564:. During the first few hours of the rally, the crowd grew gradually more restless, and began raising slogans. A police cordon had been placed around the structure in preparation for attack. However, at around noon, a young man managed to slip past the cordon and climb the structure itself, brandishing a saffron flag. This was seen as a signal by the mob, who then stormed the structure. The police cordon, vastly outnumbered and unprepared for the size of the attack, fled. The mob set upon the building with axes, hammers, and grappling hooks, and within a few hours, the entire structure, made from mud and chalk, was levelled.
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On 6 December 1992 the VHP and the BJP organised a rally at the site involving 150,000 people. The rally turned violent, and the crowd overwhelmed security forces and tore down the mosque. A subsequent inquiry into the incident found 68 people responsible, including several leaders of the BJP and the
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or not to demolish the structure. It further noted: "This selected act of the leaders itself speaks of the hidden intentions of one and all being to accomplish demolition of the disputed structure." The report holds that the "icons of the movement present ... could just as easily have... prevented
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supporters reached
Ayodhya and attempted to attack the mosque. This resulted in a pitched battle with the paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several rioters. The BJP withdrew its support to the V. P. Singh ministry, necessitating fresh elections. The BJP substantially increased its
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Gopal, Sarvepalli; Thapar, Romila; Chandra, Bipan; Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi; Jaiswal, Suvira; Mukhia, Harbans; Panikkar, K.N.; Champakalakshmi, R.; Saberwal, Satish; Chattopadhyaya, B.D.; Verma, R.N.; Meenakshi, K.; Alam, Muzaffar; Singh, Dilbagh; Mukherjee, Mridula; Palat, Madhavan; Mukherjee,
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In the 1980s, the Vishva Hindu
Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as its political voice. The movement was bolstered by the decision of a district judge, who ruled in 1986 that the gates would be
466:. Popular belief holds that Baqi demolished a temple of Rama to build the mosque; historical basis for the belief is debated. Archaeological evidence has been found of a structure pre-dating the mosque. This structure has been variously identified as a Hindu temple and a Buddhist structure.
948:, condemned the demolition, and called upon India to do more to protect its Muslim population. Although its government condemned the events, the UAE experienced severe public disturbances due to the demolition of the Babri Mosque. Street protests broke out, and protesters threw stones at a
658:
leaders present in the meeting amply agreed to work in a well-orchestrated manner." Claiming that the tapes of the meeting were personally handed over by him to his boss, he asserts that he has no doubts that his boss had shared the contents with the Prime
Minister (Rao) and the
964:, 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Abu Dhabi, angry mobs set fire to the girls' wing of an Indian school. In response to the violence, UAE police arrested and deported many expatriate Pakistanis and Indians who had participated in the violence. The Commander-in-Chief of the
600:. Kalyan Singh, who was then the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, also faced severe criticism in the report. Liberhan wrote that he posted bureaucrats and police officers to Ayodhya whose record indicated that they would stay silent during the mosque's demolition. Anju Gupta, a
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handled the issue. Dhar claimed that he was directed to arrange security for a meeting between individuals from the BJP and other constituents of the Sangh
Parivar, and that the meeting "proved beyond doubt that they (RSS, BJP, VHP) had drawn up the blueprint of the
445:", is considered a holy site. This site is often believed to be at the place where the Babri Masjid stood in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh: historical evidence to support this belief is scarce. There is a rough scholarly consensus that in 1528, following the
702:
in which Hindus and
Muslims attacked one another, burning and looting homes, shops and places of worship. Several of the BJP leaders were taken into custody, and the VHP was briefly banned by the government. Despite this, the ensuing riots spread to cities like
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activists. This led to an uproar, with both parties filing civil suits laying claim to the land. The placement of the idols was seen as a desecration by the users of the Masjid. The site was declared to be in dispute, and the gates to the Masjid were locked.
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who had been in charge of Advani's security on that day, stated that Advani and Joshi made speeches that contributed to provoking the behaviour of the mob. The report notes that at this time several BJP leaders made "feeble requests to the
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claimed that the demolition was not an act of frenzied mobs but an act of sabotage planned with so much secrecy that no government agency got wind of it. It further said that the sabotage was planned several months in advance by VHP and
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Aditya; Ratnagar, S.F.; Bhattacharya, Neeladri; Trivedi, K.K.; Sharma, Yogesh; Chakravarti, Kunal; Josh, Bhagwan; Gurukkal, Rajan; Ray, Himanshu (January 1990). "The
Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute".
