3081:
113:
3355:
1342:
49:
1893:, Berossus identified the Dahae rather than the Massagetae as Cyrus's killers because they had replaced the Massagetae as the most famous nomadic tribe of Central Asia long before Berossus's time, although some scholars identified the Dahae as being identical with the Massagetae or as one of their sub-groups.
2414:
Apparently the Dahai represented an entity not identical with the other better known groups of the Sakai, i.e. the Sakai (Sakā) Tigrakhaudā (Massagetai, roaming in
Turkmenistan), and Sakai (Sakā) Haumavargā (in Transoxania and beyond the Syr
2615:
2171:
Our knowledge of the making of the
Parthian state and of its chronology is full of gaps. We know that it was started by the nomadic tribe of Parni (or Aparni), belonging to the Dahae group of Iranian peoples.
1953:, had settled along the southern and southwestern fringes of the Karakum desert, and by the mid-3rd century BCE they had moved west and had settled along the southeastern shores of the
1752:, had settled along the southern and southwestern fringes of the Karakum desert, and by the mid-3rd century BCE they had moved west and had settled along the southeastern shores of the
2329:
The middle of the third century b.c. saw the rise to power of a group of tribes consisting of the Parni (Aparni) and the Dahae, descendants of the
Massagetae of the Aral Sea region.
2474:
The Dahas of Xerxes' 'Daiva' inscription (XPh) are perhaps to be situated to the north of
Hyrcania where the Dahas mentioned by more recent writers are later to be found
1782:
name meaning "man," based on the common practice among various peoples of calling themselves "man" in their own languages. This term is attested in the
Khotanese form
1957:, in the lands to the north of Hyrcania. Two other Dahae tribes, the Xanthioi and the Pissouroi, lived further east till the regions to the north of Areia.
2774:
1903:
2796:
3129:
1946:
around 300 BCE, and during this invasion they destroyed the towns of
Alexandreia and Heracleia located in these respective two countries.
3091:
291:
2741:
A History of the
Relationship Between the Western & Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern & Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions
3395:
1370:
3080:
3734:
3608:
1264:
3594:
3160:
2697:
2655:
2583:
2510:
2467:
2407:
2362:
2322:
2164:
3454:
2804:
3765:
3587:
2789:
2726:
1760:. Two other Dahae tribes, the Xanthioi and the Pissouroi, lived further east till the regions to the north of Areia.
2739:
3770:
3122:
3601:
2931:
1676:
also located the
Massagetae and the Dahae. The scholars A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov have also suggested that the
731:
3354:
1481:
1298:
473:
2380:
Early
Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History
3388:
3238:
2935:
2782:
2431:
1426:
1363:
3636:
3319:
1796:
59:
present-day west and northwest
Turkmenistan, far southwest Kazakhstan and far west Uzbekistan (most of the
3729:
3713:
3115:
2534:
1685:
The scholar Y. A. Zadneprovskiy has instead suggested that the Dahae were descendants of the Massagetae.
1335:
1323:
162:
2354:
2285:
Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After the Invansion of Alexander". In
3567:
3480:
3444:
3243:
3202:
2760:
2502:
2459:
1293:
1254:
2058:
The lands to the north of Hyrcania where the Dahae had settled in the 3rd century BCE became known as
1949:
During late 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE, the Dahae, and especially their constituent tribe of the
1748:
During late 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE, the Dahae, and especially their constituent tribe of the
3677:
3672:
3664:
3622:
3615:
3449:
3428:
3339:
3279:
2059:
1235:
1139:
398:
3294:
3643:
3381:
3309:
3222:
3070:
2827:
2681:
2631:
2298:
2222:
1799:
1356:
1318:
1313:
1303:
92:
17:
3760:
3657:
3581:
3196:
2156:
1931:
fought within the left wing of the Achaemenid army along with the Bactrians and the Saka against
1516:
881:
637:
218:
2713:
1788:. The Dahae were a nomadic people, and no known sedentary settlement can be attributed to them.
