
3374:Hunt & Garratt 1967
3338:Hunt & Garratt 1967
3315:Ibach & Miller 2007
2242:Toxic Substances Portal
310:, and later studies by
38:Albuquerque, New Mexico
6705:(Iberian agroforestry)
5943:Pacific mountain onion
5582:J. Occup. Environ. Med
5537:10.1002/adsc.200303226
5422:Stimson, Earl (1914).
5401:Speight, J.G. (1994).
3447:. 2006. Archived from
3423:Wong & Harris 2005
2238:"ToxFAQs for Creosote"
1848:
1683:Water-gas-tar creosote
1573:
975:
374:200–210 °C
371:200–210 °C
368:200–210 °C
365:200–220 °C
162:water-gas-tar creosote
41:
6725:Indian forest produce
6196:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5501:Vitet, Louis (1778).
5439:Taylor, C.F. (1902).
5250:Salmon, D.E. (1901).
4834:"Solidified Creosote"
4558:Hodson, E.R. (1906).
4473:Farrar, J.N. (1893).
4456:Farrar, J.N. (1880).
3972:Angier, F.J. (1910).
3710:"Ocean Acidification"
3304:Creosote Council 2011
2511:Abel & Smith 1857
2126:Environmental hazards
1846:
1571:
1446:aromatic hydrocarbons
1397:aromatic hydrocarbons
1256:Aromatic hydrocarbons
965:
212:of bituminous coal."
31:
5968:Bare-toothed russula
5312:"Marine Wood Borers"
4384:. Lea and Blanchard.
4327:creosotecouncil.org/
4201:How to preserve food
4187:Chemist and Druggist
3581:"2,3-Dimethylphenol"
3557:Bolognini et al 2002
3130:"Ames Street Paving"
3051:Orr & White 1990
3027:Orr & White 1990
1803:Build-up in chimneys
1695:Lignite-tar creosote
1613:serves as a natural
1581:empty-cell processes
1448:, which divide into
1156:calcium hypochlorite
947:, as a liniment for
174:lignite-tar creosote
19:For other uses, see
6579:musical instruments
5837:Woodland strawberry
5631:2005EnST...39.9295Z
5458:Surgical Innovation
5368:1987ApEnM..53..710S
5162:1991ApEnM..57.1689R
4933:Neff, J.M. (2002).
4879:1989ApEnM..55.3085M
4769:1990ApEnM..56.1858L
4714:2005JSFA...85.1580L
4511:2007Chmsp..66..435H
4347:Library of Congress
4102:1986ApEnM..52.1117B
4035:. Govt. print. off.
3978:Railway Age Gazette
3882:"Aquatic Food Webs"
2678:Tsiamis et al. 2020
2076:Oxidation-reduction
1825:compounding problem
1654:
1543:Alexander McDougall
1420:
1264:), alkylated PAHs,
1245:
1152:sodium hypochlorite
980:Pharmacopée de Lyon
833:
504:
340:
286:) in coal-tar, and
156:, and are known as
96: 'preserver'.
4746:. Longmans, Green.
3774:Aronson et al 1999
3608:Balsama et al 1984
3536:, pp. 376â379
3224:, pp. 412â417
2934:, pp. 416â419
2525:, pp. 225â226
2140:(m-, p-, and o-),
1849:
1652:
1574:
1551:McDougall's Powder
1547:Robert Angus Smith
1418:
1243:
1215:Russo-Japanese War
976:
831:
502:
338:
312:Heinrich Hlasiwetz
256:pyroligneous acids
197:wood preservatives
42:
6801:Chemical mixtures
6788:
6787:
5639:10.1021/es050452h
5625:(23): 9295â9302.
5445:The Medical World
5278:Seirogan (2011).
5215:Wood preservation
4851:Coal Tar Creosote
4722:10.1002/jsfa.2156
4641:Popular Mechanics
4599:Wood preservation
4057:. Paris: Maloine.
4010:Applied Catalysis
3317:, 14-1–14-9
2704:, pp. 64â65.
2176:Pentachlorophenol
2047:
2046:
1807:Burning wood and
1755:respiratory tract
1708:Peat-tar creosote
1677:pentachlorophenol
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1524:"Burnett process"
1520:full-cell process
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1235:Coal-tar creosote
1217:of 1904 to 1905.