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242:
states that the mosque was built on land where a non-Islamic structure had previously existed. In the 1980s, the Vishva Hindu
Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the
807:
On 30 September 2020, the court acquitted all the 32 accused including L. K. Advani, Murli
Manohar Joshi, Uma Bharti, Vinay Katiyar and several others in the case on account of inconclusive evidence. The special court judge
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On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving 150,000 VHP and BJP supporters at the site of the disputed structure. The ceremonies included speeches by BJP leaders such as
2128:
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For at least four centuries, the site was used for religious purposes by both Hindus and
Muslims. The claim that the mosque stood on the site of a temple was first made in 1822, by an official of the
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34:
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995:, Hindu community centres and other cultural buildings were attacked. One temple was reportedly completely destroyed by fire. Hindu and Muslim leaders appealed for peace following the attacks.
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2020:
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897:. The Dhaka office of Air India was stormed and destroyed. 10 people were reportedly killed, 11 Hindu temples and several homes destroyed. The aftermath of the violence forced the
1093:
667:). The author claimed that there was silent agreement that Ayodhya offered "a unique opportunity to take the Hindutva wave to the peak for deriving political benefit."
477:
sect cited this statement in laying claim to the site later in the 19th century, leading to the first recorded incidents of religious violence at the site in 1855. The
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921:(GCC) strongly condemned the Babri Masjid demolition. It adopted a resolution that described the act as a "crime against Muslim holy places". Among its member states,
953:
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1064:(2011) is based on the events surrounding the demolition. The riots that followed the demolition are an important part of the plot of several films, including
2407:
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is based on the Babri Masjid demolition. The
Ayodhya dispute and the riots following the demolition form part of the backdrop to Antara Ganguly's 2016 novel,
2120:
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787:. The Court asked the CBI to explain its delay in filing an appeal. In April 2017, a special CBI court framed criminal conspiracy charges against Advani,
1811:
937:, conveyed a more moderate reaction. In response, the Indian government criticised the GCC for what it regarded as interference in its internal affairs.
535:
sought to generate support for the proposed temple, and also sought to unite Hindu votes by mobilizing anti-Muslim sentiment. Advani was arrested by the
2028:
1894:
1725:
1614:
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596:, found 68 people to be responsible for the demolition of the Masjid, mostly leaders from the BJP. Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, Joshi and
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1998:
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to pressure India to protect the rights of Muslims. Strikes were held across the country, while Muslim mobs attacked and destroyed as many as 30
830:
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on 30 June 2009. According to the report, the events of 6 December 1992, in Ayodhya were "neither spontaneous nor unplanned". In March 2015, the
2606:
889:, shops and houses across the country. An India-Bangladesh cricket match was disrupted when a mob of an estimated 5,000 men tried to storm the
3584:
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332:
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2207:"Babri Masjid demolition case: CBI Special Court acquits all accused, judge Surendra Kumar Yadav says 'demolition was not pre-planned'"
273:
communities, causing the death of at least 2,000 people. Retaliatory violence against Hindus also occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
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In Pakistan, the government closed offices and schools on 7 December to protest against the demolition of the Babri Masjid. The
3564:
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1025:, was partially inspired by the persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh that intensified after the demolition of the Babri Masjid.
934:
838:
826:
388:
2511:
1904:
1533:
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). "The Hindu nationalist reinterpretation of pilgrimage in India: the limits of Yatra politics".
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In 1992, after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in India, many Hindu temples in Pakistan were destroyed.