1417:
1198:
701:
175:
1795:
has instead suggested that the name of the Dahae meant "Stranglers," and was derived from the
3650:
3464:
3037:
579:
499:
437:
209:
3485:
3027:
2891:
2815:
2748:
2427:
1965:
1400:
1308:
8:
3500:
2906:
2665:
2551:
2439:
1936:
1932:
1890:
1614:
1041:
911:
340:
136:
3573:
2967:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2526:
2242:
1792:
1244:
1031:
651:
122:
3703:
3629:
3546:
3329:
3253:
2911:
2901:
2886:
2856:
2809:
2693:
2651:
2579:
2506:
2463:
2403:
2358:
2318:
2246:
2160:
2112:
2020:
1882:
1718:
1071:
971:
961:
671:
661:
619:
519:
463:
2673:
2623:
2290:
1647:
3536:
3459:
3217:
3170:
3107:
2730:
2669:
2619:
2575:
2435:
2399:
2286:
2234:
2035:
1499:
1101:
791:
761:
2343:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
3495:
3404:
3227:
3139:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2150:
2102:
1969:
1886:
1828:
981:
931:
831:
801:
741:
681:
599:
569:
539:
509:
304:
149:
112:
101:
60:
2238:
1688:
The scholar Marek Jan Olbrycht, who has also identified the Massagetae with the
3755:
3551:
3541:
3505:
3490:
3344:
3304:
3284:
3190:
3007:
2997:
2955:
2823:
2677:
2627:
2498:
2455:
2443:
2294:
2146:
1722:
1582:
1473:
1091:
771:
751:
691:
327:
238:
3749:
3708:
3698:
2866:
2756:
2722:
2718:
2571:
2567:
2395:
1943:
1779:
1525:
1170:
1159:
901:
821:
781:
228:
188:
1926:
1911:
1897:
1857:
1822:
1773:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1659:
3531:
3513:
2752:
2708:
2618:; Yusupov, H. (1994). "Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia". In
1533:
1288:
1217:
1180:
1148:
1111:
1081:
1001:
841:
407:
48:
3248:
3155:
2563:
2486:
2387:
2024:
1954:
1769:
1753:
1346:
991:
951:
711:
589:
3264:
3232:
3165:
3055:
3012:
2819:
2097:
2039:
1850:
1655:
1651:
1207:
1121:
941:
921:
891:
851:
811:
643:
609:
529:
483:
128:
2961:
1960:
During the middle of the 3rd century itself, the Parni had moved into
3180:
3175:
3150:
3096:
2940:
2926:
2861:
2494:
2451:
1840:
1836:
1669:
1665:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1051:
1021:
1011:
721:
559:
417:
2350:
2342:
2034:
Interesting fact that currently lands of ancient Dahae are known as
3334:
3274:
3212:
3207:
3002:
2972:
2847:
1961:
1907:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1832:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1715:
871:
861:
427:
314:
3373:
3693:
3314:
3299:
3032:
3017:
2982:
2916:
2043:
1867:
1810:
1061:
549:
380:
370:
360:
278:
251:
79:
75:
2201:
2199:
1889:, died fighting against the Dahae. According to the Iranologist
1700:
as being a separate group from the Saka to which the Massagetae/
3324:
3289:
3269:
3258:
3065:
3060:
3022:
2944:
2689:
2647:
2643:
2559:
2391:
2383:
2314:
2310:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
1846:
1734:
1673:
1529:
1522:
1489:
447:
350:
2047:
3418:
2896:
2831:
2639:
2306:
2265:
2263:
2028:
1950:
1835:
who lived in its southwestern part, with the Greek historian
1749:
1573:
1519:
1461:
1449:
1437:
255:
71:
2489:(1983). "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids".
2176:
3047:
2950:
2107:
1730:
1714:
The Dahae initially lived in the north-eastern part of the
1431:
268:
2260:
1986:) who still lived in the steppes and the Parthian Empire (
1827:
might possibly have migrated at an early date across the
1411:
1964:, where they lived along the Ochus river. Their leader,
1783:
2592:
1917:
1677:
1658:
based on ancient Graeco-Roman authors' mention of the
2075:
2060:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1845:
as one of the nomadic Persian tribes, along with the
1630:
1615:
1600:
1586:
1574:
1559:
1545:
1510:
3137:
1803:
2129:
2127:
2083:
2069:
1505:
2706:
2205:
3747:
2614:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2124:
2707:de Blois, François; Vogelsang, Willem (1993).
