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condition. It is the concept in this popular notion of psychosocial incapacity that forms the basis for the idea of legal incapacity. By the eighteenth century, at the period when the term entered into
European medical discourse, clinical concepts were added to the vernacular understanding such that dementia was now associated with intellectual deficits arising from any cause and at any age. By the end of the nineteenth century, the modern 'cognitive paradigm' of dementia was taking root. This holds that dementia is understood in terms of criteria relating to aetiology, age and course which excludes former members of the family of the demented such as adults with acquired head trauma or children with cognitive deficits. Moreover, it was now understood as an irreversible condition and a particular emphasis was placed on memory loss in regard to the deterioration of intellectual functions.
601:
depressive psychosis, were assiduously adopted in clinical and research contexts among the
Germanic psychiatric community. German-language psychiatric concepts were always introduced much faster in America (than, say, Britain) where émigré German, Swiss and Austrian physicians essentially created American psychiatry. Swiss-émigré Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), arguably the most influential psychiatrist in America for the first half of the 20th century, published the first critique of dementia praecox in an 1896 book review of the 5th edition of Kraepelin's textbook. But it was not until 1900 and 1901 that the first three American publications regarding dementia praecox appeared, one of which was a translation of a few sections of Kraepelin's 6th edition of 1899 on dementia praecox.
550:
from the 1896 edition onwards
Kraepelin made clear his belief that poisoning of the brain, "auto-intoxication," probably by sex hormones, may underlie dementia praecox – a theory also entertained by Eugen Bleuler. Both theorists insisted dementia praecox is a biological disorder, not the product of psychological trauma. Thus, rather than a disease of hereditary degeneration or of structural brain pathology, Kraepelin believed dementia praecox was due to a systemic or "whole body" disease process, probably metabolic, which gradually affected many of the tissues and organs of the body before affecting the brain in a final, decisive cascade. Kraepelin, recognizing dementia praecox in Chinese, Japanese, Tamil and Malay patients, suggested in the eighth edition of
512:, Kraepelin established a paradigm for psychiatry that would dominate the following century, sorting most of the recognized forms of insanity into two major categories: dementia praecox and manic-depressive illness. Dementia praecox was characterized by disordered intellectual functioning, whereas manic-depressive illness was principally a disorder of affect or mood; and the former featured constant deterioration, virtually no recoveries and a poor outcome, while the latter featured periods of exacerbation followed by periods of remission, and many complete recoveries. The class, dementia praecox, comprised the paranoid, catatonic and hebephrenic psychotic disorders, and these forms were found in the
641:
that existing diagnoses such as "delusional insanity" or "adolescent insanity" were better or more clearly defined. In France a psychiatric tradition regarding the psychotic disorders predated
Kraepelin, and the French never fully adopted Kraepelin's classification system. Instead the French maintained an independent classification system throughout the 20th century. From 1980, when DSM-III totally reshaped psychiatric diagnosis, French psychiatry began to finally alter its views of diagnosis to converge with the North American system. Kraepelin thus finally conquered France via America.
656:
to
Kraepelin's dementia praecox. When Freudian perspectives became influential in American psychiatry in the 1920s schizophrenia became an attractive alternative concept. Bleuler corresponded with Freud and was connected to Freud's psychoanalytic movement, and the inclusion of Freudian interpretations of the symptoms of schizophrenia in his publications on the subject, as well as those of C.G. Jung, eased the adoption of his broader version of dementia praecox (schizophrenia) in America over Kraepelin's narrower and prognostically more negative one.
689:
the
Meyerians and psychoanalysts—were overthrown. For research purposes, the definition of schizophrenia returned to the narrow range allowed by Kraepelin's dementia praecox concept. Furthermore, after 1980 the disorder was a progressively deteriorating one once again, with the notion that recovery, if it happened at all, was rare. This revision of schizophrenia became the basis of the diagnostic criteria in DSM-III (1980). Some of the psychiatrists who worked to bring about this revision referred to themselves as the "neo-Kraepelinians".
566:
manic-depressive illness, there could be no disease-specific treatment, and recommended the use of long baths and the occasional use of drugs such as opiates and barbiturates for the amelioration of distress, as well as occupational activities, where suitable, for all institutionalized patients. Based on his theory that dementia praecox is the product of autointoxication emanating from the sex glands, Kraepelin experimented, without success, with injections of thyroid, gonad and other glandular extracts.
575:
214:
from each other, with
Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word and that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of Pick and Kraepelin, Morel's term had vanished without a trace and there is little evidence to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the term until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name. As Eugène Minkowski stated, "An abyss separates Morel's
637:. In both clinical work as well as research, between 1918 and 1952 five different terms were used interchangeably: dementia praecox, schizophrenia, dementia praecox (schizophrenia), schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and schizophrenic reaction. This made the psychiatric literature of the time confusing since, in a strict sense, Kraepelin's disease was not Bleuler's disease. They were defined differently, had different population parameters, and different concepts of prognosis.
27:
238:
622:
at
Bellevue Hospital in New York City in 1903. The term lived on due to its promotion in the publications of the National Committee on Mental Hygiene (founded in 1909) and the Eugenics Records Office (1910). But perhaps the most important reason for the longevity of Kraepelin's term was its inclusion in 1918 as an official diagnostic category in the uniform system adopted for comparative statistical record-keeping in all American mental institutions,
676:
interpreted as "psychologically self-protected"). The diagnostic criteria were vague, minimal and wide, including either concepts that no longer exist or that are now labeled as personality disorders (for example, schizotypal personality disorder). There was also no mention of the dire prognosis
Kraepelin had made. Schizophrenia seemed to be more prevalent and more psychogenic and more treatable than either Kraepelin or Bleuler would have allowed.
