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the fish are called 0+ group), the juveniles will stay in these shallow intertidal habitats for up to 7 months (depending on latitude and/or temperature), before migrating to deeper waters. Some of these fish will return the next year (when they are I+ group) and even fewer when they are II+ group; however, the majority of juveniles do not return after they have migrated during their first year.
442:
vertical position in the water column to ensure they are transported to suitable habitat. On incoming or flood tides (water level is rising), the larvae move up into the water column and are thus transported towards land. On the outgoing or ebb tides (water level is falling), the larvae move down the water column and are not transported away from the intertidal by the tidal currents.
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Recently transformed juveniles settle onto shallow intertidal beaches. The very youngest juveniles will, for a period of up to a week, strand themselves in very shallow pools on the intertidal once the tide has receded. The reasons for this behaviour are not clear. During the first year of life (when
299:
The
European plaice is characterized, on their dorsal side, by their dark green to dark brown skin, blotched with conspicuous, but irregularly distributed, orange spots. The ventral side is pearly white. The skin is smooth with small scales. They are able to adapt their colour somewhat to match that
441:
after about 8 to 10 weeks, dependent on temperature, at which time they settle in the intertidal zone of sandy beaches. The larvae exhibit what is sometimes called semiactive tidal transport. As the larvae cannot swim against the prevailing currents, they make use of their ability to alter their
504:
After a period of time in the 1980s and 1990s where landings exceeded management advice for several stocks, the fishing pressure has been reduced and the status of the stocks has improved and all the stocks are considered to be within safe biological limits as defined by
540:
and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, is readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.
365:
Adult fish are generally found in deeper waters whereas young fish are found in shallow waters e.g. estuaries and sandy coasts. Plaice tend to burrow in the sediment during the day and remain stationary for long periods to avoid predators and ambush prey.
426:
development begins around late August to
September with the spawning being from December to May. Each female releases eggs in batches every 3 to 5 days for around a month.
882:
307:
reaching just below the right eye. Both eyes are located at the right side of the body. The bony ridge behind the eyes is another characteristic for this species. The
338:
European plaice is a common flatfish which inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the
European shelf, usually at depths between 10 and 200 m. It is found from the
506:
303:
The outline of adults is oval. The head is rather small and is less than 25% of the total length. The pointed mouth is terminal and fairly small with its
330:
European plaice can live up to 20 years and will reach its maximum size at about 50 to 70 cm but individuals up to 78 cm and 5.7 kg have been observed.
811:
Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau (1998). Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family
Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.
501:. Total landings peaked in 1985-1990 when approximately 200 thousand tonnes were landed, current landings are generally less than 120 thousand tonnes.
445:
When the larvae have reached a suitable site for settlement, the metamorphosis to the asymmetric body shape takes place. This can take up to 10 days.
1091:
1143:
1223:
897:
883:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071008001434/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Plaice%20Factsheet2%20%20final.pdf
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is determined before the onset of spawning. Females mature, i.e. are able to spawn, at ages from 3 to 7 years. However, in the
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528:, plaice is one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered, and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an
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315:. The dorsal fin reaches the eye. The dorsal and anal fins are distant from the caudal fin. The
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of their surroundings, but the orange spots always remain visible. The skin lacks any prickles.
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European plaice are generally caught as part of a mixed flatfish fishery or in other
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sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with
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386:. Young plaice (between 1 and 2 years old) tend to consume mainly
347:
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497:. The majority of landings of European plaice are caught in the
429:
The eggs hatch after about two weeks and drift passively in the
697:"Pleuronectes platessa, a ghost fish in the Mediterranean Sea?"
387:
96:
881:
Guide to
Responsible Sourcing of Plaice - produced by Seafish
485:. It is also caught in other fishing gears such as bottom set
406:
The main spawning grounds in the North Sea are located in the
473:
fisheries. The most common gears used in these fisheries are
434:
423:
354:. It is often reported in ichthyological check lists for the
319:
contains 48 to 59 soft rays and is preceded by a spine. The
551:
323:
has 65 to 79 soft rays, the pectoral fin 10 to 11, and the
295:
291:
840:(1991). Changes in fecundity of female North Sea plaice (
461:
Reported landings of
European plaice from 1960 to 2020 (
861:
being the buckland lectures. Publisher Edward Arnold.
358:
but this is likely to be misidentified specimens of
635:Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
651:Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe
1215:
694:
774:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T135690A50018800.en
695:Lleonart, Jordi; Farrugio, Henri (2012-02-23).
583:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T135690A50018800.en
648:
745:
557:
414:. Plaice are determinate spawners in which
333:
521:, in countries where the dish is popular.
48:
29:
772:
722:
712:
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653:. Oxford University Press. p. 756.
517:Plaice is sometimes used as the fish in
465:) by ICES defined stocks Data from ICES.