1643:), although this identification is uncertain.
3389:
3123:
2790:
2546:
2544:
2284:
2227:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
2081:
2067:
2009:
1998:
1987:
1976:
1853:, although this identification is uncertain.
1809:, from which he also derived the name of the
1636:
1622:
1606:
1592:
1565:
1551:
1503:
1364:
2556:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
2430:(1988). "Central Asia and Eastern Iran". In
2275:
1975:During the 2nd century BCE, both the Dahae (
1682:were a constituent tribe of the Massagetae.
3092:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1896:The oldest certain recorded mention of the
3396:
3382:
3130:
3116:
2797:
2783:
2664:
2598:
2541:
2216:
2214:
1371:
1357:
47:
2550:
2426:
1581:as one of the five peoples following the
2686:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2668:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
2636:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2377:
2340:
2303:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
2220:
1942:The Dahae may have invaded Margiana and
2347:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
2211:
2145:
1862:were in control of the traffic between
1768:The name of the Dahae, attested in the
14:
3748:
2152:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1877:According to the Babylonian historian
27:Ancient Iranian people of Central Asia
3377:
3111:
2778:
2525:
2485:
2223:"Alexander the Great in Central Asia"
3609:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
3403:
24:
3365:* indicates short living provinces
2737:
2133:
2042:and are inhabited by Adai- one of
1741:, and immediately to the north of
25:
3782:
1650:has identified the Dahā with the
1539:
3353:
3079:
1340:
111:
3735:Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
2727:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
2519:
2479:
1997:), as well as the Chorasmians (
1756:, in the lands to the north of
2420:
2371:
2334:
2139:
1494:
1485:
13:
1:
3595:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
2491:The Cambridge History of Iran
2448:The Cambridge Ancient History
2206:de Blois & Vogelsang 1993
2118:
1881:, the founder of the Persian
1721:, in the arid steppes of the
488:
452:
332:
319:
296:
283:
260:
243:
193:
180:
167:
154:
141:
3637:Battle of the Cilician Gates
3602:Antony's Atropatene campaign
2378:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2341:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000).
1927:
1912:
1898:
1858:
1841:
1823:
1784:
1774:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1678:
1660:
1544:The Dahae may have been the
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1412:
7:
3588:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
2535:University of Chicago Press
2270:Abetekov & Yusupov 1994
2239:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11
2091:
2076:
2061:
2015:
2004:
1993:
1982:
1918:
1709:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1587:
1575:
1560:
1546:
1511:
10:
3787:
3766:Historical Iranian peoples
3203:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
2761:University of Pennsylvania
2607:
2503:Cambridge University Press
2460:Cambridge University Press
1816:
1804:
1572:) people mentioned in the
1462:
1450:
1438:
1421:
1404:
3722:
3686:
3665:Parthian war of Caracalla
3623:Battle of Ctesiphon (198)
3616:Battle of Ctesiphon (165)
3560:
3524:
3473:
3437:
3429:Parni conquest of Parthia
3411:
3362:
3351:
3146:
3088:
3077:
2842:
2682:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2632:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2299:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
2082:
2068:
2053:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1637:
1623:
1607:
1593:
1585:religion, along with the
1566:
1552:
1504:
67:
55:
46:
41:
32:
3644:Battle of Mount Gindarus
2221:Harmatta, János (1999).
2019:) sent embassies to the
1694:, however considers the
3771:History of Turkmenistan
3714:Roman–Iranian relations
3658:Battle of Nisibis (217)
3197:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2157:Oxford University Press
1906:of the Achaemenid king
1839:later referring to the
1763:
1517:ancient Eastern Iranian
163:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
3568:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2688:. Vol. 2. Paris:
1664:as living between the
1477:
702:Masmughans of Damavand
176:Zayandeh River Culture
3678:Bactrian–Parthian War
3673:Armenian–Parthian War
3651:Battle of Amanus Pass
3038:Hellespontine Phrygia
2428:Francfort, Henri-Paul
2355:Księgarnia Akademicka
580:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
534:3rd-century BC–132 BC
500:Kingdom of Cappadocia
456: 6th century BC
438:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2749:Sino-Platonic Papers
2738:Yu, Taishan (2004).