1144:wood preservation
1058:G. Anderson Imlay
1046:John Rose Cormack
851:
850:
847:
846:
779:
778:
775:
774:
460:
459:
456:
455:
330:Wood-tar creosote
320:Siegfried Marasse
219:, lumber, posts,
182:peat-tar creosote
34:Santa Fe Railroad
6823:
6776:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6740:Resin extraction
6730:Mushroom hunting
6706:
6452: / etc.
6306:
6199:
6034:Saffron milk cap
6024:Parasol mushroom
5864:Fiddlehead ferns
5684:
5677:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5613:
5576:
5559:
5557:
5550:
5540:
5519:
5508:
5497:
5452:
5435:
5418:
5397:
5387:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5330:
5319:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5287:
5274:
5257:
5246:
5229:
5208:
5191:
5181:
5140:
5129:
5118:
5107:
5096:
5059:
5042:
5025:
5014:
4993:
4991:
4980:
4967:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4929:
4908:
4898:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4828:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4763:(6): 1858â1864.
4747:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4724:. Archived from
4708:(9): 1580â1586.
4690:
4665:
4648:
4631:
4614:
4603:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4542:. Archived from
4530:
4493:
4482:
4469:
4452:
4435:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4385:
4373:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4334:
4329:. Archived from
4317:
4305:
4295:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4235:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4205:
4194:
4177:
4156:
4131:
4121:
4080:
4058:
4047:
4036:
4025:
4004:
4002:
3995:
3985:
3968:
3951:
3934:
3917:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:PubChem Database
3853:
3847:
3842:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3776:
3771:
3754:
3749:
3738:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3678:
3673:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3624:PubChem Database
3616:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3585:PubChem Database
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3479:
3470:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2379:Schorlemmer 1885
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2225:Schorlemmer 1885
2222:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2191:
2113:
2097:
1962:
1961:
1935:
1914:
1883:outlined below:
1853:marine pollution
1735:mental confusion
1663:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:Oil-tar creosote
1429:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1380:
1361:
1345:
1324:
1304:
1285:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1062:Charles Bouchard
842:
834:
830:
827:
826:
802:
767:
731:
718:Various phenols
710:
679:
647:
620:
589:
558:
531:
505:
501:
498:
497:
464:specific gravity
341:
337:
334:
333:
260:dry distillation
252:Carl Reichenbach
195:With respect to
158:oil-tar creosote
6831:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6754:
6704:
6689:
6680:Vegetable ivory
6552:
6440:
6352:
6300:
6193:
6155:
6137:
6071:
6053:
6019:Oyster mushroom
6009:Meadow mushroom
5954:
5938:Twincrest onion
5841:
5745:
5728:
5699:Animal products
5693:
5688:
5658:
5653:
5555:
5548:
5415:
5341:
5339:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5284:seirogan.co.jp/
5226:
5011:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4926:
4873:(12): 3085â90.
4853:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4731:
4729:
4681:(21): 513â518.
4587:
4585:
4583:
4549:
4547:
4419:
4417:
4351:
4349:
4272:Medical History
4257:
4255:
4253:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4174:
4065:Catalysis Today
4000:
3993:
3905:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3845:Zazo et al 2005
3843:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3816:Wang et al 2004
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3779:
3772:
3757:
3750:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3681:
3674:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3362:Richardson 1993
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3236:, pp. 1â25
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3119:, pp. 7â14
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2796:Contrepois 2002
2794:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2448:
2442:Lee et al. 2005
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2158:
2133:
2128:
2119:Fenton Reagent.
2107:
2091:
2078:
2056:
1971:pH of Seawater
1952:Bioaccumulation
1949:
1947:Bioaccumulation
1929:
1908:
1889:
1880:
1841:
1805:
1739:unconsciousness
1722:
1710:
1697:
1685:
1646:
1615:water repellent
1610:
1605:
1589:
1512:
1507:
1505:Historical uses
1487:aromatic amines
1483:benzothiophenes
1374:
1371:Aromatic amines
1359:
1343:Benzothiophenes
1341:
1322:
1302:
1259:
1237:
1184:Cheratussin DAC
1164:
1140:
1135:
988:Bishop Berkeley
968:Bishop Berkeley
913:
900:
895:
893:Historical uses
800:
796:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
729:
725:
721:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
645:
641:
637:
633:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
587:
583:
579:
575:
556:
552:
548:
544:
529:
525:
521:
332:
288:Auguste Laurent
190:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6829:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6770:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6745:Rubber tapping
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6711:Forest farming
6708:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6347:Vateria indica
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:Shorea robusta
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:Honey mushroom
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5874:Mahuwa flowers
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5657:
5656:External links
5654:
5652:
5651:
5614:
5577:
5560:
5558:on 2016-08-12.
