46:
33:
359:, which affects traits that mediate intra- and interspecific interactions. Because nutrients are required for an array of biological processes – for example, amino acid synthesis – the environmental availability of these nutrients regulates downstream organismal characteristics. Low nutrient availability reduces both body size and growth rate, which, as noted above, regulates
466:
genome has undergone extensive gene duplication followed by rapid paralog divergence and tandem rearrangement. As a result of these processes, around 20% of its gene catalog is composed of tandems consisting of three to 80 paralog genes, many of which are ecoresponsive, that is, they are expressed
498:
that reproduce by obligate parthenogenesis also do not require fertilization and produce direct-developing eggs that are indistinguishable from eggs produced by parthenogenesis in cyclical lineages. Parthenogenesis appears to involve initial meiotic chromosome pairing. During both cyclic and
344:– chemical cues – that induce the development of small, jagged protrusions on the head, known as "neck teeth", which increase survivorship in the presence of the invertebrate predator, but at a cost – longer development time, for example – when those predators are not present.
314:
individuals are more visible to vertebrate predators, but invertebrate predators are unable to handle larger ones. As a result, larger water fleas tend to be found with invertebrate predators, while smaller size is associated with vertebrate predators.
494:, and these eggs require fertilization by a male to develop further. During the parthenogenetic stage, eggs are produced that do not require fertilization to develop further. The lineages of
306:
population ecology is extensively studied, and has been shown to be a major axis of variation in shaping population dynamics and landscape-level distribution. In addition to the direct
797:
632:
1036:
Spencer R. Hall; Mathew A. Leibold; David A. Lytle; Val H. Smith (2004). "Stoichiometry and planktonic grazer composition over gradients of light, nutrients, and predation risk".
417:, which is 3,200 Mbp in size); its 12 chromosomes contain a minimum set of 30,907 predicted protein-coding genes, more than the 20,000–25,000 contained in the human counterpart.
222:(only ever one pair per segment), and by studying its internal anatomy. The head is distinct and is made up of six segments, which are fused together even as an
845:
spp.: effects on a zooplankton community in a volcanic eutrophic lake with naturally high metal concentrations (L. Monticchio Grande, Southern Italy)"
539:
Gregorio
Fernandez-Leborans; Maria Luisa Tato-Porto (2000). "A review of the species of protozoan epibionts on crustaceans. II. Suctorian ciliates".
1499:
813:
648:
1447:
1473:
584:
1589:
1525:
1020:
954:
723:
691:
1478:
576:
420:
Such an efficient gene packaging is achieved by means of a small intron size. Indeed, whereas the mean protein length in
1408:
606:
234:, the second pair of which is enlarged into powerful organs used for swimming. No clear division is seen between the
1426:
1584:
1551:
490:
cycles between a sexual stage and a parthenogenetic stage. During the sexual stage females produce haploid eggs by
1504:
1439:
892:
269:
occurs in a wide range of aquatic habitats, although it is most closely associated with small, shaded pools. In
242:, which collectively bear five pairs of appendages. The shell surrounding the animal extends posteriorly into a
500:
413:
genome is its compactness: despite being around 200 megabase pairs (Mbp) in size (around 1/16th of that of the
45:
980:
1369:
1113:"Reconstructing the phylogeny of 21 completely sequenced arthropod species based on their motor proteins"
809:
644:
836:
471:
to environmental challenges such as biotic or abiotic stress or fluctuations in light or oxygen levels.
1374:
1091:
1012:
1556:
192:
371:, demonstrating that pond shading by trees increases nutrient concentrations relative to carbon in
368:
356:
1491:
310:
effects of predation, the process contributes to phenotypic evolution in contrasting ways; larger
1337:
946:
707:
499:
obligate parthenogenesis a polar body is extruded during cell division indicating initiation of
1594:
1299:
618:
435:
938:
675:
711:
379:
body size, and therefore competitive ability and susceptibility to predation by vertebrates.
331:
152:
1543:
1346:
1252:
1192:
1047:
849:
323:
227:
1035:
298:
species are prey for a variety of both vertebrate and invertebrate predators. The role of
8:
1256:
1196:
1051:
1579:
1275:
1240:
1213:
1174:
1141:
1112:
919:
771:
740:
558:
307:
40:
1351:
1538:
1382:
1280:
1218:
1183:
1146:
1038:
1016:
950:
911:
906:
879:
776:
719:
687:
231:
129:
1241:"Meiosis genes in Daphnia pulex and the role of parthenogenesis in genome evolution"
1083:
923:
1387:
1270:
1260:
1208:
1200:
1136:
1126:
1063:
1055:
989:
901:
858:
766:
756:
550:
403:
218:
whose body segments are difficult to distinguish. It can only be recognised by its
1172:
1512:
1009:
Ecological
Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere
538:
483:
255:
243:
993:
1434:
1421:
1322:
451:
278:
195:: the species is found throughout the Americas, Europe, and Australia. It is a
1110:
1573:
1413:
1131:
741:"Profiling sex-biased gene expression during parthenogenetic reproduction in
196:
1204:
1173:
John K. Colbourne; Michael E. Pfrender; Donald
Gilbert; et al. (2011).
