Diocletianic Persecution

953:

should return to good sense. Indeed, for some reason or other, such self-indulgence assailed and idiocy possessed those Christians, that they did not follow the practices of the ancients, which their own ancestors had, perhaps, instituted, but according to their own will and as it pleased them, they made laws for themselves that they observed, and gathered various peoples in diverse areas. Then when our order was issued stating that they should return themselves to the practices of the ancients, many were subjected to peril, and many were even killed. Many more persevered in their way of life, and we saw that they neither offered proper worship and cult to the gods, or to the god of the Christians. Considering the observation of our own mild clemency and eternal custom, by which we are accustomed to grant clemency to all people, we have decided to extend our most speedy indulgence to these people as well, so that Christians may once more establish their own meeting places, so long as they do not act in a disorderly way. We are about to send another letter to our officials detailing the conditions they ought to observe. Consequently, in accord with our indulgence, they ought to pray to their god for our health and the safety of the state, so that the state may be kept safe on all sides, and they may be able to live safely and securely in their own homes.

750:

and unexpected monstrosities among the race of the Persians—a nation still hostile to us—and have made their way into our empire, where they are committing many outrages, disturbing the tranquility of our people and even inflicting grave damage to the civic communities. We have cause to fear that with the passage of time they will endeavour, as usually happens, to infect the modest and tranquil of an innocent nature with the damnable customs and perverse laws of the Persians as with the poison of a malignant (serpent) … We order that the authors and leaders of these sects be subjected to severe punishment, and, together with their abominable writings, burnt in the flames. We direct their followers, if they continue recalcitrant, shall suffer capital punishment, and their goods be forfeited to the imperial treasury. And if those who have gone over to that hitherto unheard-of, scandalous and wholly infamous creed, or to that of the Persians, are persons who hold public office, or are of any rank or of superior social status, you will see to it that their estates are confiscated and the offenders sent to the (quarry) at Phaeno or the mines at Proconnesus. And in order that this plague of iniquity shall be completely extirpated from this our most happy age, let your devotion hasten to carry out our orders and commands.

815:, the god of boundaries. It was the day they would terminate Christianity. The next day, Diocletian's first "Edict against the Christians" was published. The key targets of this piece of legislation were senior Christian clerics and Christians' property, just as they had been during Valerian's persecution. The edict prohibited Christians from assembling for worship and ordered the destruction of their scriptures, liturgical books, and places of worship across the empire. But Christians tried to retain the scriptures as far as possible, though, according to de Ste Croix, "it appears that giving them up...was not regarded as a sin" in the East; sufficient numbers of them must have been successfully saved, as is evident from the representative findings of "early biblical papyri" in the stream of the transmission of the text during this period. Christians might have given up apocryphal or pseudepigraphal works, or even refused to surrender their scriptures at the cost of their own lives, and there were some cases where the scriptures were not in the end destroyed. Christians were also deprived of the right to petition the courts, making them potential subjects for judicial torture; Christians could not respond to actions brought against them in court; Christian 1681:, however, suggests that the initiative was Maximinus's alone, and not that of Constantine or Licinius. It is also the only passage in the ancient sources providing Maximinus's rationale for his actions, without the hostility of Lactantius and Eusebius. Maximinus states that he supported Diocletian and Galerius's early legislation but, upon being made Caesar, came to realize the drain such policies would have on his labor force, and began to employ persuasion without coercion. He goes on to assert that he resisted petitions from Nicomedians to forbid Christians from their city (an event Eusebius does not otherwise record), and that when he accepted the demands of deputations from other cities he was only following imperial custom. Maximinus concludes his letter by referencing the letter he wrote after Galerius's edict, asking that his subordinates be lenient. He does not refer to his early letters, which encouraged avid persecution. 1698: 498:, a return to the "Golden Age of Rome". As such, he reinforced the long-standing Roman preference for ancient customs and Imperial opposition to independent societies. The Diocletianic regime's activist stance, however, and Diocletian's belief in the power of central government to effect major change in morals and society made him unusual. Most earlier emperors tended to be quite cautious in their administrative policies, preferring to work within existing structures rather than overhauling them. Diocletian, by contrast, was willing to reform every aspect of public life to satisfy his goals. Under his rule, coinage, taxation, architecture, law and history were all radically reconstructed to reflect his authoritarian and traditionalist ideology. The reformation of the empire's "moral fabric"—and the elimination of religious minorities—was simply one step in that process. 416: 915:(junior emperors). According to Lactantius, Galerius had forced Diocletian's hand in the matter and secured the appointment of loyal friends to the imperial office. In this "Second Tetrarchy", it seems that only the Eastern emperors, Galerius and Maximinus, continued with the persecution. As they left office, Diocletian and Maximian probably imagined Christianity to be in its last throes. Churches had been destroyed, the Church leadership and hierarchy had been snapped, and the army and civil service had been purged. Eusebius declares that apostates from the faith were "countless" (μυρίοι) in number. At first, the new Tetrarchy seemed even more vigorous than the first. Maximinus in particular was eager to persecute. In 306 and 309, he published his own edicts demanding universal sacrifice. Eusebius accuses Galerius of pressing on with the persecution as well. 629: 922:, son of Maximian, had been overlooked in the Diocletianic succession, offending the parents and angering the sons. Constantine, against Galerius's will, succeeded his father on July 25, 306. He immediately ended any ongoing persecutions and offered Christians full restitution of what they had lost under the persecution. This declaration gave Constantine the opportunity to portray himself as a possible liberator of oppressed Christians everywhere. Maxentius, meanwhile, had seized power in Rome on October 28, 306, and soon brought toleration to all Christians within his realm. Galerius made two attempts to unseat Maxentius but failed both times. During the first campaign against Maxentius, Severus was captured, imprisoned, and executed. 1726:; and the "Church of the Martyrs" under Meletius. When the two groups found themselves imprisoned together in Alexandria during the persecution, Peter of Alexandria drew up a curtain in the middle of their cell. He then said: "There are some who are of my view, let them come over on my side, and those of Melitius's view, stay with Melitius." Thus divided, the two sects went on with their affairs, purposely ignoring each other's existence. The schism continued to grow throughout the persecution, even with its leaders in jail, and would persist long after the deaths of both Peter and Meletius. Fifty-one bishoprics are attested for Egypt in 325; fifteen are only known otherwise as seats of the schismatic Church. 1282:, was not consecrated until either November or December 308; it was likely not possible to elect a new bishop during the persecution. In the meantime, two factions diverged in the Roman Church, separating the lapsed (Christians who had complied with the edicts to ensure their own safety) and the rigorists (those who would not compromise with secular authority). These two groups clashed in street fights and riots, eventually leading to murders. It is said that Marcellus, a rigorist, purged all mention of Marcellinus from church records and removed his name from the official list of bishops. Marcellus was banished from the city and died in exile on January 16, 309. 948:, Bulgaria) Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity in the East. Galerius issued this proclamation to end hostilities while on his deathbed, which gave Christians the rights to exist freely under the law and to peaceable assembly. Persecution was everywhere at an end. Lactantius preserves the Latin text of this pronouncement, describing it as an edict. Eusebius provides a Greek translation of the pronouncement. His version includes imperial titles and an address to provincials, suggesting that the proclamation is, in fact, an imperial letter. The document seems to have been promulgated only in Galerius's provinces. 1685:

support. For the first time, Maximinus issued a law which offered comprehensive toleration and the means to effectively secure it. As in his earlier letter, Maximinus is apologetic but one-sided. Maximinus absolves himself for all the failings of his policy, locating fault with local judges and enforcers instead. He frames the new universal toleration as a means of removing all ambiguity and extortion. Maximinus then declares full freedom of religious practice, encourages Christians to rebuild their churches, and pledges to restore Christian property lost in the persecution. The edict changed little: Licinius defeated Maximinus at the

1535:

Levant. He issued his own persecutory edict in the spring of 306, ordering general sacrifice. The edict of 304 had been difficult to enforce, since the imperial government had no record of city-dwelling subjects who held no agricultural land. Galerius solved this problem in 306 by running another census. This contained the names of all urban heads of household and the number of their dependents (past censuses had only listed persons paying tax on land, such as landowners and tenants). Using lists drawn up by the civil service, Maximinus ordered his heralds to call all men, women, and children down to the temples. There, after

720:, and loathed the Christians for avoiding her festivals. Newly prestigious and influential after his victories in the Persian war, Galerius might have wished to compensate for a previous humiliation at Antioch, when Diocletian had forced him to walk at the front of the imperial caravan, rather than inside it. His resentment fed his discontent with official policies of tolerance; from 302 on, he probably urged Diocletian to enact a general law against the Christians. Since Diocletian was already surrounded by an anti-Christian clique of counsellors, these suggestions must have carried great force. 696:, a contemporary ecclesiastical historian, tells a similar story: commanders were told to give their troops the choice of sacrifice or loss of rank. These terms were strong—a soldier would lose his career in the military, his state pension and his personal savings—but not fatal. According to Eusebius, the purge was broadly successful, but Eusebius is confused about the technicalities of the event, and his characterization of the overall size of the apostasy is ambiguous. Eusebius also attributes the initiative for the purge to Galerius, rather than Diocletian. 835:

powers. Galerius's recommendation—burning alive—became a common method of executing Christians in the East. After the edict was posted in Nicomedia, a man named Eutius tore it down and ripped it up, shouting "Here are your Gothic and Sarmatian triumphs!" He was arrested for treason, tortured, and burned alive soon after, becoming the edict's first martyr. The provisions of the edict were known and enforced in Palestine by March or April (just before Easter), and it was in use by local officials in North Africa by May or June. The earliest martyr at

856:, Turkey) and Syria, a second edict was published, ordering the arrest and imprisonment of all bishops and priests. In the judgment of historian Roger Rees, there was no logical necessity for this second edict; that Diocletian issued one indicates that he was either unaware the first edict was being carried out, or that he felt it was not working as quickly as he wanted it to. Following the publication of the second edict, prisons began to fill—the underdeveloped prison system of the time could not handle the deacons, lectors, priests, bishops, and 33: 1639:, Israel), were burned alive. On February 16, Pamphilus and his six companions were executed. In the aftermath, four more members of Pamphilus's household were martyred for their displays of sympathy for the condemned. The last martyrs before Galerius's edict of toleration were executed on March 5 and 7. Then the executions stopped. Eusebius does not explain this sudden halt, but it coincides with the replacement of Firmilianus with Valentinianus, a man appointed at some time before Galerius's death. The replacement is only attested to via 1710:, Egypt is covered only in passing. When Eusebius remarks on the region, however, he writes of tens, twenties, even hundreds of Christians put to death on a single day, which would seem to make Egypt the region that suffered the most during the persecutions. According to one report that Barnes calls "plausible, if unverifiable", 660 Christians were killed in Alexandria alone between 303 and 311. In Egypt, Peter of Alexandria fled his namesake city early on in the persecution, leaving the Church leaderless. 1493:, for the duration of the persecution, although he also traveled to Phoenicia and Egypt, and perhaps Arabia as well. Eusebius's account is imperfect. It focuses on martyrs that were his personal friends before the persecutions began and includes martyrdoms that took place outside of Palestine. His coverage is uneven. He provides only bare generalities at the bloody end of the persecutions, for example. Eusebius recognizes some of his faults. At the outset of his account of the general persecution in the 1753:

fortitude of the martyrs in the face of death had earned the faith respectability in the past, though it may have won few converts. The thought of martyrdom, however, sustained Christians under trial and in prison, hardening their faith. Packaged with the promise of eternal life, martyrdom proved attractive for the growing segment of the pagan population which was, to quote Dodds, "in love with death". To use Tertullian's famous phrase, the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church.

1849:

alleged of holy martyrs, whose wounds had been instantly healed, whose strength had been renewed, and whose lost members had miraculously been restored, were extremely convenient for the purpose of removing every difficulty, and of silencing every objection. The most extravagant legends, as they conduced to the honour of the church, were applauded by the credulous multitude, countenanced by the power of the clergy, and attested by the suspicious evidence of ecclesiastical history.

395:, Decius's friend, took up the imperial mantle in 253. Though he was at first thought of as "exceptionally friendly" towards the Christians, his actions soon showed otherwise. In July 257, he issued a persecutory edict. As punishment for following the Christian faith, Christians were to face exile or condemnation to the mines. In August 258, he issued a second edict, making the punishment death. This persecution stalled in June 260, when Valerian was captured in battle. His son 1652:

with its provisions only reluctantly. Maximinus told his praetorian prefect Sabinus to write to provincial governors, requesting that they and their subordinates ignore "that letter" (Galerius's edict). Christians were to be free from molestation, and their mere Christianity would not leave them open to criminal charges. Unlike Galerius's edict, however, Maximinus's letter made no provisions for Christian assembly, nor did he suggest that Christians build more churches.

716:

consistently the main advocate of such persecution. He was also eager to exploit this position to his own political advantage. As the lowest-ranking emperor, Galerius was always listed last in imperial documents. Until the end of the Persian war in 299, he had not even had a major palace. Lactantius states that Galerius hungered for a higher position in the imperial hierarchy. Galerius's mother, Romula, was bitterly anti-Christian, for she had been a pagan priestess in

700:

that would have been purged—Diocletian had left his in Egypt to quell continuing unrest—Antiochenes would understandably have believed Galerius to be its instigator. The historian David Woods argues instead that Eusebius and Lactantius are referring to different events. Eusebius, according to Woods, describes the beginnings of the army purge in Palestine, while Lactantius describes events at court. Woods asserts that the relevant passage in Eusebius's

234:, Christianity was an illegal religion in the eyes of the Roman state. For the first two centuries of its existence, Christianity and its practitioners were unpopular with the people at large. Christians were always suspect, members of a "secret society" who communicated with a private code and who shied away from the public sphere. It was popular hostility—the anger of the crowd—which drove the earliest persecutions, not official action. Around 112, 1143:. The second, third and fourth edicts seem not to have been enforced in the West at all. It is possible that Constantius's relatively tolerant policies were the result of Tetrarchic jealousies; the persecution, after all, had been the project of the Eastern emperors, not the Western ones. After Constantine succeeded his father in 306, he urged the recovery of Church property lost in the persecution and legislated full freedom for all Christians in his domain. 9639: 9659: 1404:, were decapitated. The persecution intensified; presbyters and other clergymen could be arrested without having even been accused of a crime and condemned to death. A second fire appeared sixteen days after the first. Galerius left the city, declaring it unsafe, and Diocletian soon followed. Lactantius blames Galerius's allies for setting the fire; Constantine, in a later reminiscence, attributes the fire to "lightning from heaven". 391:(renunciation of the faith). At Smyrna, the bishop Euctemon sacrificed and encouraged others to do the same. Because the Church was largely urban, it should have been easy to identify, isolate and destroy the Church hierarchy. This did not happen. In June 251, Decius died in battle, leaving his persecution incomplete. His persecutions were not followed up for another six years, allowing some Church functions to resume. 537:

many individuals willing to be martyrs and many provincials willing to ignore any persecutory edicts from the emperors as well. Even Constantius was known to have disapproved of persecutory policies. The lower classes demonstrated little of the enthusiasm they had shown for earlier persecutions. They no longer believed the slanderous accusations that were popular in the 1st and 2nd centuries. Perhaps, as the historian

1086: 864:

this legislation. He may also have sought to fracture the Christian community by publicizing the fact that its clergy had apostatized. The demand to sacrifice was unacceptable to many of the imprisoned, but wardens often managed to obtain at least nominal compliance. Some of the clergy sacrificed willingly; others did so on pain of torture. Wardens were eager to be rid of the clergy in their midst. Eusebius, in his

9649: 1807:", was held to begin with Diocletian's accession to the emperorship in 284, rather than 303, when persecutions actually began; Barnes argues that they fabricated a large number of martyrs' tales (indeed, most surviving martyrs' tales are forgeries), exaggerated the facts in others, and embroidered true accounts with miraculous details. According to Curran, of the surviving martyrs' acts, only those of 1617:, who kept the records, saw to it that there were no evasions. Maximinus introduced some innovations to the process, making him the only known persecuting emperor to have done so. This edict now required food sold in the marketplaces to be covered in libation. Maximinus sent sentries to stand guard at bathhouses and city gates to ensure that all customers sacrificed. He issued copies of the fictitious 318:, it was a purely local affair; it did not spread beyond the city limits of Rome. These early persecutions were certainly violent, but they were sporadic, brief and limited in extent. They were of limited threat to Christianity as a whole. The very capriciousness of official action, however, made the threat of state coercion loom large in the Christian imagination. 601:. Like Hierocles, he unfavorably compared Jesus to Apollonius of Tyana. Porphyry held that Christians blasphemed by worshiping a human being rather than the Supreme God and behaved treasonably in forsaking the traditional Roman cult. "To what sort of penalties might we not justly subject people," Porphyry asked, "who are fugitives from their fathers' customs?" 790:. Porphyry may also have been present at this meeting. Upon returning, the messenger told the court that "the just on earth" hindered Apollo's ability to speak. These "just", Diocletian was informed by members of the court, could only refer to the Christians of the empire. At the behest of his court, Diocletian acceded to demands for a universal persecution. 131:'s accession in 260, these laws went into abeyance. Diocletian's assumption of power in 284 did not mark an immediate reversal of imperial inattention to Christianity, but it did herald a gradual shift in official attitudes toward religious minorities. In the first fifteen years of his rule, Diocletian purged the army of Christians, condemned 1172:

should compel Christians to sacrifice to the gods. Governor Valerius Florus enforced the same policy in Numidia during the summer or autumn of 303, when he called for "days of incense burning"; Christians would sacrifice or they would lose their lives. In addition to those already listed, African martyrs also include Saturninus and the

1769:. 378–95), Christianity became the state religion. By the 5th century, Christianity was the empire's predominant faith, and filled the same role paganism had at the end of the 3rd century. Because of the persecution, however, a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities ( 976:

Gaul, Spain, and Britain, moreover, Christians already had far more than Galerius was offering to Eastern Christians. Other late 20th-century historians, like Graeme Clark and David S. Potter, assert that for all its hedging, Galerius's issuance of the edict was a landmark event in the histories of Christianity and the Roman empire.