5541:
5531:(6): 633â638.
5520:
5509:
5498:
5464:(3): 307â310.
5453:
5436:
5419:
5413:
5398:
5362:(4): 710â716.
5347:
5331:
5320:
5318:on 2016-09-05.
5307:
5288:
5275:
5258:
5247:
5230:
5224:
5209:
5192:
5156:(6): 1689â95.
5141:
5130:
5122:Pliny (1856).
5119:
5111:Pliny (1855).
5108:
5097:
5065:Biodegradation
5060:
5043:
5026:
5015:
5009:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4957:
4945:
4930:
4924:
4909:
4858:
4846:
4829:
4818:
4799:
4748:
4737:
4691:
4666:
4649:
4632:
4615:
4604:
4602:. McGraw-Hill.
4593:
4581:
4566:
4555:
4531:
4505:(3): 435â443.
4494:
4483:
4470:
4453:
4451:(13): 350â353.
4436:
4425:
4401:(2): 117â132.
4386:
4374:
4357:
4335:
4333:on 2011-05-04.
4318:
4306:
4278:(2): 197â220.
4263:
4251:
4236:
4225:
4206:
4195:
4178:
4172:
4157:
4132:
4096:(5): 1117â22.
4081:
4071:(1): 103â111.
4059:
4048:
4037:
4026:
4016:(1): 161â170.
4005:
4003:on 2016-12-20.
3986:
3969:
3952:
3935:
3918:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3873:
3848:
3830:
3819:
3808:
3797:
3777:
3755:
3739:
3723:
3720:on 2015-08-29.
3701:
3679:
3661:
3650:
3636:
3611:
3597:
3572:
3560:
3538:
3523:
3512:Dictionary.com
3499:
3485:
3471:
3457:
3454:on 2010-05-27.
3426:
3415:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3319:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3267:
3249:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3193:
3179:Reed, Ryan J.
3171:
3155:The Town Crier
3142:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3082:
3070:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2992:
2977:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2846:
2835:
2831:Chenoweth 1945
2823:
2812:
2808:Kinnicutt 1892
2800:
2788:
2784:Kinnicutt 1892
2773:
2761:
2749:
2745:Whittaker 1893
2737:
2725:
2706:
2702:Dunglison 1846
2694:
2682:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2578:
2566:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2461:
2446:
2444:, p. 1483
2434:
2422:
2410:
2408:, p. 1073
2398:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2336:
2319:
2288:
2279:
2254:
2229:
2212:
2197:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2055:
2054:Biodegradation
2052:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:2-ethylphenol
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1948:
1945:
1928:
1925:
1907:
1904:
1896:organometallic
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1840:
1837:
1833:Chimney sweeps
1804:
1801:
1721:
1720:Health effects
1718:
1709:
1706:
1696:
1693:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1642:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1588:
1585:
1536:United Kingdom
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1405:anthracene oil
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1377:diphenylamines
1367:
1366:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1233:
1192:Cheratussin AC
1180:Robitussin DAC
1163:
1160:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1092:guaicophosphal
1042:John Elliotson
912:
909:
899:
896:
894:
891:
849:
848:
845:
844:
803:linked to the
798:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
736:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
683:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
651:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
624:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
593:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
562:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
536:
535:
532:
527:
523:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
331:
328:
258:obtained by a
217:marine pilings
189:
186:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6828:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6781:
6780:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Honey hunting
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:Coconut sugar
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
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6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6050:
6049:Yellow knight
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Slippery jack
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Heart of palm
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:Edible plants
5844:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:Juniper berry
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
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5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:(7): 683â97.
5587:
5583:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5414:9780824792008
5410:
5407:. CRC Press.
5406:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5348:
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5332:
5328:
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5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5225:9780419174905
5221:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5128:. H. G. Bohn.