974:
as an example of continuous phenotypic plasticity: morphological effects of
863:
761:
554:
1284:
1265:
1222:
1150:
1117:
915:
780:
414:
399:
270:
168:
87:
1517:
1486:
1460:
1361:
1331:
806:
An Image-Based Key To The
Zooplankton Of The Northeast (USA). Version 4.0
541:
282:
562:
519:
Some sources quote an authority of "Leydig, 1860", or "(De Geer, 1776)".
1452:
426:
341:
188:
107:
1465:
1068:
877:
1395:
336:
299:
219:
215:
97:
77:
57:
1293:
1059:
367:
in particular has been an important model species for investigating
1400:
1316:
1006:
673:
491:
294:
239:
184:
117:
1530:
32:
391:
235:
223:
200:
67:
834:
486:
or obligate parthenogenesis. During cyclical parthenogenesis
936:
372:
641:
An Image-Based Key To The
Zooplankton Of The Northeast (USA)
1111:
Florian
Odronitz; Sebastian Becker; Martin Kollmar (2009).
395:
277:
has little pigmentation, while it may become bright red in
258:, alternating between sexual and asexual reproduction.
1239:
Schurko, A. M.; Logsdon Jr, J. M.; Eads, B. D. (2009).
1238:
334:
to the presence of predators. Phantom midge larvae (
978:kairomone concentration and their quantification".
878:J. H. Pantel; T. E. Juenger; M. A. Leibold (2011).
738:
1571:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
739:Eads, BD; Bohuski, E; Andrews, J (18 Dec 2007).
669:
667:
665:
1234:
1232:
1007:Robert Warner Sterner; James J. Elser (2002).
943:Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams
430:, the average gene size is 1000 bp shorter in
1157:
970:R. Tollrian (1993). "Neckteeth formation in
716:A Final Report on the Crustacea of Minnesota
662:
409:One of the most astonishing features of the
1229:
969:
674:Alexander Ivanovitch Petrunkevitch (1916).
438:analysis, the average intron size found in
347:
199:, and was the first crustacean to have its
31:
1274:
1264:
1212:
1140:
1130:
1067:
905:
862:
835:Barbara Leoni; Letizia Garibaldi (2009).
770:
760:
604:
937:Winfried Lampert; Ulrich Sommer (2007).
706:
585:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
455:, which in turn is twice that found in
1572:
449:genome, though, is similar to that of
394:sequenced. Its genome contains 31,000
1298:
1297:
792:
790:
718:. General Books LLC. pp. 21–66.
398:– 8,000 more than are present in the
390:was the first crustacean to have its
1440:9717d5c0-a873-45c1-af68-560c5f36f63b
880:"Environmental gradients structure
13:
787:
686:. BiblioBazaar. pp. 113–121.
474:
16:Species of small freshwater animal
14:
1606:
357:nutrient availability and balance
281:waters, due to the production of
907:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02196.x
684:Morphology of Invertebrate Types
44:
1104:
1076:
1029:
1000:
963:
930:
893:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
871:
828:
732:
700:
625:
598:
569:
532:
513:
206:
1:
1590:Crustaceans described in 1860
1175:"The ecoresponsive genome of
526:
467:differently upon exposure of
981:Journal of Plankton Research
424:is quite similar to that of
363:relationships to predators.
288:
7:
810:University of New Hampshire
645:University of New Hampshire
402:– as a result of extensive
382:
10:
1611:
1092:DOE Joint Genome Institute
1013:Princeton University Press
482:can reproduce by cyclical
445:The intron density of the
261:
1306:
994:10.1093/plankt/15.11.1309
193:cosmopolitan distribution
158:
151:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1245:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1132:10.1186/1471-2164-10-173
837:"Population dynamics of
708:Herrick, Clarence Luther
506:
369:ecological stoichiometry
348:Ecological stoichiometry
1585:Cosmopolitan arthropods
1205:10.1126/science.1197761
947:Oxford University Press
864:10.4081/jlimnol.2009.37
762:10.1186/1471-2164-8-464
555:10.1163/156854000505209
254:reproduces by cyclical
1266:10.1186/1471-2148-9-78
619:University of Michigan
436:expressed sequence tag
318:Similar to some other
355:ecology is shaped by
308:population ecological
1435:Fauna Europaea (new)
949:. pp. 162–179.
