2034:. This is especially common in cold water species where planktonic larvae might not be able to find sufficient food. These retained eggs are usually few in number and are supplied with large yolks to nourish the developing embryos. In starfish, the female may carry the eggs in special pouches, under her arms, under her arched body, or even in her cardiac stomach. Many brittle stars are hermaphrodites; they often brood their eggs, usually in special chambers on their oral surfaces, but sometimes in the ovary or coelom. In these starfish and brittle stars, development is usually direct to the adult form, without passing through a bilateral larval stage. A few sea urchins and one species of sand dollar carry their eggs in cavities, or near their anus, holding them in place with their spines. Some sea cucumbers use their buccal tentacles to transfer their eggs to their underside or back, where they are retained. In a very small number of species, the eggs are retained in the coelom where they develop
1735:
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2453:, while the larvae are a major component of the plankton. Among the ecological roles of adults are the grazing of sea urchins, the sediment processing of heart urchins, and the suspension and deposit feeding of crinoids and sea cucumbers. Some sea urchins can bore into solid rock, destabilising rock faces and releasing nutrients into the ocean. Coral reefs are also bored into in this way, but the rate of accretion of carbonate material is often greater than the erosion produced by the sea urchin. Echinoderms sequester about 0.1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide per year as
1374:
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1975:. Sea cucumbers often discharge parts of their internal organs if they perceive themselves to be threatened, regenerating them over the course of several months. Sea urchins constantly replace spines lost through damage, while sea stars and sea lilies readily lose and regenerate their arms. In most cases, a single severed arm cannot grow into a new starfish in the absence of at least part of the disc. However, in a few species a single arm can survive and develop into a complete individual, and arms are sometimes intentionally detached for the purpose of
1445:. Echinoderms left behind an extensive fossil record. It is hypothesised that the ancestor of all echinoderms was a simple, motile, bilaterally symmetrical animal with a mouth, gut and anus. This ancestral organism adopted an attached mode of life with suspension feeding, and developed radial symmetry. Even so, the larvae of all echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical, and all develop radial symmetry at metamorphosis. Like their ancestor, the starfish and crinoids still attach themselves to the seabed while changing to their adult form.
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are unattached and usually live in crevices, under corals or inside sponges with their arms the only visible part. Some sea feathers emerge at night and perch themselves on nearby eminences to better exploit food-bearing currents. Many species can "walk" across the seabed, raising their body with the help of their arms, or swim using their arms. Most species of sea feather, however, are largely sedentary, seldom moving far from their chosen place of concealment.
2434:
2023:. The eggs and sperm cells are typically released into open water, where fertilisation takes place. The release of sperm and eggs is synchronised in some species, usually with regard to the lunar cycle. In other species, individuals may aggregate during the reproductive season, increasing the likelihood of successful fertilisation. Internal fertilisation has been observed in three species of sea star, three brittle stars and a deep-water sea cucumber. Even at
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2333:
through their guts. In this way they disturb and process large volumes of substrate, often leaving characteristic ridges of sediment on the seabed. Some sea cucumbers live infaunally in burrows, anterior-end down and anus on the surface, swallowing sediment and passing it through their gut. Other burrowers live anterior-end up and wait for detritus to fall into the entrances of the burrows or rake in debris from the surface nearby with their buccal podia.
113:
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to the coelom. Some holothuroids like the
Apodida lack tube feet and canals along the body; others have longitudinal canals. The arrangement in crinoids is similar to that in asteroids, but the tube feet lack suckers and are used in a back-and-forth wafting motion to pass food particles captured by the arms towards the central mouth. In the asteroids, the same motion is employed to move the animal across the ground.
1362:
1761:. The ring canal branches into a set of radial canals, which in asteroids extend along the arms, and in echinoids adjoin the test in the ambulacral areas. Short lateral canals branch off the radial canals, each one ending in an ampulla. Part of the ampulla can protrude through a pore (or a pair of pores in sea urchins) to the exterior, forming a podium or
1841:, and the blood often lacks any respiratory pigment. Gaseous exchange occurs via dermal branchiae or papulae in starfish, genital bursae in brittle stars, peristominal gills in sea urchins and cloacal trees in sea cucumbers. Exchange of gases also takes place through the tube feet. Echinoderms lack specialized excretory (waste disposal) organs and so
2053:
6275:
Arshinoff, Bradley I; Cary, Gregory A; Karimi, Kamran; Foley, Saoirse; Agalakov, Sergei; Delgado, Francisco; Lotay, Vaneet S; Ku, Carolyn J; Pells, Troy J; Beatman, Thomas R; Kim, Eugene; Cameron, R Andrew; Vize, Peter D; Telmer, Cheryl A; Croce, Jenifer C; Ettensohn, Charles A; Hinman, Veronica F (7
2324:
Many sea urchins feed on algae, often scraping off the thin layer of algae covering the surfaces of rocks with their specialised mouthparts known as
Aristotle's lantern. Other species devour smaller organisms, which they may catch with their tube feet. They may also feed on dead fish and other animal
819:
Historically, taxonomists believed that the
Ophiuroidea were sister to the Asteroidea as the clade Asterozoa, or that they were sister to the (Holothuroidea + Echinoidea) as the clade Cryptosyringida. However, a 2014 analysis of 219 genes from all classes of echinoderms resulted in strong support for
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in the
Caribbean caused a change from a coral-dominated reef system to an alga-dominated one. Sea urchins are among the main herbivores on reefs and there is usually a fine balance between the urchins and the kelp and other algae on which they graze. A diminution of the numbers of predators (otters,
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and have bands of cilia with which they swim; some, usually known as 'pluteus' larvae, have arms. When fully developed they settle on the seabed to undergo metamorphosis, and the larval arms and gut degenerate. The left-hand side of the larva develops into the oral surface of the juvenile, while the
1690:
Although individual ossicles are robust and fossilize readily, complete skeletons of starfish, brittle stars and crinoids are rare in the fossil record. On the other hand, sea urchins are often well preserved in chalk beds or limestone. During fossilization, the cavities in the stereom are filled in
2415:
are long and sharp and can cause a painful puncture wound as the epithelium covering them contains a toxin. Because of their catch connective tissue, which can change rapidly from a flaccid to a rigid state, echinoderms are very difficult to dislodge from crevices. Some sea cucumbers have a cluster