2714:Encyclopædia Iranica
2531:Myths of the Dog-Man
2357:. pp. 101–104.
2317:. pp. 448–463.
1778:, is derived from a
1528:, who inhabited the
1387:, also known as the
3582:Roman–Parthian Wars
2527:White, David Gordon
1933:Alexander the Great
1891:Muhammad Dandamayev
1797:Proto-Indo-European
1236:Contemporary period
1140:Early modern period
1042:Jalayirid Sultanate
912:Khwarazmian dynasty
341:Neo-Assyrian Empire
219:Kura–Araxes culture
137:Baradostian culture
3574:Battle of Ecbatana
3481:Seven Great Houses
3052:Samaritan Province
2692:. pp. 35–64.
2680:; Etemadi, G. F.;
2650:. pp. 24–34.
2630:; Etemadi, G. F.;
2297:; Etemadi, G. F.;
1968:, would found the
1793:David Gordon White
1255:Interim Government
1245:Iranian Revolution
1032:Muzaffarid dynasty
736:864 – 14th century
726:791 – 11th century
652:Rashidun Caliphate
474:Kingdom of Armenia
123:Prehistoric period
3743:
3742:
3730:Parthian monarchs
3704:Parthian Dark Age
3630:Battle of Carrhae
3455:Caucasian Albania
3371:
3370:
3138:Provinces of the
3105:
3104:
2810:Achaemenid Empire
2808:Provinces of the
2751:. Vol. 131.
2699:978-9-231-02846-5
2670:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
2666:Dandamayev, M. A.
2657:978-9-231-02846-5
2620:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
2585:978-9-004-09172-6
2512:978-0-521-20092-9
2493:. Vol. 3.1.
2469:978-0-521-22804-6
2436:Hammond, N. G. L.
2409:978-9-004-46076-8
2364:978-8-371-88337-8
2324:978-9-231-02846-5
2287:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
2166:978-0-199-73215-9
2113:Scythian cultures
2027:which was ruling
2008:), and Sogdians (
1904:Daiva Inscription
1883:Achaemenid Empire
1866:in the north and
1849:, Dropicans, and
1719:Achaemenid Empire
1430:
1410:
1381:
1380:
1273:
1272:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1188:
1130:
1129:
1072:Afrasiyab dynasty
972:Khorshidi dynasty
962:Pishkinid dynasty
852:Ghaznavid dynasty
672:Abbasid Caliphate
662:Umayyad Caliphate
628:
627:
624:550s–11th century
520:Kingdom of Pontus
464:Achaemenid Empire
428:Anshanite Kingdom
389:
388:
292:Oxus Civilization
200:
199:
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3778:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3576:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3357:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3083:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2746:
2734:
2731:Brill Publishers
2703:
2661:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2552:Dandamaev, M. A.
2548:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:(1–4): 129–136.
2218:
2209:
2203:
2174:
2173:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2036:Mangystau Region
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1901:
1861:
1844:
1826:
1807:
1806:
1787:
1777:
1729:, alongside the
1705:
1699:
1693:
1681:
1663:
1646:The Iranologist
1642:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1409:romanized:
1408:
1406:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1314:Military history
1304:Economic history
1282:Related articles
1265:Islamic Republic
1241:
1240:
1204:
1203:
1145:
1144:
1102:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1022:Chobanid dynasty
1012:Ilkhanate Empire
792:Sallarid dynasty
762:Saffarid dynasty
648:
647:
493:
490:
458:–11th century AD
457:
454:
418:Scythian Kingdom
404:
403:
334:
321:
298:
285:
262:
245:
215:
214:
195:
182:
169:
156:
143:
133:
132:
115:
105:
87:
86:
51:
37:
30:
29:
21:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3718:
3682:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3572:
3556:
3520:
3469:
3433:
3407:
3405:Parthian Empire
3402:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3349:
3295:Nodardashiragan
3142:
3140:Sasanian Empire
3136:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3084:
3075:
3061:Skudra (Thrace)
3042:Greater Phrygia
2838:
2837:
2803:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2700:
2678:Puri, Baij Nath
2674:Harmatta, János
2658:
2628:Puri, Baij Nath
2624:Harmatta, János
2610:
2605:
2599:Dandamayev 1994
2597:
2593:
2586:
2549:
2542:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2487:Bivar, A. D. H.