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Several temples were attacked by Muslims in the UK, in what were suspected to be acts of revenge. Attacks included
29:
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to come down... either in earnest or for the media's benefit". No appeal was made to the rioters not to enter the
3604:
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3000:
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771:. After 399 sittings over sixteen years, the Commission submitted its 1,029-page report to Indian Prime Minister
1655:"Uproar over India mosque report: Inquiry into Babri mosque's demolition in 1992 indicts opposition BJP leaders"
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played a big part in organising, caused the death of around 900 people, and estimated property damage of around
3158:
2958:
2151:"Babri Masjid verdict: Court acquits LK Advani, Kalyan Singh, says no evidence that accused planned demolition"
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247:(BJP) as its political voice. Several rallies and marches were held as a part of this movement, including the
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remained in place until 1949, when idols of Rama were surreptitiously placed inside the mosque, allegedly by
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1937:
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The destruction of the Babri Masjid sparked Muslim outrage around the country, provoking several months of
511:
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633:
625:
327:
166:
76:
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Pradhan, Prasanta Kumar (May 2010). "India and Gulf Cooperation Council: Time to Look Beyond Business".
1388:
Udayakumar, S.P. (August 1997). "Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History: The 'Ram Temple' Drama".
514:, and the BJP's strength in parliament grew from 2 members to 88, making its support crucial to the new
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1990:
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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
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Religious Identity of the Perpetrators and Victims of Communal Violence in Post-Independence India
853:. The retaliatory attacks included rhetoric from mobs calling for the destruction of India and of
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783:(CBI) would not pursue conspiracy charges against senior BJP leaders including L. K. Advani and
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claimed that the Babri mosque demolition was planned 10 months in advance by top leaders of the
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set up a railing in 1859, to separate the outer courtyard of the mosque to avoid disputes. The
373:
293:
244:
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1254:
1185:"Babri Masjid not built on vacant land, artefacts reveal non-Islamic structure: Supreme Court"
743:($ 3.6 billion). The demolition and the ensuing riots were among the major factors behind the
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tally in the union parliament, as well as winning a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.
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in 1993 while calling for the destroyed temples to be repaired and investigations be held.
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Babri Masjid demolition: Supreme Court to hear plea claiming CBI may go soft on L K Advani
1154:
8:
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2311:"Katas Raj temple complex is a sad monument to Pakistan's unease with its Hindu heritage"
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378:
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2899:"Sacred Games review: Netflix crime thriller engages viewers with intrigue and mystery"
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234:, had built a mosque, known as the Babri Masjid at a site identified by some Hindus as
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1900:
1873:
1817:
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1459:
1438:
1428:
1341:
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877:, citing increased harassment and discrimination in the aftermath of the demolition.
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699:
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611:
585:, who repeatedly assured the Congress government that the mosque would be protected.
266:
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1051:
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Babri Masjid case: SC issues notices to L K Advani, others over conspiracy charges
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cited the demolition of the Babri Masjid as a reason for their terrorist attacks.
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to investigate the destruction of the mosque, headed by retired High Court Judge
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and several others, eventually resulting in over 2000 deaths, mainly Muslim. The
486:
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428:
358:
317:
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235:
212:
50:
1896:
The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective
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has been often criticized for his mishandling of the situation. Rao in his book
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3199:
3103:
3045:
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2668:
1081:
1022:
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636:(RSS), BJP and VHP, and criticised the manner in which the then Prime Minister
527:
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383:
270:
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reopened and Hindus permitted to worship there. This decision was endorsed by
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1066:
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Following the demolition, Muslim mobs in Bangladesh attacked and burned down
796:
784:
540:
446:
208:
196:
25:
2044:"In the times of Yakub Memon, remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases"
1442:
1216:"Supreme Court judgment on Ayodhya ends several speculation: ASI team chief"
3528:
3504:
3472:
3411:
3406:
3326:
3153:
2831:
2795:
2435:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Bangladesh: Hindus"
2021:"India Babri Masjid demolition neither spontaneous nor unplanned: Liberhan"
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941:
922:
728:
693:
582:
553:
522:
499:
305:
254:
200:
64:
1110:, which were considered to be a response to the demolition of the mosque.
531:, a political rally travelling across much of north India to Ayodhya. The
3376:
3123:
1030:
981:
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227:
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was carried out on 6 December 1992 by a large group of activists of the
178:
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burned an effigy of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, and called for "
3416:
3386:
3235:
3148:
3118:
3083:
1893:
Gilly, Thomas Albert; Gilinskiy, Yakov; Sergevnin, Vladimir A. (2009).