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428:... after the first thorough examination of a new patient, each of us had to throw in a note with his diagnosis written on it. After a while, the notes were taken out of the box, the diagnoses were listed, and the case was closed, the final interpretation of the disease was added to the original diagnosis. In this way, we were able to see what kind of mistakes had been made and were able to follow-up the reasons for the wrong original diagnosis.
380:(course and outcome). An additional feature of the clinical method was that the characteristic symptoms that define syndromes should be described without any prior assumption of brain pathology (although such links would be made later as scientific knowledge progressed). Karl Kahlbaum made an appeal for the adoption of the clinical method in psychiatry in his 1874 book on catatonia. Without Kahlbaum and Hecker there would be no dementia praecox.
587:
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438:, published in 1893, two years after his arrival at Heidelberg, contained some impressions of the patterns Kraepelin had begun to find in his index cards. Prognosis (course and outcome) began to feature alongside signs and symptoms in the description of syndromes, and he added a class of psychotic disorders designated "psychic degenerative processes", three of which were borrowed from Kahlbaum and Hecker:
278:(1797–1860), held that the variety of symptoms attributed to mental illness were manifestations of a single underlying disease process. While these approaches had a diachronic aspect they lacked a conception of mental illness that encompassed a coherent notion of change over time in terms of the natural course of the illness and based upon an empirical observation of changing symptomatology.
535:
and 1915, he described eleven forms of dementia, and dementia praecox was classed as one of the "endogenous dementias". Modifying his previous more gloomy prognosis in line with
Bleuler's observations, Kraepelin reported that about 26% of his patients experienced partial remission of symptoms. Kraepelin died while working on the ninth edition of
417:. There he established a research program based on Kahlbaum's proposal for a more exact qualitative clinical approach, and his own innovation: a quantitative approach involving meticulous collection of data over time on each new patient admitted to the clinic (rather than only the interesting cases, as had been the habit until then).
299:). Although with the passage of time this work would prove profoundly influential, when it was published it was almost completely ignored by German academia despite the sophisticated and intelligent disease classification system which it proposed. In this book Kahlbaum categorized certain typical forms of psychosis (
655:
Due to the influence of alienists such as Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, George Kirby, Charles Macphie Campbell, Smith Ely Jelliffe and William Alanson White, psychogenic theories of dementia praecox dominated the American scene by 1911. In 1925 Bleuler's schizophrenia rose in prominence as an alternative
412:
Understanding that objective diagnostic methods must be based on scientific practice, Kraepelin had been conducting psychological and drug experiments on patients and normal subjects for some time when, in 1891, he left Dorpat and took up a position as professor and director of the psychiatric clinic
213:
as amounting to the discovery of schizophrenia, others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the term should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept. This is due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly
199:
in psychiatry, used the term in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category. It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of young men and women with "stupor". As such their condition was characterised by a certain torpor, enervation, and disorder of the will
127:
Kraepelin viewed dementia praecox as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered. However, by 1913, and more explicitly by 1920, Kraepelin admitted that while there may be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the
640:
The reception of dementia praecox as an accepted diagnosis in British psychiatry came more slowly, perhaps only taking hold around the time of World War I. There was substantial opposition to the use of the term "dementia" as misleading, partly due to findings of remission and recovery. Some argued
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appearing in 1907 and reissued in 1912. Both dementia praecox (in its three classic forms) and "manic-depressive psychosis" gained wider popularity in the larger institutions in the eastern United States after being included in the official nomenclature of diseases and conditions for record-keeping
478:
What convinced me of the superiority of the clinical method of diagnosis (followed here) over the traditional one, was the certainty with which we could predict (in conjunction with our new concept of disease) the future course of events. Thanks to it the student can now find his way more easily in
688:
in the 1970s that were independent of any clinical diagnostic manual, Kraepelin's idea that categories of mental disorder should reflect discrete and specific disease entities with a biological basis began to return to prominence. Vague dimensional approaches based on symptoms—so highly favored by
549:
Though his work and that of his research associates had revealed a role for heredity, Kraepelin realized nothing could be said with certainty about the aetiology of dementia praecox, and he left out speculation regarding brain disease or neuropathology in his diagnostic descriptions. Nevertheless,
534:
reported in 1908 that in many cases there was no inevitable progressive decline, there was temporary remission in some cases, and there were even cases of near recovery with the retention of some residual defect. In the eighth edition of Kraepelin's textbook, published in four volumes between 1909
403:
advocated that the ideas of Kahlbaum, who was then a marginal and little known figure in psychiatry, should be followed. Therefore, he argued, a research programme into the nature of psychiatric illness should look at a large number of patients over time to discover the course which mental disease
169:
in 50 BC where it meant "being out of one's mind". Until the seventeenth century, dementia referred to states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence. This condition could be innate or acquired, and the concept had no reference to a necessarily irreversible
675:
Editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders since the first in 1952 had reflected views of schizophrenia as "reactions" or "psychogenic" (DSM-I), or as manifesting Freudian notions of "defense mechanisms" (as in DSM-II of 1969 in which the symptoms of schizophrenia were
223:
Morel described several psychotic disorders that ended in dementia, and as a result he may be regarded as the first alienist or psychiatrist to develop a diagnostic system based on presumed outcome rather than on the current presentation of signs and symptoms. Morel, however, did not conduct any
565:
Kraepelin had experimented with hypnosis but found it wanting, and disapproved of Freud's and Jung's introduction, based on no evidence, of psychogenic assumptions to the interpretation and treatment of mental illness. He argued that, without knowing the underlying cause of dementia praecox or
600:
Kraepelin noted the dissemination of his new disease concept when in 1899 he enumerated the term's appearance in almost twenty articles in the German-language medical press. In the early years of the twentieth century the twin pillars of the Kraepelinian dichotomy, dementia praecox and manic
228:
on the course and outcome of dementia praecox (Kraepelin would be the first in history to do that) so this prognosis was based on speculation. It is impossible to discern whether the condition briefly described by Morel was equivalent to the disorder later called dementia praecox by Pick and
604:
Adolf Meyer was the first to apply the new diagnostic term in America. He used it at the Worcester Lunatic Hospital in Massachusetts in the fall of 1896. He was also the first to apply Eugen Bleuler's term "schizophrenia" (in the form of "schizophrenic reaction") in 1913 at the Henry Phipps
404:
could take. It has also been suggested that Kraepelin's decision to accept the Dorpat post was informed by the fact that there he could hope to gain experience with chronic patients and this, it was presumed, would facilitate the longitudinal study of mental illness.