2484:
2480:
2470:
2462:. p. 173.
2450:. Vol. 4.
2425:
2421:
2410:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2295:Puri, Baij Nath
2291:Harmatta, János
2283:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2177:
2167:
2147:Daryaee, Touraj
2144:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2103:Parthian Empire
2094:
2056:
1970:Parthian Empire
1919:Sakā tigraxaudā
1913:Sakā Haumavargā
1910:along with the
1831:and joined the
1829:Iranian plateau
1819:
1766:
1733:groups and the
1712:
1703:Sakā tigraxaudā
1691:Sakā tigraxaudā
1661:Sakā tigraxaudā
1656:Sakā tigraxaudā
1638:
1624:
1608:
1594:
1567:
1553:
1542:
1377:
1347:Iran portal
1341:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1319:Women's history
1283:
1275:
1274:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1142:
1132:
1131:
982:Qutlugh-Khanids
932:Atabegs of Yazd
832:Rawadid dynasty
802:Ziyarid dynasty
742:Tahirid dynasty
640:
638:Medieval period
630:
629:
614:6th century–785
600:Sasanian Empire
570:Kings of Persis
540:Parthian Empire
510:Seleucid Empire
491:
455:
401:
399:Imperial period
391:
390:
305:Akkadian Empire
252:Lullubi Kingdom
212:
202:
201:
150:Zarzian culture
125:
103:
96:
61:Ustyurt Plateau
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Iranian nomads
3758:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Padishkhwargar
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3095:(according to
3089:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2824:Naqsh-e Rustam
2812:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2735:
2704:
2698:
2662:
2656:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2578:. p. 67.
2540:
2537:. p. 239.
2518:
2511:
2505:. p. 27.
2499:United Kingdom
2478:
2468:
2456:United Kingdom
2432:Boardman, John
2419:
2408:
2402:. p. 22.
2370:
2363:
2333:
2323:
2274:
2259:
2210:
2175:
2165:
2138:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2088:) after them.
2055:
2052:
1874:in the south.
1833:Persian people
1818:
1815:
1765:
1762:
1723:Karakum Desert
1711:
1708:
1672:rivers, where
1648:János Harmatta
1625:𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬨𐬀
1609:𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀
1541:
1540:Identification
1538:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1299:Heads of state
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:Timurid Empire
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
882:Nasrid dynasty
878:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
828:
827:
824:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
776:pre-879 – 1215
774:
772:Ghurid dynasty
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
752:Samanid Empire
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
732:Alid dynasties
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
641:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
576:
575:
572:
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
450:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
402:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
330:
328:Avestan period
324:
323:
317:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
294:
288:
287:
281:
275:
274:
271:
265:
264:
258:
248:
247:
241:
239:Jiroft culture
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:
213:
210:Ancient period
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
197:
196:5th millennium
191:
185:
184:
183:6th millennium
178:
172:
171:
165:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:
139:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
108:
107:
98:
97:
90:
83:
82:
69:
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3783:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Parthian shot
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Parthian army
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2834:inscriptions)
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2762:
2758:
2757:United States
2754:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:United States
2720:
2719:New York City
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:United States
2569:
2568:New York City
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:United States
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2136:, p. 19.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2078:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2006:
1995:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1780:Saka language
1776:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1633:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1562:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:confederation
1524:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1418:Ancient Greek
1414:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:Modern period
1195:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:Afsharid Iran
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:Hotak dynasty
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:Seljuk Empire
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:Buyid dynasty
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:Sajid dynasty
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
639:
634:
633:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:132 BC–224 AD
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:141 BC–222 AD
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:147 BC–224 AD
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:247 BC–224 AD
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
504:320s BC–17 AD
503:
501:
498:
497:
492: 323 BC
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:331 BC–428 AD
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:550 BC–330 BC
467:
465:
462:
461:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:626 BC–539 BC
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:635 BC–550 BC
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:Median Empire
406:
405:
400:
395:
394:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
329:
326:
325:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
259:
257:
253:
250:
249:
242:
240:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:Proto-Elamite
227:
226:
222:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
205:
192:
190:
189:Dalma culture
187:
186:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:20,000–10,000
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:36,000–18,000
140:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
124:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
94:
89:
88:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
31:
19:
3465:Indo-Parthia
3423:
3185:
2921:
2830: /
2826: /
2822: /
2818: /
2764:. Retrieved
2753:Philadelphia
2740:
2712:
2685:
2635:
2616:Abetekov, A.