1560:
1409:
1311:
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792:
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admitted a petition alleging that, with a BJP government in power, the
561:
482:
337:
1813:
Religion, conflict and reconciliation: multifaith ideals and realities
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in one day by means of fire and bulldozers, and stormed the office of
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alone, which occurred in December 1992 and January 1993 and which the
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732:
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2868:"8 times we saw the Babri Masjid debacle recalled on the big screen"
2121:"Babri case: Advani, Joshi, Bharti charged with criminal conspiracy"
1781:"Babri Masjid demolition was well-planned in ahead: Cobrapost sting"
1401:
1303:
3035:
2432:
1870:
Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India
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992:
854:
748:
642:
470:
456:
434:
231:
216:
3240:
647:
204:
107:
2638:"Of Bombay and Karachi; Review of Tanya Tania by Antara Ganguli"
1751:"Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance: Book"
506:, who sought to regain support from Hindus he had lost over the
2437:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from
2410:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from
2237:"India's BJP leaders acquitted in Babri mosque demolition case"
2181:"बाबरी विध्वंस केस में फैसला सुनाते ही जज सुरेंद्र यादव रिटायर"
1637:"Narasimha Rao blamed Kalyan Singh for Babri mosque demolition"
1094:
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration
961:
850:
724:
716:
704:
58:
1288:
972:, condemned the violence by foreign nationals in the country.
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conquest of the region, a mosque was built at the site by the
1427:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 153.
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before he could reach Ayodhya. Despite this, a large body of
463:
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In Hindu tradition, the city of Ayodhya is the birthplace of
1809:
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to lodge a formal complaint, and promised to appeal to the
438:
223:
2405:
453:
763:
On 16 December 1992, the Union home ministry set up the
215:, and was targeted after a political rally organised by
2550:"Restraint urged after fire attacks on British temples"
1892:
1454:
1452:
1080:(2005) explores the repercussions of the demolition on
577:
wrote that the demolition was a "betrayal" by the then
873:
visiting India sought longer visas, and in some cases
3488:
2951:
Indian Controversies: Essays on Religion in Politics
1449:
869:" against Hindus. In subsequent years, thousands of
651:(dance of apocalypse) at Ayodhya in December 1992".
1867:
1810:Gort, Jerald D.; Henry Jansen; H. M. Vroom (2002).
645:assault in the coming months and choreographed the
1425:Religious nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India
1054:examines the events preceding the demolition. The
261:VHP. The demolition resulted in several months of
3570:Destruction of religious buildings and structures
2953:by Arun Shourie, New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 1993.
1259:Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property
3536:
2669:"Ram Ke Naam Chronicle of a demolition Foretold"
747:and many successive riots in the coming decade.
2344:"Pakistani Hindus in India unwilling to return"
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
929:(UAE), home to large expatriate communities of
1486:"Babri mosque case: BJP MP declared absconder"
3001:
2506:. Pearson Education India. pp. 310–311.
1526:
408:
2824:
2788:
2568:"Further arson attacks on religious temples"
2501:
2433:Minority Rights Group International (2008).
1590:
1588:
1586:
1513:
1511:
1422:
1366:
1257:. In Layton, Robert; Thomas, Julian (eds.).
1245:
1243:
1241:
1021:(Shame), a 1993 novel by Bangladeshi author
812:said, "The demolition was not pre-planned."
3590:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1992
2607:"N S Madhavan tells RSS to seek edakka ban"
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1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
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1213:
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1872:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1718:"Report: Sequence of events on December 6"
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1611:"Report: Sequence of events on December 6"
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1127:
815:
415:
401:
57:
1629:
1583:
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1508:
1238:
1130:The Disputed Mosque: A Historical Inquiry
1120:
459:, and named the "Babri Masjid" after the
2547:
1740:
1318:
1279:
2526:
2459:
1214:Shrivastava, Rahul (10 November 2019).
1132:. Vistaar Publications. pp. 67–97.