1094:

Spain, and Africa), it was firmly enforced; and in the East, under Diocletian (Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and Egypt) and Galerius (Greece and the Balkans), its provisions were pursued with more fervor than anywhere else. For the Eastern provinces, Peter Davies tabulated the total number of martyrdoms for an article in the

1593:, the highest authority in judicial proceedings after the emperor, demanding that Christians conform to pagan customs. His new legislation called for another general sacrifice, coupled with a general offering of libations. It was even more systematic than the first, allowing no exceptions for infants or servants. 1878:

Although the number of verifiably true martyrs' tales has decreased, and estimates of the total casualty rate have been reduced, the majority of modern writers are less skeptical than Gibbon of the severity of the persecution. As the author Stephen Williams wrote in 1985, "even allowing a margin for

1542:

At some point after the publication of Maximinus's first edict, perhaps in 307, Maximinus changed the penalty for transgressions. Instead of receiving the death penalty, Christians would now be mutilated and condemned to labor in state-owned mines. Since Egyptian mines were overstaffed, mostly due to

873:

In 304, the fourth edict ordered all persons, men, women, and children, to gather in a public space and offer a collective sacrifice. If they refused, they were to be executed. The precise date of the edict is unknown, but it was probably issued in either January or February 304 and was being applied

863:

In anticipation of the upcoming twentieth anniversary of his reign on November 20, 303, Diocletian declared a general amnesty in a third edict. Any imprisoned clergyman could be freed so long as he agreed to make a sacrifice to the gods. Diocletian may have been searching for some good publicity with

513:

forbidding incestuous marriages and affirming the supremacy of Roman law over local law. Its preamble insists that it is every emperor's duty to enforce the sacred precepts of Roman law, for "the immortal gods themselves will favour and be at peace with the Roman name...if we have seen to it that all

147:

Persecutory policies varied in intensity across the empire. Whereas Galerius and Diocletian were avid persecutors, Constantius was unenthusiastic. Later persecutory edicts, including the calls for universal sacrifice, were not applied in his domain. His son, Constantine, on taking the imperial office

1534:

The bulk of Eusebius's account deals with Maximinus, who took up the office of emperor in Nicomedia on May 1, 305, and immediately thereafter left the city for Caesarea, hurrying, Lactantius alleges, so as to oppress and trample the diocese of Oriens. Initially, Maximinus governed only Egypt and the

1294:

of the emperor. Maxentius did not permit religious freedom for Christians in the realm or the restitution of confiscated property. The Great Persecution continued until 311 when Constantine arrived at Rome's gates and defeated Maxentius with an army only half as big. Maxentius was such a tyrant that

1285:

The persecution was firmly enforced until Maximian's abdication in 305 but started to wane when Constantius (who seemed not to have been enthusiast about it) succeeded as august. After Constantius's death, Maxentius took advantage of Galerius's unpopularity in Italy (Galerius had introduced taxation

870:, records the case of one man who after being brought to an altar, had his hands seized and made to complete a sacrificial offering. The clergyman was told that his act of sacrifice had been recognized and was summarily dismissed. Others were told they had sacrificed even when they had done nothing. 749:

We have heard that the Manichaens have set up new and hitherto unheard-of sects in opposition to the older creeds so that they might cast out the doctrines vouchsafed to us in the past by the divine favour for the benefit of their own depraved doctrine. They have sprung forth very recently like new

194:

in Egypt, persisted long after the persecutions. The Donatists would not be reconciled to the Church until after 411. Some historians consider that, in the centuries that followed the persecutory era, Christians created a "cult of the martyrs" and exaggerated the barbarity of the persecutions. Other

135:

to death, and surrounded himself with public opponents of Christianity. Diocletian's preference for activist government, combined with his self-image as a restorer of past Roman glory, foreboded the most pervasive persecution in Roman history. In the winter of 302, Galerius urged Diocletian to begin

1756:

By 324, Constantine, the Christian convert, ruled the entire empire alone. Christianity became the greatest beneficiary of imperial largesse. The persecutors had been routed. As the historian J. Liebeschuetz has written: "The final result of the Great Persecution provided a testimonial to the truth

1738:

has put it, it was simply "too little and too late". Christians were never purged systematically in any part of the empire, and Christian evasion continually undermined the edicts' enforcement. Some bribed their way to freedom. The Christian Copres escaped on a technicality: To avoid sacrificing in

1664:

was executed in Nicomedia on January 7, 312. According to Eusebius, many Egyptian bishops suffered the same fate. According to Lactantius, Maximinus ordered confessors to have "their eyes gouged out, their hands cut off, their feet amputated, their noses or ears severed". Antioch asked Maximinus if

1655:

Maximinus issued orders in Autumn 311 forbidding Christians to congregate in cemeteries. After issuing these orders, he was approached by embassies from cities within his domain, demanding he begin a general persecution. Lactantius and Eusebius state that these petitions were not voluntary, but had

1651:

After Galerius's death, Maximinus seized Asia Minor. Even after Galerius's edict of toleration in 311, Maximinus continued to persecute. His name is absent from the list of emperors publishing Galerius's edict of toleration, perhaps through later suppression. Eusebius states that Maximinus complied

1407:

Lactantius, still living in Nicomedia, saw the beginnings of the apocalypse in Diocletian's persecution. Lactantius's writings during the persecution exhibit both bitterness and Christian triumphalism. His eschatology runs directly counter to Tetrarchic claims to "renewal". Diocletian asserted that

1116:

The sources are inconsistent regarding the extent of the persecution in Constantius's domain, though all portray it as quite limited. Lactantius states that the destruction of church buildings was the worst thing that came to pass. Eusebius explicitly denies that any churches were destroyed in both

979:

Galerius's law was not effective for long in Maximinus's district. Within seven months of Galerius's proclamation, Maximinus resumed persecution, which continued until 313, shortly before his death. At a meeting between Licinius and Constantine in Milan in February 313, the two emperors drafted the

975:

called the edict "insignificant"; likewise, the late 20th-century historian Timothy Barnes cautions that the "novelty or importance of measure should not be overestimated". Barnes notes that Galerius's legislation only brought to the East rights Christians already possessed in Italy and Africa. In

952:

Among all the other arrangements that we are always making for the benefit and utility of the state, we have heretofore wished to repair all things in accordance with the laws and public discipline of the Romans, and to ensure that even the Christians, who abandoned the practice of their ancestors,

536:

It is unknown how much support there was for persecution within the aristocracy. After Gallienus's peace, Christians reached high ranks in Roman government. Diocletian even appointed several Christians to those positions, and his wife and daughter may have been sympathetic to the Church. There were

321:

In the 3rd century, the pattern changed. Emperors became more active, and government officials began to actively pursue Christians rather than merely to respond to the will of the crowd. Christianity also changed. No longer were its practitioners merely "the lower orders fomenting discontent"; some

1684:

In the early spring of 313, as Licinius advanced against Maximinus, the latter resorted to savagery in his dealings with his own citizens, and his Christians in particular. In May 313, Maximinus issued one more edict of toleration, hoping to persuade Licinius to stop advancing, and win more public

1585:

records no Palestinian martyrs between July 25, 308 and November 13, 309. The political climate probably impinged on persecutory policy here: This was the period of the conference of Carnuntum, which met in November 308. Maximinus probably spent the next few months in discussion with Galerius over

1171:

refused his army bonus and took off his uniform in public. Once persecutions began, public authorities were eager to assert their authority. Anullinus, proconsul of Africa, expanded on the edict, deciding that in addition to the destruction of the Christians' scriptures and churches the government

1151:

While the persecution under Constantius was relatively light, there is no doubt about the force of the persecution in Maximian's domain. Its effects are recorded at Rome, Sicily, Spain, and in Africa—indeed, Maximian encouraged particularly strict enforcement of the edict in Africa. Africa's

1093:

The enforcement of the persecutory edicts was inconsistent. Since the Tetrarchs were more or less sovereign in their own realms, they had a good deal of control over persecutory policy. In Constantius's realm (Britain and Gaul) the persecution was only lightly enforced; in Maximian's realm (Italy,

777:

of the emperors was reaching a fevered pitch; at the behest of an oracle, it was to hit its peak. According to Lactantius, Diocletian and Galerius entered into an argument over what imperial policy towards Christians should be while at Nicomedia in 302. Diocletian argued that forbidding Christians

699:

Modern scholar Peter Davies surmises that Eusebius is referring to the same event as Lactantius, but that he heard of the event through public rumors and knew nothing of the privileged discussion at the emperor's private religion ceremony that Lactantius had access to. Since it was Galerius's army

442:

to Maximian declared: "You have heaped the gods with altars and statues, temples and offerings, which you dedicated with your own name and your own image, whose sanctity is increased by the example you set, of veneration for the gods. Surely, men will now understand what power resides in the gods,

179:

The persecution failed to check the rise of the Church. By 324, Constantine was sole ruler of the empire, and Christianity had become his favored religion. Although the persecution resulted in death, torture, imprisonment, or dislocation for many Christians, most of the empire's Christians avoided

843:

from May 19. In Gaul and Britain Constantius did not enforce this edict, but in the East progressively harsher legislation was devised; the edict was firmly enforced in Maximian's domain until his abdication in 305, but persecutions later began to wane when Constantius succeeded Maximian and were

834:

Diocletian requested that the edict be pursued "without bloodshed", against Galerius's demands that all those refusing to sacrifice be burned alive. In spite of Diocletian's request, local judges often enforced executions during the persecution, as capital punishment was among their discretionary

613:

The augurs, the dream interpreters, the soothsayers, the prophets, and the priestlings, ever vain...fearing that their own arts be brought to nought, and that they may extort but scanty contributions from the devotees, now few and infrequent, cry aloud, 'The gods are neglected, and in the temples

1302:

won. Eusebius was a moderate, however, in a still-divided Church. Heraclius, head of the rigorist faction, opposed readmission of the lapsed. Rioting followed, and Maxentius exiled the combative pair from the city, leaving Eusebius to die in Sicily on October 21. The office was vacant for almost

532:

even sat on a hill overlooking the imperial palace. These new churches probably represented not only absolute growth in Christian population, but also the increasing affluence of the Christian community. In some areas where Christians were influential, such as North Africa and Egypt, traditional

1869:

put it in 1954, "The so-called Great Persecution has been exaggerated in the Christian tradition to an extent which even Gibbon did not fully appreciate." In 1972, the ecclesiastical Protestant historian Hermann Dörries was embarrassed to admit to his colleagues that his sympathies lay with the

1848:

After the church had triumphed over all her enemies, the interest as well as vanity of the captives prompted them to magnify the merit of their respective sufferings. A convenient distance of time or place gave an ample scope to the progress of fiction; and the frequent instances which might be

527:

has given crude and tentative estimates for the Christian population in the 3rd century. Hopkins estimates that the Christian community grew from a population of 1.1 million in 250 to a population of 6 million by 300, about 10% of the empire's total population. Christians even expanded into the

715:

each allege that Galerius was the prime impetus for the military purge, and its prime beneficiary. Diocletian, for all his religious conservatism, still had tendencies towards religious tolerance. Galerius, by contrast, was a devoted and passionate pagan. According to Christian sources, he was

501:

The unique position of the Christians and Jews of the empire became increasingly apparent. The Jews had earned imperial toleration on account of the great antiquity of their faith. They had been exempted from Decius's persecution and continued to enjoy freedom from persecution under Tetrarchic

1752:

The pagan crowd was more sympathetic to the Christians' sufferings than they had been in the past. Lactantius, Eusebius and Constantine write of revulsion at the excesses of the persecutors—Constantine of executioners "wearied out, and disgusted at the cruelties" they had committed. The

769:

visited a court while preliminary sacrifices were taking place and interrupted the ceremonies, denouncing the act in a loud voice. He was arrested and sentenced to be set aflame, but Diocletian overruled the decision and decided that Romanus should have his tongue removed instead. Romanus was

86:

rescinding Christians' legal rights and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices. Later edicts targeted the clergy and demanded universal sacrifice, ordering all inhabitants to sacrifice to the gods. The persecution varied in intensity across the empire—weakest in

1623:

to encourage popular hatred of Christ. Prostitutes confessed, under judicial torture, to having engaged in debaucheries with Christians. Bishops were reassigned to work as stable boys for the Imperial horse guard or keepers of the Imperial camels. Maximinus also worked for a revival of pagan

988:

We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other

687:

divination. Diocletian, enraged by this turn of events, declared that all members of the court must make a sacrifice. Diocletian and Galerius also sent letters to the military command, demanding that the entire army perform the sacrifices or else face discharge. Since there are no reports of

1193:

bishops (those who had handed scriptures over to secular authorities). One of the key moments in the break with the mainline Church occurred in Carthage in 304. The Christians from Abitinae had been brought to the city and imprisoned. Friends and relatives of the prisoners came to visit but

1665:

it could forbid Christians from living in the city. In response, Maximinus issued a rescript encouraging every city to expel its Christians. This rescript was published in Sardis on April 6, 312, and in Tyre by May or June. There are three surviving copies of Maximinus's rescript, in Tyre,

1929:

Early pagan opponents of the Christians would see their God as a political criminal, executed under a governor of Judea for proclaiming himself "King of the Jews", and note that their holy texts included an allegorical attack on the Roman state that prophesied its imminent destruction

1566:(Ṣūr, Lebanon) thrown to the sea for conversing with Christians attending trial and refusing sacrifice; the Christians in court, meanwhile, he sent to Phaeno. On a single day, November 2, 307, Urbanus sentenced a man named Domninus to be burned alive, three youths to fight as 957:

Galerius's words reinforce the Tetrarchy's theological basis for the persecution; the acts did nothing more than attempt to enforce traditional civic and religious practices, even if the edicts were thoroughly nontraditional. Galerius does nothing to violate the spirit of the

604:

Pagan priests, too, were interested in suppressing any threat to traditional religion. They believed their ceremonies were hindered by the presence of Christians, who were thought to cloud the sight of oracles and stall the gods' recognition of their sacrifices. The Christian

958:

persecution—Christians are still admonished for their nonconformity and foolish practices—Galerius never admits that he did anything wrong. Certain early 20th-century historians have declared that Galerius's edict definitively nullified the old "legal formula"

1372:. It had become, officially at least, a Christian army. Constantine's apparent conversion was visible elsewhere, too. Bishops dined at Constantine's table, and many Christian building projects began soon after his victory. On November 9, 312, the old headquarters of the 470:

in Italy. He did, however, favor gods who provided for the safety of the whole empire instead of the local deities of the provinces. In Africa, Diocletian's revival focused on Jupiter, Hercules, Mercury, Apollo and the imperial cult. The cult of Saturn, the Romanized

2055:

Helgeland places the event in 301. Barnes argued for a date of 302 or "not long before" in 1976, but accepted a date of 299 in 1981. Woods argues for a date of 297, on the grounds that Diocletian and Galerius were both in the area at this time, and because Eusebius's

2190:, Israel). Barnes contests this identification, arguing that since Eusebius specifically identifies the city as wholly Jewish, it is unlikely to have been Lydda, which had a Christian bishop by 325. Diocaesarea, however, was noted for its Jewishness long thereafter. 1152:

political elite were insistent that the persecution be fulfilled, and Africa's Christians, especially in Numidia, were equally insistent on resisting them. For the Numidians, to hand over scriptures was an act of terrible apostasy. Africa had long been home to the

989:

religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion.

293:

Nonetheless, for the first two centuries of the Christian era, no emperor issued general laws against the faith or its Church. These persecutions were carried out under the authority of local government officials. At Bithynia–Pontus in 111, it was Pliny; at

1879:

invention, what remains is terrible enough. Unlike Gibbon, we live in an age which has experienced similar things, and knows how unsound is that civilised smile of incredulity at such reports. Things can be, have been, every bit as bad as our worst imaginings."

1718:), took up the job in his place. Meletius performed ordinations without Peter's permission, which caused some bishops to complain to Peter. Meletius soon refused to treat Peter as any kind of authority, and expanded his operations into Alexandria. According to 1669:(Aykiriçay, Turkey), and Colbasa. They are all essentially identical. To address a complaint from Lycia and Pamphylia about the "detestable pursuits of the atheists ", Maximinus promised the provincials whatever they wanted—perhaps an exemption from the 364:. 249–251), demanding a show of support for the faith, proclaimed that all inhabitants of the empire must sacrifice to the gods, eat sacrificial meat, and testify to these acts. Christians were obstinate in their non-compliance. Church leaders, like 528:

countryside, where they had never been numerous before. Churches in the later 3rd century were no longer as inconspicuous as they had been in the first and second. Large churches were prominent in certain major cities throughout the empire. The church in

1701:

Wall painting of martyred saints, Ananias, Azarias, and Misael from the town of Samalut with Saints Damian and Cosmas; martyred during the persecutions of Diocletian in the late 3rd century AD. Stucco. 6th century AD. From Wadi Sarga, Egypt. British

1874:

estimated that 3,000–3,500 Christians were killed in the persecution, although this number is disputed. The historian Min Seok Shin estimates that over 23,500 Christians suffered martyrdom under Diocletian, of whom the names of 850 are known.

597:. In the work, Porphyry expressed his shock at the rapid expansion of Christianity. He also revised his earlier opinions of Jesus, questioning Jesus' exclusion of the rich from the Kingdom of Heaven, and his permissiveness in regards to the demons 502:

government. Because their faith was new and unfamiliar and not typically identified with Judaism by this time, Christians had no such excuse. Moreover, Christians had been distancing themselves from their Jewish heritage for their entire history.

1226:

Maximian probably seized the Christian property in Rome quite easily—Roman cemeteries were noticeable, and Christian meeting places could have been easily found out. Senior churchmen would have been similarly prominent. The bishop of Rome

878:

in April 304 and in Palestine soon after. This last edict was not enforced at all in the domains of Constantius and was applied in the domains of Maximian until his abdication in 305. In the East, it remained applicable until the issue of the

3230: 1784:, "the embodiment of irrational ferocity". To medieval Christians, Diocletian was the most loathsome of all Roman emperors. From the 4th century on, Christians would describe the great persecution of Diocletian's reign as a bloodbath. The 1745:, wrote that "once more the fields and woods received the worshippers of God". To contemporary theologians, there was no sin in this behavior. Lactantius held that Christ himself had encouraged it, and Bishop Peter of Alexandria quoted 522:

Christian communities grew quickly in many parts of the empire (and especially in the East) after 260, when Gallienus brought peace to the Church. The data to calculate the figures are nearly non-existent, but historian and sociologist

1697: 330:, writing at about 248, tells of "the multitude of people coming in to the faith, even rich men and persons in positions of honour and ladies of high refinement and birth." Official reaction grew firmer. In 202, according to the 1156:—in Africa, martyrs held more religious authority than the clergy—and harbored a particularly intransigent, fanatical, and legalistic variety of Christianity. It was Africa that gave the West most of its martyrdoms. 560:, the works of these men demonstrated "the alliance of pagan intellectuals with the Establishment". Hierocles thought Christian beliefs absurd. If Christians applied their principles consistently, he argued, they would pray to 1624:

religion. He appointed high priests for each province, men who were to wear white robes and supervise daily worship of the gods. Maximinus demanded that vigorous restoration work be done on decaying temples within his domain.