2150:
Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten und die Eintheilung der Seelenstörungen: Entwurf einer historisch-kritischen Darstellung der bisherigen Eintheilungen und Versuch zur Anbahnung einer empirisch-wissenschaftlichen Grundlage der Psychiatrie als klinischer
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in 1925. Until 1952 the terms dementia praecox and schizophrenia were used interchangeably in American psychiatry, with occasional use of the hybrid terms "dementia praecox (schizophrenia)" or "schizophrenia (dementia praecox)".
111:
The primary disturbance in dementia praecox was seen to be a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning in attention, memory, and goal-directed behaviour. Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, now termed
659:
The term "schizophrenia" was first applied by American alienists and neurologists in private practice by 1909 and officially in institutional settings in 1913, but it took many years to catch on. It is first mentioned in
556:
that, "we must therefore seek the real cause of dementia praecox in conditions which are spread all over the world, which thus do not lie in race or in climate, in food or in any other general circumstance of life..."
153:
608:
The dissemination of Kraepelin's disease concept to the Anglophone world was facilitated in 1902 when Ross Diefendorf, a lecturer in psychiatry at Yale, published an adapted version of the sixth edition of the
483:
In this edition dementia praecox is still essentially hebephrenia, and it, dementia paranoides and catatonia are described as distinct psychotic disorders among the "metabolic disorders leading to dementia".
104:. Kraepelin reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox. This division, commonly referred to as the
2728:
Noll, Richard (1999). "Styles of psychiatric practice: clinical evaluations of the same patient by James Jackson Putnam, Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, Emil Kraepelin and Smith Ely Jelliffe".
365:. Perhaps their most lasting contribution to psychiatry was the introduction of the "clinical method" from medicine to the study of mental diseases, a method which is now known as
630:, or DSM-I, appeared. Dementia praecox disappeared from official psychiatry with the publication of DSM-I, replaced by the Bleuler/Meyer hybridization, "schizophrenic reaction".
264:
of a given disease concept. The dominant psychiatric paradigms which gave a semblance of order to this fragmentary picture were Morelian degeneration theory and the concept of "
978:). In the first instance the reference is made in relation to young girls of asthenic build who have often also had typhoid. It is a description and not a diagnostic category (
311:
was distinguished by the passage of the patient through clearly defined disease phases: a melancholic stage; a manic stage; a confusional stage; and finally a demented stage.
305:) as a single coherent type based upon their shared progressive nature which betrayed, he argued, an ongoing degenerative disease process. For Kahlbaum the disease process of
1489:
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in positing that senility is not an age specific condition and he also remarks that at his clinic he sees almost as many young people experiencing senility as old people (
252:
in the nineteenth-century was chaotic and characterised by a conflicting mosaic of contradictory systems. Psychiatric disease categories were based upon short-term and
204:. He did not conceptualise their state as irreversible and thus his use of the term dementia was equivalent to that formed in the eighteenth century as outlined above.
387:, Estonia) in 1886, Kraepelin gave an inaugural address to the faculty outlining his research programme for the years ahead. Attacking the "brain mythology" of
513:
1842:
Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians Abstracted and Adapted from the Seventh German Edition of Kraepelin's "Lehrbuch Der Psychiatrie"
986:). In the next instance the term is used to argue that the illness course for those with mania does not normally terminate in an early form of dementia (
579:
1622:
2526:"Infectious insanities, surgical solutions: Bayard Taylor Holmes, dementia praecox and laboratory science in early twentieth-century America. Part 2"
916:, p. 46. Berrios, Luque and Villagran contend in their 2003 article on schizophrenia that Morel's first use dates to the publication in 1860 of
762:
3075:
Weber, Matthias M.; Engstrom, Eric J. (1997). "Kraepelin's 'diagnostic cards': the confluence of clinical research and preconceived categories".
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Steinberger, Holger; Angermeyer, Matthias C. (2001). "Emil Kraepelin's years at Dorpat as professor of psychiatry in nineteenth-century Russia".
2482:"Infectious insanities, surgical solutions: Bayard Taylor Holmes, dementia praecox and laboratory science in early 20th-century America. Part 1"
1104:, p. 117), others baldly state that Kraepelin was clearly inspired by Morel's lead. Yet no evidence of this claim is offered. For example,
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Dowbiggin, Ian (1996). "Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885–1925'".
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Kraepelin believed that by thoroughly describing all of the clinic's new patients on index cards, which he had been using since 1887,
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characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. Over the years, the term
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626:. Its many revisions served as the official diagnostic classification scheme in America until 1952 when the first edition of the
100:
in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that eventually became a different disease concept later relabeled as
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until the fifth edition was released, in May 2013. These terms, however, are still found in general psychiatric nomenclature.
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124:. He eventually concluded that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross-sectional symptoms.
2612:
Noll, Richard (2006d). "Chicago's Dr. Bayard Taylor Holmes: A forgotten pioneer in the history of biological psychiatry".
450:, (Hecker's hebephrenia of 1871). Kraepelin continued to equate dementia praecox with hebephrenia for the next six years.