3537:
2896:
2766:
2703:
2529:"Fire-bomb attacks on British temples"
2308:
2118:
2041:
1913:from the original on 30 September 2021
1830:from the original on 30 September 2021
1728:from the original on 26 September 2010
1617:from the original on 26 September 2010
1571:from the original on 27 September 2010
1249:
839:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
389:Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board
3015:
2989:
2878:from the original on 25 December 2018
2848:from the original on 15 December 2017
2748:from the original on 25 December 2018
2718:from the original on 25 December 2018
2685:from the original on 26 November 2019
2666:
2635:
2584:
2408:"Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh"
2381:"Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh"
2354:from the original on 25 December 2018
2290:from the original on 25 December 2018
2001:from the original on 26 November 2009
1971:from the original on 25 December 2018
1958:
1940:from the original on 25 December 2018
1934:"The Latest 'Indian Mujahideen Mail'"
1931:
1842:
1791:from the original on 25 December 2018
1559:
1553:
1496:from the original on 25 December 2018
1466:from the original on 10 December 2019
1354:from the original on 22 December 2019
1333:
1226:from the original on 10 November 2019
1195:from the original on 10 November 2019
1165:from the original on 10 December 2008
998:
510:. Nonetheless, the Congress lost the
3585:Hinduism-motivated violence in India
2704:Malani, Gaurav (23 September 2011).
2527:Pithers, Malcolm (8 December 1992).
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2280:"Pakistanis attack 30 Hindu temples"
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
1983:
1959:Sinha, Amitabh (14 September 2008).
1665:from the original on 31 January 2010
1594:
1517:
1460:"Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis"
1155:"Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis"
687:
670:In April 2014, a sting operation by
2406:Minorities at Risk Project (2004).
2309:Khalid, Haroon (22 December 2017).
2247:from the original on 4 October 2022
2161:from the original on 9 October 2020
1147:
802:
516:government of V. P. Singh
13:
3262:Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
2925:
2767:Kurian, Sangeeth (19 April 2005).
2548:Thurston, Mick (8 December 1992).
2217:from the original on 7 August 2022
2131:from the original on 28 March 2019
2027:. 24 November 2009. Archived from
1991:"What is the Liberhan Commission?"
14:
3616:
2965:
2812:from the original on 3 March 2016
2636:Hasan, Lamat R. (15 April 2017).
2488:
2366:
2336:
2321:from the original on 2 March 2023
2259:
2054:from the original on 30 July 2015
1757:. 30 January 2005. Archived from
975:
238:, or the birthplace of Rama. The
213:a lengthy socio-political dispute
211:, India, had been the subject of
3522:
3510:
3498:
3272:Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal
2909:from the original on 8 July 2018
2648:from the original on 4 July 2018
2617:from the original on 4 July 2018
2587:"Fears grow over temple attacks"
2585:Hinds, Diana (9 December 1992).
1899:. Charles C Thomas. p. 27.
1698:from the original on 2 July 2014
1547:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00364.x
1340:. Routledge. pp. 231, 247.
925:severely condemned the act. The
758:
82:
75:
3478:Cow vigilante violence in India
3443:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
3109:Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad
2890:
2860:
2760:
2730:
2697:
2667:Pande, Mrinal (November 1992).
2629:
2599:
2578:
2560:
2541:
2520:
2453:
2426:
2399:
2302:
2229:
2199:
2173:
2143:
2112:
2089:
2066:
2035:
2013:
1952:
1925:
1886:
1861:
1803:
1773:
1710:
1684:Venkatesan, V. (16 July 2005).
1677:
1647:
1603:
1565:"Tearing down the Babri Masjid"
1478:
901:to curtail the celebrations of
849:, India's national airline, in
781:Central Bureau of Investigation
579:Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
479:British colonial administration
154:2,000 (including ensuing riots)
83:
3448:Demolition of the Babri Masjid
3159:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
2897:Keshri, Shweta (7 July 2018).
1599:. MacMillan. pp. 582–598.
1522:. MacMillan. pp. 633–659.
1416:
1207:
1177:
908:
619:
521:In September 1990, BJP leader
311:Demolition of the Babri Masjid
240:Archaeological Survey of India
219:organisations turned violent.
189:demolition of the Babri Masjid
44:Demolition of the Babri Masjid
1:
3565:December 1992 events in India
2839:Directorate of Film Festivals
2803:Directorate of Film Festivals
2187:(in Hindi). 30 September 2020
2042:Ashraf, Ajaz (29 July 2015).
1932:Raman, B. (9 December 2010).