2594:
2555:
2530:
2521:
2490:
2481:
2473:
2447:
2440:Lewis, D. M.
2422:
2413:
2379:
2373:
2346:
2336:
2328:
2302:
2250:. Retrieved
2230:
2226:
2170:
2151:
2141:
2057:
2033:
1974:
1959:
1948:
1941:
1939:in 331 BCE.
1924:
1895:
1876:
1855:
1820:
1802:
1791:The scholar
1790:
1767:
1747:
1713:
1687:
1684:
1645:
1595:𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀
1543:
1534:Central Asia
1493:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1309:LGBT history
1269:1979–present
1218:Pahlavi Iran
1181:Zand dynasty
1149:Safavid Iran
1112:Qara Qoyunlu
1002:Kurt dynasty
842:Hasanwayhids
642:
620:Qarinvandids
524:281 BC–62 BC
514:312 BC–63 BC
127:
3486:Ispahbudhan
3474:Noble clans
3249:Kushanshahr
3156:Adurbadagan
2564:Netherlands
2444:Ostwald, M.
2388:Netherlands
2025:Han dynasty
1955:Caspian Sea
1821:A splinter
1770:Old Persian
1754:Caspian Sea
1739:Chorasmians
1583:Zoroastrian
1401:Old Persian
992:Mihrabanids
952:Hazaraspids
712:Baduspanids
590:Paratarajas
584:19 AD–224/5
102:History of
3750:Categories
3501:Spandiyadh
3265:Machelonia
3233:Kadagistan
3166:Arbayistan
3056:Sattagydia
3013:Massagetae
2964:(Gandhara)
2892:Cappadocia
2846:Akaufaka (
2820:Persepolis
2766:2022-07-05
2119:References
2098:Massagetae
2040:Kazakhstan
2021:Emperor Wu
1902:is in the
1851:Sagartians
1706:belonged.
1652:Massagetae
1639:𐬯𐬁𐬌𐬥𐬎
1568:𐬛𐬂𐬢𐬵𐬀
1515:) were an
1208:Qajar Iran
1122:Aq Qoyunlu
1106:1370s–1592
942:Salghurids
922:Eldiguzids
892:Shabankara
866:990/1–1117
610:Zarmihrids
530:Fratarakas
484:Atropatene
422:652–625 BC
412:678–550 BC
3239:Khuzistan
3181:Balasagan
3176:Asoristan
3151:Abarshahr
3097:Herodotus
3090:See also
3028:Phoenicia
2941:Eber-Nari
2936:2nd Egypt
2932:1st Egypt
2927:Drangiana
2907:Chorasmia
2882:Babylonia
2862:Arachosia
2495:Cambridge
2452:Cambridge
2247:162246561
1937:Gaugamela
1864:Chorasmia
1837:Herodotus
1670:Syr Darya
1666:Amu Darya
1427:romanized
1222:1925–1979
1212:1789–1925
1185:1751–1794
1175:1736–1796
1165:1722–1729
1153:1501–1736
1126:1468–1508
1116:1406–1468
1096:1370–1507
1086:1359–1596
1082:Mar'ashis
1076:1349–1504
1066:1335–1357
1056:1337–1376
1052:Sarbadars
1046:1337–1376
1036:1335–1393
1026:1335–1357
1016:1256–1335
1006:1244–1396
996:1236–1537
986:1223-1306
976:1184-1597
966:1155–1231
956:1155–1424
946:1148–1282
936:1141–1319
926:1135–1225
916:1077–1231
906:1037–1194
896:1030–1355
886:1029–1236
876:1008–1141
722:Justanids
692:Bavandids
560:Characene
322:1500–1155
309:2400–2150
299:2400–1700
286:2550-2020
246:3100–2200
233:3200–2700
223:3400–2000
170:6000–5000
3547:Language
3460:Chosroid
3335:Suristan
3320:Sakastan
3254:Khwarazm
3208:Garmekan
3186:Dihistan
3003:Margiana
2973:Hyrcania
2968:Gedrosia
2902:Carmania
2848:Quhistan
2816:Behistun
2684:(eds.).