5127:
5126:
5120:
5117:. H. G. Bohn.
5116:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5010:9780841218048
5006:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4948:
4946:9780080527840
4942:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4925:9781560322979
4921:
4918:. CRC Press.
4917:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4728:on 2012-03-28
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4584:
4582:9780873712040
4578:
4575:. CRC Press.
4574:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4546:on 2010-11-11
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4252:9780203025383
4248:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4173:9780754663225
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3714:Pristine Seas
3711:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3570:, p. 311
3569:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3450:
3446:
3445:usfa.dhs.gov/
3439:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3388:, p. 821
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3364:, p. 103
3363:
3358:
3352:, p. 626
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3327:Voorhies 1940
3323:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3182:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3095:, p. 408
3094:
3089:
3087:
3080:, p. 115
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3053:, p. 255
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3017:, p. 287
3016:
3011:
3004:
3003:Greenhow 1965
2999:
2997:
2990:, p. 531
2989:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2958:, p. 185
2957:
2952:
2946:, p. 204
2945:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2922:, p. 255
2921:
2916:
2910:, p. 615
2909:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2883:, p. 366
2882:
2877:
2871:, p. 456
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2843:Seirogan 2011
2839:
2833:, p. 206
2832:
2827:
2821:
2820:Coblentz 1908
2816:
2810:, p. 515
2809:
2804:
2798:, p. 211
2797:
2792:
2786:, p. 514
2785:
2780:
2778:
2771:, p. 315
2770:
2765:
2759:, p. 514
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2735:, p. 207
2734:
2729:
2723:, p. 617
2722:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2665:, p. 300
2664:
2659:
2653:, p. 427
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2604:Berkeley 1744
2600:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2576:, p. 383
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2549:, p. 107
2548:
2547:Bradbury 1909
2543:
2537:, p. 767
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2498:, p. 347
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2474:, p. 348
2473:
2468:
2466:
2459:, p. 468
2458:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2432:, p. 614
2431:
2426:
2420:, p. 294
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2396:, p. 353
2395:
2390:
2388:
2381:, p. 153
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2227:, p. 152
2226:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2098:
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2086:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
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1901:
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1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:railroad ties
1616:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:carbolic acid
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:hydrogenation
1492:
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1360:Dibenzofurans
1356:
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1352:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
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1311:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:ethylbenzenes
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
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1250:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:is a popular
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Robitussin AC
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1159:
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1149:
1145:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
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1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:Hermann Sahli
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Henri Gimbert
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Aqua creosoti
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
949:elephantiasis
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
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841:
836:
835:
829:
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795:
794:methoxy group
791:
787:
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734:
720:
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689:
686:
685:
681:
660:
658:
654:
653:
649:
632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
601:
599:
598:2-Ethylphenol
596:
595:
591:
574:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
507:
506:
500:
499:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
377:
361:
358:
353:
348:
342:
336:
335:
327:
323:
321:
317:
316:A.E. Hoffmann
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
292:
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
232:
228:
224:
222:
221:railroad ties
218:
213:
211:
210:carbonization
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:Creosote oils
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:, before its
120:
116:
112:
110:
105:
103:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
72:railroad ties
68:
66:
62:
61:preservatives
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6806:Expectorants
6777:
6750:Wildcrafting
6735:Naval stores
6713: /
6701:
6670:Tendu leaves
6626:Natural dyes
6496:Gutta-percha
6448: /
6386:Frankincense
6346:
6302:
6259:Mango butter
6204:Cocoa butter
6195:
6192:Chaulmoogra
6162:Allanblackia
6093:Black pepper
5978:Birch bolete
5928:Canada onion
5913:Wild ginseng
5908:Saw palmetto
5849: /
5739: /
5622:
5618:
5585:
5581:
5572:
5568:
5553:the original
5528:
5524:
5514:
5503:
5461:
5457:
5448:
5444:
5431:
5427:
5403:
5359:
5355:
5340:. Retrieved
5325:
5316:the original
5300:. Retrieved
5283:
5270:
5266:
5252:
5242:
5238:
5214:
5204:
5200:
5153:
5149:
5135:
5124:
5113:
5102:
5071:(1): 15â25.
5068:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5038:
5034:
5020:
4999:
4987:
4976:
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4939:. Elsevier.