1555:. Firmilianus cut the tendons on their left feet, blinded their right eyes, and sent them to the mines of Palestine. On another occasion, 130 others received the same punishment. Some were sent to Phaeno, and some to Cilicia. 728:

Affairs quieted after the initial persecution. Diocletian remained in Antioch for the following three years. He visited Egypt once, over the winter of 301–302, where he began the grain dole in Alexandria. In Egypt, some

564:

instead of Jesus. Hierocles considered that Apollonius's miracles had been far more impressive and Apollonius never had the temerity to call himself "God". He thought the scriptures were full of "lies and contradictions" and

2155:

The document is not actually an edict, but a letter. The two can be distinguished by the presence of a specific addressee on a letter, and the absence of one on an edict. The version of the document preserved by Lactantius

2086:

Barnes argues that Diocletian was prepared to tolerate Christianity—he did, after all, live within sight of Nicomedia's Christian church, and his wife and daughter were, if not Christians themselves (as per Eusebius,

1676:

When Maximinus received notice that Constantine had succeeded in his campaign against Maxentius, he issued a new letter restoring Christians their former liberties. The text of this letter, which is preserved in Eusebius's

1574:, a priest, scholar, and defender of the theologian Origen. Soon after, and for unknown reasons, Urbanus was stripped of his rank, imprisoned, tried, and executed, all in one day of expedited proceedings. His replacement, 514:

subject to our rule entirely lead a pious, religious, peaceable and chaste life in every respect". These principles, if given their full extension, would logically require Roman emperors to enforce conformity in religion.

273:

tells of children disinherited for becoming Christians. Traditional Roman religion was inextricably interwoven into the fabric of Roman society and state, but Christians refused to observe its practices. In the words of

1853:

Throughout his history, Gibbon implies that the early Church undermined traditional Roman virtues, and thereby impaired the health of civil society. When Gibbon sought to reduce the numbers of the martyrs in his

114:

Christians had been subject to intermittent local discrimination in the empire, but emperors prior to Diocletian were reluctant to issue general laws against the religious group. In the 250s, under the reigns of

7215:, Vol. 3. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 16, 2009. 1631:, Israel) on their way to visit the confessors in Cilicia. Three were beheaded; the rest lost their left feet and right eyes. On January 10, 310, Peter and the bishop Asclepius from the dualist Christian sect 7125:, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 7093:, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 7063:, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 6912:, Vol. 6. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 1995:

gives a smaller estimate of the Christian population in 300—4% or 5% of the empire's total population—but allows that Christian numbers grew as a result of the hardship of the years from 250 to

591:. He had few complaints about Jesus, whom he praised as a saintly individual, a "humble" man. Christ's followers, however, he damned as "arrogant". Around 290, Porphyry wrote a fifteen-volume work entitled 778:

from the bureaucracy and military would be sufficient to appease the gods, while Galerius pushed for their extermination. The two men sought to resolve their dispute by sending a messenger to consult the

1802:

argues that hagiographers portrayed a persecution far more extensive than the real one had been, and the Christians responsible for this cult were loose with the facts. Their "heroic age" of martyrs, or

9244: 1500:

Since no one below the status of governor held the legal power to enforce capital punishment, most recalcitrant Christians would have been sent to Caesarea to await punishment. The first martyr,

1497:, Eusebius laments the incompleteness of his reportage: "how could one number the multitude of martyrs in each province, and especially those in Africa and Mauretania, and in Thebaid and Egypt?" 1388:

Before the end of February 303, a fire destroyed part of the imperial palace at Nicomedia. Galerius convinced Diocletian that the culprits were Christian conspirators who had plotted with palace

1194:

encountered resistance from a local mob. The group was harassed, beaten, and whipped; the food they had brought for their imprisoned friends was scattered on the ground. The mob had been sent by

7030:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 6991:, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Accessed June 9, 2009. 2095:

15.1), at least sympathetic to the faith—but was successively brought closer and closer to intolerance under Galerius's influence. Davies takes a more skeptical view of the same evidence.

1581:

Eusebius notes that this event marked the beginning of a temporary respite from persecution. Although the precise dating of this respite is not specifically noted by Eusebius, the text of the

475:, was neglected. In imperial iconography Jupiter and Hercules were pervasive. The same pattern of favoritism affected Egypt as well. Native Egyptian deities saw no revival, nor was the sacred 614:

there is now a very thin attendance. Former ceremonies are exposed to derision, and the time-honoured rites of institutions once sacred have sunk before the superstitions of new religions.'

1790:, a collection of biographies of the popes, alleges 17,000 martyrs within a single thirty-day period. In the 4th century, Christians created a "cult of martyrs" in homage to the fallen. 176:

in 313, which offered a more comprehensive acceptance of Christianity than Galerius's edict had provided. Licinius ousted Maximinus in 313, bringing an end to persecution in the East.

2550:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 151, calls this supposed rescript an "invention" of the author, reflecting his own religious prejudices instead of imperial policy under the Severans. 5711:

7.1–4; Keresztes, 388. On Christian condemnation to the mines in general, see J.G. Davies, "Condemnation to the Mines: A Neglected Chapter in the History of the Persecutions,"

676:

eventually declared that this failure was the result of interruptions in the process caused by profane men. Certain Christians in the imperial household had been observed making the

2403:

Clarke, 616; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510. See also: Barnes, "Legislation"; de Sainte-Croix, "Persecuted?"; Musurillo, lviii–lxii; and Sherwin-White, "Early Persecutions."

1235:

that Marcellinus was "brought away by the persecution", an obscure phrase that may refer to his martyrdom or to the fact that he fled the city. Others assert that Marcellinus was a

1777:

Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage, continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411. The Melitians in Egypt left the Egyptian Church similarly divided.

1527:, published the fourth edict. Eusebius probably does not list a complete account of all those executed under the fourth edict—he alludes in passing to others imprisoned with 1570:, and a priest to be exposed to a beast. On the same day, he ordered some young men to be castrated, sent three virgins to brothels, and imprisoned a number of others, including 573:

had peddled falsehoods. In the early 4th century, an unidentified philosopher published a pamphlet attacking the Christians. This philosopher, who might have been a pupil of the

1311:, the head of the city, responsible for publishing imperial edicts within the city, to ensure compliance. African Christians were still recovering lost property as late as 312. 1214:

would give the dissident movement its name. By the time Constantine took over the province, the African Church was deeply divided. The Donatists would not be reconciled to the

770:

executed on November 18, 303. The boldness of this Christian displeased Diocletian, and he left the city and made for Nicomedia to spend the winter, accompanied by Galerius.

980:

terms of a universal peace. The terms of this peace were posted by the victorious Licinius at Nicomedia on June 13, 313. Later ages have taken to calling the document the "

1858:, he was perceived as intending to diminish the Church and deny sacred history. He was attacked for his suspected irreligion in print. The contemporary classical scholar 8295:

Schott, Jeremy M. (2005). "Porphyry on Christians and Others: "Barbarian Wisdom," Identity Politics, and Anti-Christian Polemics on the Eve of the Great Persecution".

1900: 1524: 5715:

6 (1958), 99–107. The same punishment was later used on Christian heretics, on which see Mark Gustafson, "Condemnation to the Mines in the Later Roman Empire,"

544:

Within the highest ranks of the imperial administration, however, there were men who were ideologically opposed to the toleration of Christians, like the philosopher

9306: 8701: 6380:

Keresztes, 389. On the Egyptian response to the persecutions, see also: Annemarie Luijendijk, "Papyri from the Great Persecution: Roman and Christian Perspectives,"

2160:

48.2–12) is a letter to the governor of Bithynia, and was presumably posted in Nicomedia after Licinius had taken the city from Maximinus. Eusebius's version (

1253:

had been listed—a "glaring" absence, in the opinion of historian John Curran. Within forty years, Donatists began spreading rumors that Marcellinus had been a

7179: 1969:

The Palestinian Talmud records that when Diocletian paid a visit to the region, he decreed that "sacrifices should be offered by all the people except the Jews".

1840: 918:

In the West, however, what remained after the Diocletianic settlement had weakened the Tetrarchy as a system of government. Constantine, son of Constantius, and

1689:

on April 30, 313; the now-powerless Maximinus committed suicide at Tarsus in the summer of 313. On June 13, Licinius published the Edict of Milan in Nicomedia.

8890: 2173:

These figures count only the total number of martyrdoms, not the number of individuals martyred. Davies takes his figures from martyrs' acts collected by the

1286:

for the city and countryside of Rome for the first time in the history of the empire) to declare himself emperor. On October 28, 306, Maxentius convinced the

1108:, in a passage on the origins of the early persecution edicts, criticizes Davies' over-reliance on these "dubious martyr acts" and dismisses his conclusions. 9219: 8850: 8845: 95:, where only the first edict was applied, and strongest in the Eastern provinces. Persecutory laws were nullified by different emperors (Galerius with the 451:. This connection between god and emperor helped to legitimize the emperors' claims to power and tied imperial government closer to the traditional cult. 8567: 250:

in 177, it was only the intervention of civil authorities that stopped a pagan mob from dragging Christians from their houses and beating them to death.

1960:

Although some members of the laity were persecuted, the primary targets of official action were always the clergy and the more prominent lay Christians.

148:

in 306, restored Christians to full legal equality and returned property that had been confiscated during the persecution. In Italy in 306, the usurper

8925: 8723: 195:

historians using texts and archeological evidence from the period assert that this position is in error. Christian accounts were criticized during the

8756: 2767:

Bowman, "Diocletian", 70–71; Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 40; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 240–43; Odahl, 43–44; Williams, 58–59.

1241: 454:

Diocletian did not insist on exclusive worship of Jupiter and Hercules, which would have been a drastic change in the pagan tradition. For example,

8960: 9624: 9619: 9381: 9234: 8678: 8612: 1307:

was elected on July 2, 311, as Maxentius prepared to face Constantine in battle. Miltiades sent two deacons with letters from Maxentius to the

7465:

Beatrice, Pier Franco (1993). "Antistes Philosophiae. Ein Christenfeindlicher Propagandist am Hofe Diokletians nach dem Zeugnis des Laktanz".

1627:

The next few months saw the worst extremes of the persecution. On December 13, 309, Firmilianus condemned some Egyptians arrested at Ascalon (

1558:

Eusebius characterizes Urbanus as a man who enjoyed some variety in his punishments. One day, shortly after Easter 307, he ordered the virgin

672:, diviners of omens from sacrificed animals, were unable to read the sacrificed animals and failed to do so after repeated trials. The master 144:

for guidance. The oracle's reply was read as an endorsement of Galerius's position, and a general persecution was called on February 23, 303.

9401: 8885: 8622: 1314:

Outside Rome, there are fewer sure details of the progress and effects of the persecution in Italy, and the number of deaths is unclear. The

225: 1396:

were eliminated. One individual named Peter was stripped, raised high, and scourged. Salt and vinegar were poured in his wounds, and he was

1392:. An investigation into the act was commissioned, but no responsible party was found. Executions followed. The palace eunuchs Dorotheus and 9214: 9209: 8930: 211:, have attempted to determine whether Christian sources exaggerated the scope of the Diocletianic persecution, but disagreements continue. 704:

was corrupted in the translation to Latin and that Eusebius's text originally located the beginnings of the army persecution at a fort in

9476: 2369: 415: 8771: 8693: 2104:

The edict might not actually have been an "edict" in the technical sense; Eusebius does not refer to it as such, and the passage in the

1746: 403:. 260–268), ended the persecution and inaugurated nearly 40 years of freedom from official sanctions, praised by Eusebius as the " 127:

or face imprisonment and execution, but there is no evidence that these edicts were specifically intended to attack Christianity. After

9652: 9459: 3596:

Iain Gardner and Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds., Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 117–18.

860:

forced upon it. Eusebius writes that the edict netted so many priests that ordinary criminals were crowded out and had to be released.

8965: 1104:

that are incomplete and only partially reliable, point to a heavier persecution under Diocletian than under Galerius. The historian

9723: 9376: 9271: 180:

punishment. The persecution did, however, cause many churches to split between those who had complied with imperial authority (the

17: 9356: 8560: 1278:, if it ever actually happened, is unclear. There appears to have been a break in the episcopal succession since his successor, 1202:, his deacon, for reasons that remain obscure. In 311, Caecilian was elected bishop of Carthage. His opponents charged that his 972: 426:

Diocletian, acclaimed emperor on November 20, 284, was a religious conservative, faithful to the traditional Roman cult. Unlike

9326: 8733: 1758: 8534: 9386: 9361: 9281: 8411: 8373: 8333: 8109:

Nicholson, Oliver (1989). "Flight from Persecution as Imitation of Christ: Lactantius' Divine Institutes IV. 18, 1–2".

7984: 7925: 7791: 7753: 7705: 7312: 3896: 2232: 1326:

around, refusing to surrender them. Euplus was arrested on April 29, 304, tried, and martyred on August 12. According to the

1271:. The latter work states that the bishop had indeed apostatized but redeemed himself through martyrdom a few days afterward. 642:, Georgia. Christian tradition places the martyrdom of St. George, formerly a Roman army officer, in the reign of Diocletian. 628: 3708:, 21; Elliott, 35–36; Keresztes, 381; Lane Fox, 595; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 246–48; Odahl, 67; Potter, 338. 1543:

the influx of Christian prisoners, Egyptian penitents were increasingly sent to the copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and

9396: 9371: 9351: 9321: 9276: 8945: 1295:

the Romans would not open the gates for his defeated, retreating army, but opened them only for the conqueror Constantine.

2005:

Clarke argues against reading a large advancement in either the numbers or the social status of Christians into this data.

1481:

Palestine is the only region for which an extended local perspective of the persecution exists, in the form of Eusebius's

9421: 9391: 2117: 1345: 282:). Among the more credulous, Christians were thought to use black magic in pursuit of revolutionary aims and to practise 1360:

river and drowned. Constantine entered the city the next day but declined to take part in the traditional ascent up the

9642: 9549: 9431: 9411: 9406: 9301: 8746: 8683: 8655: 8553: 1520:: "the lordship of many is not a good thing; let there be one ruler, one king". The governor beheaded the man at once. 1377: 1096: 900: 1862:

mocked Gibbon, writing that his humanity never slept, "unless when women are ravished, or the Christians persecuted".

1400:

over an open flame. The executions continued until at least April 24, 303, when six individuals, including the bishop

693: 9703: 9688: 9683: 9336: 9331: 8955: 8468: 8449: 8430: 8392: 8264: 8179: 8158: 8139: 8062: 8043: 8003: 7965: 7810: 7772: 7683: 7660: 7641: 7613: 7562: 7543: 7524: 7505: 7331: 6963: 2812:

617, 641, 618; Frend, "Prelude", 3; Lane Fox, 593. See also Millar, 182, on Tetrarchic triumphalism in the Near East.

2470:, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Linott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 869–70. 1512:

and an exorcist. He was brought before the governor on June 7, 303, and asked to sacrifice to the gods and to pour a

1365: 1210:. Many others in Africa, including the Abitinians, also supported Majorinus against Caecilian. Majorinus's successor 598: 1551:, Israel) in the spring of 308, 97 Christian confessors were received by Firmilianus from the porphyry mines in the 9564: 1951:

3.15) undermines Eusebius's picture of Maximin's policy, and vouches for a comparatively light persecution instead.

7651:

Edwards, Mark (2005). "Christianity, A.D. 70–192". In Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.).

7625:

Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine

9291: 8741: 931: 7744:

Frend, W. H. C. (2006). "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.).

4514:

34.1–5, qtd. and tr. in Potter, 355–56. See Clarke, 656–57, for a translation from J.L. Creed.

156:, promising full religious toleration. Galerius ended the persecution in the East in 311, but it was resumed in 9713: 9708: 9286: 8975: 8935: 8781: 6625:

Iole Fargnoli, "Many Faiths and One Emperor: Remarks about the Religious Legislation of Theodosius the Great,"

2808: 1780:

In future generations, both Christians and pagans would look back on Diocletian as, in the words of theologian

1723: 737:, were denounced in the presence of the proconsul of Africa. On March 31, 302, in an official edict called the 384:

of Smyrna. Origen was tortured during the persecution and died about a year after from the resulting injuries.

7496:

Clarke, Graeme (2005). "Third-Century Christianity". In Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.).

828: 8803: 1089:

Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs' zones of influence.

1739:

court, he gave his brother power of attorney, and had him do it instead. Many simply fled. Eusebius, in his

1523:

Further martyrdoms followed in the months thereafter, increasing in the next spring, when the new governor,

1257:

and that he had even sacrificed to the pagan gods. The tale was embroidered in the 5th-century forgery the "

490:

before him, styled himself a "restorer". He urged the public to see his reign and his governing system, the

7975:

Leadbetter, William (2004). "From Constantine to Theodosius (and Beyond)". In Esler, Philip Francis (ed.).

7675: 6997:

History of the Martyrs in Palestine by Eusebius of Caesarea, Discovered in a Very Antient Syriac Manuscript

1844:(1776), Gibbon claims that Christians had greatly exaggerated the scale of the persecutions they suffered: 1353: 420: 407:". The peace was undisturbed, save for occasional, isolated persecutions, until Diocletian became emperor. 323: 1823:

are even remotely historical. These traditional accounts were first questioned in the Enlightenment, when

9698: 1889: 1871: 1781: 1328: 1298:

On April 18, 308, Maxentius allowed the Christians to hold another election for the city's bishop, which

1231:

died in 304, during the persecution, but how he died is disputed among historians: Eusebius wrote in his

1139:, the first British Christian martyr, was once dated to this era, but most now assign it to the reign of 538: 495: 2014:

Clarke cautions, however, that this shift in attitudes may simply be an artifact of the source material.

1722:, the Church split into two sections: the "Catholic Church", under Peter, and, after Peter's execution, 1408:

he had instituted a new era of security and peace; Lactantius saw the beginning of a cosmic revolution.

688:

bloodshed in Lactantius's narrative, Christians in the imperial household must have survived the event.

458:

had tried fostering his own god and no others and had failed dramatically. Diocletian built temples for

443:

when you worship them so fervently." Diocletian associated himself with the head of the Roman pantheon,

253:

To the followers of the traditional cults, Christians were odd creatures: not quite Roman but not quite

9579: 9539: 9366: 8663: 6751:

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 128, 128 n.109.

1657: 1589:

In the autumn of 309, Maximinus resumed persecution by issuing letters to provincial governors and his

1575: 1373: 1258: 816: 404: 8539: 609:, writing during Diocletian's reign, attributes financial concerns to provisioners of pagan services: 505:

Persecution was not the only outlet of the Tetrarchy's moral fervor. In 295, either Diocletian or his

265:, avoided public office, and publicly criticized ancient traditions. Conversions tore families apart: 9519: 9509: 8900: 8751: 8579: 7601: 1119: 803:

On February 23, 303, Diocletian ordered that the newly built Christian church at Nicomedia be razed,

56: 8545: 7805:. The Cambridge History of the Bible. Vol. 3 (Paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7160: 1910: 1906: 1643:

remains, like stone inscriptions; Eusebius does not mention Valentinianus anywhere in his writings.