2634:(eds.).
2566: ;
2554:(1989).
2529:(1991).
2446:(eds.).
2390: ;
2301:(eds.).
2149:(2011).
2092:See also
2077:Dahistān
2062:Dehestān
2046:tribes (
2005:Huanqian
1962:Hyrcania
1916:and the
1908:Xerxes I
1879:Berossus
1872:Hyrcania
1847:Mardians
1758:Hyrcania
1743:Hyrcania
1735:Sogdians
1727:Margiana
1710:Location
1617:Saⁱrima-
1602:Tūⁱriia-
1554:𐬛𐬁𐬵𐬀
1397:Dahaeans
1336:Timeline
1294:Monarchs
872:Kakuyids
862:Annazids
856:977–1186
846:959–1095
836:955–1070
826:934–1062
812:Ilyasids
806:930–1090
796:919–1062
766:861–1003
716:665–1598
696:651–1349
682:Dabuyids
676:750–1258
335:1500–500
315:Kassites
273:2700–539
263:3100-675
129:BCE / BC
93:a series
91:Part of
68:Branches
56:Location
18:Dihistan
3694:Parthia
3687:Related
3537:Coinage
3525:Culture
3445:Armenia
3438:Dynasty
3412:Origins
3315:Parthia
3300:Paradan
3270:Makuran
3171:Armenia
3161:Albania
3033:Phrygia
3018:Parthia
2983:Hindush
2962:Gandāra
2958:(Nubia)
2917:Colchis
2912:Cilicia
2887:Bactria
2877:Assyria
2872:Armenia
2853:Amyrgoi
2709:"Dahae"
2608:Sources
2415:Daryā).
2252:July 4,
2134:Yu 2004
2084:داهستان
2070:دَهستان
2023:of the
1966:Arsaces
1868:Parthia
1817:History
1811:Dacians
1716:Persian
1629:), and
1588:Aⁱriia-
1530:steppes
1520:nomadic
1500:Persian
1482:Chinese
1429::
1062:Injuids
816:932–968
786:889–929
756:819–999
746:821–873
706:651–760
686:642–760
666:661–750
656:632-661
644:CE / AD
604:224–651
594:125–300
550:Elymais
494:–226 AD
385:720-670
381:Saparda
375:750-521
371:Zikirti
365:850–616
361:Mannaea
355:860–590
345:911–609
279:Marhaši
80:Pissuri
76:Xanthii
3496:Mihran
3450:Iberia
3330:Spahan
3325:Sogdia
3290:Meshan
3259:Lazica
3244:Kirman
3228:Iberia
3213:Gurgan
3066:Sogdia
3023:Persis
2945:Levant
2857:Arabia
2696:
2690:UNESCO
2654:
2648:UNESCO
2644:France
2582:
2560:Leiden
2509:
2466:
2406:
2392:Boston
2384:Leiden
2361:
2351:Kraków
2321:
2315:UNESCO
2311:France
2245:
2163:
2074:) and
2054:Legacy
2044:Kazakh
1674:Arrian
1632:Sāinu-
1561:Dåŋha-
1523:tribal
1506:داهان
1492::
1490:pinyin
1484::
1405:𐎭𐏃𐎠
448:Sogdia
351:Urartu
95:on the
42:People
3756:Dahae
3723:Lists
3552:Music
3542:Dress
3510:Varaz
3506:Suren
3491:Karen
3424:Dahae
3419:Parni
3345:Yemen
3340:Turan