4935:
4914:
4870:
4866:
4841:
4837:
4823:
4811:. Retrieved
4760:
4756:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4726:the original
4705:
4699:
4678:
4674:
4661:
4657:
4644:
4640:
4627:
4623:
4609:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4571:
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4544:the original
4539:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4465:
4461:
4448:
4444:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4398:
4394:
4379:
4369:
4365:
4350:. Retrieved
4342:
4331:the original
4326:
4323:"Regulation"
4311:
4275:
4271:
4256:. Retrieved
4241:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4200:
4190:
4186:
4162:
4144:
4140:
4093:
4089:
4068:
4064:
4053:
4042:
4031:
4013:
4009:
3998:the original
3981:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3947:
3943:
3930:
3926:
3912:
3890:. Retrieved
3885:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3860:
3851:
3822:
3811:
3800:
3718:the original
3713:
3704:
3653:
3628:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3589:. Retrieved
3584:
3575:
3563:
3534:Connell 2005
3515:. Retrieved
3511:
3508:"Alkylation"
3502:
3449:the original
3444:
3418:
3402:
3393:
3381:
3376:, p. 97
3369:
3357:
3350:Stimson 1914
3345:
3340:, p. 88
3333:
3322:
3310:
3299:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3196:
3185:. Retrieved
3174:
3163:. Retrieved
3158:
3154:
3145:
3134:. Retrieved
3124:
3112:
3107:, p. 91
3100:
3073:
3068:, p. 47
3066:Bateman 1922
3046:
3041:, p. 77
3039:Speight 1994
3034:
3029:, p. 39
3022:
3010:
3005:, p. 58
2975:, p. 12
2951:
2939:
2927:
2920:Philips 1891
2915:
2908:Nickels 1890
2895:, p. 50
2893:Bateman 1922
2888:
2876:
2869:Speight 1994
2864:
2859:, p. 11
2838:
2826:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2769:Dobbell 1878
2764:
2752:
2747:, p. 77
2740:
2728:
2697:
2685:
2658:
2646:
2641:, p. 50
2639:Cormack 1836
2614:
2599:
2569:
2564:, p. 58
2562:Cormack 1836
2542:
2530:
2523:Letheby 1870
2518:
2513:, p. 23
2491:
2486:, p. 13
2479:
2437:
2430:Nickels 1890
2425:
2413:
2401:
2374:
2369:, p. 33
2362:
2357:, p. 37
2350:
2344:MacLean 1952
2339:
2330:
2311:. Retrieved
2282:
2271:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2189:
2159:
2134:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2092:
2079:
2057:
2048:
1950:
1937:
1930:
1916:
1909:
1890:
1881:
1869:
1862:
1850:
1829:chimney fire
1822:
1818:carbon black
1809:fossil fuels
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1766:carcinogenic
1759:
1723:
1711:
1698:
1686:
1673:
1658:
1630:carcinogenic
1627:
1611:
1603:Current uses
1590:
1578:
1575:
1540:
1528:
1516:John Bethell
1513:
1499:
1471:acenaphthene
1467:phenanthrene
1450:naphthalenes
1439:
1424:
1409:carbolic oil
1401:
1393:
1373:
1358:
1340:
1338:heterocycles
1336:-containing
1321:
1301:
1258:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1165:
1148:liquid smoke
1141:
1133:Current uses
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1039:
1006:
1004:
996:Aqua Binelli
995:
991:
979:
977:
972:John Smybert
966:Portrait of
956:
931:
927:
923:
917:
914:
905:
901:
864:
860:
852:
837:
817:pyrocatechin
780:
471:: primarily
461:
324:
301:
293:
277:
272:putrefaction
268:preservative
249:
241:naphthalenes
233:
229:
225:
214:
200:
194:
191:
181:
173:
161:
157:
147:
123:carcinogenic
107:
100:
98:
93:
90:
86:
83:
69:
49:distillation
44:
43:
25:
6685:Willow bark
6516:Maple syrup
6511:Maple sugar
6486:Fruit syrup
6469:chewing gum
6459:Birch syrup
6316:Shea butter
5988:Chanterelle
5933:Crow garlic
5923:Bear garlic
5918:Wild onions
5896:filé powder
5817:Lingonberry
5802:Huckleberry
5245:(4): 32â37.
5048:"Creosotum"
4992:. Saunders.