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The majority of crinoids are motile, but sea lilies are sessile and attached to hard substrates by stalks. Movement in most sea lilies is limited to bending (their stems can bend) and rolling and unrolling their arms; a few species can relocate themselves on the seabed by crawling. The sea feathers
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The organisation of the water vascular system is somewhat different in ophiuroids, where the madreporite may be on the oral surface and the podia lack suckers. In holothuroids, the system is reduced, often with few tube feet other than the specialised feeding tentacles, and the madreporite opens on
1457:
extending down the side of the body, fringed on either side by brachioles, like the pinnules of a modern crinoid. Eventually, except for the crinoids, all the classes of echinoderms reversed their orientation to become mouth-downward. Before this happened, the podia probably had a feeding function,
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Sea cucumbers are often mobile deposit or suspension feeders, using their buccal podia to actively capture food and then stuffing the particles individually into their buccal cavities. Others ingest large quantities of sediment, absorb the organic matter and pass the indigestible mineral particles
2265:
Sea urchins use their tube feet to move around in a similar way to starfish. Some also use their articulated spines to push or lever themselves along or lift their oral surfaces off the substrate. If a sea urchin is overturned, it can extend its tube feet in one ambulacral area far enough to bring
1933:
at least periodically occupy much of the body cavities of sea urchins and sea cucumbers, while the less voluminous crinoids, brittle stars and starfish have two gonads in each arm. While the ancestors of modern echinoderms are believed to have had one genital aperture, many organisms have multiple
1777:
Echinoderms possess a simple digestive system which varies according to the animal's diet. Starfish are mostly carnivorous and have a mouth, oesophagus, two-part stomach, intestine and rectum, with the anus located in the centre of the aboral body surface. With a few exceptions, the members of the
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Crinoids catch food particles using the tube feet on their outspread pinnules, move them into the ambulacral grooves, wrap them in mucus, and convey them to the mouth using the cilia lining the grooves. The exact dietary requirements of crinoids have been little researched, but in the laboratory,
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Nearly all starfish are detritus feeders or carnivores, though a few are suspension feeders. Small fish landing on the upper surface may be captured by pedicilaria and dead animal matter may be scavenged but the main prey items are living invertebrates, mostly bivalve molluscs. To feed on one of
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The modes of feeding vary greatly between the different echinoderm taxa. Crinoids and some brittle stars tend to be passive filter-feeders, enmeshing suspended particles from passing water. Most sea urchins are grazers; sea cucumbers are deposit feeders; and the majority of starfish are active
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movements; some have short tube feet on their under surface with which they can creep along in the manner of a starfish. Some species drag themselves along using their buccal tentacles, while others manage to swim with peristaltic movements or rhythmic flexing. Many live in cracks, hollows and
1698:
The epidermis contains pigment cells that provide the often vivid colours of echinoderms, which include deep red, stripes of black and white, and intense purple. These cells may be light-sensitive, causing many echinoderms to change appearance completely as night falls. The reaction can happen
1829:
coelom and often also a perihaemal coelom. During development, echinoderm coelom is divided into the metacoel, mesocoel and protocoel (also called somatocoel, hydrocoel and axocoel, respectively). The water vascular system, haemal system and perihaemal system form the tubular coelomic system.
2251:
Brittle stars are the most agile of the echinoderms. Any one of the arms can form the axis of symmetry, pointing either forwards or back. The animal then moves in a co-ordinated way, propelled by the other four arms. During locomotion, the propelling arms can made either snake-like or rowing
2125:
Cloning is costly to the larva both in resources and in development time. Larvae undergo this process when food is plentiful or temperature conditions are optimal. Cloning may occur to make use of the tissues that are normally lost during metamorphosis. The larvae of some sand dollars clone
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of the bivalve relaxes, more stomach is inserted and when digestion is complete, the stomach is returned to its usual position in the starfish with its now liquefied bivalve meal inside it. Other starfish evert the stomach to feed on sponges, sea anemones, corals, detritus and algal films.
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Echinoderms primarily use their tube feet to move about, though some sea urchins also use their spines. The tube feet typically have a tip shaped like a suction pad in which a vacuum can be created by contraction of muscles. This combines with some stickiness from the secretion of
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are however pelagic. Some crinoids are pseudo-planktonic, attaching themselves to floating logs and debris, although this behaviour was exercised most extensively in the
Paleozoic, before competition from organisms such as barnacles restricted the extent of the behaviour.
2563:. The sea cucumbers are boiled for twenty minutes and then dried both naturally and later over a fire which gives them a smoky tang. In China they are used as a basis for gelatinous soups and stews. Both male and female gonads of sea urchins are consumed, particularly in
2420:
which can be ejected as long sticky threads from their anus to entangle and permanently disable an attacker. Sea cucumbers occasionally defend themselves by rupturing their body wall and discharging the gut and internal organs. Starfish and brittle stars may undergo
2154:
marks the opening of the "second mouth" that places echinoderms within the deuterostomes, and the mesoderm, which will host the skeleton, migrates inwards. The secondary body cavity, the coelom, forms by the partitioning of three body cavities. The larvae are often
1907:. Nerves radiate from central rings around the mouth into each arm or along the body wall; the branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the organism and the synchronisation of the tube feet. Starfish have sensory cells in the epithelium and have simple
1650:
Genetic studies have showed that genes which direct the development of the trunk region is absent during the development (only known exception is a gene active at the tip of the sea stars arms), indicating that their body consists of just a developed head region.
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The larvae pass through several stages, which have specific names derived from the taxonomic names of the adults or from their appearance. For example, a sea urchin has an 'echinopluteus' larva while a brittle star has an 'ophiopluteus' larva. A starfish has a
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Echinoderms have secondary radial symmetry in portions of their body at some stage of life, most likely an adaptation to a sessile or slow-moving existence. Many crinoids and some seastars are symmetrical in multiples of the basic five; starfish such as
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with the disc splitting in two. Both the lost disc area and the missing arms regrow, so an individual may have arms of varying lengths. During the period of regrowth, they have a few tiny arms and one large arm, and are thus often known as "comets".