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bias could be eliminated from the investigation process. He described the method in his posthumously published memoir:
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930:). Dowbiggin inaccurately states that Morel used the term on page 234 of the first volume of his 1852 publication
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studies on young psychotic patients that would become a major influence on the development of modern psychiatry.
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was used in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of young mental patients by the French physician
2195:
Kraam, Abdullah (2009). "'Hebephrenia. A contribution to clinical psychiatry.' By Dr. Ewald Hecker in Görlitz".
2625:
Noll, Richard (2004a). "Historical Review: Autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox".
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which was published in 1860. Morel, whose name will be forever associated with religiously inspired concept of
2947:"Classic Text No. 72 Non-dementia non-praecox: note on the advantages to mental hygiene of extirpating a term"
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578:"Psychiatrists of Europe! Protect your sanctified diagnoses!" A satirizing cartoon by Emil Kraepelin based on
82:
376:, a diagnosis became more than just a description of a collection of symptoms: diagnosis now also defined by
2438:"Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox"
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data derived from long term observation of patients, would produce reliable diagnoses including prognosis:
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1890s. Still, he regarded it as a specific disease concept that implied incurable, inexplicable madness.
1958:
Hippius, Hanns; Muller, Norbert (2008). "The work of Emil Kraepelin and his research group in Munchen".
530:, Kraepelin accepted the possibility that a small number of patients may recover from dementia praecox.
962:). Also, as Hoenig accurately states, Morel uses the term twice in his 1852 text on pages 282 and 361 (
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Psychiatrie: Ein kurzes Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Vierte, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage.
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Upon his appointment to a full professorship in psychiatry at the University of Dorpat (now
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observations of patients from which were derived the putative characteristic
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31:
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334:(1843–1909), and during a ten-year collaboration they conducted a series of
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492:
341:
Together Kahlbaum and Hecker were the first to describe and name such
315:
45:(meaning a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") is a disused
2858:"Eugen Bleuler's schizophrenias – synthesis of various concepts"
2311:Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales
377:
358:
346:
166:
1082:
888:
165:
is an ancient term which has been in use since at least the time of
3267:
1785:"Another nail in the coffin for the cognitive paradigm of dementia"
864:
789:
354:
342:
335:
261:
249:
161:
586:
624:
The Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane
442:(a degenerative type of Kahlbaum's paranoia, with sudden onset),
327:
1620:
1603:
DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders
1599:
1100:
While Berrios, Luque and Villagran argue this point forcefully (
16:
Obsolete medical term for the schizophrenia and autism spectrums
3295:
2404:
The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
1691:
Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003).
323:
282:
74:
was first used by German psychiatrist Heinrich SchĂĽle in 1880.
49:
diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating
3132:
Vol. VIII. Kraepelin in München, Teil III: 1921–1926 (2013),
3044:
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Schizophrenia
1700:
International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy
384:
274:). This latter notion, derived from the Belgian psychiatrist
3119:
1960:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuropsychiatry
1509:
487:
1606:(4th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
1072:
1070:
3143:
Vol. VII: Kraepelin in München, Teil II: 1914–1926 (2008).
3146:
Vol. VI: Kraepelin in München, Teil I: 1903–1914 (2006),
2926:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
706:
McNally K (December 2013). "Dementia praecox revisited".
644:
1067:
876:
2384:
American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox
1323:
289:(1828–1899) published his text on psychiatric nosology
189:. and the term is used more frequently in his textbook
3074:
1957:
2996:
1916:"The Kraepelinian dichotomy: twin pillars crumbling?"
1690:
1341:
1311:
1122:
1101:
1088:
1003:
923:
897:
870:
858:
795:
514:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
372:
When the element of time was added to the concept of
3263:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1368:
1366:
777:
742:
3156:Vol. V: Kraepelin in Heidelberg, 1891–1903 (2005),
2662:Noll, Richard (2004b). "Dementia Praecox Studies".
1260:
628:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders
596:("People of Europe, defend your sacred treasures!")
2266:Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians
2104:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1665:
1629:. American Psychiatric Association. Archived from
1546:Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis
605:Psychiatric Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
3248:Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1899.
3241:Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1896.
2272:
2161:"Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum by Dr. Ewald Hecker (1899)"
1824:. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1717:Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Language Disorders
823:
3310:
3166:Vol. IV: Kraepelin in Dorpat, 1886–1891 (2003),
2764:
2282:Hospital Physician Neurology Board Review Manual
1286:
1251:
330:). He was accompanied by his younger assistant,
2862:Schweizer Archiv fĂĽr Neurologie und Psychiatrie
2273:Malgorzata, B. Franczak; Maganti, Rama (2004).
1899:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
1567:. In Norman, Ian J.; Redfern, Sally J. (eds.).
3196:Vol. I: Persönliches, Selbstzeugnisse (2000),
3038:. In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott;
3036:"History of schizophrenia and its antecedents"
684:As a direct result of the effort to construct
200:and was related to the diagnostic category of
2264:Kraepelin, Emil (1990). Quen, Jacques (ed.).
1637:
89:" (an adolescent-onset psychotic condition).
3212:1908–1926. annotated edition of Kraepelin's
2944:
1027:
1013:
1007:
949:
931:
917:
616:
610:
591:
551:
536:
525:
507:
454:
433:
290:
269:
215:
208:
190:
184:
174:
2855:
2386:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1142:
593:Völker Europas, wahrt eure heiligsten Güter
306:
300:
292:Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten
3066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2909:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2826:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2370:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2324:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1855:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1838:
1821:Clifford W. Beers, advocate for the insane
1774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1739:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1591:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1515:
459:, Kraepelin expressed confidence that his
297:The Classification of Psychiatric Diseases
81:(1851–1924), a professor of psychiatry at
3129:. 8 vols. Munich: Belleville, 2000–2013.