4540:hse.gov.uk/
4499:Chemosphere
4183:"Tar Water"
3568:Howard 1990
3234:Farrar 1893
3222:Farrar 1880
3117:Salmon 1901
3093:Angier 1910
2956:Noller 1965
2944:Nelson 1907
2932:Martin 1913
2733:Taylor 1902
2535:Joerin 1909
2418:Renard 1895
2210:, p. 7
2194:Delnao 1943
2061:bicarbonate
2043:Un-ionized
2032:Un-ionized
2021:Un-ionized
2010:Un-ionized
1999:Un-ionized
1988:Un-ionized
1741:, and even
1731:convulsions
1628:Due to its
1491:thermolysis
1459:naphthalene
1289:75.0â90.0%
1221:Creomulsion
1172:expectorant
1168:guaifenesin
1127:guaifenesin
1035:anaesthetic
937:phthiriasis
688:3,5-Xylenol
493:polyphenols
489:monophenols
409:14.0 %
406:26.5 %
403:19.7 %
390:55.0 %
387:39.0 %
384:39.0 %
380:Monophenols
304:F.K. Völkel
245:anthracenes
180:, yielding
172:, yielding
139:expectorant
127:anaesthetic
65:antiseptics
51:of various
6795:Categories
6596:Birch beer
6591:Birch bark
6548:Spruce gum
6531:akpeteshie
6521:Palm sugar
6491:Gum arabic
6481:Date sugar
6431:Turpentine
6311:Sandalwood
6214:Eucalyptus
6209:Eucalyptol
6098:Brazil nut
5973:Bay bolete
5827:Strawberry
5782:Cocoa bean
5777:Breadfruit
5767:Blackberry
5741:tree fruit
5441:"Creosote"
5434:: 625â633.
5342:2016-10-28
5338:. AquAeTer
5302:2016-10-28
5273:: 152â157.
5197:"Pine Tar"
5041:: 417â426.
4973:"Creosote"
4952:2016-10-29
4813:2019-04-07
4732:2011-07-25
4664:: 616â617.
4654:"Creosote"
4588:2016-10-28
4550:2009-07-04
4468:: 412â418.
4420:2016-10-29
4352:2015-02-16
4258:2019-04-07
4220:2016-10-29
4147:(2): 107.
3984:: 408â411.
3967:: 287â288.
3933:: 346â391.
3903:References
3892:2019-04-08
3867:2019-04-07
3630:2019-04-07
3591:2019-04-07
3517:2016-10-29
3496:Shupe 2012
3482:Smith 2002
3246:Pease 1862
3208:2023-01-05
3187:2023-01-25
3165:2023-01-25
3136:2023-01-25
3105:Brock 2008
2881:Allen 1910
2757:Imlay 1876
2690:Simon 1833
2651:Vitet 1778
2621:, p.
2619:Pliny 1855
2606:, p.
2591:, p.
2589:Pliny 1856
2496:Allen 1910
2472:Allen 1910
2394:Allen 1910
2313:2016-10-29
2273:2020-11-24
2267:cancer.gov
2248:2023-04-07
1892:Alkylation
1887:Alkylation
1782:carcinogen
1751:irritation
1608:Industrial
1593:escharotic
1532:lamp black
1510:Industrial
1463:anthracene
1454:anthracene
1308:5.0â17.0%
1138:Industrial
1123:Eldon Boyd
1088:phosphotal
1019:antiseptic
1000:hemostatic
898:Industrial
879:pyrogallol
264:antiseptic
203:to mean a
135:astringent
131:antiseptic
115:escharotic
6715:gardening
6675:Thatching
6526:Palm wine
6371:Birch tar
6299:Sal-seed
6224:Japan wax
6177:Candlenut
6118:Malva nut
6083:Areca nut
6004:Matsutake
5960:Mushrooms
5901:root beer
5891:Sassafras
5879:Sago palm
5822:Raspberry
5807:Jackfruit
5772:Blueberry
5724:Wild game
5494:212567440
5478:1553-3506
5207:(1): 294.