1448:
The first echinoderms were non-motile, but evolved into animals able to move freely. These soon developed endoskeletal plates with stereom structure, and external ciliary grooves for feeding. The
Paleozoic echinoderms were globular, attached to the
1765:. The water vascular system assists with the distribution of nutrients throughout the animal's body; it is most visible in the tube feet which can be extended or contracted by the redistribution of fluid between the foot and the internal ampulla.
2317:, while other brittle stars use several methods of feeding. Some are suspension feeders, securing food particles with mucus strands, spines or tube feet on their raised arms. Others are scavengers and detritus feeders. Others again are voracious
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themselves when they detect dissolved fish mucus, indicating the presence of predators. Asexual reproduction produces many smaller larvae that escape better from planktivorous fish, implying that the mechanism may be an anti-predator adaptation.
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farmers, for whom the starfish pose a major threat by eating their cultured stock. Other uses for the starfish they recover include the manufacture of animal feed, composting and the preparation of dried specimens for the arts and craft trade.
2101:
The larvae of some echinoderms are capable of asexual reproduction. This has long been known to occur among starfish and brittle stars, but has more recently been observed in a sea cucumber, a sand dollar and a sea urchin. This may be by
2337:
these, the starfish moves over it, attaches its tube feet and exerts pressure on the valves by arching its back. When a small gap between the valves is formed, the starfish inserts part of its stomach into the prey, excretes digestive
2262:; in some way, however, the tube feet are coordinated, as the animal glides steadily along. Some burrowing starfish have points rather than suckers on their tube feet and they are able to "glide" across the seabed at a faster rate.
2097:
uses this method frequently, splitting into two a little in front of the midpoint. The two halves each regenerate their missing organs over a period of several months, but the missing genital organs are often very slow to develop.
5987:
Sartori D., Scuderi A.; Sansone G.; Gaion A. (February 2015). "Echinoculture: the rearing of
Paracentrotus lividus in a recirculating aquaculture system—experiments of artificial diets for the maintenance of sexual maturation".
1716:-based material can change its mechanical properties under nervous control rather than by muscular means. This tissue enables a starfish to go from moving flexibly around the seabed to becoming rigid while prying open a
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include the presence of spines, toxins (inherent or delivered through the tube feet), and the discharge of sticky entangling threads by sea cucumbers. Although most echinoderm spines are blunt, those of the
2266:
them within reach of the substrate and then successively attach feet from the adjoining area until it is righted. Some species bore into rock, usually by grinding away at the surface with their mouthparts.
1592:, free-swimming organisms with bilateral symmetry. Later, during metamorphosis, the left side of the body grows at the expense of the right side, which is eventually absorbed. The left side then grows in a
1798:, sorting through the sediment with modified tube feet around their mouth, the buccal tentacles. Sand and mud accompanies their food through their simple gut, which has a long coiled intestine and a large
1753:(body cavity) that function in gas exchange, feeding, sensory reception and locomotion. This system varies between different classes of echinoderm but typically opens to the exterior through a sieve-like
715:
formations and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment. They were the most used species in regenerative research in the 19th and 20th centuries. Further, some scientists hold that the
6330:
Telmer, Cheryl; Karimi, Kamran; Chess, Macie; Agalakov, Sergei; Arshinoff, Bradley; Lotay, Vaneet; Wang, Dong Zhuo; Chu, Stanley; Pells, Troy; Vize, Peter; Hinman, Veronica; Ettensohn, Charles (2024).
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to form flexible joints as in the arms of sea stars, brittle stars and crinoids. The ossicles may bear external projections in the form of spines, granules or warts and they are supported by a tough
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larva. The provision of a yolk-sac means that smaller numbers of eggs are produced, the larvae have a shorter development period and a smaller dispersal potential, but a greater chance of survival.
2038:, later emerging through ruptures in the body wall. In some crinoids, the embryos develop in special breeding bags, where the eggs are held until sperm released by a male happens to find them.
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which drift into their outstretched arms. Boluses of mucus-trapped food are passed to the mouth, which is linked to the anus by a loop consisting of a short oesophagus and longer intestine.
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do not possess an anus. In many species of starfish, the large cardiac stomach can be everted to digest food outside the body. Some other species are able to ingest whole food items such as
2527:
In 2019, 129,052 tonnes of echinoderms were harvested. The majority of these were sea cucumbers (59,262 tonnes) and sea urchins (66,341 tonnes). These are used mainly for food, but also in
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as they do in the crinoids today. The locomotor function of the podia came later, when the re-orientation of the mouth brought the podia into contact with the substrate for the first time.
3016:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011).
2531:. Sea cucumbers are considered a delicacy in some countries of southeast Asia; as such, they are in imminent danger of being over-harvested. Popular species include the pineapple roller
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Echinoderms are unusual in having both a coelomic circulatory system (the water vascular system) and a haemal circulatory system, as most groups of animals have just one of the two.
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larva, living and feeding in the water column, is considered to be the ancestral larval type for echinoderms, but in extant echinoderms, some 68% of species develop using a
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and able to lasso their waterborne prey with a sudden encirclement by their flexible arms. The limbs then bend under the disc to transfer the food to the jaws and mouth.
1868:
cells (for cytotoxicity, inflammation, and anti-bacterial activity), vibratile cells (for coelomic fluid movement and clotting), and crystal cells (which may serve for
2718:
Smith, A., Zamora, S. & Álvaro, J. The oldest echinoderm faunas from
Gondwana show that echinoderm body plan diversification was rapid. Nat Commun 4, 1385 (2013).
2015:
Echinoderms become sexually mature after approximately two to three years, depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Almost all species have separate
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or preventing itself from being extracted from a crevice. Similarly, sea urchins can lock their normally mobile spines upright as a defensive mechanism when attacked.
1864:. These cells are usually large and granular, and are believed to be a main line of defence against potential pathogens. Depending on the class, echinoderms may have
1426:
of
Australia. These fossils are disc-like, with radial ridges on the rim and a five-pointed central depression marked with radial lines. However, the fossils have no
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on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal. The madreporite is linked to a slender duct, the stone canal, which extends to a ring canal that encircles the mouth or
3376:
1979:. During periods when they have lost their digestive tracts, sea cucumbers live off stored nutrients and absorb dissolved organic matter directly from the water.