762:

Diocletian was in Antioch in the autumn of 302, when the next instance of persecution occurred. The

307: 9544: 9469: 9449: 9416: 8860: 8584: 7100: 1895: 1656:

been made at Maximinus's behest. Maximinus began persecuting Church leaders before the end of 311.

1501: 9189: 9184: 7698:

Martyrdom and persecution in the early church: a study of a conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus

1619: 1159:

Africa had produced martyrs even in the years immediately prior to the Great Persecution. In 298,

936:

In the East, the persecution was officially discontinued on April 30, 311, although martyrdoms in

39:

flogged in the presence of Emperor Diocletian. Byzantine artwork, from the crypt of the church of

9481: 9426: 8950: 8013:

Löhr, Winrich (2002). "Some Observations on Karl-Heinz Schwarte's 'Diokletians Christengesetz'".

7274:

Barnes, Timothy D. (1976). "Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the "Great Persecution"".

3689:

it was impossible for (the oracle) to speak the truth because of the righteous men upon the Earth

1934:). These arguments were less effective as time went on, since Christians were visibly apolitical. 1773:) and those who had refused. In Africa, the Donatists, who protested the election of the alleged 580:, dined repeatedly at the imperial court. Diocletian was surrounded by an anti-Christian clique. 40: 583:

Porphyry was somewhat restrained in his criticism of Christianity, at least in his early works,

8920: 8875: 8402:

Tilley, Maureen A. (2006). "North Africa". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.).

8072:

Mitchell, Stephen (1988). "Maximinus and the Christians in A.D. 312: A New Latin Inscription".

7168: 2304: 1866: 1799: 1167:, had been tried for refusing to follow military discipline; in Mauretania in 298, the soldier 647: 593: 545: 208: 8529: 9296: 9102: 9071: 8970: 8940: 8915: 7765:

There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire

5326: 2164:

10.5.2–14) is probably a copy sent to the governor of Palestine and posted in Caesarea.

1820: 1719: 1711: 1571: 1401: 1160: 712: 231: 124: 100: 8668: 6816:

Gibbon and the 'Watchmen of the Holy City': The Historian and his Reputation 1776–1815

1586:

his role in the imperial government, and did not have the time to deal with the Christians.

541:

has suggested, the long-established Church had become another accepted part of their lives.

434:. 270–275), Diocletian did not foster any new cult of his own. He preferred the older 9486: 9346: 9249: 9179: 8905: 6924: 1341: 1168: 866: 476: 381: 377: 196: 8706: 380:, were arrested, tried and executed, as were certain members of the Christian laity, like 242:, was sent long lists of denunciations of Christians by anonymous citizens, which Emperor 8: 9718: 9662: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9224: 8635: 8501: 6996: 3850:, 22; Clarke, 650; Liebeschuetz, 249–50; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75. 1749:("when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another") in support of the tactic. 1741: 1686: 1173: 912: 766: 561: 549: 444: 262: 239: 79: 4021:, 179; Williams, 176. The quotation is from Lactantius, and the translation by Williams. 3692: 9614: 9589: 9529: 9493: 9128: 9045: 8840: 8776: 8673: 8640: 8630: 8604: 8312: 8243: 8214: 8206: 8097: 8089: 7874: 7845: 7837: 7732: 7589: 7453: 7424: 7395: 7362: 7358: 7291: 7262: 7254: 1931: 1816: 1786: 1590: 1528: 1380:. Under Constantine's rule, Christianity became the prime focus of official patronage. 1319: 1267: 392: 373: 315: 161: 120: 32: 8823: 6797:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ix–xi, 34; Patricia B. Craddock, 3695:

by Arthur James Mason M.A.; Deighton Bell and Co publishers, Cambridge, 1876; page 63.

1176:, another group martyred on February 12, 304 in Carthage, and the martyrs of Milevis ( 9658: 9030: 8808: 8716: 8499:

Woods, David (2001). "'Veturius' and the Beginning of the Diocletianic Persecution".

8464: 8445: 8426: 8407: 8388: 8369: 8329: 8316: 8260: 8247: 8218: 8175: 8154: 8135: 8101: 8058: 8039: 7999: 7980: 7961: 7921: 7878: 7849: 7806: 7787: 7768: 7749: 7736: 7701: 7679: 7656: 7637: 7609: 7558: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7457: 7327: 7308: 7266: 6959: 3892: 3329: 2416:, 87–93; Edwards, 579; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 506–8, citing Pliny, 2228: 2146:

Gaddis writes that the quotation may be a slur on Galerius's trans-Danubian ancestry.

1661: 1559: 1486: 1349: 1333: 1140: 836: 677: 662:

records that at Antioch some time in 299, the emperors were engaged in sacrifice and

337: 287: 235: 9153: 7517:

The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284–324

9609: 9574: 9559: 9503: 9454: 8910: 8880: 8766: 8761: 8711: 8510: 8487: 8352: 8304: 8283: 8235: 8198: 8118: 8081: 8022: 7944: 7904: 7866: 7829: 7724: 7581: 7445: 7416: 7387: 7354: 7283: 7246: 3340:, 18–19; Davies, 78–79; Helgeland, 159; Liebeschuetz, 246–8; Odahl, 65. 1509: 1490: 1397: 1337: 1287: 1279: 1228: 941: 570: 435: 387:

The Decian persecution was a grave blow to the Church. At Carthage, there was mass

332: 204: 96: 1978:

The edict illegalized sibling marriage, which had long been customary in the East.

438:. Nonetheless, Diocletian did wish to inspire a general religious revival. As the 9534: 9239: 9133: 9035: 8870: 8865: 8855: 8835: 8793: 8788: 8169: 2046:(written in the 10th century) that Porphyry only "survived until of Diocletian". 1812: 1757:

of Christianity which it could have won in no other way." After Constantine, the

1361: 1352:

narrowly escaped martyrdom. Constantine confronted and defeated Maxentius at the

1308: 1215: 1127:, but lists Gaul as an area suffering from the effects of the persecution in his 968:, "on a par with Judaism", and secured Christians' property, among other things. 494:(rule by four emperors), as a renewal of traditional Roman values and, after the 349: 7715:

Frend, W. H. C. (1987). "Prelude to the Great Persecution: The Propaganda War".

6642:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 122. See also: MacMullen, vii, and 2064:. (For, although Eusebius dates the defeat to 302, it actually occurred in 297.) 899:

Diocletian and Maximian resigned on May 1, 305. Constantius and Galerius became

9584: 9554: 9464: 9158: 9138: 8895: 8818: 8798: 8274:

de Sainte-Croix, G. E. M. (1963). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?".

7895:

Keresztes, Paul (1983). "From the Great Persecution To the Peace of Galerius".

1992: 1859: 1804: 1735: 1505: 1304: 1211: 1105: 981: 964: 908: 880: 812: 734: 506: 369: 173: 169: 108: 8514: 8239: 8026: 7728: 7449: 3311:, 1.24, qtd. in Davies, 79–80, from a translation by Bryce and Campbell. 2479:

Clarke, 616; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 7.

827:, veterans, and soldiers were deprived of their ranks; and Christian imperial 9677: 9524: 9148: 9097: 9004: 7888:

The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey

7572:

Davies, P. S. (1989). "The Origin and Purpose of the Persecution of AD 303".

7163:, Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009. 7137: 6395:

Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire

5321: 3053:

8.6.2–4, 8.9.7, 8.11.2, cited in Keresztes, 379; Potter, 337, 661 n.16.

1832: 1824: 1808: 1563: 1299: 1291: 1187:, a schismatic movement that forbade any compromise with Roman government or 971:

Not all have been so enthusiastic. The 17th-century ecclesiastical historian

944:, also called Edict of Toleration by Galerius, was issued in 311 in Serdica ( 884: 524: 266: 200: 92: 64: 8356: 8189:

Rives, J. B. (1999). "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of the Empire".

7908: 7820:

Helgeland, John (1974). "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337".

7207: 7117: 7085: 7055: 7022: 6983: 6904: 5290: 894: 9693: 9316: 9204: 9174: 8830: 8491: 8343:

Sherwin-White, A. N. (1952). "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again".

8308: 7948: 7870: 3761: 3751:, 22; Clarke, 650; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75; Williams, 176. 2262:

Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 15–16.

1762: 1670: 1206:

made him unworthy of the office and declared itself for another candidate,

875: 804: 754:

The Christians of the empire were vulnerable to the same line of thinking.

650:

in 299, co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius traveled from Persia to Syrian

633: 574: 467: 136:

a general persecution of the Christians. Diocletian was wary and asked the

60: 8287: 8122: 7935:

Knipfing, J. R. (1922). "The Edict of Galerius (311 A.D.) re-considered".

7585: 2603:

E. Leigh Gibson, "Jewish Antagonism or Christian Polemic: The Case of the

9311: 9199: 9194: 9143: 9107: 8530:

A Chronological Chart of the Persecution with primary sources hyperlinked

4581:

Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles

2073:

Davies disputes Barnes' identification of Constantine's unnamed emperor (

1636: 1250: 1199: 1177: 1136: 774: 730: 566: 557: 472: 365: 186:), and those who had remained "pure". Certain schisms, like those of the 157: 132: 36: 7593: 7366: 3927:

Clarke, 650–51; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75–76.

3233:, qtd. and tr. Frend, "Prelude", 10 n.64. See also: Barnes, "Porphyry's 1865:

Some later historians, however, took Gibbon's emphases even further. As

925: 9569: 9341: 9061: 8404:

The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine

7841: 7746:

The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume I: Origins to Constantine

7428: 7399: 7191: 7035: 5746:

Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves

4942:

13.1 (= Musurillo, 106–31), cited in Tilley, "North Africa", 391.

4553:

Knipfing, 705; K. Bihlmeyer, "Das Toleranzedikt des Galerius von 311",

3674:

2.50. Davies (80 n.75) believes that this should be re-written as "the

2174: 1632: 904: 663: 659: 577: 479:

used. Unity in worship was central to Diocletian's religious policies.

455: 270: 153: 67: 8226:

de Sainte-Croix, G. E. M. (1954). "Aspects of the Great Persecution".

8210: 8093: 7295: 7258: 7161:

Quick links to the separate books and parts of ‘Against the Donatists’

3653:

Schott, "Porphyry on Christians", 278; Beatrice, 1–47; Digeser,

2122:

exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto ut profiteretur universus orbis terrae

1164: 9081: 9076: 8575: 7767:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. 7534:

Corcoran, Simon (2006). "Before Constantine". In Lenski, Noel (ed.).

7222:

Donatist Martyr Stories: The Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa

6689:, ed. Paul Fouracre (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 21. 4213:, 181–82; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76–77; Keresztes, 383. 2224: 1640: 1603: 1567: 1548: 1393: 1207: 1195: 1189: 1153: 1100:. Davies argues that the figures, although reliant on collections of 937: 919: 705: 529: 491: 439: 396: 303: 254: 191: 182: 149: 128: 123:, Roman subjects including Christians were compelled to sacrifice to 8423:

Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of redistributive justice

7833: 7420: 7391: 7000:. London: Williams & Norgate, 1861. Accessed September 28, 2009. 6801:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 60–61, 122. 852:

In the summer of 303, following a series of rebellions in Melitene (

261:. Christians rejected public festivals, refused to take part in the 9066: 9025: 8202: 8085: 7287: 7250: 6884: 6840:, trans. R.H. Bainton (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 13 n. 11. 2581:

Clarke, 625–27; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 513; Rives, 135.

1828: 1666: 1628: 1609: 1578:, was a veteran soldier and one of Maximinus's trusted confidants. 1513: 1249:, or calendar of feasts, where all Marcellinus's predecessors from 1184: 888: 857: 824: 689: 668: 606: 553: 510: 483: 448: 427: 388: 345: 299: 187: 165: 104: 75: 71: 8326:

Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity

3402:

8.4.2–3; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 246; Helgeland, 159.

2137:

This apparently included any house in which scriptures were found.

2040:

Later dates are possible, but discouraged by the statement in the

9229: 7341:

Barnes, Timothy D. (1994). "Scholarship or Propaganda? Poprphyry

7237:

Barnes, Timothy D. (1968). "Legislation Against the Christians".

3765: 3488:, 20; Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 51; Odahl, 54–56, 62. 1552: 1544: 1536: 1369: 1085: 853: 820: 655: 651: 463: 275: 7857:

Hopkins, Keith (1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications".

7489:

The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great

7436:

Baynes, Norman H. (1924). "Two Notes on the Great Persecution".

9040: 7653:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire

7498:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire

2114:

exiit edictum imperatorum et Caesarum super omnem faciem terrae

2061: 1389: 1323: 895:

Abdications, instability, and renewed toleration, 305–311

787: 783: 779: 763: 487: 357: 327: 295: 283: 269:

tells of a pagan husband who denounced his Christian wife, and

257:

either. Their practices were deeply threatening to traditional

243: 141: 137: 116: 4951:

Edwards, 585; Tilley, "North Africa", 387, 395; Williams, 179.

4230:, 24; Liebeschuetz, 249–50; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77. 3829:, 22; De Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75; Liebeschuetz, 249–50. 2394:

Dodds, 111–12, 112 n.1; de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 20.

9112: 8813: 5431:, 24; Lane Fox, 596; Williams, 178. See also: Keresztes, 382. 2546:, 17.1; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511. Timothy Barnes, at 2023:

Aurelius Victor describes the circle around Diocletian as an

1870:

Christians rather than their persecutors. Anglican historian

1734:

The Diocletianic persecution was ultimately unsuccessful. As

1715: 1517: 1357: 945: 840: 807:, and its treasures seized. February 23 was the feast of the 717: 680:

during the ceremonies and were alleged to have disrupted the

639: 258: 207:

and secular tenor of that period. Modern historians, such as

83: 7555:

Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century

1356:

outside Rome on October 28, 312; Maxentius retreated to the

745:

and addressed to the proconsul of Africa, Diocletian wrote:

172:. Constantine and Licinius, Severus's successor, signed the 111:

in 313 has traditionally marked the end of the persecution.

9020: 8478:

Woods, David (1992). "Two Notes on the Great Persecution".

5954:

Patrology, volume I: The Beginnings of Patristic Literature

2977:

The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History

2594:

6.39.4; Clarke, 632, 634; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514.

2462:

G. W. Clarke, "The origins and spread of Christianity," in

2042: 1420: 459: 311: 247: 88: 8406:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 381–396. 7748:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 503–523. 7655:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 573–588. 7500:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 589–671. 4765:

Corcoran, "Before Constantine", 45–46; Williams, 67.

4307:, 26–27; Odahl, 72–74; Southern, 152–53. 1901:

List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian

1835:

questioned traditional accounts of the Christian martyrs.

2690:

7.10.3, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 515.

2453:

5.1 (= Musurillo, 62–85); Edwards, 587; Frend, 508.

2440:(= Musurillo, 86–89), cited in Frend, 510 (Scilli). 2187: 2128:. The text of the edict itself does not actually survive. 1303:

three years, until Maxentius permitted another election.

348:

forbidding conversion to either Judaism or Christianity.

314:

executed Christians for their alleged involvement in the

7920:. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press. 7634:

Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance

7538:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. 7376:

Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance

6818:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 184–185 n.39. 5291:"Santi Canzio, Canziano e Canzianilla su santiebeati.it" 2372:, cited in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 504; Dodds, 110. 1991:. Hopkins' study is cited at Potter, 314. The historian 1416: 1183:

The persecution in Africa encouraged the development of

1135:) from the persecutions under Constantius. The death of 8385:

The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World

2493:

The Classical World: An Epic History of Greece and Rome

1646: 27:

Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (303–313)

4239:

Baynes, "Two Notes", 189; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77.

2530:

3.9, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 512.

2487: 2485: 1131:. A group of bishops declared that "Gaul was immune" ( 839:

was executed on June 7, and the edict was in force at

410: 8851:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

7606:

The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome

4179:, 181–82; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76–77. 3519:

Jones, 71; Liebeschuetz, 235–52, 246–48.

3066:

15.2, cited in Keresztes, 379; Potter, 337, 661 n.16.

2864:

5.4, qtd. and tr. in Curran, 48. See also: Dodd, 111.

2060:

associates the persecution with Galerius's defeat by

926:

The Peace of Galerius and the Edict of Milan, 311–313

7916:

Klingshirn, William E.; Safran, Linda, eds. (2007).

7480:

Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making

6956:

The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine

6397:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 10. 5939:, 153; Keresztes, 384; Lane Fox, 596; Mitchell, 112. 4583:(Paris, 1693), 5.44, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 390. 2784: 2782: 2381:

Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 504, citing Suetonius,

844:

officially halted when Maxentius took power in 306.