2873:
2263:
2254:
2231:
2101:
1863:
1800:
1710:
1621:American Psychiatric Association (2011).
1600:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
1400:
1388:
1138:
1076:
937:
827:
488:Kraepelin's influence on the next century
407:
2146:
2064:
2027:
1892:
1531:
1527:
1302:
1255:
1243:
1197:
1150:
804:
580:a famous contemporary political painting
573:
491:
236:
151:
147:
25:
2917:
2882:
2275:"Neurodegenerative disorders: dementia"
1663:
1353:
1012:is used by Morel once in his 1857 text
850:
815:
765:. Scientific American Mind (March 2013)
705:
3311:
3176:Vol. III: Briefe I, 1868–1886 (2002),
2945:Southard, E.E.; Noll, Richard (2007).
2801:
2627:World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
1994:
1913:
1623:"B00 Schizophrenia: Proposed Revision"
1543:
1329:
1317:
1173:
963:
909:
783:
748:
645:From dementia praecox to schizophrenia
569:
519:
3033:
2922:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry
2698:
2661:
2624:
2611:
2567:
2523:
2479:
2435:
2400:
2353:
2332:
2307:
2194:
2158:
1782:
1751:Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion?
1747:
1693:"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history"
1569:Mental Health Care for Elderly People
1562:
1479:
1434:
1419:
1404:
1372:
1298:
1278:
1266:
1227:
1212:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1134:
1105:
1033:
1019:
987:
979:
967:
955:
941:
927:
913:
882:
835:
760:
670:
3284:, a famous case of dementia praecox.
2841:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2834:
2727:
2378:
1817:
1495:
479:the difficult subject of psychiatry.
432:The fourth edition of his textbook,
3319:Obsolete terms for mental disorders
1123:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
1102:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
1089:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
1026:) and seven times in his 1860 book
1004:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
948:). On page 235 Morel does refer to
924:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
898:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
871:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
859:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
796:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003
453:In the March 1896 fifth edition of
183:in 1852 in the first volume of his
156:Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)
57:was gradually replaced by the term
13:
3112:
1715:. In La Pointe, Leonard L. (ed.).
14:
3340:
3288:
3253:Prager medicinische Wochenschrift
2960:(4). SAGE Publications: 483–502.
2110:(2). SAGE Publications: 137–144.
1342:Steinberger & Angermeyer 2001
524:In the seventh, 1904, edition of
232:
96:(1856–1926) popularised the term
3294:
3266:
2116:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00535.x
1449:
1711:Bourgeois, Michelle S. (2005).
1556:
1537:
1521:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1394:
1382:
1292:
1272:
1237:
1206:
1183:
1159:
1128:
1115:
1094:
997:
903:
116:, and also with other forms of
2835:Sass, Louis Arnorsson (1994).
2147:Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig (1863).
1719:. New York. pp. 199–212.
844:
809:
754:
699:
679:
1:
2676:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00219-6
1789:British Journal of Psychiatry
1548:. New York: Harper Perennial.
824:Malgorzata & Maganti 2004
506:In the 1899 (6th) edition of
497:
466:, involving analysis of both
3210:Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache
3046:. Arlington. pp. 1–15.
2357:Traité des maladies mentales
1839:Diefendorf, A. Ross (1912).
1571:. London. pp. 183–204.
1287:Pillmann & Marneros 2003
1252:Pillmann & Marneros 2003
1029:Traité des maladies mentales
919:Traité des maladies mentales
692:
686:Research Diagnostic Criteria
560:
192:Traité des maladies mentales
83:Charles University in Prague
77:It was also used in 1891 by
7:
3259:
3234:Leipzig: Abel Verlag, 1893.
1999:. London. pp. 336–48.
1664:Berrios, German E. (1996).
761:Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013).
10:
3345:
3089:10.1177/0957154X9700803104
3034:Stone, Michael H. (2006).
3011:10.1177/0957154X0101204703
2742:10.1177/0957154X9901003801
2407:(3rd ed.). New York.
2259:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2079:10.1177/0957154X0201305204
2042:10.1177/0957154X0201305103
1893:Engstrom, Eric J. (2003).
1866:Social History of Medicine
1645:. London. pp. 280–92.
648:
131:
18:
3216:in the mentioned period.
2779:10.1177/0957154X030142002
2639:10.1080/15622970410029914
2570:"The blood of the insane"
1972:10.1007/s00406-008-2001-6
1802:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058537
446:(per Kahlbaum, 1874) and
220:from that of Kraepelin."
216:
122:major depressive disorder
2966:10.1177/0957154x07082895
2883:Shorter, Edward (1997).
2856:Scharfetter, C. (2001).
2713:10.1177/0957154X04041832
2589:10.1177/0957154X06059440
2545:10.1177/0957154x06059446
2501:10.1177/0957154x06059456
2457:10.1177/0957154X07078705
2339:. Paris: J.B. Balliere.
2255:Kraepelin, Emil (1987).
2232:Kraepelin, Emil (1896).
2209:10.1177/0957154X08099416
2180:10.1177/0957154X07084879
2159:Kraam, Abdullah (2008).
1935:10.1177/0957154X07078977
1783:Burns, Alastair (2009).
1754:(2nd ed.). London.
1006:, p. 117. The term
720:10.1177/0957154X13501454
651:History of schizophrenia
612:Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie
544:
19:Not to be confused with
3122:(2000 – mid 2007).
2875:10.4414/sanp.2001.01199
2568:Noll, Richard (2006c).
2524:Noll, Richard (2006b).
2480:Noll, Richard (2006a).
2436:Noll, Richard (2007b).
2401:Noll, Richard (2007a).
1544:Makari, George (2008).