6107:
Gaion, A.; Scuderi, A.; Pellegrini, D.; Sartori, D. (2013). "Arsenic
Exposure Affects Embryo Development of Sea Urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)".
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stage. New larvae can develop from the preoral hood (a mound like structure above the mouth), the side body wall, the postero-lateral arms, or their rear ends.
1474:
1262:, but they are found in habitats ranging from shallow intertidal areas to abyssal depths. Two main subdivisions are traditionally recognised: the more familiar
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5923:
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2571:. The taste is described as soft and melting, like a mixture of seafood and fruit. Sea urchin breeding trials have been undertaken to try to compensate for
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when attacked, detaching an arm; this may distract the predator for long enough for the animal to escape. Some starfish species can swim away from danger.
5033:
Vaughn, Dawn (March 2010). "Why run and hide when you can divide? Evidence for larval cloning and reduced larval size as an adaptive inducible defense".
4096:
The GI of urchins in the wild can vary hugely and can be less than 1% or as high as 20%, whilst for cultured sea urchins GI values can be as high as 35%
4531:
Yamaguchi, M.; J. S. Lucas (1984). "Natural parthenogenesis, larval and juvenile development, and geographical distribution of the coral reef asteroid
2464:
Echinoderms sometimes have large population swings which can transform ecosystems. In 1983, for example, the mass mortality of the tropical sea urchin
1671:. If solid, these would form a heavy skeleton, so they have a sponge-like porous structure known as stereom. Ossicles may be fused together, as in the
701:
tissue, organs and limbs; in some cases, they can undergo complete regeneration from a single limb. Geologically, the value of echinoderms is in their
685:
The echinoderms are important both ecologically and geologically. Ecologically, there are few other groupings so abundant in the biotic desert of the
5347:
8150:
6494:
6543:
6278:"Echinobase: leveraging an extant model organism database to build a knowledgebase supporting research on the genomics and biology of echinoderms"
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8778:
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Formery, L.; Peluso, P.; Kohnle, I.; Malnick, J.; Thompson, J. R.; Pitel, M.; Uhlinger, K. R.; Rokhsar, D. S.; Rank, D. R.; Lowe, C. J. (2023).
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3310:
5485:
8804:
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Sartori, D.; Gaion, A. (2015). "Toxicity of polyunsaturated aldehydes of diatoms to Indo-Pacific bioindicator organism Echinometra mathaei".
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1998:
and generate new tissues. Morphallactic regeneration involves the movement and remodelling of existing tissues to replace lost parts. Direct
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1506:
1500:
4783:"Multiple Modes of Asexual Reproduction by Tropical and Subtropical Sea Star Larvae: An Unusual Adaptation for Genet Dispersal and Survival"
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where the arms are flexible. The oral surface is covered with thousands of tube feet which move out of time with each other, but not in a
1549:
5222:
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to provide adhesion. The tube feet contract and relax in waves which move along the adherent surface, and the animal moves slowly along.
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that assist in gravitational orientation, and they too have sensory cells in their epidermis, particularly in the tube feet, spines and
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820:
Asterozoa. An independent analysis in 2015 of RNA transcriptomes from 23 species across all classes of echinoderms gave the same tree.
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Despite their low nutrition value and the abundance of indigestible calcite, echinoderms are preyed upon by many organisms, including
1373:
8752:
5747:
4124:
8791:
7856:
5241:"Getting around when you're round: Quantitative analysis of the locomotion of the blunt-spined brittle star, Ophiocoma echinata"
3524:
Perillo, Margherita; Oulhen, Nathalie; Foster, Stephany; Spurrell, Maxwell; Calestani, Cristina; Wessel, Gary (19 August 2020).
1856:, or immune cells. There are several types of immune cells, which vary among classes and species. All classes possess a type of
1790:
through their mouth. Sea urchins are herbivores and use their specialised mouthparts to graze, tear and chew their food, mainly
2623:. Currently there are 4 species of echinoderms fully supported (gene pages, BLAST, JBrowse tracks, genome downloads) including
2603:
are used for this purpose in embryological studies. The large size and the transparency of the eggs enables the observation of
1911:
and touch-sensitive tentacle-like tube feet at the tips of their arms. Sea urchins have no particular sense organs but do have
2685:. Four thousand tons of the animals are used annually for these purposes. This trade is often carried out in conjunction with
2083:, adults reproduce asexually until they mature, then reproduce sexually. In most of these species, asexual reproduction is by
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Sea cucumbers are generally sluggish animals. Many can move on the surface of the seabed or burrow through sand or mud using
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1919:. Brittle stars, crinoids and sea cucumbers in general do not have sensory organs, but some burrowing sea cucumbers of the
2400:
and humans. Larger starfish prey on smaller ones; the great quantity of eggs and larva that they produce form part of the
1322:
745:
6240:
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1794:. They have an oesophagus, a large stomach and a rectum with the anus at the apex of the test. Sea cucumbers are mostly
1695:
can observe distinctive cleavage patterns and sometimes even the intricate internal and external structure of the test.
6570:
5952:
3933:
3882:
3857:
3772:
5141:
Xiaofeng, Wang; Hagdorn, Hans; Chuanshang, Wang (September 2006). "Pseudoplanktonic lifestyle of the Triassic crinoid
4720:
Eaves, Alexandra A.; Palmer, A. Richard (11 September 2003). "Reproduction: Widespread cloning in echinoderm larvae".
2195:
Echinoderms are globally distributed in almost all depths, latitudes and environments in the ocean. Adults are mainly
6478:
5730:
5389:
3063:
1991:
6150:
Hart, M. W. (January–February 2002). "Life history evolution and comparative developmental biology of echinoderms".
2967:
Telford, M. J.; Lowe, C. J.; Cameron, C. B.; Ortega-Martinez, O.; Aronowicz, J.; Oliveri, P.; Copley, R. R. (2014).
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4020:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 708. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer. pp. 260–301.