509:(subordinate emperor) Galerius issued an edict from 447:; his co-emperor, Maximian, associated himself with 230:

From its first appearance to its legalization under

7784:

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

6407: 6405: 6403: 4557:94 (1912) 412; and J. Vogt, "Christenverflolgung", 3721:, 22; Clarke, 650; Odahl, 67–69; Potter, 337. 2742: 2740: 2482: 2124:"). Elsewhere in the passion, the text is called a 1841:

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

847: 757: 8926:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 8891:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era 8846:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 8724:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 8366:The Great Persecution: A Historical Re-examination 8328:. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press. 6799:Edward Gibbon: Luminous Historian, 1772–1794 5527: 5525: 5342:, 42–44; Odahl, 111. Cf. also Curran, 72–75. 3936:Clarke, 650; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75–76. 2651:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514, citing Cyprian, 1368:. Constantine's army had advanced on Rome under a 1239:. Marcellinus appears in the 4th-century Church's 8442:The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition 7536:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine 6780:, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1839), 1:327. 6681:Richard Gerberding, "The later Roman Empire," in 6055: 6053: 4959: 4957: 4650:45.1, 48.2, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 662–63. 3891:. Vol. 1. Casemate Publishers. p. 276. 3693:The Persecution of Diocletian: A Historical Essay 2779: 2517:, 113–14; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 511. 1516:for the emperors. Procopius responded by quoting 874:in the Balkans in March. The edict was in use in 9675: 8961:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 7915: 7803:The West from the Reformation to the Present Day 7700:(Reissued ed.). James Clarke Company, U.K. 6400: 4263:Martyrion ton hagion Agapes, Eirenes kai Chiones 4055:, 180; Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 382; Potter, 337. 2975:Lane Fox, 590–92. See also: Rodney Stark, 2737: 2563:6.28, cited in Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 513. 1987:Hopkins assumes a constant growth rate of 3.35% 1838:In the final chapter of the first volume of his 1290:to support him, mutiny, and invest him with the 336:, a 4th-century history of dubious reliability, 278:, Christians showed "hatred of the human race" ( 8679:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 8273: 8257:Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy 8254: 8225: 7782:Gibbon, Edward (1995). Womersley, David (ed.). 7407:Barnes, Timothy D. (2001). "Monotheists All?". 6424:68.3.3, qtd. and tr. in MacMullen, 92–93. 5522: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 2218: 773:Throughout these years the moral and religious 7347:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 7224:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996. 6697: 6695: 6145: 6143: 6050: 5888: 5886: 5410: 5408: 4954: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4591: 4589: 4205:(S), praef. 2; (S) 1.3–4; (L) 1.5b; and 3923: 3921: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3566: 3564: 3336:; Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 245; Barnes, 3237:"; Croke; and Digeser, "Religious Toleration". 2979:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). 2642:Clarke, 635; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514. 1539:called everyone by name, everyone sacrificed. 8561: 8342: 8174:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 7636:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 7157:The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists 6532:Drake, 149–53; Lane Fox, 598–601. 2838: 2836: 1531:, for example, though he does not name them. 356:. 235–238) targeted Christian leaders. 226:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 8931:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district 7993: 7324:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine 7178:Brauunsberg, David, and Roger Pearse, eds. " 7159:. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. 6640:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 6627:Revue internationale de droit de l’Antiquité 3974: 2886:(New York: Allen Lane, 2007), 499–505. 1943:Clarke argues that other evidence (Cyprian, 8057:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 8055:The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337 7326:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7307:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7180:Porphyry, Against the Christians: Fragments 7118:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 7011:The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine 6902:Bryce, Hamilton, and Hugh Campbell, trans. 6853:, 393–94; Liebeschuetz, 251–52. 6721: 6719: 6692: 6502:4.18.1–2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 49. 6140: 5883: 5713:University of Birmingham Historical Journal 5405: 5231: 5188: 4653: 4586: 3918: 3846:praef. 1; and Optatus, Appendix 2; Barnes, 3801: 3561: 3273:Porphyry frg. 60, 63; Frend, "Prelude", 12. 3208:10.29, qtd. and tr. in Frend, "Prelude", 9. 3000:Keresztes, 379; Lane Fox, 587; Potter, 314. 2548:Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study 1424:Recorded martyrdoms in Palestine (dubious) 903:(senior emperors), while two new emperors, 8568: 8554: 7974: 7800: 5660:de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 97, 113; Barnes, 5387:Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romanorum 4094:de Ste Croix, "Christian Persecution", 55. 3958:11.8, qtd. in Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 381. 3868:de Ste Croix, "Christian Persecution", 47. 2931:6.4, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 649; Barnes, 2833: 2186:S. Lieberman located this event at Lydda ( 1322:, a Christian who dared to carry the holy 203:. This can be attributed to the political 8966:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 8151:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 8108: 8033: 7894: 7819: 7786:. Vol. 1. London: Penguin Classics. 7672:The Christianity of Constantine the Great 6759: 6757: 4743: 4741: 2664:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514, citing 2356:de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 16–17. 1504:, was sent to Caesarea from Scythopolis ( 1348:in Aquileia as well. In Spain the bishop 666:in an attempt to predict the future. The 623: 8458: 8071: 7955: 7934: 7533: 7514: 7486: 7477: 7464: 6716: 6472:2601, tr. J.R. Rhea, quoted in Barnes, " 4642: 4640: 4299: 4297: 3886: 2432:(= Musurillo, 2–21) and Eusebius, 2258: 2256: 2116:") may simply have been written to echo 1696: 1466: 1084: 1078: 723: 627: 419:Head from a statue of Diocletian at the 414: 31: 7996:Continuity and Change in Roman Religion 7979:. London: Routledge. pp. 258–292. 7937:Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 7856: 7669: 7650: 7600: 6594:50; Dodds, 133; MacMullen, 29–30. 6284:9.9a.7–9; Mitchell, 114–15. 6192:9.7.3–14, cited in Mitchell, 114. 5544:8.6.10, qtd. and tr. in Keresztes, 389. 5164: 5162: 5160: 4854:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 4544:Knipfing, 705, cited in Keresztes, 390. 4540: 4538: 4051:(= Musurillo, 266–71); Corcoran, 3410: 3408: 3294: 3292: 3264:Porphyry frg. 49; Frend, "Prelude", 12. 3255:Porphyry frg. 58; Frend, "Prelude", 12. 3103: 3074: 3072: 2911: 2909: 2716:, 52; Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 517. 1336:was executed during this period, while 999:Known martyrdoms in the East (Dubious) 14: 9676: 8439: 8420: 8401: 8382: 8323: 8294: 8148: 8052: 7781: 7762: 7571: 7552: 7495: 7482:. New York: Columbia University Press. 7435: 7406: 7373: 7340: 7321: 7302: 7273: 7236: 6754: 4856:(London: Batsford, 1981), 48–50. 4738: 4579:Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, 3768:version is given here, from Corcoran, 2987: 2985: 2929:Mosiacarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio 1411: 1017:Diocletian's provinces (303–305) 743:Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum 8549: 8498: 8477: 8259:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8188: 8129: 7885: 7743: 7714: 7695: 7631: 7622: 7106:Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors 6738:de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 103–4. 6563:Lane Fox, 441; MacMullen, 29–30 5956:(Westminster, MD: Newman, 1950), 116. 5913:, 153; Keresztes, 384; Mitchell, 112. 5698:, 152; Keresztes, 384; Mitchell, 112. 4991:(= Musurillo, 250–59); Tilley, 4975:(= Musurillo, 244–49); Tilley, 4756:Clarke, 651; Keresztes, 384–85. 4637: 4294: 2253: 2246: 2244: 1417:Before Galerius's edict of toleration 993: 618: 322:Christians were now rich or from the 219: 9648: 8946:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 8363: 8167: 8132:Constantine and the Christian Empire 8038:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8012: 7608:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 7491:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7374:Barnes, Timothy D. (2000). "Review: 6451:Clarke, 651; Lane Fox, 597–98. 6107:9.1.2, 9.1.3–6; Mitchell, 113. 5157: 4535: 3889:The Early Church at Work and Worship 3405: 3289: 3069: 2906: 2330:Dodds, 115–16, citing Justin, 2212: 1759:Christianization of the Roman empire 1647:After Galerius's edict of toleration 1079:After Davies, pp. 68–69. 1062:Galerius's provinces (305–311) 1034:Galerius's provinces (303–305) 793: 7998:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7020:Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. 6921:(Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916) 6814:(1790), xxviii, qtd. in Womersley, 5453:, 24; Southern, 168; Williams, 177. 5385:Curran, 93–96, citing Krautheimer, 4132:, 181; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76. 3358:Barnes, "Sossianus Hierocles", 245. 2982: 2758:11(3)6, qtd. and tr. Williams, 162. 1274:What followed Marcellinus's act of 1111: 411:Persecution and Tetrarchic ideology 24: 9550:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 8747:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari 8297:Journal of Early Christian Studies 8255:de Sainte-Croix, G. E. M. (2006). 7994:Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1979). 7859:Journal of Early Christian Studies 7359:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1994.tb00451.x 6981:McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. 6877: 6683:The New Cambridge Medieval History 6382:Journal of Early Christian Studies 6179:36.7, qtd. and tr. in Clarke, 660. 6120:9.2.1; Clarke, 660; Mitchell, 114. 4940:Martyrium Perpetuae et Felicitatis 4158:, 24; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 76. 3945:Clarke, 650–51; Potter, 337. 2776:Curran, 47; Williams, 58–59. 2609:Journal of Early Christian Studies 2347:Castelli, 38; Gaddis, 30–31. 2241: 1660:was beheaded on November 26, 311. 1346:Cantius, Cantianus and Cantianilla 1221: 344:. 193–211) issued a general 25: 9735: 8956:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case 8523: 8461:Diocletian and the Roman Recovery 7717:Journal of Ecclesiastical History 7229: 7132:The Acts of the Christian Martyrs 6489:11.2, qtd. and tr. Nicholson, 50. 6081:, 22–23; Michell, 113 n.21. 5034:, 25–49; Clarke, 652 n.153. 4930:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 510. 4839:Optatus, 1.22; Clarke, 651 n.149. 3738:, 21; Gaddis, 29; Keresztes, 381. 3380:Woods, "Two Notes", 128–31. 3182:. 39.48, cited in Keresztes, 381. 2725:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 517. 2699:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 516. 2677:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 514. 2250:Frend, "Genesis and Legacy", 503. 533:deities were losing credibility. 517: 9657: 9647: 9638: 9637: 9565:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 7134:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. 6856: 6843: 6830: 6821: 6812:Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis 6804: 6783: 6770: 6741: 6732: 6704: 6675: 6666: 6649: 6632: 6619: 6610: 6597: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6505: 6492: 6479: 6463: 6454: 6445: 6436: 6427: 6414: 6387: 6374: 6365: 6352: 6349:9.10.10–11; Mitchell, 115. 6339: 6326: 6317: 6304: 6287: 6274: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6222: 6213: 6204: 6195: 6182: 6169: 6156: 6123: 6110: 6097: 6084: 6071: 6062: 6037: 6024: 6007: 5990: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5942: 5925: 5916: 5899: 5870: 5853: 5836: 5819: 5798: 5781: 5764: 5751: 5739: 5722: 5701: 5684: 5667: 5654: 5641: 5624: 5611: 5594: 5577: 5560: 5547: 5534: 5509: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5465: 5456: 5443: 5434: 5421: 5392: 5379: 5362: 5345: 5332: 5307: 5283: 5274: 5257: 5244: 5218: 5201: 5175: 5144: 5131: 5118: 5105: 5092: 5079: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5024: 5011: 4998: 4982: 4966: 4945: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4902: 4889: 4872: 4859: 4842: 4833: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4671: 4624: 4611: 4602: 4573: 4564: 4547: 4526: 4517: 4504: 4487: 4466: 4457: 4444: 4431: 4418: 4405: 4384: 4371: 4358: 4349: 4336: 4327: 4310: 4285: 4268: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4216: 4191: 4182: 4161: 4144: 4135: 4110: 4097: 4088: 4075: 4068:1.1–2, cited in Corcoran, 4058: 4033: 4024: 3999: 3990: 3961: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3905: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3832: 3815: 3788: 3775: 3754: 3741: 3724: 3711: 3698: 3681: 3664: 3647: 3630: 3621: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3577: 3548: 3535: 3526: 3513: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3456: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3323: 3314: 3301: 3100:de Ste-Croix, "Persecuted?", 21. 2633:(New York: Routledge, 1998), 61. 2221:The Early Christian World, Vol.2 2180: 2167: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2098: 2080: 2067: 2049: 1793: 1048:Galerius's provinces (undatable) 848:Second, third, and fourth edicts 758:Diocletian and Galerius, 302–303 199:and afterwards, most notably by 99:in 311) at different times, but 9724:Persecution of early Christians 8742:Constantinople massacre of 1821 8387:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 8036:Christianizing the Roman Empire 7801:Greenslade, S. L., ed. (1975). 7478:Castelli, Elizabeth A. (2004). 7155:Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. 6545:22, qtd. and tr. in Drake, 150. 6297:9.10.1–2 and Lactantius, 5816:, 152–53; Keresztes, 388. 4081:Optatus, Appendix 1; Corcoran, 3286:, 6; Frend, "Prelude", 13 n.89. 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3220: 3211: 3198: 3185: 3172: 3155: 3142: 3125: 3116: 3094: 3085: 3056: 3043: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2938: 2922: 2889: 2876: 2867: 2854: 2845: 2824: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2770: 2761: 2749: 2728: 2719: 2702: 2693: 2680: 2671: 2668:15 (= Musurillo, 156–57). 2658: 2645: 2636: 2623: 2614: 2597: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2553: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2498: 2473: 2456: 2443: 2423: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2375: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2324: 2034: 2027:; Lactantius describes it as a 2017: 2008: 1999: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1937: 1923: 1905:4th century in Lebanon §§ 1547:in Asia Minor. At Diocaesarea ( 1508:, Israel), where he had been a 1467:Palestinian martyrdoms recorded 1376:were razed to make way for the 932:Edict of Toleration by Galerius 8936:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence 8684:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) 8480:Journal of Theological Studies 8345:Journal of Theological Studies 8130:Odahl, Charles Matson (2004). 8111:Journal of Theological Studies 7696:Frend, William H. C. (2008) . 7574:Journal of Theological Studies 7186:. 2006. Accessed June 9, 2009. 7184:Selected Fathers of the Church 7028:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6989:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 6951:. 325. Books Eight and Nine. 6919:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 6827:de Ste. Croix, "Aspects", 104. 6336:9.10.8–9; Mitchell, 115. 6271:9.9a.5–6; Mitchell, 114. 6245:9.9a.2–3; Mitchell, 114. 6232:9.9a.4–9; Mitchell, 114. 5952:, see also: Johannes Quasten, 4852:, 180, citing Charles Thomas, 4830:13.12; Clarke, 651, 651 n.149. 4561:1199, cited in Keresztes, 390. 4377:Clarke, 655, citing Eusebius, 3971:11.8, cited in Keresztes, 381. 3545:9.9–10; Odahl, 303 n.24. 3282:Porphyry frg. 1, tr. Digeser, 3246:Frend, "Prelude", 10–11. 3195:10.1, cited in Keresztes, 381. 2948:, 20. See also: Lane Fox, 594. 2809:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 2495:(Toronto: Penguin, 2006), 576. 2311: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2203: 1198:, the bishop of the city, and 1097:Journal of Theological Studies 798: 421:Istanbul Archaeological Museum 13: 1: 9620:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 8804:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 8772:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 7960:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7345:and its Historical Setting". 7142:Contra Parmenianum Donatistam 6939:. 300, eighth and ninth book 6872: 6301:37.3–42; Mitchell, 115. 5062:Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 5004:Optatus, Appendix 1; Barnes, 4774:Lane Fox, 596; Williams, 180. 4476:33.11–35 and Eusebius, 2540:Scriptores Historiae Augustae 2219:Philip F. Esler, ed. (2000). 306:; at Lyon in 177, it was the 214: 55:was the last and most severe 8440:Walter, Christopher (2003). 8171:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy 7676:University of Scranton Press 6607:, 48–49, 208–13. 6362:46.8–9; Mitchell, 115. 5846:(L) 8.1; (S) 11.31; Barnes, 5316:, ed. De Rossi; Duchesne in 5154:, 38, 303 n.100; Curran, 49. 4248:de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 77. 3859:de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75. 3687:The reply was translated as 3152:5.2.3; Frend, "Prelude", 13. 3009:Keresztes, 379; Potter, 314. 2438:Martyrium Scillitanarum acta 2197: 1475:After Clarke, 657–58. 1383: 1354:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 638:. A 14th-century mural from 152:ousted Maximian's successor 7: 8535:"Persecution of Christians" 8383:Tilley, Maureen A. (1997). 7557:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7519:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7322:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). 7303:Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). 