590:The political painting
181:Bénédict Augustin Morel
3324:Obsolete medical terms
2664:Schizophrenia Research
2288:(4): 2. Archived from
1914:Greene, Tayla (2007).
1563:Adams, Trevor (1997).
1403:, p. v quoted in
1028:
1014:
1008:
950:
932:
918:
617:
611:
597:
592:
583:
552:
537:
526:
508:
503:
481:
455:
434:
430:
408:Quantitative component
307:
301:
291:
270:
245:
209:
191:
185:
175:
157:
145:
106:Kraepelinian dichotomy
39:
3208:Engels, Huub (2006).
3077:History of Psychiatry
2999:History of Psychiatry
2954:History of Psychiatry
2767:History of Psychiatry
2730:History of Psychiatry
2701:History of Psychiatry
2577:History of Psychiatry
2533:History of Psychiatry
2489:History of Psychiatry
2445:History of Psychiatry
2197:History of Psychiatry
2168:History of Psychiatry
2067:History of Psychiatry
2030:History of Psychiatry
1923:History of Psychiatry
1818:Dain, Norman (1980).
708:History of Psychiatry
589:
577:
495:
476:
426:
415:Heidelberg University
391:and the positions of
240:
226:quantitative research
155:
148:First use of the term
135:
29:
3303:at Wikimedia Commons
3282:Daniel Paul Schreber
3255:, 1891, 16: 312–315.
2802:Porter, Roy (1999).
2354:Morel, B.A. (1860).
2333:Morel, B.A. (1857).
2308:Morel, B.A. (1852).
2036:(51 Pt 3): 285–304.
1748:Boyle, Mary (2002).
1633:on 25 December 2010.
1532:Ion & Beer 2002b
1530:, pp. 285–304;
1528:Ion & Beer 2002a
1452:"Whole Body Madness"
326:, a small town near
287:Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
285:-based psychiatrist
242:Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
92:German psychiatrist
21:Early onset dementia
3083:(31 Pt 3): 375–85.
2736:(38 Pt 2): 145–89.
2154:. Danzig: Kafemann.
2073:(52 Pt 4): 419–31.
1878:10.1093/shm/9.3.383
1454:. Psychiatric times
1344:, pp. 297–327.
885:, pp. 199–200.
570:Use of term spreads
520:Change in prognosis
440:dementia paranoides
197:degeneration theory
1966:(Suppl. 2): 3–11.
1639:Berrios, German E.
1518:, pp. 219–75.
1176:, pp. 337–8;
671:Diagnostic manuals
663:The New York Times
635:Statistical Manual
598:
584:
504:
246:
158:
51:psychotic disorder
40:
3299:Media related to
3274:Psychiatry portal
3244:Kraepelin, Emil.
3237:Kraepelin, Emil.
3222:978-90-6464-060-5
3138:978-3-943157-22-2
3040:Perkins, Diana O.
2393:978-0-674-04739-6
1627:DSM-5 Development
1613:978-0-89042-025-6
1534:, pp. 419–31
1332:, pp. 337–8.
266:unitary psychosis
3336:
3301:Dementia praecox
3298:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3108:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3030:
2993:
2951:
2941:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2879:
2877:
2852:
2831:
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2817:
2798:
2761:
2724:
2695:
2658:
2621:
2614:Chicago Medicine
2608:
2574:
2564:
2530:
2520:
2486:
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2442:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2397:
2375:
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2350:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2314:. Vol. 1. Nancy.
2304:
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2251:
2245:
2237:
2228:
2191:
2165:
2155:
2143:
2098:
2061:
2024:
2018:
2010:
1991:
1954:
1920:
1910:
1889:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1835:
1814:
1804:
1779:
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1535:
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1519:
1513:
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1493:
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1461:
1459:
1447:
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1432:
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1411:
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1327:
1321:
1315:
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1296:
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1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1187:
1181:
1163:
1157:
1143:Scharfetter 2001
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1001:
995:
953:
951:démence juvénile
935:
933:Etudes cliniques
921:
907:
901:
895:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
848:
842:
813:
807:
799:
793:
787:
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775:
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746:
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739:
703:
620:
614:
595:
555:
540:
529:
511:
502:
499:
458:
448:dementia praecox
437:
310:
304:
294:
273:
271:Einheitspsychose
219:
218:
212:
194:
188:
186:Études cliniques
178:
143:
114:bipolar disorder
98:dementia praecox
72:dementia praecox
55:dementia praecox
43:Dementia praecox
36:dementia praecox
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3309:
3308:
3291:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3228:Kraepelin, Emil
3115:
3113:Further reading
3059:
3058:
3054:
3005:(47): 297–327.
2949:
2938:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2849:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2572:
2528:
2484:
2440:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2394:
2363:
2362:
2347:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2296:
2295:on 4 March 2016
2292:
2277:
2239:
2238:
2163:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1918:
1907:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1767:
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1614:
1584:
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1559:
1554:
1553:
1542:
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1526:
1522:
1516:Diefendorf 1912
1514:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1450:Noll, Richard.
1448:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1301:, p. 105;
1297:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1254:, p. 163;
1242:
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1226:
1222:
1211:
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1184:
1164:
1160:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1009:démence précoce
1002:
998:
966:, p. 337;
940:, p. 388;
926:, p. 117;
912:, p. 337;
908:
904:
896:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
849:
845:
814:
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790:
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747:
743:
704:
700:
695:
682:
673:
653:
647:
572:
563:
547:
522:
500:
496:Emil Kraepelin
490:
410:
367:psychopathology
276:Joseph Guislain
254:cross-sectional
235:
217:démence précoce
210:démence précoce
176:démence précoce
150:
144:
141:
134:
65:autism spectrum
30:A monograph by
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3342:
3332:
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3290:
3289:External links
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3127:Emil Kraepelin
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1401:Kraepelin 1896
1393:
1389:Kraepelin 1987
1381:
1362:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1320:, p. 512.