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and reduced circulatory system. This usually consists of a central ring and five radial vessels. There is no true
8809:
6602:
6379:
2611:. The arm regeneration potential of brittle stars is being studied in connection with understanding and treating
6517:
5797:
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1734:
2171:' larva. A sea cucumber's larva is an 'auricularia' while a crinoid's is a 'vitellaria'. All these larvae are
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6676:
6659:
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Herrera-Escalante, T.; López-Pérez, R. A.; Leyte-Morales, G. E. (2005). "Bioerosion caused by the sea urchin
2808:
2625:
2593:
1381:
762:
5814:"B-76 Sea-urchins and other echinoderms Capture production by species, fishing areas and countries or areas"
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have a single statocyst adjoining each radial nerve, and some have an eyespot at the base of each tentacle.
2528:
2521:
2159:, but in some species the eggs are retained inside the female, while in some the female broods the larvae.
2103:
5355:
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movements. Starfish move using their tube feet, keeping their arms almost still, including in genera like
1581:
184:
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amebocyte, which engulf invading particles and infected cells, aggregate or clot, and may be involved in
1701:
5300:
2342:
1749:
Echinoderms possess a unique water vascular system, a network of fluid-filled canals modified from the
1593:
721:
5672:"Global contribution of echinoderms to the marine carbon cycle: CaCO3 budget and benthic compartments"
2841:
2404:, consumed by many marine creatures. Crinoids, on the other hand, are relatively free from predation.
1687:" in sea urchins, the supportive stalks of crinoids, and the structural "lime ring" of sea cucumbers.
8819:
7993:
3326:"The manoeuvrability hypothesis to explain the maintenance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution"
2360:
1430:
or internal structure indicating a water vascular system, so they cannot be conclusively identified.
733:
8718:
4016:
Smith, L. Courtney; Ghosh, Julie; Buckley, Katherine M.; et al. (2010). "Echinoderm Immunity".
3575:
Weber, W.; Dambach, M. (April 1974). "Light-sensitivity of isolated pigment cells of the sea urchin
2491:), which graze on living coral tissue, has greatly increased coral mortality and reduced coral reef
8868:
6526:
5969:
5493:
3764:
Sampling Biodiversity in Coastal Communities: NaGISA Protocols for Seagrass and Macroalgal Habitats
3094:"A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms"
2733:
2484:
2412:
6531:
1786:. Brittle stars, which have varying diets, have a blind gut with no intestine or anus; they expel
1683:. Skeletal elements are sometimes deployed in specialized ways, such as the chewing organ called "
8901:
8668:
8078:
6691:
5974:
2229:
2172:
2150:
Development begins with a bilaterally symmetrical embryo, with a coeloblastula developing first.
2114:. Autotomised parts or buds may develop directly into fully formed larvae, or may pass through a
1834:
1709:
1596:
symmetric fashion, in which the body is arranged in five parts around a central axis. Within the
1533:
639:
132:
2583:
Because of their robust larval growth, sea urchins are widely used in research, particularly as
2269:
779:, meaning that their ancestors were mirror-symmetric. Among the bilaterians, they belong to the
8845:
8630:
7842:
6563:
5547:
5432:
1964:
1873:
1684:
1676:
1585:
1330:
717:
698:
6241:"A literature review of sea star control methods for bottom and off bottom shellfish cultures"
4433:
3733:
1361:
8840:
8306:
7956:
6654:
6513:
5598:"Purification and partial characterisation of an autotomy-promoting factor from the sea star
5524:
4579:
2910:"Phylogenomic Analyses of Echinodermata Support the Sister Groups of Asterozoa and Echinozoa"
2631:
2588:
2139:
1947:
1739:
1729:
1634:
1351:
792:
152:
8855:
8832:
2783:
1203:
923:
8891:
8726:
8677:
7971:
5997:
5683:
5198:
5156:
5042:
4976:
4729:
4598:
4544:
3419:
3237:
3193:
3105:
3029:
2921:
2516:
2407:
2071:
1999:
1976:
1885:
1668:
943:
804:
694:
307:
162:
8783:
4964:
1610:
also contain some six-armed species. Amongst the brittle stars, six-armed species such as
8:
5596:
Mladenov, Philip V.; Igdoura, Suleiman; Asotra, Satish; Burke, Robert D. (1 April 1989).
4852:
4345:
4109:
1680:
1643:
1453:
and were orientated with their oral surfaces facing upwards. These early echinoderms had
1450:
1294:
341:
7834:
6356:
6331:
6001:
5762:
5687:
5202:
5160:
5046:
4980:
4903:
4733:
4602:
4548:
4145:
3423:
3109:
3033:
2925:
2176:
right side becomes the aboral surface. At this stage the pentaradial symmetry develops.
2027:, where no light penetrates, echinoderms often synchronise their reproductive activity.
8301:
7983:
7119:
6671:
6649:
6637:
6612:
6488:
6432:
6304:
6277:
6175:
6132:
6089:
6013:
5901:
5873:
5846:
5621:
5214:
5058:
5008:
4992:
4935:
4884:
4805:
4763:
4692:
4666:"Regeneration of the Reproductive System Following Binary Fission in the Sea-Cucumber,
4646:
4560:
4414:
4398:
4303:
4245:
3639:
3635:
3604:
3552:
3525:
3352:
3325:
3304:
3045:
2993:
2968:
2944:
2909:
2643:
2599:
2480:
2471:
lobsters and fish) can result in an increase in urchin numbers, causing overgrazing of
2466:
2354:
2259:
2093:
2084:
1818:
1616:
791:
instead of the mouth. The characteristics of adult echinoderms are the possession of a
179:
8682:
6214:
5944:
3017:
2449:
Echinoderms are numerous invertebrates whose adults play an important role in benthic
1742:
of a starfish, showing the ring canal, the radial canals, ampullae (small bulbs), and
8827:
8695:
8093:
7541:
7461:
6811:
6681:
6644:
6632:
6622:
6556:
6474:
6455:
6420:
6410:
6361:
6309:
6218:
6167:
6163:
6136:
6124:
6093:
6081:
5948:
5878:
5793:
5726:
5652:
5385:
5262:
5012:
5000:
4927:
4876:
4813:
4755:
4439:
4406:
4357:
4311:
4039:
4029:
3998:
3988:
3929:
3888:
3878:
3853:
3768:
3741:
3596:
3557:
3477:
3443:
3435:
3407:
3357:
3292:
3282:
3146:
2998:
2949:
2649:
2612:
2543:
2454:
2417:
2238:
1956:
1881:
1842:
1817:
of echinoderms are complex. Aside from the water vascular system, echinoderms have a
1803:
1758:
1454:
690:
6179:
6017:
5218:
5062:
4939:
4888:
4564:
4418:
3972:
3953:
3643:
3167:
3049:
1691:
with calcite that is continuous with the surrounding rock. On fracturing such rock,
1258:
species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species. All echinoderms are
991:
8369:
8248:
8140:
8083:
8023:
8018:
7946:
7931:
6596:
6351:
6343:
6299:
6289:
6210:
6159:
6116:
6073:
6005:
5940:
5868:
5858:
5701:
5691:
5670:
Lebrato, Mario; Iglesias-Rodríguez, Debora; Feely, Richard A.; et al. (2010).