3857:"Quinone"
3698:Neff 2002
3620:"Anisole"
2574:Parr 1809
2026:guaiacol
2004:p-cresol
1993:o-cresol
1979:m-cresol
1965:Compound
1866:shipworms
1689:water gas
1563:sheep dip
1541:In 1854,
1479:tar bases
1442:tar acids
1384:0.1â1.0%
1365:1.0â3.0%
1349:1.0â3.0%
1328:3.0â8.0%
1314:Tar bases
1299:phenolics
1295:Tar acids
1225:kreosotum
1112:creosotal
984:Tar water
855:beechwood
783:coagulate
762:)(OH)(OCH
266:and meat
205:pesticide
166:water gas
154:petroleum
150:oil shale
57:pyrolysis
6768:Category
6584:textiles
6416:Pine tar
6381:Creosote
6331:Tea-tree
6326:Tea-seed
6294:Pongamia
6284:Phulwara
6269:Nagkesar
6264:Murumuru
6239:Kpangnan
6187:Carnauba
6128:Pine nut
6113:Hazelnut
6103:Cinnamon
6088:Bay leaf
6078:Allspice
6000:(reishi)
5832:Tamarind
5797:Gambooge
5757:Bilberry
5647:16382955
5602:16010195
5575:: 77â90.
5486:32141402
5093:23687943
5085:10423837
4905:16348069
4795:16348226
4527:16872665
4415:15092667
4302:12024808
3410:Archived
2165:See also
2146:guaiacol
2131:Sediment
2089:p-Cresol
1906:m-Cresol
1900:methanol
1871:Limnoria
1475:fluorene
1318:nitrogen
1270:toluenes
1266:benzenes
1229:kreosote
1206:Seirogan
1108:taphosot
1074:bacillus
1054:glanders
1044:and Sir
1031:sedative
1027:diuretic
1023:narcotic
1011:irritant
957:Pissinum
945:sea hare
928:pissinum
883:syringol
871:guaiacol
768:—
745:homologs
732:—
642:(OH)(OCH
629:Guaiacol
571:p-cresol
567:m-Cresol
540:o-Cresol
473:guaiacol
422:homologs
399:Guaiacol
308:guaiacol
201:creosote
143:laxative
119:necrosis
111:creosote
109:wood-tar
104:creosote
102:coal-tar
45:Creosote
6779:Commons
6694:Related
6658:Tanbark
6653:Shellac
6643:Quinine
6616:Gambier
6536:ogogoro
6436:Varnish
6401:Lacquer
6391:Gamboge
6376:Camphor
6366:Benzoin
6276: (
6182:Capuacu
6167:Babassu
6133:Vanilla
6044:Truffle
6029:Red cap
5998:Lingzhi
5787:Coconut
5762:Binukaw
5737:Berries
5627:Bibcode
5610:6571472
5394:3579279
5364:Bibcode
5188:1872602
5158:Bibcode
4875:Bibcode
4765:Bibcode
4710:Bibcode
4507:Bibcode
4481:: 1â25.
4293:1044495
4128:3789714
4098:Bibcode
3950:: 1073.
2171:Creolin
2150:xylenol
2037:phenol
1941:anisole
1920:Isomers
1813:furnace
1774:animals
1770:rodents
1753:of the
1701:lignite
1597:caustic
1595:, as a
1587:Medical
1559:entozoa
1278:xylenes
1200:DayQuil
1196:Benylin
1176:Mucinex
1162:Medical
1116:tanosal
1077:years.
1070:Pasteur
1050:cholera
1015:styptic
941:porrigo
911:Medical
867:smoking
821:homolog
805:benzene
790:methoxy
786:albumin
741:Creosol
657:Xylenol
485:xylenol
477:creosol
469:phenols
418:Creosol
170:lignite
94:(sĆtÄr)
87:(kreas)
6702:Dehesa
6663:tannin
6648:Rattan
6611:Forage
6574:edible
6569:Bamboo
6564:Amadou
6543:Rubber
6464:Chicle
6406:Mastic
6358:Resins
6341:Ucuuba
6336:Tucuma
6321:Tamanu
6278:kernel
6249:Mafura
6219:Illipe
6172:Bacuri
6123:Nutmeg
6067:spices
5792:Durian
5752:Banana
5645:
5608:
5600:
5492:
5484:
5476:
5451:: 207.
5411:
5392:
5385:203742
5382:
5222:
5186:
5179:183453
5176:
5091:
5083:
5058:: 468.
5007:
4943:
4922:
4903:
4896:203227
4893:
4844:: 290.