888:clonal distribution"
850:Journal of Limnology
615:Animal Diversity Web
1257:2009BMCEE...9...78S
1197:2011Sci...331..555C
1052:2004Ecol...85.2291H
839:Chaoborus flavicans
816:on February 7, 2011
434:. As inferred from
230:, and two pairs of
183:is the most common
375:, which increases
246:. Like most other
1567:
1566:
1539:Open Tree of Life
1300:Taxon identifiers
1191:(6017): 555–561.
1022:978-0-691-07491-7
988:(11): 1309–1318.
956:978-0-19-921393-1
725:978-1-150-02333-0
693:978-0-554-71763-0
549:(10): 1205–1237.
442:genes is 170 bp.
176:
175:
1602:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1046:(8): 2291–2301.
1033:
1027:
1026:
1004:
998:
997:
967:
961:
960:
945:(2nd ed.).
934:
928:
927:
909:
875:
869:
868:
866:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
812:. Archived from
794:
785:
784:
774:
764:
736:
730:
729:
704:
698:
697:
671:
660:
659:
657:
656:
647:. Archived from
629:
623:
622:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
573:
567:
566:
536:
520:
517:
404:gene duplication
332:plastic response
164:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1513:Observation.org
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1237:
1230:
1171:
1158:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1060:10.1890/03-0471
1034:
1030:
1023:
1005:
1001:
968:
964:
957:
935:
931:
876:
872:
833:
829:
819:
817:
796:
795:
788:
737:
733:
726:
705:
701:
694:
672:
663:
654:
652:
631:
630:
626:
605:Carrie Miller.
603:
599:
589:
587:
575:
574:
570:
537:
533:
529:
524:
523:
518:
514:
509:
484:parthenogenesis
477:
475:Parthenogenesis
385:
350:
291:
264:
256:parthenogenesis
226:. It bears the
209:
172:
166:
160:
147:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1422:Fauna Europaea
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1356:
1343:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1228:
1156:
1103:
1075:
1028:
1021:
999:
962:
955:
929:
900:(4): 723–732.
870:
827:
786:
731:
724:
699:
692:
661:
624:
597:
568:
530:
528:
525:
522:
521:
511:
510:
508:
505:
476:
473:
452:Apis mellifera
384:
381:
349:
346:
290:
287:
279:hypereutrophic
263:
260:
208:
205:
174:
173:
167:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
1596:
1595:Animal models
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1352:Daphnia_pulex
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:Daphnia pulex
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:Daphnia pulex
1305:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1177:Daphnia pulex
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:Daphnia pulex
1079:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
973:
972:Daphnia pulex
966:
958:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
887:
883:
882:Daphnia pulex
874:
865:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
844:
840:
831:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:
800:Daphnia pulex
793:
791:
782:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
755:(2007): 464.
754:
750:
746:
744:
743:Daphnia pulex
735:
727:
721:
717:
713:
709:
703:
695:
689:
685:
681:
679:
678:Daphnia pulex
670:
668:
666:
651:on 2011-02-07
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
635:Daphnia pulex
628:
620:
616:
612:
610:
609:Daphnia pulex
601:
586:
582:
581:Leydig, 1860"
580:
579:Daphnia pulex
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
535:
531:
516:
512:
504:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
472:
470:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
345:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
325:
322:species, the
321:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
202:
198:
197:model species
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
180:Daphnia pulex
170:
165:
163:
162:Daphnia pulex
157:
154:
153:Binomial name
150:
146:
145:
144:D. pulex
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Daphnia pulex
22:
19:
1307:
1248:
1244:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1122:
1118:BMC Genomics
1116:
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1085:
1078:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1008:
1002:
985:
979:
975:
971:
965:
942:
932:
897:
891:
885:
881:
873:
857:(1): 37–45.
854:
848:
842:
838:
830:
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
805:
799:
752:
749:BMC Genomics
748:
742:
734:
715:
702:
683:
677:
653:. Retrieved
649:the original
640:
634:
627:
614:
608:
600:
588:. Retrieved
578:
571:
546:
540:
534:
515:
495:
487:
479:
478:
468:
463:
461:
456:
450:
446:
444:
439:
431:
425:
421:
419:
415:human genome
410:
408:
400:human genome
387:
386:
376:
364:
360:
352:
351:
335:
327:
319:
317:
311:
303:
293:
292:
274:
271:oligotrophic
266:
265:
251:
247:
211:
210:
179:
178:
177:
161:
159:
143:
142:
130:
118:
88:Branchiopoda
24:
18:
1487:NatureServe
1461:iNaturalist
1332:Wikispecies
939:"Predation"
712:"Section 6"
542:Crustaceana
330:exhibits a
283:haemoglobin
207:Description
203:sequenced.