7130:Musurillo, Herbert, trans. 6976:On the Martyrs of Palestine 6795:Religion: The First Triumph 6729:, 177–80; Curran, 50. 6474:Constantine and the Bishops 6384:16:3 (2008): 341–369. 6068:Clarke, 660; Mitchell, 113. 5198:13.12, qtd. in Clarke, 652. 4480:8.17.1–11; Corcoran, 4346:8.3.1, qtd. in Clarke, 655. 4291:Liebeschuetz, 250–51. 3082:, 21; Clarke, 621–22. 2436:4.15; Frend, 509 (Smyrna); 1890:Acts of Shmona and of Gurya 1882: 1485:. Eusebius was resident in 1329:Martyrologium Hieronymianus 940:continued until May 4. The 739:De Maleficiis et Manichaeis 733:, followers of the prophet 10: 9740: 9580:Saints of the Cristero War 9540:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac 8971:2010 Manila hostage crisis 8459:Williams, Stephen (1997). 8324:Schott, Jeremy M. (2008). 8228:Harvard Theological Review 8034:MacMullen, Ramsay (1984). 7890:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 7602:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 7220:Tilley, Maureen A, trans. 7115:Fletcher, William, trans. 7083:Fletcher, William, trans. 7053:Fletcher, William, trans. 5719:87:4 (1994), 421–33. 5717:Harvard Theological Review 5314:Martyrologia Hieronomianum 5267:10.5.15–17; Barnes, 3887:Ferguson, Everett (2014). 3453:, 19, 294; Keresztes, 381. 3135:5.2.12–13; Digeser, 960:non licet esse Christianos 929: 711:Eusebius, Lactantius, and 405:little peace of the Church 246:advised him to ignore. In 223: 9633: 9520:Massacre of the Innocents 9502: 9440: 9262: 9167: 9121: 9090: 9054: 9013: 8997: 8988: 8901:Maluku sectarian conflict 8732: 8692: 8654: 8621: 8603: 8594: 8580:Persecution of Christians 8515:10.1163/15685250152909057 8240:10.1017/S0017816000027504 8149:Potter, David S. (2005). 8027:10.1163/15700720252984846 7977:The Early Christian World 7729:10.1017/S002204690002248X 7450:10.1017/S0009838800007102 6994:Cureton, William, trans. 6958:. London: Penguin, 1989. 6954:Williamson, G.A., trans. 6851:Martyrdom and Persecution 6000:10.1ff, cited in Barnes, 5748:7 (1939–44), 410ff. 4608:Clarke, 657; Potter, 356. 4368:4.8, 9.2; Keresztes, 384. 4366:De Martyribus Palaestinae 4324:, 25–26; Odahl, 71. 4120:8.2.5; 8.6.8–9 and 3445:10.6, 31.1 and Eusebius, 3432:Woods, "'Veturius'", 589. 3423:Woods, "'Veturius'", 588. 2611:9:3 (2001): 339–58. 2464:Cambridge Ancient History 2029:scrutator rerum futurarum 1729: 1635:, both from Anaia, (near 1423: 1344:mention the martyrdom of 1332:, the bishop of Aquileia 1318:records the martyrdom of 1146: 646:At the conclusion of the 585:On the Return of the Soul 57:persecution of Christians 9704:4th-century Christianity 9689:300s in the Roman Empire 9684:Diocletianic Persecution 9470:Violence against Mormons 8646:Diocletianic Persecution 8585:Anti-Christian sentiment 8191:Journal of Roman Studies 8074:Journal of Roman Studies 7956:Lane Fox, Robin (1986). 7918:The Early Christian Book 7886:Jones, A. H. M. (1964). 7763:Gaddis, Michael (2005). 7692:Fox, see Lane Fox, Robin 7515:Corcoran, Simon (1996). 7487:Chadwick, Henry (2001). 7305:Constantine and Eusebius 7276:Journal of Roman Studies 7239:Journal of Roman Studies 7101:De Mortibus Persecutorum 6972:De Martyribus Palestinae 6657:Constantine and Eusebius 6605:Constantine and Eusebius 6543:Oratio ad Sanctum Coetum 6514:, qtd. in Nicholson, 51. 6360:De Mortibus Persecutorum 6299:De Mortibus Persecutorum 6177:De Mortibus Persecutorum 6135:De Mortibus Persecutorum 6045:Constantine and Eusebius 6032:Constantine and Eusebius 6019:Constantine and Eusebius 6015:De Martyribus Palestinae 6002:Constantine and Eusebius 5998:De Martyribus Palestinae 5985:Constantine and Eusebius 5937:Constantine and Eusebius 5933:De Martyribus Palestinae 5911:Constantine and Eusebius 5907:De Martyribus Palestinae 5894:Constantine and Eusebius 5878:Constantine and Eusebius 5865:Constantine and Eusebius 5861:De Martyribus Palestinae 5848:Constantine and Eusebius 5844:De Martyribus Palestinae 5831:Constantine and Eusebius 5827:De Martyribus Palestinae 5814:Constantine and Eusebius 5810:De Martyribus Palestinae 5793:Constantine and Eusebius 5789:De Martyribus Palestinae 5776:Constantine and Eusebius 5772:De Martyribus Palestinae 5759:Constantine and Eusebius 5734:Constantine and Eusebius 5730:De Martyribus Palestinae 5709:De Martyribus Palestinae 5696:Constantine and Eusebius 5692:De Martyribus Palestinae 5679:Constantine and Eusebius 5675:De Mortibus Persecutorum 5662:Constantine and Eusebius 5649:De Martyribus Palestinae 5636:Constantine and Eusebius 5632:De Mortibus Persecutorum 5619:Constantine and Eusebius 5606:Constantine and Eusebius 5602:De Martyribus Palestinae 5589:Constantine and Eusebius 5585:De Martyribus Palestinae 5572:Constantine and Eusebius 5568:De Martyribus Palestinae 5555:Constantine and Eusebius 5517:Constantine and Eusebius 5504:Constantine and Eusebius 5451:Constantine and Eusebius 5429:Constantine and Eusebius 5416:Constantine and Eusebius 5400:Constantine and Eusebius 5374:Constantine and Eusebius 5353:Constantine and Eusebius 5340:Constantine and Eusebius 5269:Constantine and Eusebius 5252:Constantine and Eusebius 5239:Constantine and Eusebius 5226:Constantine and Eusebius 5213:Constantine and Eusebius 5209:De Mortibus Persecutorum 5196:De Martyribus Palestinae 5185:, 38, 303–4 n.105. 5183:Constantine and Eusebius 5170:Constantine and Eusebius 5152:Constantine and Eusebius 5139:Constantine and Eusebius 5126:, Historia Ecclesiastica 5100:Constantine and Eusebius 5068:, 44–46); Tilley, 5019:Constantine and Eusebius 5006:Constantine and Eusebius 4910:Constantine and Eusebius 4897:Constantine and Eusebius 4884:Constantine and Eusebius 4880:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4828:De Martyribus Palestinae 4807:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4648:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4632:Constantine and Eusebius 4597:Constantine and Eusebius 4512:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4474:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4439:Constantine and Eusebius 4426:Constantine and Eusebius 4413:Constantine and Eusebius 4400:Constantine and Eusebius 4392:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4322:Constantine and Eusebius 4318:De Mortibus Persecutorum 4305:Constantine and Eusebius 4280:Constantine and Eusebius 4276:De Martyribus Palestinae 4259:Constantine and Eusebius 4228:Constantine and Eusebius 4224:De Martyribus Palestinae 4203:De Martyribus Palestinae 4199:Constantine and Eusebius 4173:Constantine and Eusebius 4156:Constantine and Eusebius 4126:Constantine and Eusebius 4122:De Martyribus Palestinae 4066:De Martyribus Palestinae 4045:De Martyribus Palestinae 4015:Constantine and Eusebius 4007:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3969:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3956:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3913:Constantine and Eusebius 3848:Constantine and Eusebius 3844:De Martyribus Palestinae 3827:Constantine and Eusebius 3749:Constantine and Eusebius 3736:Constantine and Eusebius 3732:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3719:Constantine and Eusebius 3706:Constantine and Eusebius 3642:Constantine and Eusebius 3638:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3616:Constantine and Eusebius 3572:Constantine and Eusebius 3558:11.1–2; Odahl, 66. 3556:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3543:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3499:Constantine and Eusebius 3486:Constantine and Eusebius 3464:Constantine and Eusebius 3451:Constantine and Eusebius 3443:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3369:Constantine and Eusebius 3338:Constantine and Eusebius 3332:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3193:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3167:Constantine and Eusebius 3111:Constantine and Eusebius 3080:Constantine and Eusebius 3064:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3038:Constantine and Eusebius 2946:Constantine and Eusebius 2933:Constantine and Eusebius 2917:Constantine and Eusebius 2897:Constantine and Eusebius 2158:De Mortibus Persecutorum 2108:which includes the word 2093:De Mortibus Persecutorum 2075:Oratio ad Coetum Sanctum 1916: 1896:Archelais and Companions 1692: 658:). The Christian rhetor 599:residing in pigs' bodies 466:at Rome and a temple to 190:in North Africa and the 18:Diocletianic persecution 8951:2008 Kandhamal violence 8540:Encyclopædia Britannica 8463:. New York: Routledge. 8425:. New York: Continuum. 8364:Shin, Min Seok (2018). 8153:. New York: Routledge. 8134:. New York: Routledge. 8053:Millar, Fergus (1993). 7909:10.1163/157007283X00241 7670:Elliott, T. G. (1996). 7438:The Classical Quarterly 6523:Nicholson, 50–51. 6460:Lane Fox, 597–98. 5965:Lane Fox, 596–97. 5791:7.1f, cited in Barnes, 5280:Clarke, 651, 651 n.151. 4450:Clarke, 656; Corcoran, 4209:8.2.5, 6.10; Corcoran, 4201:, 24, citing Eusebius, 4154:8.6.8–9; Barnes, 3640:10.6–11; Barnes, 2746:Williams, 161–62. 1798:20th century historian 1761:continued apace. Under 1714:, bishop of Lycopolis ( 589:Philosophy from Oracles 298:in 156 and Scilli near 41:Santa Maria in Via Lata 9575:North American Martyrs 8921:Maspero demonstrations 8876:Mountain War (Lebanon) 8664:Homs revolts (854–855) 8421:Trompf, G. W. (2000). 8309:10.1353/earl.2005.0045 7949:10.3406/rbph.1922.6200 7871:10.1353/earl.1998.0035 7343:Against the Christians 7005:Eusebius of Caesarea. 6970:Eusebius of Caesarea. 6929:Historia Ecclesiastica 6791:Barbarism and Religion 6476:", 382; Lane Fox, 598. 6347:Historia Ecclesiastica 6334:Historia Ecclesiastica 6295:Historia Ecclesiastica 6282:Historia Ecclesiastica 6269:Historia Ecclesiastica 6258:9.9a.4; Mitchell, 114. 6256:Historia Ecclesiastica 6243:Historia Ecclesiastica 6230:Historia Ecclesiastica 6190:Historia Ecclesiastica 6164:Historia Ecclesiastica 6151:Historia Ecclesiastica 6131:Historia Ecclesiastica 6118:Historia Ecclesiastica 6105:Historia Ecclesiastica 6092:Historia Ecclesiastica 5948:Lane Fox, 596. On the 5863:9.1, cited in Barnes, 5806:Historia Ecclesiastica 5778:, 153; Keresztes, 388. 5736:, 153; Keresztes, 388. 5542:Historia Ecclesiastica 5265:Historia Ecclesiastica 4820:Historia Ecclesiastica 4619:Historia Ecclesiastica 4495:Historia Ecclesiastica 4478:Historia Ecclesiastica 4379:Historia Ecclesiastica 4344:Historia Ecclesiastica 4207:Historia Ecclesiastica 4169:Historia Ecclesiastica 4152:Historia Ecclesiastica 4118:Historia Ecclesiastica 4041:Historia Ecclesiastica 4011:Historia Ecclesiastica 3915:, 23; Klingshirn, 169. 3840:Historia Ecclesiastica 3823:Historia Ecclesiastica 3587:, 261; Keresztes, 381. 3523:: Davies, 66–94. 3449:8, app. 1, 3; Barnes, 3447:Historia Ecclesiastica 3400:Historia Ecclesiastica 3235:Against the Christians 3051:Historia Ecclesiastica 2710:Historia Ecclesiastica 2688:Historia Ecclesiastica 2592:Historia Ecclesiastica 2561:Historia Ecclesiastica 2451:Historia Ecclesiastica 2434:Historia Ecclesiastica 2305:Praeparatio Evangelica 2302:, 2, citing Eusebius, 2162:Historia Ecclesiastica 2089:Historia Ecclesiastica 1851: 1831:, and, most famously, 1703: 1679:Historia Ecclesiastica 1495:Ecclesiastical History 1233:Historia Ecclesiastica 1120:Ecclesiastical History 1090: 991: 962:, made Christianity a 955: 752: 643: 624:Christians in the army 616: 594:Against the Christians 496:anarchic third century 423: 209:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix 44: 9714:Christian terminology 9709:4th-century conflicts 9190:Tomás Garrido Canabal 9185:Plutarco Elías Calles 9103:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 8941:1999 Ranalai violence 8916:Boko Haram insurgency 8757:1860 Lebanon conflict 8368:. Turnhout: Brepols. 8357:10.1093/jts/III.2.199 7958:Pagans and Christians 7632:Drake, H. A. (2000). 7623:Dodds, E. R. (1970). 7553:Curran, John (2000). 7205:Thelwall, S., trans. 7146:Against the Donatists 7056:The Divine Institutes 7044:The Divine Institutes 7040:Divinae Institutiones 6864:The Great Persecution 6838:Constantine the Great 6749:The Transformation of 6500:Divinae Institutiones 6094:9.1.1; Mitchell, 113. 5732:8.1–4; Barnes, 5473:Divinae Institutiones 5327:Catholic Encyclopedia 4396:Divinae Institutiones 3605:Clarke, 647–48. 3217:Frend, "Prelude", 10. 3163:Divinae Institutiones 3150:Divinae Institutiones 3133:Divinae Institutiones 3091:Clarke, 621–22. 2629:Joseph Wilson Trigg, 2572:Clarke, 621–25. 2025:imminentium scrutator 1846: 1821:Marcellinus and Peter 1720:Epiphanius of Salamis 1700: 1572:Pamphilus of Caesarea 1242:depositio episcoporum 1154:Church of the Martyrs 1088: 986: 950: 930:Further information: 805:its scriptures burned 747: 724:Manichean persecution 708:(El-Lejjun, Jordan). 631: 611: 418: 240:Bithynia–Pontus 224:Further information: 35: 9250:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 9180:Mwanga II of Buganda 8906:Nag Hammadi massacre 8707:Revolt in the Vendée 8492:10.1093/jts/43.1.128 8168:Rees, Roger (2004). 8015:Vigiliae Christianae 7897:Vigiliae Christianae 6984:Martyrs of Palestine 6935:) first seven books 6925:Eusebius of Caesarea 6554:Drake, 98–103. 6433:MacMullen, 160 n.17. 6314:, 68; Mitchell, 115. 6137:36.3; Mitchell, 114. 6133:9.2 and Lactantius, 5651:4.8; Keresztes, 384. 5320:, Nov. II, cited in 4783:Davies, 68–69. 3877:Greenslade, 476–477. 3510:Davies, 66–94. 3475:Davies, 82–83. 3414:Davies, 89–92. 2991:Frend, "Prelude", 2. 2860:Palestinian Talmud, 2806:Potter, 296, citing 2788:Frend, "Prelude", 4. 2620:Dodds, 108, 108 n.2. 2605:Martyrdom of Pionius 2227:. pp. 827–829. 1708:Martyrs of Palestine 1483:Martyrs of Palestine 1471:Martyrs of Palestine 1374:Imperial Horse Guard 1129:Martyrs of Palestine 867:Martyrs of Palestine 280:odium generis humani 9625:21 Martyrs of Libya 9605:522 Spanish Martyrs 9600:498 Spanish Martyrs 9595:233 Spanish Martyrs 8636:Persecution in Lyon 8288:10.1093/past/26.1.6 8123:10.1093/jts/40.1.48 7828:(2): 149–163, 200. 7627:. New York: Norton. 7586:10.1093/jts/40.1.66 7213:Ante-Nicene Fathers 7123:Ante-Nicene Fathers 7091:Ante-Nicene Fathers 7086:On the Anger of God 7074:On the Wrath of God 7061:Ante-Nicene Fathers 7023:Life of Constantine 6910:Ante-Nicene Fathers 6905:Against the Heathen 6893:Against the Heathen 6166:9.6.3; Clarke, 660. 6153:9.6.2; Clarke, 660. 5812:7.3ff; 13; Barnes, 5570:(L) 1.1ff; Barnes, 4621:9.2.1; Clarke, 659. 4555:Theol. Quartalschr. 4009:13.2 and Eusebius, 2468:The Augustan Empire 2430:Martyrium Polycarpi 2091:8.1.3; Lactantius, 1800:G.E.M. de Ste Croix 1687:Battle of Tzirallum 1658:Peter of Alexandria 1412:Palestine and Syria 1342:Venatius Fortunatus 1259:Council of Sinuessa 1174:Martyrs of Abitinae 1125:Life of Constantine 1000: 562:Apollonius of Tyana 550:Sossianus Hierocles 477:hieroglyphic script 308:provincial governor 302:in 180, it was the 82:issued a series of 9699:4th century in law 9615:Martyrs of Daimiel 9590:Vietnamese Martyrs 9530:Carthusian Martyrs 9129:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 8998:Early Christianity 8841:Red Terror (Spain) 8777:Hamidian massacres 8674:Bashmurian revolts 8669:Martyrs of Córdoba 8641:Decian persecution 8631:Great Fire of Rome 8605:Early Christianity 8276:Past & Present 6943:. 313, tenth book 6713:1.162; Curran, 50. 6711:Liber Pontificalis 6638:Warren Treadgold, 6616:Liebeschuetz, 252. 6512:King James Version 6470:Oxyrhynchus Papyri 5052:Clarke, 652 n.153. 5043:Clarke, 652 n.153. 4899:, 23; Clarke, 651. 4886:, 28; Clarke, 652. 4809:15.7; Clarke, 651. 4124:praef. 2; Barnes, 2884:Rome and Jerusalem 2319:Making of Religion 2300:Making of Religion 2077:22) with Galerius. 1817:Felix and Adauctus 1787:Liber Pontificalis 1704: 1591:praetorian prefect 1268:Liber Pontificalis 1133:immunis est Gallia 1091: 998: 994:Regional variation 831:were re-enslaved. 644: 619:Early persecutions 424: 238:, the governor of 220:Prior persecutions 168:by his successor, 45: 9671: 9670: 9477:Oriental Orthodox 9258: 9257: 9031:Septimius Severus 8984: 8983: 8814:Assyrian genocide 8809:Armenian genocide 8717:Kakure Kirishitan 8702:French Revolution 8413:978-0-521-81239-9 8375:978-2-503-57447-9 8335:978-0-8122-4092-4 7986:978-0-415-16496-2 7927:978-0-8132-1486-3 7793:978-0-14-043393-7 7755:978-0-521-81239-9 7707:978-0-227-17229-2 7314:978-0-674-16531-1 7152:. 366–367. 7050:. 303–311. 6917:Dessau, Hermann. 6899:. 295–300. 6889:Adversus Nationes 6836:Hermann Dörries, 6789:J. G. A. Pocock, 6747:David Womersley, 6687:c.500–c.700 5587:(L) 1.5; Barnes, 5475:7; Williams, 178. 5141:, 38; Curran, 49. 5076:, 9, 57–66. 4497:9.1.1; Corcoran, 3898:978-0-227-90374-2 3309:Adversus Nationes 3178:Aurelius Victor, 3165:5.2.3ff; Barnes, 2756:Panegyrici Latini 2544:Septimius Severus 2334:2.2; Tertullian, 2234:978-0-415-16497-9 1947:75.10.1f; Origen 1662:Lucian of Antioch 1489:, the capital of 1479: 1478: 1366:Temple of Jupiter 1350:Ossius of Corduba 1320:Euplus of Catania 1218:until after 411. 1141:Septimius Severus 1083: 1082: 794:Great Persecution 678:sign of the cross 636:before Diocletian 482:Diocletian, like 378:bishop of Antioch 338:Septimius Severus 53:Great Persecution 16:(Redirected from 9731: 9661: 9651: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9610:Martyrs of Turon 9560:Martyrs of Japan 9513: 9460:Eastern Orthodox 9443:persecuted group 8995: 8994: 8976:Genocide by ISIL 8911:Kosheh massacres 8881:Beer Hall Putsch 8767:Kucheng massacre 8762:Tianjin Massacre 8712:Martyrs of Japan 8601: 8600: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8547: 8546: 8518: 8495: 8474: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8360: 8339: 8320: 8291: 8270: 8251: 8222: 8185: 8164: 8145: 8126: 8105: 8068: 8049: 8030: 8009: 7990: 7971: 7952: 7931: 7912: 7891: 7882: 7853: 7816: 7797: 7778: 7759: 7740: 7711: 7689: 7674:. Scranton, PA: 7666: 7647: 7628: 7619: 7597: 7568: 7549: 7530: 7511: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7461: 7444:(3–4): 189–194. 7432: 7415:(1–2): 142–162. 7403: 7386:(3–4): 381–383. 7370: 7337: 7318: 7299: 7270: 7112:. 313–15. 7017:. 336–39. 7007:Vita Constantini 6947:. 315, epilogue 6867: 6860: 6854: 6847: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6819: 6808: 6802: 6787: 6781: 6778:Decline and Fall 6774: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6730: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6487:Vita Constantini 6483: 6477: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6412: 6411:Leadbetter, 259. 6409: 6398: 6393:Timothy Barnes, 6391: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6193: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6138: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6048: 6041: 6035: 6034:, 154, 357 n.49. 6028: 6022: 6017:11.1ff; Barnes, 6011: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5946: 5940: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5881: 5880:, 153, 357 n.42. 5874: 5868: 5857: 5851: 5840: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5785: 5779: 5768: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5705: 5699: 5688: 5682: 5677:23.1ff; Barnes, 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5608:, 151, 356 n.27. 