4793:
4786:184522
4783:
4647:: 767.
4630:: 514.
4579:
4525:
4413:
4372:: 315.
4300:
4290:
4249:
4193:: 300.
4170:
4126:
4119:239183
4116:
3406:(IRIS)
2148:, and
2142:phenol
2138:Cresol
2105:Phenol
2018:10.20
2007:10.30
1996:10.29
1982:10.09
1927:Phenol
1747:cornea
1473:, and
1355:Oxygen
1334:Sulfur
1276:, and
1104:phosot
1100:geosot
1025:, and
974:, 1727
953:ulcers
932:Cedria
924:cedria
810:methyl
797:(âOâCH
771:35.0%
650:25.0%
592:11.6%
561:10.4%
517:Phenol
481:cresol
435:37.5%
412:20.3%
393:40.0%
318:, and
284:phenol
237:phenol
176:, and
141:, and
6631:henna
6606:Ferns
6557:Other
6506:Latex
6426:Rosin
6421:Pitch
6411:Myrrh
6396:Kauri
6254:Mahua
6244:Kusum
6234:Kombo
6229:Kokum
6151:waxes
6108:Clove
6014:Morel
5948:Ramps
5884:queen
5859:Betel
5851:roots
5712:Honey
5606:S2CID
5556:(PDF)
5549:(PDF)
5490:S2CID
5296:(PDF)
5089:S2CID
4854:(PDF)
4807:(PDF)
4214:(PDF)
4001:(PDF)
3994:(PDF)
3452:(PDF)
3441:(PDF)
2307:(PDF)
2182:Notes
2156:Other
2040:9.99
2029:9.98
1857:tides
1743:death
1210:Kampo
1154:, or
1096:eosot
920:Pliny
887:aroma
875:taste
813:ether
735:6.2%
713:1.0%
682:2.0%
623:3.6%
534:5.2%
452:2.2%
449:. . .
440:Loss
432:31.0%
429:32.1%
426:40.0%
347:Beech
92:ÏÏÏÎźÏ
85:ÎșÏÎαÏ
82:
80:Greek
76:flues
36:, in
6638:Peat
6621:Moss
6601:Cork
6501:Kino
6289:Pilu
6274:Palm
6062:Nuts
5717:pine
5707:Furs
5643:PMID
5598:PMID
5482:PMID
5474:ISSN
5409:ISBN
5390:PMID
5220:ISBN
5184:PMID
5081:PMID
5005:ISBN
4941:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4901:PMID
4791:PMID
4577:ISBN
4523:PMID
4489:Wood
4411:PMID
4313:1836
4298:PMID
4247:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4124:PMID
2069:BTEX
1985:8.1
1968:pKa
1868:and
1760:The
1733:and
1727:eyes
1714:peat
1545:and
1493:and
1282:BTEX
1262:PAHs
1166:The
1114:and
1106:and
1098:and
1090:and
1064:and
1033:and
978:The
939:and
926:and
743:and
655:3,4-
588:(OH)
569:and
557:(OH)
491:and
483:and
475:and
446:2.4%
443:1.3%
420:and
357:Pine
243:and
178:peat
152:and
106:and
55:and
53:tars
6450:gum
6446:Sap
6146:Oil
5983:Cep
5635:doi
5590:doi
5533:doi
5529:346
5466:doi
5380:PMC
5372:doi
5174:PMC
5166:doi
5073:doi
4891:PMC
4883:doi
4781:PMC
4773:doi
4718:doi
4683:doi
4679:126
4515:doi
4403:doi
4381:Etc
4288:PMC
4280:doi
4149:doi
4145:168
4114:PMC
4106:doi
4073:doi
4018:doi
2623:290
1411:".
1227:or
970:by
815:of
758:(CH
701:(CH
670:(CH
619:)OH
576:(CH
545:(CH
352:Oak
63:or
6797::
5641:.
5633:.
5623:39
5621:.
5604:.
5596:.
5586:47
5584:.
5571:.
5567:.
5527:.
5488:.
5480:.
5472:.
5462:27
5460:.
5449:20
5447:.
5443:.
5432:15
5430:.
5426:.
5388:.
5378:.
5370:.
5360:53
5358:.
5354:.
5282:.
5269:.
5265:.
5241:.
5237:.
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