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397:
290:
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824:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
603:
1216:
642:
631:
926:
925:
1045:2819e7bb-4655-4429-8d1f-840b6c29043a
869:Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation
844:) between three periods since 1900.
1224:IUCN Red List least concern species
795:Seafish. On Plate. Fish & chips
760:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
739:
649:P.J. Hayward, J. S. Ryland (1996).
569:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
374:It is active at night and feeds on
13:
422:, most females mature at 3 years.
267:), commonly referred to as simply
14:
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73:
675:"Europæisk rekord i Rødspætte!"
846:ICES Journal of Marine Science
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1:
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1249:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
10:
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437:drift in the plankton and
311:curves slightly above the
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800:October 11, 2008, at the
271:, is a species of marine
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175:
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70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
896:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
888:Information about plaice
714:10.3989/scimar.03348.02B
621:. February 2018 version.
607:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
334:Distribution and habitat
910:. October 2008 version.
871:. Blackwell Publishing.
820:"Pleuronectes platessa"
369:
1244:Fish described in 1758
767:: e.T135690A50018800.
576:: e.T135690A50018800.
532:topping together with
466:
403:
296:
1239:Fish of the North Sea
980:Pleuronectes_platessa
966:Pleuronectes platessa
936:Pleuronectes platessa
918:on Sealife Collection
900:Pleuronectes Platessa
842:Pleuronectes platessa
753:Pleuronectes platessa
632:Picton, B.E. (2007).
611:Plueronectes platessa
562:Pleuronectes platessa
463:Pleuronectes platessa
460:
401:
294:
264:Pleuronectes platessa
237:Pleuronectes borealis
179:Pleuronectes platessa
1040:Fauna Europaea (new)
558:Freyhof, J. (2014).
524:In North German and
410:and in the eastern
402:Drawing of a plaice
40:Conservation status
467:
404:
297:
245:Pleuronectes latus
221:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1211:
1210:
1183:Open Tree of Life
928:Taxon identifiers
813:Fish. Bull., U.S.
360:European flounder
356:Mediterranean Sea
344:Iberian peninsula
255:
254:
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241:
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226:Platessa vulgaris
222:
218:Platessa platessa
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127:Pleuronectiformes
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24:European plaice
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1234:Commercial fish
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838:Rijnsdorp, A.D.
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16:Species of fish
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1027:Fauna Europaea
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894:Froese, Rainer
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876:External links
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855:Wimpenny, R.S.
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815:96(4):686-726.
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707:(1): 141–147.
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677:. 30 June 2017
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605:Froese, Rainer
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519:fish and chips
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408:Southern Bight
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281:Pleuronectidae
279:of the family
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207:Platessa latus
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1229:Pleuronectes
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865:Gibson, R.N.
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827:. Retrieved
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679:. Retrieved
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587:. Retrieved
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538:french fries
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483:Danish seine
479:otter trawls
468:
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439:metamorphose
428:
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342:down to the
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313:pectoral fin
309:lateral line
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277:Pleuronectes
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148:Pleuronectes
147:
18:
1079:iNaturalist
960:Wikispecies
747:Freyhof, J.
724:10261/54979
589:19 November
475:beam trawls
380:crustaceans
376:polychaetes
346:and around
340:Barents Sea
325:ventral fin
287:Description
1218:Categories
914:Photos of
859:The plaice
829:30 January
681:2022-04-26
545:References
495:hand lines
471:groundfish
321:dorsal fin
851::253-280.
733:1886-8134
534:remoulade
513:As a food
499:North Sea
491:longlines
453:Fisheries
420:North Sea
416:fecundity
394:Lifecycle
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1097:10448892
1053:FishBase
945:Wikidata
907:FishBase
867:(2004).
857:(1953).
798:Archived
780:24 March
749:(2014).
618:FishBase
487:gillnets
431:plankton
384:bivalves
350:and the
317:anal fin
273:flatfish
232:, 1826
213:, 1829
198:Synonyms
186:Linnaeus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1071:7700106
388:shrimps
348:Iceland
305:maxilla
230:Cloquet
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1201:127143
1188:408337
1175:127143
1123:135690
1110:172902
1032:304944
1019:PLNCPL
951:Q27098
731:
657:
435:larvae
433:. The
269:plaice
211:Cuvier
1196:WoRMS
1092:IRMNG
1084:47523
1006:4KBX3
993:72438
424:Ovary
327:six.
1170:OBIS
1162:2158
1149:8262
1144:NCBI
1118:IUCN
1105:ITIS
1066:GBIF
1058:1342
1014:EPPO
988:BOLD
831:2006
782:2021
765:2014
729:ISSN
655:ISBN
591:2021
574:2014
507:ICES
493:and
481:and
382:and
370:Diet
257:The
190:1758
1131:NBN
1001:CoL
975:ADW
769:doi
719:hdl
709:doi
578:doi
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849:48
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378:,
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188:,
902:"
898:"
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735:.
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711::
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663:.
638:.
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593:.
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261:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