5598: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5372:1.42.1; Barnes, 5370:Vita Constantini 5366: 5360: 5359:: MacMullen, 45. 5349: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5228:, 38, 304 n.107. 5222: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5172:, 38, 304 n.106. 5166: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4986: 4980: 4973:Acta Maximiliani 4970: 4964: 4961: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4824:Vita Constantini 4816: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4736: 4735:Davies, 69 n.11. 4733: 4727: 4726:Davies, 69 n.10. 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4501:, 186, 186 n.68. 4491: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4398:1.1.13; Barnes, 4388: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4175:, 24; Corcoran, 4171:8.6.10; Barnes, 4165: 4159: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4128:, 24; Corcoran, 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4017:, 22; Corcoran, 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3825:9.10.8; Barnes, 3819: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3734:, 12.1; Barnes, 3728: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3672:Vita Constantini 3668: 3662: 3655:Christian Empire 3651: 3645: 3644:, 21; Odahl, 67. 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3287: 3284:Christian Empire 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3137:Christian Empire 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2904: 2899:, 19, 295 n.50; 2893: 2887: 2882:Martin Goodman, 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714:Christian Empire 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666:Martyrium Pionii 2662: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2491:Robin Lane Fox, 2489: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2427: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2251: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2102: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1742:Vita Constantini 1421: 1378:Lateran Basilica 1338:Maximus of Turin 1288:Praetorian Guard 1112:Britain and Gaul 1001: 997: 942:Edict of Serdica 741:compiled in the 686: 546:Porphyry of Tyre 333:Historia Augusta 97:Edict of Serdica 21: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9629: 9535:Chinese Martyrs 9507: 9506: 9498: 9442: 9436: 9264: 9254: 9240:Abubakar Shekau 9163: 9134:Tokugawa Ieyasu 9117: 9086: 9050: 9036:Maximinus Thrax 9009: 8990: 8980: 8871:Damour massacre 8866:Chouf massacres 8856:Istanbul pogrom 8836:Shusha massacre 8824:İzmit massacres 8794:Boxer Rebellion 8789:Candia massacre 8728: 8688: 8650: 8617: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8574: 8526: 8521: 8471: 8452: 8433: 8414: 8395: 8376: 8336: 8267: 8182: 8161: 8142: 8065: 8046: 8006: 7987: 7968: 7928: 7834:10.2307/3163949 7813: 7794: 7775: 7756: 7708: 7686: 7663: 7644: 7616: 7565: 7546: 7527: 7508: 7421:10.2307/1089029 7392:10.2307/1089082 7334: 7315: 7232: 7227: 6880: 6878:Ancient sources 6875: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6809: 6805: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6633: 6629:53 (2006): 146. 6624: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6388: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6309: 6305: 6292: 6288: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6174: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6141: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6012: 6008: 5995: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5947: 5943: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5884: 5875: 5871: 5858: 5854: 5841: 5837: 5824: 5820: 5803: 5799: 5786: 5782: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5706: 5702: 5689: 5685: 5681:, 151–52. 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5582: 5578: 5574:, 150–51. 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5539: 5535: 5531:Keresztes, 389. 5530: 5523: 5519:, 154–55. 5514: 5510: 5506:, 148–50. 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5413: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5367: 5363: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5322:St. Chrysogonus 5312: 5308: 5299: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5262: 5258: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5180: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4877: 4873: 4869:, 181–82. 4864: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717:Davies, 69 n.9. 4716: 4712: 4708:Davies, 69 n.8. 4707: 4703: 4699:Davies, 68 n.7. 4698: 4694: 4690:Davies, 68 n.6. 4689: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4668:, 158–59. 4663: 4654: 4645: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4570:Keresztes, 390. 4569: 4565: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4333:Keresztes, 384. 4332: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4273: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4217: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4166: 4162: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4063: 4059: 4038: 4034: 4030:Gaddis, 30 n.4. 4029: 4025: 4013:8.5.1; Barnes, 4004: 4000: 3996:Keresztes, 381. 3995: 3991: 3986: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3837: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3772:, 179–80. 3759: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3389:Keresztes, 380. 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349:Helgeland, 159. 3348: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3077: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018:Keresztes, 379. 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2712:7.15; Digeser, 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2428: 2424: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2103: 2099: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2068: 2054: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1885: 1796: 1732: 1695: 1649: 1491:Roman Palestine 1474: 1468: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1419: 1414: 1386: 1362:Capitoline Hill 1309:prefect of Rome 1224: 1222:Italy and Spain 1216:Catholic Church 1163:, a soldier in 1149: 1114: 1074: 1067: 1057: 1043: 1027: 1022: 996: 934: 928: 897: 850: 801: 796: 760: 726: 684: 626: 621: 520: 413: 310:. When Emperor 228: 222: 217: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9737: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9645: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9585:Uganda Martyrs 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:Korean Martyrs 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9516: 9514: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9382:Ottoman Empire 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9210:Vladimir Lenin 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9159:Queen Jeongsun 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9055:Late Antiquity 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8896:Sumgait pogrom 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8861:Black Thursday 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8819:Greek genocide 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8799:Adana massacre 8796: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8709: 8704: 8698: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8660: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8532: 8525: 8524:External links 8522: 8520: 8519: 8509:(5): 587–591. 8496: 8486:(1): 128–134. 8475: 8469: 8456: 8450: 8437: 8431: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8393: 8380: 8374: 8361: 8351:(2): 199–213. 8340: 8334: 8321: 8303:(3): 277–314. 8292: 8271: 8265: 8252: 8223: 8203:10.2307/300738 8186: 8180: 8165: 8159: 8146: 8140: 8127: 8106: 8086:10.2307/301453 8069: 8063: 8050: 8044: 8031: 8010: 8004: 7991: 7985: 7972: 7966: 7953: 7943:(4): 693–705. 7932: 7926: 7913: 7903:(4): 379–399. 7892: 7883: 7865:(2): 185–226. 7854: 7822:Church History 7817: 7811: 7798: 7792: 7779: 7773: 7760: 7754: 7741: 7712: 7706: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7667: 7661: 7648: 7642: 7629: 7620: 7614: 7598: 7569: 7563: 7550: 7544: 7531: 7525: 7512: 7506: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7462: 7433: 7404: 7371: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7313: 7300: 7288:10.2307/311244 7271: 7251:10.2307/299693 7245:(1–2): 32–50. 7233: 7231: 7230:Modern sources 7228: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7135: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6992: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6933:Church History 6922: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6855: 6842: 6829: 6820: 6803: 6782: 6769: 6765:Transformation 6753: 6740: 6731: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6674: 6672:Chadwick, 179. 6665: 6661:Martyr Stories 6659:, 56; Tilley, 6648: 6631: 6618: 6609: 6596: 6583: 6574: 6572:Lane Fox, 441. 6565: 6556: 6547: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6504: 6491: 6478: 6462: 6453: 6444: 6442:Lane Fox, 590. 6435: 6426: 6413: 6399: 6386: 6373: 6371:Mitchell, 116. 6364: 6351: 6338: 6325: 6323:Mitchell, 115. 6316: 6303: 6286: 6273: 6260: 6247: 6234: 6221: 6219:Lane Fox, 598. 6212: 6210:Mitchell, 117. 6203: 6201:Mitchell, 114. 6194: 6181: 6168: 6155: 6139: 6122: 6109: 6096: 6083: 6070: 6061: 6059:Mitchell, 113. 6049: 6036: 6023: 6006: 5989: 5976: 5974:Mitchell, 112. 5967: 5958: 5950:Acts of Pilate 5941: 5924: 5922:Lane Fox, 596. 5915: 5898: 5882: 5869: 5852: 5835: 5818: 5797: 5780: 5774:8.13; Barnes, 5763: 5750: 5738: 5721: 5700: 5683: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5634:19.1; Barnes, 5623: 5610: 5593: 5576: 5559: 5546: 5533: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5493:Williams, 181. 5486: 5477: 5464: 5455: 5442: 5440:Williams, 178. 5433: 5420: 5404: 5402:, 48–49. 5391: 5378: 5361: 5344: 5331: 5306: 5295:Santiebeati.it 5282: 5273: 5256: 5254:, 38–39. 5243: 5230: 5217: 5211:23.5; Barnes, 5200: 5187: 5174: 5156: 5143: 5130: 5117: 5113:Martyr Stories 5104: 5091: 5078: 5070:Martyr Stories 5066:Martyr Stories 5064:20 (= Tilley, 5054: 5045: 5036: 5032:Martyr Stories 5023: 5010: 4997: 4981: 4979:, 45–46. 4965: 4963:Williams, 179. 4953: 4944: 4932: 4923: 4921:Williams, 177. 4914: 4901: 4888: 4882:24.9; Barnes, 4871: 4858: 4841: 4832: 4811: 4798: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4683: 4670: 4652: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4601: 4585: 4572: 4563: 4546: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4503: 4486: 4465: 4456: 4443: 4441:, 30–31. 4430: 4417: 4404: 4383: 4370: 4357: 4348: 4335: 4326: 4309: 4293: 4284: 4267: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4215: 4190: 4181: 4160: 4143: 4134: 4109: 4096: 4087: 4074: 4057: 4032: 4023: 3998: 3989: 3973: 3960: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3917: 3904: 3897: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3831: 3814: 3800: 3787: 3774: 3753: 3740: 3723: 3710: 3697: 3680: 3663: 3646: 3629: 3627:Lane Fox, 595. 3620: 3618:, 20–21. 3607: 3598: 3589: 3576: 3560: 3547: 3534: 3525: 3512: 3503: 3501:, 19–21. 3490: 3477: 3468: 3455: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3404: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3371:, 18–19. 3360: 3351: 3342: 3322: 3313: 3300: 3288: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3219: 3210: 3206:De Citivae Dei 3197: 3184: 3171: 3154: 3141: 3124: 3115: 3113:, 21–22. 3102: 3093: 3084: 3068: 3055: 3042: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2981: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2937: 2935:, 19–20. 2921: 2905: 2888: 2875: 2873:Lane Fox, 430. 2866: 2853: 2844: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2799: 2790: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2734:Williams, 161. 2727: 2718: 2701: 2692: 2679: 2670: 2657: 2644: 2635: 2622: 2613: 2596: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2552: 2532: 2519: 2506: 2497: 2481: 2472: 2455: 2442: 2422: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2374: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2323: 2310: 2291: 2282: 2280:MacMullen, 35. 2273: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2233: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2179: 2166: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2106:Passio Felicis 2097: 2079: 2066: 2048: 2033: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1993:Robin Lane Fox 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1936: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1884: 1881: 1860:Richard Porson 1805:Era of Martyrs 1795: 1792: 1782:Henry Chadwick 1736:Robin Lane Fox 1731: 1728: 1694: 1691: 1648: 1645: 1637:Eleutheropolis 1620:Acts of Pilate 1529:Thecla of Gaza 1477: 1476: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1385: 1382: 1370:Christian sign 1223: 1220: 1148: 1145: 1113: 1110: 1106:Simon Corcoran 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 995: 992: 982:Edict of Milan 965:religio licita 927: 924: 896: 893: 881:Edict of Milan 849: 846: 800: 797: 795: 792: 759: 756: 725: 722: 625: 622: 620: 617: 552:, governor of 539:Timothy Barnes 519: 518:Public support 516: 412: 409: 370:bishop of Rome 221: 218: 216: 213: 174:Edict of Milan 109:Edict of Milan 63:. In 303, the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9736: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9646: 9644: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9545:Drina Martyrs 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525:Saint Stephen 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312:German Empire 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Joseph Stalin 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098:Al-Mutawakkil 9096: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8987: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8613:New Testament 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8593: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8571: 8566: 8564: 8559: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8470:0-415-91827-8 8466: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8451:1-84014-694-X 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8432:0-8264-5294-9 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8394:0-8006-2880-2 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8266:0-19-927812-1 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234:(2): 75–113. 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8181:9780748616602 8177: 8173: 8172: 8166: 8162: 8160:0-415-10057-7 8156: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8141:0-415-17485-6 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8064:0-674-77885-5 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8045:0-300-03642-6 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8005:0-19-814822-4 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7967:0-394-55495-7 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7812:0-521-29016-3 7808: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7774:0-520-24104-5 7770: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7685:0-940866-59-5 7681: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7662:0-521-30199-8 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7643:0-8018-6218-3 7639: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7615:0-8014-3594-3 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7564:0-19-815278-7 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7545:0-521-81838-9 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7526:0-19-814984-0 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7507:0-521-30199-8 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7469:(in German). 7468: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7333:0-7837-2221-4 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6964:0-14-044535-8 6961: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6824: 6817: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6750: 6744: 6735: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6712: 6707: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6544: 6541:Constantine, 6538: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5935:9.2; Barnes, 5934: 5928: 5919: 5912: 5909:9.2; Barnes, 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5829:7.7; Barnes, 5828: 5822: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5694:4.8; Barnes, 5693: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5604:3.1; Barnes, 5603: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5459: 5452: 5446: 5437: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5014: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4989:Acta Marcelli 4985: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4529: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4281: 4278:3.1; Barnes, 4277: 4271: 4264: 4261:, 24, citing 4260: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4229: 4226:3.1; Barnes, 4225: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3691:as quoted in 3690: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2966:Hopkins, 191. 2963: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2743: 2741: 2731: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2528:Contra Celsum 2523: 2516: 2510: 2504:Castelli, 38. 2501: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2189: 2183: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1950: 1949:Contra Celsus 1946: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1833:Edward Gibbon 1830: 1826: 1825:Henry Dodwell 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1794:Controversies 1791: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1747:Matthew 10:23 1744: 1743: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706:In Eusebius' 1699: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1457:310–311 1456: 1455: 1449: 1447:306–310 1446: 1445: 1439: 1437:303–305 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398:slowly boiled 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1263:vita Marcelli 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1087: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1002: 990: 985: 983: 977: 974: 969: 967: 966: 961: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 933: 923: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 871: 869: 868: 861: 859: 855: 845: 842: 838: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 791: 789: 785: 781: 776: 771: 768: 765: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 721: 719: 714: 709: 707: 703: 697: 695: 691: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 641: 637: 635: 630: 615: 610: 608: 602: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 581: 579: 576: 572: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 534: 531: 526: 525:Keith Hopkins 515: 512: 508: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 441: 437: 436:Olympian gods 433: 429: 422: 417: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324:upper classes 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 268: 267:Justin Martyr 264: 263:imperial cult 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 227: 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:Edward Gibbon 198: 197:Enlightenment 193: 189: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 145: 143: 139: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 9402:Soviet Union 9392:Saudi Arabia 9317:Nazi Germany 9220:Adolf Hitler 9205:Three Pashas 9175:Ranavalona I 9122:Early modern 9014:Roman Empire 8886:Eastern Bloc 8831:Cristero War 8694:Early modern 8645: 8623:Roman Empire 8538: 8506: 8500: 8483: 8479: 8460: 8441: 8422: 8403: 8384: 8365: 8348: 8344: 8325: 8300: 8296: 8279: 8275: 8256: 8231: 8227: 8194: 8190: 8170: 8150: 8131: 8117:(1): 48–65. 