1849:ERCES Online Quarterly Review
1694:. Vol. 22, no. 15.
1462:. BBC News. 6 December 2012.
1140:
880:
624:In a March 2005 book, former
547:
276:
2119:Rashid, Omar (30 May 2017).
1868:Steven I. Wilkinson (2006).
1423:van der Veer, Peter (1994).
891:Bangabandhu National Stadium
682:
437:the birthplace of the deity
343:Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid
18:1992 religious riot in India
7:
3550:Attacks on mosques in India
3074:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
2832:"53rd National Film Awards"
2796:"43rd National Film Awards"
1961:"Blast a revenge for Babri"
1128:Srivastava, Sushil (1991).
899:Bangladeshi Hindu community
893:in the national capital of
820:
634:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
328:2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack
167:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
10:
3621:
3337:Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras
3205:Rastriya Prajatantra Party
2572:United Press International
2554:United Press International
1595:Guha, Ramachandra (2007).
1518:Guha, Ramachandra (2007).
827:Pakistani Foreign Ministry
691:
654:The RSS, BJP, VHP and the
426:
333:2019 Supreme Court verdict
3435:
3289:
3249:
3218:
3182:
3134:Bharatiya Janshakti Party
3066:
3059:
3023:
2474:10.1080/09700161003659103
913:At its summit meeting in
158:
150:
140:
132:
114:
103:
71:
56:
48:
43:
3595:Religious riots in India
3436:Events and controversies
3195:Hindu Prajatantrik Party
3139:Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
1787:. news.biharprabha.com.
1126:For opposing views, see
1113:
919:Gulf Cooperation Council
567:The then Prime Minister
496:Indian National Congress
226:. In the 16th century a
3458:Boycott of Hindi cinema
3382:Rajendra Prasad Lingden
3277:Hindu Maha Sabha (Fiji)
3231:Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
3129:Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal
2933:Ayodhya 6 December 1992
2742:Encyclopædia Britannica
2383:. UNHCR. Archived from
1816:. Rodopi. p. 248.
1535:Nations and Nationalism
859:Quaid-i-Azam University
816:International reactions
594:Manmohan Singh Liberhan
574:Ayodhya 6 December 1992
504:Prime Minister of India
323:Ayodhya firing incident
299:Vishnu Hari inscription
30:Infobox civilian attack
22:
3605:Crime in Uttar Pradesh
3575:1990s in Uttar Pradesh
3463:Haridwar hate speeches
3302:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
3174:Virat Hindustan Sangam
3089:Bharatiya Janata Party
2706:"Mausam: Movie Review"
2504:India's foreign policy
1334:Avari, Burjor (2013).
946:supreme leader of Iran
799:, and several others.
777:Supreme Court of India
700:inter-communal rioting
592:, authored by Justice
374:Bharatiya Janata Party
294:Archaeology of Ayodhya
245:Bharatiya Janata Party
175:Bharatiya Janata Party
120:; 31 years ago
63:19th–century photo of
35:considered for merging
3099:Vishva Hindu Parishad
2502:Ghosh Anjali (2009).
2157:. 30 September 2020.
2101:31 March 2015 at the
2078:31 March 2015 at the
751:groups including the
692:Further information:
512:1989 general election
508:Shah Bano controversy
364:Vishva Hindu Parishad
263:intercommunal rioting
193:Vishva Hindu Parishad
163:Vishva Hindu Parishad
3560:December 1992 crimes
3545:1992 crimes in India
3267:Jammu Praja Parishad
3257:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
2613:. 23 February 2016.
2155:www.timesnownews.com
1997:. 23 November 2009.
1854:10 July 2011 at the
1755:Press Trust of India
1724:. 23 November 2009.
1686:"In the dock, again"
1661:. 24 November 2009.
1265:. pp. 127–137.
1189:www.businesstoday.in
1108:1993 Bombay bombings
1098:National Film Awards
988:. Hindu temples and
927:United Arab Emirates
875:citizenship of India
857:. Students from the
810:Surendra Kumar Yadav
745:1993 Mumbai bombings
369:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
197:allied organisations
118:6 December 1992
3453:1970 Bhiwandi riots
3332:Murli Manohar Joshi
3307:Deendayal Upadhyaya
2946:P. V. Narasimha Rao
2874:. 8 December 2015.