1310:
1291:
1271:
1259:
1236:
1220:
1205:
1182:
1158:
1141:, p. 96;
1139:Jablensky 1999
1137:, p. 77;
1127:
1125:, p. 117.
1114:
1093:
1091:, p. 118.
1081:
1079:, p. 388.
1077:Dowbiggin 1996
1066:
996:
938:Dowbiggin 1996
902:
900:, p. 117.
887:
875:
873:, p. 116.
863:
843:
828:Bourgeois 2005
808:
800:
798:, p. 134.
788:
786:, p. 361.
776:
753:
751:, p. 337.
741:
714:(4): 507–509.
697:
696:
694:
691:
681:
678:
672:
669:
646:
643:
571:
568:
562:
559:
546:
543:
521:
518:
489:
486:
409:
406:
308:vesania typica
302:vesania typica
234:
233:Time component
231:
149:
146:
139:
133:
130:
94:Emil Kraepelin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3341:
3330:
3329:Schizophrenia
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:3-933510-90-2
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:3-933510-91-0
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:3-933510-92-9
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:3-933510-93-7
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:3-933510-94-5
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:3-933510-95-3
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3053:9781585626465
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2937:0-19-517668-5
2933:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2896:9780471245315
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2848:0-8014-9899-6
2844:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2813:0-00-637454-9
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:(2): 161–77.
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:(3): 301–19.
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2414:9780816075089
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:Noll, Richard
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2346:9780405074462
2342:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:(1): 87–106.
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2006:0-485-24011-4
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:(3): 361–79.
1928:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:0-8014-4195-1
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1831:0-8229-3419-1
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1761:9780415227186
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1726:9781588902269
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
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1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1578:9780443051739
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:Kahlbaum 1863
1300:
1295:
1289:, p. 163
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 87.
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:Kahlbaum 1863
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Engstrom 2003
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1198:Engstrom 2003
1195:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:Engstrom 2003
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1000:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
947:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
892:
884:
879:
872:
867:
861:, p. 116
860:
856:
852:
847:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:, p. 2;
825:
821:
817:
812:
805:
797:
792:
785:
780:
764:
757:
750:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
698:
690:
687:
677:
668:
665:
664:
657:
652:
642:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
619:
613:
606:
602:
594:
588:
581:
576:
567:
558:
554:
542:
539:
533:
532:Eugen Bleuler
528:
517:
515:
510:
494:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
462:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
429:
425:
423:
418:
416:
405:
402:
398:
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390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
303:
298:
293:
288:
284:
281:In 1863, the
279:
277:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
239:
230:
227:
224:long-term or
221:
211:
205:
203:
198:
193:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
164:
163:
154:
138:
129:
125:
123:
119:
118:mood disorder
115:
109:
107:
103:
102:schizophrenia
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
68:
66:
62:
61:
60:schizophrenia
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
32:Eugen Bleuler
28:
22:
3306:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3214:dream speech
3209:
3126:
3080:
3076:
3043:
3002:
2998:
2957:
2953:
2921:
2889:. New York.
2885:
2868:(1): 34–37.
2865:
2861:
2837:
2803:
2770:
2766:
2733:
2729:
2704:
2700:
2670:(1): 103–4.
2667:
2663:
2633:(2): 66–72.
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2536:
2532:
2492:
2488:
2448:
2444:
2403:
2383:
2356:
2335:
2310:
2297:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2285:
2281:
2265:
2256:
2233:
2200:
2196:
2174:(1): 77–80.
2171:
2167:
2149:
2107:
2103:
2070:
2066:
2033:
2029:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1895:
1869:
1865:
1841:
1820:
1792:
1788:
1750:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1672:. Cambridge.
1667:
1642:
1631:the original
1626:
1602:
1568:
1557:Bibliography
1545:
1539:
1523:
1511:
1491:
1458:26 September
1456:. Retrieved
1445:
1430:
1415:
1396:
1391:, p. 61
1384:
1354:Berrios 1996
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1294:
1274:
1262:
1239:
1223:
1208:
1185:
1180:, p. 88
1161:
1130:
1117:
1096:
1084:
999:
905:
878:
866:
851:Berrios 1996
846:
816:Berrios 1996
811:
803:
791:
779:
767:. Retrieved
756:
744:
711:
707:
701:
683:
674:
661:
658:
654:
639:
634:
632:
627:
623:
607:
603:
599:
564:
548:
523:
505:
482:
477:
472:quantitative
452:
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
419:
411:
382:
371:
340:
332:Ewald Hecker
313:
296:
280:
248:Psychiatric
247:
222:
206:
172:
160:
159:
136:
126:
120:, including
110:
101:
97:
91:
76:
71:
69:
58:
54:
42:
41:
35:
2299:15 February
1498:, pp.
1437:, pp.
1330:Hoenig 1995
1318:Porter 1999
1174:Hoenig 1995
1036:, pp.
970:, pp.
964:Hoenig 1995
910:Hoenig 1995
784:Greene 2007
749:Hoenig 1995
680:Conclusions
553:Psychiatrie
538:Psychiatrie
527:Psychiatrie
509:Psychiatrie
501: 1920
468:qualitative
456:Psychiatrie
435:Psychiatrie
363:hebephrenia
351:cyclothymia
244:(1828–1899)
229:Kraepelin.
202:melancholia
142:Adolf Meyer
87:hebephrenia
79:Arnold Pick
47:psychiatric
3313:Categories
2806:. London.
2236:. Leipzig.
1713:"Dementia"
1706:: 111–140.
1565:"Dementia"
1482:, p.
1480:Noll 2007a
1435:Noll 2007a
1422:, p.
1420:Noll 2007a
1407:, p.
1405:Noll 2007a
1375:, p.