3285:Media
3280:Mazun
3218:Harev
3191:Egypt
3071:Yehud
3008:Media
2993:Lydia
2988:Libya
2978:Ionia
2922:Dahae
2897:Caria
2832:Daeva
2745:(PDF)
2640:Paris
2576:Brill
2400:Brill
2307:Paris
2243:S2CID
2029:China
2016:Suxie
1951:Parni
1944:Areia
1887:Cyrus
1805:*dhau
1772:form
1750:Parni
1725:near
1558:) or
1547:Dāha-
1512:Dāhān
1478:Dahae
1474:Latin
1469:Dasai
1463:Δασαι
1393:Dahas
1385:Dahae
256:Zamua
72:Parni
33:Dahae
3561:Wars
3310:Pars
3275:Marw
3223:Hind
3048:Saka
2998:Maka
2956:Kush
2951:Elam
2867:Aria
2828:Susa
2694:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2254:2022
2161:ISBN
2108:Saka
1994:Anxi
1983:Dayi
1928:Dahā
1925:The
1899:Dahā
1870:and
1859:Dahā
1856:The
1842:Daoi
1824:Dahā
1800:root
1785:daha
1775:Dahā
1764:Name
1737:and
1731:Saka
1697:Dahā
1679:Dahā
1668:and
1576:Yašt
1495:Dàyì
1445:Daai
1439:Δααι
1433:Daoi
1422:Δαοι
1413:Dahā
1389:Daae
1383:The
1324:Wars
1289:Name
1259:1979
1249:1979
269:Elam
104:Iran
78:and
36:Daae
3532:Art
3514:Zik
2235:doi
2050:).
2048:Jüz
2038:of
1935:at
1613:),
1599:),
1532:of
1457:Dai
1451:Δαι
1395:or
3752::
2934:/
2850:?)
2759::
2755:,
2747:.
2729:;
2725::
2721:,
2717:.
2711:.
2676:;
2672:;
2646::
2642:,
2638:.
2626:;
2622:;
2574::
2570:,
2562:,
2558:.
2543:^
2533:.
2501::
2497:,
2472:.
2458::
2454:,
2442:;
2438:;
2434:;
2412:.
2398::
2394:,
2386:,
2382:.
2353::
2349:.
2345:.
2327:.
2313::
2309:,
2305:.
2293:;
2289:;
2277:^
2262:^
2241:.
2231:39
2229:.
2225:.
2213:^
2178:^
2169:.
2159:.
2155:.
2126:^
2031:.
2011:蘇薤
2000:驩潛
1989:安息
1978:大益
1972:.
1922:.
1885:,
1813:.
1745:.
1536:.
1502::
1498:;
1488:;
1486:大益
1480:;
1476::
1472:;
1466:,
1460:;
1454:,
1448:;
1442:,
1436:;
1424:,
1420::
1416:;
1407:,
1403::
1391:,
489:c.
453:c.
333:c.
320:c.
297:c.
284:c.
261:c.
244:c.
194:c.
181:c.
168:c.
155:c.
142:c.
74:,
3397:e
3390:t
3383:v
3261:*
3235:*
3199:*
3193:*
3131:e
3124:t
3117:v
3099:)
2947:)
2943:(
2814:(
2798:e
2791:t
2784:v
2769:.
2733:.
2702:.
2660:.
2601:.
2588:.
2515:.
2367:.
2272:.
2256:.
2237::
2208:.
2080:(
2066:(
1654:/
1635:(
1621:(
1605:(
1591:(
1579:s
1564:(
1550:(
1399:(
1372:e
1365:t
1358:v
1162:)
1158:(
254:/
63:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