2286:. 7 December 1992.
1563:(5 December 2002).
1255:"The Ayodhya Issue"
1191:. 9 November 2019.
1161:. 17 October 2003.
970:Dhahi Khalfan Tamim
789:Murli Manohar Joshi
765:Liberhan Commission
679:, but not jointly.
638:P. V. Narasimha Rao
626:Intelligence Bureau
598:Vijaya Raje Scindia
569:P. V. Narasimha Rao
558:Murli Manohar Joshi
537:Government of Bihar
502:, at that time the
379:Liberhan Commission
199:. The 16th-century
3600:1992 controversies
3580:Rao administration
3322:Kailashpati Mishra
3297:Dattopant Thengadi
3210:Shanti Party Nepal
3041:Uniform Civil Code
2711:The Times of India
2574:. 9 December 1992.
2462:Strategic Analysis
2441:on 18 October 2012
2414:on 18 October 2012
2387:on 14 October 2012
2284:The New York Times
2107:The Indian Express
2084:The Indian Express
2031:on 3 January 2013.
1965:The Indian Express
1643:. 5 December 2012.
1597:India After Gandhi
1520:India After Gandhi
1490:The Times of India
1251:Sharma, Ram Sharan
1096:at the respective
1070:(1995) set in the
1045:In the name of Ram
999:In popular culture
966:Dubai Police Force
630:Maloy Krishna Dhar
554:Lal Krishna Advani
3486:
3485:
3312:Subramanian Swamy
3285:
3284:
3051:Integral Humanism
3031:Hindu nationalism
3017:Hindu nationalism
2973:"Ayodhya Verdict"
2513:978-81-317-1025-8
2241:www.aljazeera.com
1936:. Outlook India.
1906:978-0-398-07867-6
1106:was based on the
1082:Muslims in Kerala
1003:Malayalam author
831:Indian ambassador
753:Indian Mujahideen
688:Communal violence
665:Shankarrao Chavan
616:the demolition."
612:sanctum sanctorum
425:
424:
217:Hindu nationalist
185:
184:
3612:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3372:François Gautier
3342:Kushabhau Thakre
3064:
3063:
3024:General ideology
3010:
3003:
2996:
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2611:Deccan Chronicle
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2211:Business Insider
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2109:, 31 March 2015.
2093:
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2086:, 31 March 2015.
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1492:. 22 July 2014.
1482:
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1390:Social Scientist
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1292:Social Scientist
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1124:
1100:. The 2007 film
1052:Anand Patwardhan
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1028:The documentary
954:Indian Consulate
871:Pakistani Hindus
803:Judicial verdict
738:
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265:between India's
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3555:Ayodhya dispute
3535:
3534:
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3511:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3468:Hindu terrorism
3431:
3422:Yogi Adityanath
3402:K. S. Sudarshan
3317:Nanaji Deshmukh
3281:
3245:
3214:
3190:GFP Ramdir Sena
3178:
3169:Sanatan Sanstha
3114:Hindu Mahasabha
3055:
3019:
3014:
2971:
2968:
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2926:Further reading
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2769:"Daivanamathil"
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2642:Hindustan Times
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2592:The Independent
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2103:Wayback Machine
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2025:Hindustan Times
2019:
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1761:on 14 June 2012
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487:Hindu Mahasabha
443:Ram Janmabhoomi
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429:Ayodhya dispute
421:
359:Hindu Mahasabha
318:Ram Janmabhoomi
285:Ayodhya dispute
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236:Ram Janmabhoomi
203:in the city of
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1230:10 November
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1199:10 November
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1975:5 December
1944:5 December
1917:25 October
1834:25 October
1765:5 December
1732:5 December
1659:Al Jazeera
1434:052091368X
1141:References
935:Pakistanis
903:Durga Puja
881:Bangladesh
793:Uma Bharti
607:kar sevaks
562:Uma Bharti
548:Demolition
528:Rath Yatra
483:status quo
338:Ram Mandir
277:Background
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3392:Amit Shah
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2774:The Hindu
2482:153384330
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1263:Routledge
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915:Abu Dhabi
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