191:. It has a
1574:Categories
1097:2009-11-29
1069:1808/16742
655:2009-11-28
590:August 27,
527:References
457:Drosophila
427:Drosophila
342:kairomones
340:) release
324:morphology
228:mouthparts
220:appendages
189:water flea
126:Subgenus:
108:Daphniidae
78:Arthropoda
1580:Cladocera
1251:(1): 78.
976:Chaoborus
886:pulicaria
337:Chaoborus
300:predation
289:Predation
250:species,
216:arthropod
138:Species:
98:Anomopoda
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1492:2.840919
1359:BioLib:
1323:Q1080188
1317:Wikidata
1285:19383157
1223:21292972
1151:19383156
924:12013868
916:21288271
781:18088424
710:(2009).
563:20106394
496:D. pulex
488:D. pulex
480:D. pulex
469:D. pulex
464:D. pulex
447:D. pulex
440:D. pulex
432:D. pulex
422:D. pulex
411:D. pulex
388:D. pulex
383:Genomics
377:D. pulex
365:D. pulex
353:D. pulex
328:D. pulex
312:D. pulex
304:D. pulex
275:D. pulex
267:D. pulex
252:D. pulex
232:antennae
212:D. pulex
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1453:2234840
1276:2680839
1253:Bibcode
1214:3529199
1193:Bibcode
1184:Science
1142:2674883
1125:: 173.
1048:Bibcode
1039:Ecology
843:Daphnia
820:May 12,
772:2245944
501:meiosis
492:meiosis
361:Daphnia
320:Daphnia
295:Daphnia
273:lakes,
262:Ecology
248:Daphnia
240:abdomen
185:species
131:Daphnia
119:Daphnia
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1557:148375
1531:148375
1518:534203
1466:203474
1427:237033
1414:257836
1401:DAPHPU
1283:
1273:
1221:
1211:
1149:
1139:
1019:
953:
922:
914:
779:
769:
722:
690:
561:
392:genome
236:thorax
224:embryo
214:is an
201:genome
171:, 1860
169:Leydig
1552:WoRMS
1544:59086
1479:83874
1409:EUNIS
1388:345CH
1362:32513
1088:v1.0"
920:S2CID
559:JSTOR
507:Notes
396:genes
373:algae
244:spine
1526:OBIS
1505:6669
1500:NCBI
1474:ITIS
1448:GBIF
1396:EPPO
1375:8872
1370:BOLD
1281:PMID
1219:PMID
1147:PMID
1017:ISBN
951:ISBN
912:PMID
841:and
822:2011
777:PMID
720:ISBN
688:ISBN
592:2010
462:The
238:and
1383:CoL
1347:ADW
1271:PMC
1261:doi
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1189:331
1137:PMC
1127:doi
1064:hdl
1056:doi
990:doi
902:doi
859:doi
767:PMC
757:doi
551:doi
326:of
302:on
187:of
1576::
1554::
1541::
1528::
1515::
1502::
1489::
1476::
1463::
1450::
1437::
1424::
1411::
1398::
1385::
1372::
1349::
1334::
1319::
1279:.
1269:.
1259:.
1247:.
1243:.
1231:^
1217:.
1207:.
1199:.
1187:.
1181:.
1159:^
1145:.
1135:.
1123:10
1121:.
1115:.
1090:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:85
1042:.
1015:.
1011:.
986:15
984:.
941:.
918:.
910:.
898:24
896:.
890:.
884:×
855:68
853:.
847:.
808:.
804:.
789:^
775:.
765:.
751:.
747:.
714:.
682:.
664:^
643:.
639:.
617:.
613:.
583:.
557:.
547:73
545:.
503:.
459:.
406:.
285:.
1287:.
1263::
1255::
1249:9
1225:.
1203::
1195::
1179:"
1153:.
1129::
1100:.
1084:"
1072:.
1066::
1058::
1050::
1025:.
996:.
992::
959:.
926:.
904::
867:.
861::
824:.
802:"
798:"
783:.
759::
753:8
745:"
728:.
696:.
680:"
676:"
658:.
637:"
633:"
621:.
611:"
607:"
594:.
577:"
565:.
553::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