5613:
5252:
5206:
5164:
5050:
4984:
4919:
4868:
4797:
4782:
4767:
4745:
4737:
4684:
4606:
4552:
4390:
4349:
4295:
4237:
4218:
4192:
4074:"A Guide to the Sea Urchin Reproductive Cycle and Staging Sea Urchin Gonad Samples"
4021:
3980:
3631:
3608:
3588:
3547:
3537:
3427:
3347:
3337:
3138:
3113:
3037:
2988:
2980:
2939:
2929:
2572:
2533:
2223:
1523:
654:(pentamerous symmetry), and are found on the sea bed at every ocean depth from the
567:
497:
35:
6815:
6193:
Longo, F. J.; Anderson, E. (June 1969). "Sperm differentiation in the sea urchins
6120:
6077:
4665:
3979:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 708. pp. 260–301.
8542:
8447:
8409:
8364:
8296:
8053:
8013:
7998:
7891:
7822:
7728:
7579:
7482:
7339:
6872:
6538:
5939:. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. Vol. 37. pp. 1–4.
5784:
4025:
3984:
3762:
2934:
2908:
Escriva, Hector; Reich, Adrian; Dunn, Casey; Akasaka, Koji; Wessel, Gary (2015).
2674:
2655:
2637:
2076:
1920:
848:
655:
651:
432:
426:
374:
5863:
4378:
4353:
4279:
3142:
2647:(Crown-of-thorns sea star). Partially supported species (no gene pages) include
8602:
8547:
8537:
8379:
8193:
8145:
8058:
8033:
8028:
8008:
8003:
7906:
7896:
7487:
7465:
7283:
7195:
7173:
7136:
6627:
6347:
5935:
Lawrence, John M. (2001). "The edible sea urchins". In John M. Lawrence (ed.).
4377:
Mashanov, Vladimir S.; Igor Yu. Dolmatov; Thomas Heinzeller (1 December 2005).
4278:
Dobson, W. E.; S. E. Stancyk; L. A. Clements; R. M. Showman (1 February 1991).
3431:
2876:"Echinodermata: Spiny-skinned animals: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies"
2767:
2762:
2584:
2184:
2180:
2031:
1892:
1869:
1833:
Haemal and perihaemal systems are derived from the original coelom, forming an
1672:
1488:
1482:
1464:
1434:
1259:
892:
852:
353:
171:
6448:
6255:
6009:
5210:
5168:
5054:
4337:
4277:
3892:
3461:
New Genetic Study Reveals Sea Stars Are Just A Bunch of Heads Smushed Together
3041:
3018:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions"
8885:
8326:
8311:
8273:
8198:
8134:
8120:
8068:
8063:
7977:
7966:
7961:
7941:
7936:
7911:
7632:
7536:
7035:
6424:
3439:
3296:
2476:
2329:, detritus, algal pieces and the bacterial layer surrounding grains of sand.
2326:
2143:
2020:
2002:
of one type of tissue to another during tissue replacement is also observed.
1990:. In epimorphosis stem cells—either from a reserve pool or those produced by
1952:
1916:
1274:
1114:
1084:
875:
675:
421:
142:
122:
70:
5597:
4988:
2969:"Phylogenomic analysis of echinoderm class relationships supports Asterozoa"
1708:
One characteristic of most echinoderms is a special kind of tissue known as
8653:
8522:
8517:
8492:
8467:
8457:
8384:
8253:
8127:
8088:
8073:
8048:
8043:
7988:
7921:
7738:
7733:
7621:
7477:
7363:
7249:
7152:
7131:
7001:
6952:
6908:
6889:
6365:
6313:
6294:
6171:
6128:
6085:
5882:
5656:
5266:
5004:
4931:
4880:
4817:
4759:
4750:
4410:
4315:
4197:
4180:
4043:
4002:
3561:
3447:
3361:
3342:
3002:
2984:
2953:
2492:
2458:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2168:
2151:
2024:
1987:
1983:
1861:
1857:
1692:
1602:
1346:
1298:
1286:
1266:
1255:
939:
906:
780:
708:
702:
667:
659:
631:
619:
551:
278:
265:
167:
16:
Exclusively marine phylum of animals with generally 5-point radial symmetry
6222:
4872:
4376:
4280:"Nutrient Translocation during Early Disc Regeneration in the Brittlestar
3600:
3133:
Arnone, Maria Ina; Byrne, Maria; Martinez, Pedro (2015). "Echinodermata".
1600:, there can be a few exceptions from the rule. Most starfish in the genus
1182:
8765:
8705:
8662:
8577:
8552:
8497:
8472:
8394:
8389:
8354:
8344:
8038:
7951:
7699:
7670:
7656:
7646:
7231:
7047:
6960:
6742:
5638:
4923:
2472:
2401:
2314:
2310:
2282:
1853:
1814:
1795:
1779:
1754:
1423:
1310:
1282:
1175:
974:
627:
473:
466:
461:
399:
229:
137:
45:
20:
4996:
4338:"Regenerating Echinoderms: A Promise to Understand Stem Cells Potential"
3542:
2433:
2203:, living as plankton in the open ocean. Some holothuroid adults such as
2052:
678:
phylum. The first definitive echinoderms appeared near the start of the
8610:
8572:
8502:
8482:
8477:
8432:
8404:
8359:
8349:
8321:
8316:
8258:
8233:
7926:
7901:
7796:
7781:
7776:
7757:
7752:
7680:
7627:
7589:
7531:
7405:
7397:
7380:
7160:
7072:
7025:
6965:
6927:
6747:
6732:
5706:
5625:
5257:
5240:
4809:
4696:
4650:
4611:
4556:
4402:
4307:
4249:
4072:
James, Philip; Siikavuopio, Sten; Johansson, Gunhild Seljehaug (2018).