1373:Noll 2007a
1356:, p.
1305:, p.
1299:Kraam 2009
1281:, p.
1279:Noll 2007a
1267:Kraam 2009
1246:, p.
1230:, p.
1228:Noll 2007a
1215:, p.
1213:Noll 2007a
1200:, p.
1192:, p.
1190:Noll 2007a
1178:Kraam 2009
1168:, p.
1166:Noll 2007a
1153:, p.
1145:, p.
1135:Kraam 2008
1121:Quoted in
1108:, p.
1106:Stone 2006
1034:Morel 1860
1022:, p.
1020:Morel 1857
990:, p.
988:Morel 1852
982:, p.
980:Morel 1852
968:Morel 1852
958:, p.
956:Morel 1852
944:, p.
942:Morel 1852
928:Morel 1860
914:Boyle 2002
883:Burns 2009
853:, p.
838:, p.
836:Adams 1997
830:, p.
818:, p.
649:See also:
422:researcher
393:Griesinger
3062:cite book
2990:145522432
2974:0957-154X
2905:cite book
2822:cite book
2721:144695284
2707:: 127–8.
2423:cite book
2366:cite book
2320:cite book
2242:cite book
2188:145705091
2151:Disciplin
2124:0004-8674
2015:cite book
1851:cite book
1845:. London.
1770:cite book
1735:cite book
1678:cite book
1651:cite book
1587:cite book
1504:341 n. 38
1496:Dain 1980
736:206589195
693:Footnotes
561:Treatment
444:catatonia
401:Kraepelin
378:prognosis
374:diagnosis
359:catatonia
347:dysthymia
343:syndromes
173:The term
167:Lucretius
70:The term
3260:See also
3105:32601779
3097:11619584
3042:(eds.).
3027:10088477
3019:11951915
2982:18646369
2795:36206200
2787:14518487
2758:34823163
2750:11623876
2692:40018954
2684:15037344
2655:41416327
2647:15179665
2620:: 28–32.
2605:26397383
2597:17333671
2561:22832700
2553:17214430
2517:22362455
2509:17146989
2465:18175634
2382:(2011).
2360:. Paris.
2225:43185310
2217:20617643
2140:32824918
2132:10336211
2095:43383707
2087:12645570
2058:43851537
2050:12503573
1988:29850296
1980:18516510
1951:12158661
1943:18175637
1886:11618728
1811:19252143
728:24573761
618:Lehrbuch
582:(Below).
461:clinical
355:paranoia
336:research
322:, today
262:symptoms
250:nosology
162:Dementia
140:—
2473:7995446
2257:Memoirs
769:2 March
389:Meynert
328:Dresden
320:Prussia
316:Görlitz
132:History
3220:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3136:
3120:part 1
3103:
3095:
3050:
3025:
3017:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2934:
2893:
2845:
2810:
2793:
2785:
2756:
2748:
2719:
2690:
2682:
2653:
2645:
2603:
2595:
2559:
2551:
2515:
2507:
2471:
2463:
2411:
2390:
2343:
2223:
2215:
2186:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2093:
2085:
2056:
2048:
2003:
1986:
1978:
1949:
1941:
1903:
1884:
1828:
1809:
1758:
1723:
1610:
1575:
734:
726:
464:method
397:Gudden
361:, and
324:Saxony
283:Danzig
38:(1911)
3101:S2CID
3023:S2CID
2986:S2CID
2950:(PDF)
2930:–79.
2791:S2CID
2754:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2688:S2CID
2651:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2573:(PDF)
2557:S2CID
2529:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2485:(PDF)
2469:S2CID
2441:(PDF)
2293:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
2221:S2CID
2184:S2CID
2164:(PDF)
2136:S2CID
2091:S2CID
2054:S2CID
1984:S2CID
1947:S2CID
1919:(PDF)
1696:(PDF)
1439:126–7
732:S2CID
545:Cause
385:Tartu
258:signs
3218:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3158:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3093:PMID
3068:link
3048:ISBN
3015:PMID
2978:PMID
2970:ISSN
2932:ISBN
2911:link
2891:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2828:link
2808:ISBN
2783:PMID
2746:PMID
2680:PMID
2643:PMID
2593:PMID
2549:PMID
2505:PMID
2461:PMID
2429:link
2409:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2372:link
2341:ISBN
2326:link
2301:2011
2248:link
2213:PMID
2128:PMID
2120:ISSN
2083:PMID
2046:PMID
2021:link
2001:ISBN
1976:PMID
1939:PMID
1901:ISBN
1882:PMID
1857:link
1826:ISBN
1807:PMID
1776:link
1756:ISBN
1741:link
1721:ISBN
1684:link
1657:link
1608:ISBN
1593:link
1573:ISBN
1460:2012
771:2013
724:PMID
470:and
395:and
260:and
3085:doi
3007:doi
2962:doi
2928:267
2870:doi
2866:152
2775:doi
2738:doi
2709:doi
2672:doi
2635:doi
2618:109
2585:doi
2541:doi
2497:doi
2453:doi
2205:doi
2176:doi
2112:doi
2075:doi
2038:doi
1968:doi
1964:258
1931:doi
1874:doi
1797:doi
1793:194
1484:127
1424:xiv
1409:xiv
1377:xiv
1307:135
1283:242
1248:263
1232:242
1217:145
1194:145
1170:145
1062:552
1058:536
1054:532
1050:526
1046:516
1042:279
1038:119
1024:391
992:361
984:282
976:361
972:282
960:235
946:234
855:172
840:183
832:199
820:172
716:doi
413:at
345:as
268:" (
34:on
3315::
3230:.
3099:.
3091:.
3079:.
3064:}}
3060:{{
3021:.
3013:.
3003:12
3001:.
2984:.
2976:.
2968:.
2958:18
2956:.
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