8114: 8110: 8077: 8073: 8054: 8035: 8021:(1): 75–95. 8018: 8014: 7995: 7976: 7957: 7940: 7936: 7917: 7900: 7896: 7887: 7862: 7858: 7825: 7821: 7802: 7783: 7764: 7745: 7720: 7716: 7697: 7671: 7652: 7633: 7624: 7605: 7580:(1): 66–94. 7577: 7573: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7441: 7437: 7412: 7408: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7323: 7304: 7279: 7275: 7242: 7238: 7221: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7196:Apologeticus 7195: 7183: 7172: 7156: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7098:Lactantius. 7090: 7084: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068:Lactantius. 7060: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6955: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6863: 6858: 6850: 6845: 6837: 6832: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6764: 6748: 6743: 6734: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6626: 6621: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6592:Apologeticus 6591: 6590:Tertullian, 6586: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6498:Lactantius, 6494: 6486: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6447: 6438: 6429: 6421: 6420:Epiphanius, 6416: 6394: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6367: 6359: 6358:Lactantius, 6354: 6346: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6319: 6311: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6281: 6276: 6268: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6242: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6176: 6175:Lactantius, 6171: 6163: 6158: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6073: 6064: 6044: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5893: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5758: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5673:Lactantius, 5669: 5661: 5656: 5648: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5630:Lactantius, 5626: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5541: 5536: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5498: 5489: 5484:Trompf, 120. 5480: 5472: 5471:Lactantius, 5467: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5436: 5428: 5423: 5415: 5399: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5298:. Retrieved 5294: 5285: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5207:Lactantius, 5203: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5133: 5125: 5120: 5112: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4896: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4878:Lactantius, 4874: 4866: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4806: 4805:Lactantius, 4801: 4793: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4647: 4646:Lactantius, 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4604: 4596: 4580: 4575: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4532:Clarke, 657. 4528: 4523:Potter, 356. 4519: 4511: 4510:Lactantius, 4506: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:Lactantius, 4468: 4463:Clarke, 656. 4459: 4451: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390:Lactantius, 4386: 4378: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4355:Clarke, 655. 4351: 4343: 4338: 4329: 4321: 4320:18; Barnes, 4317: 4316:Lactantius, 4312: 4304: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4049:Acta Felicis 4048: 4047:praef.; and 4044: 4040: 4035: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005:Lactantius, 4001: 3992: 3987:Clarke, 651. 3968: 3967:Lactantius, 3963: 3955: 3954:Lactantius, 3950: 3941: 3932: 3912: 3907: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3730:Lactantius, 3726: 3718: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3636:Lactantius, 3632: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3571: 3555: 3554:Lactantius, 3550: 3542: 3541:Lactantius, 3537: 3528: 3520: 3515: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:Lactantius, 3437: 3428: 3419: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3337: 3334:10.1–5 3331: 3330:Lactantius, 3325: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3191:Lactantius, 3187: 3179: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3161:Lactantius, 3157: 3149: 3148:Lactantius, 3144: 3136: 3132: 3131:Lactantius, 3127: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3079: 3063: 3062:Lactantius, 3058: 3050: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3027:Clarke, 615. 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2976: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2851:Clarke, 627. 2847: 2830:Potter, 333. 2826: 2821:Potter, 336. 2817: 2807: 2802: 2793: 2772: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2500: 2492: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2382: 2377: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2182: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2057: 2051: 2041: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1988: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1925: 1909: and 1888: 1877: 1872:W.H.C. Frend 1864: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1797: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763:Theodosius I 1755: 1751: 1740: 1733: 1707: 1705: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1654: 1650: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1557: 1541: 1533: 1522: 1499: 1494: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1406: 1387: 1327: 1315: 1313: 1297: 1292:purple robes 1284: 1275: 1273: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1245:but not its 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1203: 1188: 1182: 1180:, Algeria). 1158: 1150: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1101: 1095: 1092: 987: 978: 970: 963: 959: 956: 951: 935: 917: 898: 876:Thessalonica 872: 865: 862: 851: 833: 808: 802: 772: 761: 753: 748: 742: 738: 727: 710: 701: 698: 681: 673: 667: 648:Persian wars 645: 634:Saint George 632: 612: 603: 592: 588: 584: 582: 575:Neoplatonist 543: 535: 521: 504: 500: 481: 453: 431: 425: 400: 386: 361: 353: 341: 331: 320: 292: 279: 252: 229: 205:anticlerical 181: 178: 146: 113: 61:Roman Empire 52: 49:Diocletianic 48: 46: 29: 9570:New Martyrs 9494:Protestants 9450:Anabaptists 9377:North Korea 9272:Afghanistan 9235:Kim Il-sung 9200:Enver Hoxha 9195:Bai Chongxi 9144:Tipu Sultan 9108:Hulagu Khan 9091:Middle Ages 8752:1850 Aleppo 8656:Middle Ages 8444:. Ashgate. 8197:: 135–154. 8080:: 105–124. 7723:(1): 1–18. 7282:: 239–252. 6763:Womersley, 6701:Curran, 50. 6581:Dodds, 135. 6047:, 357 n.49. 5761:, 357 n.39. 4796:, 261 n.58. 4747:Davies, 68. 3812:Curran, 49. 3320:Walter, 111 3298:Davies, 92. 3204:Augustine, 3122:Dodds, 109. 2957:Davies, 93. 2919:, 295 n.50. 2842:Curran, 48. 2797:Curran, 47. 2466:, vol. 10, 2289:Dodds, 110. 2271:Dodds, 111. 2209:Gaddis, 29. 2175:Bollandists 1576:Firmilianus 1506:Beit She'an 1432:Martyrdoms 1334:Chrysogonus 1280:Marcellus I 1261:", and the 1229:Marcellinus 1137:Saint Alban 1006:Asia Minor 885:Constantine 821:equestrians 799:First edict 775:didacticism 713:Constantine 288:cannibalism 232:Constantine 101:Constantine 80:Constantius 37:St. Erasmus 9719:Diocletian 9678:Categories 9357:Madagascar 9282:Azerbaijan 9245:Xi Jinping 9225:Mao Zedong 9062:Diocletian 8991:persecutor 8782:Diyarbekir 7192:Tertullian 7070:De Ira Dei 7036:Lactantius 6873:References 6793:, vol. 5, 6727:New Empire 6685:, vol. 1, 6485:Eusebius, 6345:Eusebius, 6332:Eusebius, 6312:New Empire 6293:Eusebius, 6280:Eusebius, 6267:Eusebius, 6254:Eusebius, 6241:Eusebius, 6228:Eusebius, 6188:Eusebius, 6162:Eusebius, 6149:Eusebius, 6129:Eusebius, 6116:Eusebius, 6103:Eusebius, 6090:Eusebius, 6079:New Empire 6013:Eusebius, 5996:Eusebius, 5931:Eusebius, 5905:Eusebius, 5859:Eusebius, 5842:Eusebius, 5825:Eusebius, 5804:Eusebius, 5787:Eusebius, 5770:Eusebius, 5728:Eusebius, 5707:Eusebius, 5690:Eusebius, 5647:Eusebius, 5600:Eusebius, 5583:Eusebius, 5566:Eusebius, 5540:Eusebius, 5462:Odahl, 68. 5368:Eusebius, 5355:, 48. Cf. 5300:2021-03-25 5263:Eusebius, 5194:Eusebius, 4865:Corcoran, 4848:Corcoran, 4826:1.13; and 4818:Eusebius, 4792:Corcoran, 4677:Corcoran, 4664:Corcoran, 4617:Eusebius, 4493:Eusebius, 4342:Eusebius, 4274:Eusebius, 4222:Eusebius, 4167:Eusebius, 4150:Eusebius, 4116:Eusebius, 4103:Corcoran, 4064:Eusebius, 4039:Eusebius, 3838:Eusebius, 3821:Eusebius, 3794:Corcoran, 3781:Corcoran, 3678:on earth". 3670:Eusebius, 3583:Corcoran, 3532:Odahl, 65. 3466:, 19, 294. 3398:Eusebius, 3307:Arnobius, 3049:Eusebius, 2903:, 62 n.76. 2901:New Empire 2862:Aboda Zara 2708:Eusebius, 2686:Eusebius, 2590:Eusebius, 2559:Eusebius, 2449:Eusebius, 2418:Epistaules 1932:Revelation 1771:traditores 1641:epigraphic 1633:Marcionism 1568:gladiators 1316:Acta Eulpi 1161:Maximilian 809:Terminalia 731:Manicheans 682:haruspices 669:haruspices 664:divination 660:Lactantius 578:Iamblichus 558:E.R. Dodds 473:Baal-hamon 456:Elagabalus 440:panegyrist 316:fire of 64 271:Tertullian 215:Background 183:traditores 166:Asia Minor 133:Manicheans 125:Roman gods 68:Diocletian 9482:Armenians 9455:Catholics 9327:Indonesia 9149:Minh Mạng 9082:Athanaric 9077:Shapur II 9005:Agrippa I 8502:Mnemosyne 8317:144484955 8248:161188245 8219:159942854 8102:163079454 7879:170769034 7850:162376477 7737:162190645 7458:170641484 7353:: 53–65. 7267:161858491 7173:Fragments 5324:from the 5128:, VII, 32 5087:The Bible 5074:The Bible 4993:The Bible 4977:The Bible 4822:8.13.13; 4428:, 30, 38. 4394:24.9 and 4381:8.14.9ff. 4364:Eusebius 4188:Rees, 64. 4141:Rees, 63. 3762:Old Latin 2653:De lapsis 2365:Tacitus, 2225:Routledge 2198:Citations 2126:programma 2058:Chronicle 1989:per annum 1945:Epistolae 1813:Sebastian 1724:Alexander 1615:tabularii 1604:strategoi 1599:curatores 1560:Theodosia 1549:Sepphoris 1502:Procopius 1394:Gorgonius 1384:Nicomedia 1305:Miltiades 1208:Majorinus 1200:Caecilian 1196:Mensurius 1169:Marcellus 973:Tillemont 920:Maxentius 911:, became 909:Maximinus 858:exorcists 825:decurions 706:Betthorus 702:Chronicon 530:Nicomedia 492:Tetrarchy 397:Gallienus 304:proconsul 255:barbarian 192:Melitians 188:Donatists 170:Maximinus 162:Palestine 150:Maxentius 129:Gallienus 9643:Category 9417:Thailand 9387:Pakistan 9362:Malaysia 9292:Cambodia 9072:Galerius 9067:Maximian 9046:Valerian 9026:Domitian 8597:incident 8282:: 6–38. 7604:(2000). 7594:23963763 7367:43646838 7169:Porphyry 6885:Arnobius 6810:Porson, 6776:Gibbon, 6725:Barnes, 6655:Barnes, 6603:Barnes, 6422:Panarion 6310:Barnes, 6077:Barnes, 6043:Barnes, 6030:Barnes, 5983:Barnes, 5892:Barnes, 5876:Barnes, 5808:8.13.5; 5757:Barnes, 5617:Barnes, 5553:Barnes, 5515:Barnes, 5502:Barnes, 5449:Barnes, 5427:Barnes, 5414:Barnes, 5398:Barnes, 5351:Barnes, 5338:Barnes, 5318:Acta SS. 5250:Barnes, 5237:Barnes, 5224:Barnes, 5181:Barnes, 5168:Barnes, 5150:Barnes, 5137:Barnes, 5124:Eusebius 5111:Tilley, 5098:Barnes, 5085:Tilley, 5030:Tilley, 5017:Barnes, 4908:Barnes, 4895:Barnes, 4630:Barnes, 4595:Barnes, 4437:Barnes, 4424:Barnes, 4411:Barnes, 4303:Barnes, 4257:Barnes, 4197:Barnes, 3911:Barnes, 3747:Barnes, 3717:Barnes, 3704:Barnes, 3614:Barnes, 3570:Barnes, 3497:Barnes, 3484:Barnes, 3462:Barnes, 3367:Barnes, 3109:Barnes, 3078:Barnes, 3036:Barnes, 2944:Barnes, 2915:Barnes, 2895:Barnes, 2526:Origen, 2336:Apologia 2332:Apologia 2317:Schott, 2298:Schott, 2118:Luke 2:1 1883:See also 1829:Voltaire 1775:traditor 1712:Meletius 1671:poll tax 1667:Arycanda 1629:Ashkelon 1610:duumviri 1595:Logistai 1537:tribunes 1514:libation 1487:Caesarea 1402:Anthimus 1300:Eusebius 1276:traditio 1255:traditor 1237:traditor 1204:traditio 1190:traditor 1185:Donatism 1123:and his 891:in 313. 889:Licinius 837:Caesarea 829:freedmen 817:senators 813:Terminus 694:Caesarea 690:Eusebius 674:haruspex 607:Arnobius 554:Bithynia 511:Damascus 484:Augustus 449:Hercules 428:Aurelian 393:Valerian 389:apostasy 346:rescript 300:Carthage 121:Valerian 105:Licinius 76:Galerius 72:Maximian 65:emperors 43:in Rome. 9653:Commons 9504:Martyrs 9465:Mormons 9427:Vietnam 9397:Somalia 9372:Nigeria 9352:Lebanon 9277:Algeria 9265:country 9230:Pol Pot 7842:3163949 7473:: 1–47. 7429:1089029 7409:Phoenix 7400:1089082 7380:Phoenix 7211:. From 7208:Apology 7202:) 197. 7200:Apology 7138:Optatus 7121:. From 7089:. From 7080:. 313. 7059:. From 7026:. From 6987:. From 6908:. From 6849:Frend, 5389:, 5.90. 4043:8.2.4; 3842:8.2.4; 3766:Vulgate 3676:profane 2515:Bishops 2513:Drake, 2414:Bishops 2412:Drake, 2370:15.44.6 2367:Annales 2110:edictum 1856:History 1583:Martyrs 1553:Thebaid 1545:Cilicia 1525:Urbanus 1469:in the 1390:eunuchs 1364:to the 1324:Gospels 1265:of the 1247:feriale 1212:Donatus 1165:Tebessa 1012:Danube 1009:Oriens 913:caesars 905:Severus 901:augusti 854:Malatya 767:Romanus 656:Antakya 652:Antioch 464:Sarapis 445:Jupiter 382:Pionius 374:Babylas 350:Maximin 276:Tacitus 154:Severus 93:Britain 59:in the 9663:Portal 9422:Turkey 9367:Mexico 9307:France 9168:Modern 9154:Tự Đức 9139:Kangxi 9041:Decius 8734:Modern 8467: 8448: 8429: 8410: 8391: 8372: 8332: 8315: 8263: 8246: 8217: 8211:300738 8209: 8178: 8157: 8138: 8100: 8094:301453 8092: 8061: 8042: 8002: 7983: 7964: 7924: 7877: 7848: 7840: 7809: 7790: 7771: 7752: 7735: 7704: 7682: 7659: 7640: 7612: 7592: 7561: 7542: 7523: 7504: 7456: 7427: 7398: 7365: 7330: 7311: 7296:311244 7294: 7265: 7259:299693 7257: 7182:", in 6962: 6866:, 227. 6862:Shin, 6767:, 128. 6644:passim 6021:, 154. 6004:, 154. 5987:, 154. 5896:, 153. 5867:, 153. 5850:, 153. 5833:, 153. 5795:, 152. 5664:, 153. 5638:, 151. 5621:, 151. 5591:, 151. 5557:, 150. 5357:contra 5072:, xi; 4867:Empire 4850:Empire 4794:Empire 4679:Empire 4666:Empire 4634:, 149. 4499:Empire 4484:, 186. 4482:Empire 4454:, 186. 4452:Empire 4211:Empire 4177:Empire 4130:Empire 4107:, 181. 4105:Empire 4085:, 180. 4083:Empire 4072:, 180. 4070:Empire 4053:Empire 4019:Empire 3895: 3798:, 179. 3796:Empire 3785:, 180. 3783:Empire 3770:Empire 3659:passim 3585:Empire 3521:Contra 3231:π,2098 2631:Origen 2420:10.96. 2308:1.2.1. 2231: 2062:Narseh 1819:, and 1730:Legacy 1702:Museum 1613:, and 1510:reader 1251:Fabian 1147:Africa 811:, for 788:Didyma 784:Apollo 780:oracle 764:deacon 507:caesar 488:Trajan 372:, and 366:Fabian 358:Decius 328:Origen 296:Smyrna 284:incest 244:Trajan 164:, and 142:Didyma 138:oracle 117:Decius 84:edicts 78:, and 9487:Copts 9432:Yemen 9412:Sudan 9407:Spain 9342:Japan 9322:India 9302:Egypt 9297:China 9287:Burma 9113:Timur 8313:S2CID 8244:S2CID 8215:S2CID 8207:JSTOR 8098:S2CID 8090:JSTOR 7875:S2CID 7846:S2CID 7838:JSTOR 7733:S2CID 7590:JSTOR 7454:S2CID 7425:JSTOR 7396:JSTOR 7363:JSTOR 7292:JSTOR 7263:S2CID 7255:JSTOR 6663:, xi. 5418:, 24. 5376:, 48. 5271:, 39. 5241:, 38. 5215:, 29. 5115:, xi. 5102:, 56. 5089:, 10. 5021:, 23. 5008:, 23. 4995:, 46. 4912:, 23. 4599:, 39. 4415:, 28. 4402:, 28. 4282:, 24. 3574:, 19. 3169:, 22. 3040:, 21. 2385:16.2. 1917:Notes 1867:Croix 1809:Agnes 1716:Asyut 1693:Egypt 1562:from 1518:Homer 1429:Date 1358:Tiber 946:Sofia 841:Cirta 718:Dacia 685:' 640:Ubisi 567:Peter 556:. To 259:mores 236:Pliny 158:Egypt 9510:list 9347:Laos 9337:Iraq 9332:Iran 9021:Nero 8465:ISBN 8446:ISBN 8427:ISBN 8408:ISBN 8389:ISBN 8370:ISBN 8330:ISBN 8261:ISBN 8176:ISBN 8155:ISBN 8136:ISBN 8059:ISBN 8040:ISBN 8000:ISBN 7981:ISBN 7962:ISBN 7922:ISBN 7807:ISBN 7788:ISBN 7769:ISBN 7750:ISBN 7702:ISBN 7680:ISBN 7657:ISBN 7638:ISBN 7610:ISBN 7559:ISBN 7540:ISBN 7521:ISBN 7502:ISBN 7328:ISBN 7309:ISBN 6960:ISBN 4681:, 2. 3893:ISBN 3764:pre- 3760:The 3227:Suda 3180:Caes 3139:, 5. 2383:Nero 2321:, 1. 2229:ISBN 2043:Suda 1996:280. 1911:310s 1907:300s 1564:Tyre 1340:and 1178:Mila 1117:his 1102:acta 938:Gaza 907:and 887:and 735:Mani 587:and 571:Paul 569:and 548:and 486:and 462:and 460:Isis 312:Nero 286:and 248:Lyon 119:and 103:and 91:and 89:Gaul 47:The 9694:303 8511:doi 8488:doi 8353:doi 8305:doi 8284:doi 8236:doi 8199:doi 8119:doi 8082:doi 8023:doi 7945:doi 7905:doi 7867:doi 7830:doi 7725:doi 7582:doi 7467:Aug 7446:doi 7417:doi 7388:doi 7378:". 7355:doi 7284:doi 7247:doi 6978:). 4559:RAC 2607:," 2188:Lod 1601:), 984:". 883:by 786:at 782:of 692:of 468:Sol 140:at 51:or 9680:: 9441:By 9263:By 8989:By 8595:By 8507:54 8505:. 8484:43 8482:. 8347:. 8311:. 8301:13 8299:. 8280:26 8278:. 8242:. 8232:47 8230:. 8213:. 8205:. 8195:89 8193:. 8115:40 8113:. 8096:. 8088:. 8078:78 8076:. 8019:56 8017:. 7939:. 7901:37 7899:. 7873:. 7861:. 7844:. 7836:. 7826:43 7824:. 7731:. 7721:38 7719:. 7678:. 7588:. 7578:40 7576:. 7471:33 7452:. 7442:18 7440:. 7423:. 7413:55 7411:. 7394:. 7384:54 7382:. 7361:. 7351:39 7349:. 7290:. 7280:80 7278:. 7261:. 7253:. 7243:58 7241:. 7194:. 7175:. 7171:. 7150:ca 7148:) 7140:. 7110:ca 7108:) 7078:ca 7076:) 7048:ca 7046:) 7038:. 7015:ca 7013:) 6949:ca 6945:ca 6941:ca 6937:ca 6927:. 6897:ca 6895:) 6887:. 6756:^ 6718:^ 6694:^ 6402:^ 6142:^ 6052:^ 5885:^ 5524:^ 5407:^ 5293:. 5159:^ 4956:^ 4740:^ 4655:^ 4639:^ 4588:^ 4537:^ 4296:^ 3976:^ 3920:^ 3803:^ 3657:, 3563:^ 3407:^ 3291:^ 3229:, 3071:^ 2984:^ 2908:^ 2835:^ 2781:^ 2739:^ 2655:8. 2542:, 2484:^ 2338:3. 2255:^ 2243:^ 2223:. 2120:(" 2112:(" 1827:, 1815:, 1811:, 1673:. 1607:, 1461:44 1451:34 1441:13 1073:12 1066:12 1042:14 1026:31 1021:26 823:, 819:, 376:, 368:, 326:. 290:. 160:, 107:' 74:, 70:, 9512:) 9508:( 8569:e 8562:t 8555:v 8537:— 8517:. 8513:: 8494:. 8490:: 8473:. 8454:. 8435:. 8416:. 8397:. 8378:. 8359:. 8355:: 8349:3 8338:. 8319:. 8307:: 8290:. 8286:: 8269:. 8250:. 8238:: 8221:. 8201:: 8184:. 8163:. 8144:. 8125:. 8121:: 8104:. 8084:: 8067:. 8048:. 8029:. 8025:: 8008:. 7989:. 7970:. 7951:. 7947:: 7941:1 7930:. 7911:. 7907:: 7881:. 7869:: 7863:6 7852:. 7832:: 7815:. 7796:. 7777:. 7758:. 7739:. 7727:: 7710:. 7688:. 7665:. 7646:. 7618:. 7596:. 7584:: 7567:. 7548:. 7529:. 7510:. 7460:. 7448:: 7431:. 7419:: 7402:. 7390:: 7369:. 7357:: 7336:. 7317:. 7298:. 7286:: 7269:. 7249:: 7198:( 7144:( 7104:( 7072:( 7042:( 7009:( 6974:( 6931:( 6891:( 6646:. 5303:. 4265:. 3901:. 3661:. 2237:. 2177:. 2156:( 2031:. 1930:( 1803:" 1767:r 1765:( 1597:( 1473:. 1056:8 654:( 432:r 430:( 401:r 399:( 362:r 360:( 354:r 352:( 342:r 340:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Diocletianic Persecution

Index