3667:
3665:
3622:
Motokawa, Tatsuo (May 1984). "Connective tissue catch in echinoderms".
3592:
3408:"Molecular evidence of anteroposterior patterning in adult echinoderms"
3219:
3217:
3215:
2883:
2620:
2442:
2397:
2389:
2377:
2290:
and can float in the water with webbed papillae forming sails or fins.
2254:
2164:
2035:
2016:
1787:
1607:
1438:
1400:
1290:
1278:
1196:
1135:
800:
784:
635:
623:
446:
416:
404:
386:
347:
299:
147:
127:
112:
90:
55:
6548:
5696:
5671:
5467:
5465:
4055:
4053:
3118:
3093:
2673:
The calcareous tests or shells of echinoderms are used as a source of
1142:
8770:
8739:
8527:
8507:
8399:
8278:
8213:
8203:
8188:
8183:
8164:
7916:
7762:
7709:
7704:
7675:
7664:
7613:
7608:
7560:
7472:
7259:
7254:
7216:
7065:
7057:
6986:
6938:
6859:
6846:
6827:
6822:
6781:
6332:"Echinobase: a resource to support the echinoderm research community"
5669:
5273:
5084:
4435:
Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos
3677:
3526:"Regulation of dynamic pigment cell states at single-cell resolution"
3490:
2719:
2682:
2678:
2560:
2450:
2393:
2369:
2318:
2080:
1912:
1896:
1762:
1743:
1597:
1568:
1442:
1306:
1165:
1121:
1104:
1079:
1012:
987:
865:
835:
796:
776:
768:
751:
712:
452:
439:
410:
393:
380:
369:
325:
255:
242:
216:
196:
95:
8624:
5643:(Echinodermata: Echinoidea) at Bahías de Huatulco, Western Mexico".
5617:
5577:
5184:"The structure and function of the tube feet in certain echinoderms"
5124:
5122:
4801:
4741:
4688:
4394:
4299:
4241:
3713:
3689:
3662:
3474:
Handbook of Biomineralization: Biomimetic and bioinspired chemistry'
3212:
8744:
8647:
8582:
8562:
8557:
8532:
8512:
8487:
8452:
8442:
8437:
8268:
8243:
8223:
7883:
7786:
7770:
7693:
7685:
7640:
7603:
7584:
7573:
7555:
7549:
7410:
7351:
7327:
7224:
7105:
6994:
6878:
6769:
6760:
6666:
5462:
5327:
5315:
5074:
5072:
4452:
4050:
3805:
2821:
2616:
2422:
2156:
2119:
2115:
2111:
1995:
1968:
1935:
1904:
1865:
1822:
1807:
1717:
1713:
1660:
1639:
1564:
1560:
1302:
1270:
1263:
1007:
888:
808:
787:, the first opening to form during embryo development, becomes the
686:
679:
671:
615:
363:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
39:
8757:
5847:"Medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers"
5452:
5450:
5403:
5401:
5191:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
4147:
Population Structure and Reproduction of the Fissiparous Seastar,
3260:
3258:
3092:
Uthicke, Sven; Schaffelke, Britta; Byrne, Maria (1 January 2009).
2508:
8587:
8567:
8263:
8238:
8228:
8218:
8174:
8111:
7746:
7722:
7714:
7651:
7565:
7385:
7372:
7305:
7296:
7241:
7166:
5147:
5119:
4580:"Patterns of sexual and asexual reproduction in the brittle star
4335:
3907:"Macrobenthos of the North Sea - Echinodermata > Introduction"
3701:
3650:
2966:
2686:
2661:
2287:
2107:
2066:
2058:
1972:
1923:
1846:
1783:
1664:
1540:
1427:
1418:
1396:
663:
157:
100:
75:
6469:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
5663:
5565:
5069:
4904:"Abrupt Change in Food Environment Induces Cloning in Plutei of
4336:
Candia-Carnevali, M. D.; Thorndyke, M. C.; Matranga, V. (2009).
2325:
matter. Sand dollars may perform suspension feeding and feed on
8427:
8419:
8288:
7791:
7525:
6725:
6712:
6583:
6580:
6029:
6027:
5447:
5398:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
3829:
3817:
3793:
3781:
3255:
2568:
2338:
2313:
are suspension feeders, raising their branched arms to collect
2091:
Adult sea cucumbers reproduce asexually by transverse fission.
1908:
1877:
1799:
1750:
1413:
705:
558:
554:
335:
206:
6405:
Brusca, Richard C.; Moore, Wendy; Shuster, Stephen M. (2016).
4639:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
3200:. Museum of Paleontology: University of California at Berkeley
1606:
have six arms, although five-armed individuals can occur. The
8731:
8336:
8208:
6508:
6106:
4633:
Monks, Sarah P. (1 April 1904). "Variability and Autotomy of
2619:
data relevant to echinoderm model organisms are collected in
2604:
2564:
2556:
2373:
2245:
2134:
1930:
1900:
1838:
1826:
1791:
1589:
1494:
647:
643:
6325:
6323:
6024:
5986:
5748:"On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins"
3761:
Rigby, P. Robin; Iken, Katrin; Shirayama, Yoshihisa (2007).
2286:
burrows and hardly move at all. Some deep-water species are
1705:
changes colour in just fifty minutes when exposed to light.
594:
524:
8374:
7866:
4962:
3523:
2608:
2385:
2381:
788:
650:
echinoderms are recognisable by their usually five-pointed
606:
600:
585:
579:
542:
536:
515:
509:
6248:
Canadian Industry Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
5595:
5425:"Learn about sea urchins: feeding, nutrition & growth"
3405:
3126:
3015:
7864:
6329:
6320:
5140:
4154:. 3rd California Islands Symposium. National Park Service
4071:
3852:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
1433:
The first universally accepted echinoderms appear in the
1297:
while others are motile. These consist of the Crinoidea (
570:
500:
6274:
6270:
6268:
4009:
3926:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla
3899:
828:
The context of the echinoderms within the Bilateria is:
7515:
5779:
Birkeland, Charles; Lucas, John S. (1990). "Effects of
2973:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2907:
2681:
is unavailable and some are used in the manufacture of
6238:
6109:
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
4379:"Transdifferentiation in Holothurian Gut Regeneration"
3279:
Australian echinoderms: biology, ecology and evolution
3091:
6265:
5838:
4963:
Vaughn, Dawn; Richard R. Strathmann (14 March 2008).
4015:
3928:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 78.
3135:
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6
582:
576:
573:
539:
518:
512:
506:
5924:
Wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bêche-de-Mer
5299:. Sea Stars of the Pacific Northwest. Archived from
4853:"Predator-Induced Larval Cloning in the Sand Dollar
4530:
3872:
3276:
2903:
2901:
2547:. These and other species are colloquially known as
603:
591:
521:
6446:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991).
5418:
5416:
4902:McDonald, Kathryn A.; Dawn Vaughn (1 August 2010).
4901:
3517:
3132:
2457:, making them important contributors in the global
597:
588:
533:
527:
503:
6447:
6404:
6239:Barkhouse, C.; Niles, M.; Davidson, L. A. (2007).
5384:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 997–1007.
5279:
5128:
5090:
4110:"Autotomy and regeneration of Hawaiian starfishes"
3760:
3707:
3683:
3656:
3496:
1441:, while the crinoids were a dominant group in the
6445:
5851:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
5583:
5571:
5486:"Learn about feather stars: feeding & growth"
5078:
3873:Hickman, C. Jr.; Roberts, L.; Larson, A. (2003).
3719:
3695:
3671:
3223:
2898:
2827:
2341:and slowly liquefies the soft body parts. As the
2199:, living on the seabed, whereas larvae are often
1849:, diffuses out through the respiratory surfaces.
8883:
8151:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
6468:
5844:
5517:"Learn about sand dollars: feeding & growth"
5471:
5456:
5413:
5407:
5333:
5321:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4431:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4059:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3736:. In Jangoux, Michel; Lawrence, John M. (eds.).
3471:
3317:
3270:
3264:
2227:Echinoderms use their tube feet to move about. (
4965:"Predators induce cloning in echinoderm larvae"
4438:. Columbia University Press. pp. 179–194.
4432:Young, Craig M.; Eckelbarger, Kevin J. (1994).
4139:
4137:
3242:University of California Museum of Paleontology
2960:
120:Extant and extinct echinoderms of six classes:
5961:
5778:
3952:Ramirez-Gomez, Francisco (27 September 2010).
7850:
6564:
6234:
6232:
6192:
5755:Oceanographic Marine Biological Annual Review
5375:
5373:
4958:
4956:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4524:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4166:
4101:
3951:
3847:
3281:. Clayton South, Victoria. pp. 322–324.
2106:parts that develop into secondary larvae, by
1982:The regeneration of lost parts involves both
1938:through which eggs or sperm may be released.
6493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6063:
5589:
4895:
4715:
4713:
4370:
4134:
3574:
2483:, an unexplained increase in the numbers of
2167:' larva, which develops into a multi-armed '
1872:in sea cucumbers). The coelomocytes secrete
1723:
1285:, with some 900 species) and Holothuroidea (
6951:
6409:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts.
5725:. Cambridge University Press. p. 464.
5232:
4774:
4719:
4177:See last paragraph in review above Analysis
2801:
2190:
1305:, with around 580 species) and the extinct
738:The name echinoderm is from {{#if:true
7857:
7843:
6925:
6571:
6557:
6437:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6229:
5845:Pangestuti, Ratih; Arifin, Zainal (2018).
5723:Tropical Ecosystem and Ecological Concepts
5370:
5102:
5026:
4953:
4839:
4271:
4205:
4179:Hotchkiss, Frederick H. C. (1 June 2000).
4151:Gray, on Santa Catalina Island, California
3472:Behrens, Peter; Bäuerlein, Edmund (2007).
3323:
3309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3137:. Vienna: Springer Vienna. pp. 1–58.
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1899:of interconnected neurons with no central
1277:, with around 2,300 species), Echinoidea (
1191:brittle & basket stars
111:
7118:
6355:
6303:
6293:
5897:"Sea Cucumbers Threatened by Asian Trade"
5872:
5862:
5789:: Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs
5705:
5695:
5256:
4749:
4710:
4657:
4626:
4610:
4340:. In Rinkevich, B.; Matranga, V. (eds.).
4196:
4178:
4107:
3740:. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. p. 244.
3551:
3541:
3351:
3341:
3277:Byrne, Marie; O'Hara, Tim; CSIRO (2017).
3235:
3117:
2992:
2943:
2933:
2512:Sea urchin being cut open to eat its eggs
1575:
1273:, with some 1,745 species), Ophiuroidea (
727:
662:. The phylum contains about 7,600 living
6985:
6909:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
6857:
5934:
5792:. Florida: CRC Press. pp. 148–159.
5745:
4577:
4284:(Stimpson) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)"
3877:. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 271.
3621:
3191:
3185:
2515:
2507:
2432:
2353:
2268:
2222:
2133:
2051:
1951:
1733:
666:, making it the second-largest group of
7882:
6710:
6578:
5937:Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology
5720:
5339:
4781:Jaeckle, William B. (1 February 1994).
4780:
4219:"Asexual Reproduction in the Starfish,
4143:
3923:
3731:
3368:
3078:
2503:
2349:
2277:can burrow using peristaltic movements.
2041:
720:of echinoderms was responsible for the
711:, which are major contributors to many
8884:
8110:
6903:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
6873:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
5539:
5379:
5238:
5032:
4850:
4216:
3848:Moore, Janet; Overhill, Raith (2006).
3508:
3064:"Animal Diversity Web - Echinodermata"
2869:
2867:
2010:
1963:Many echinoderms have great powers of
1580:Echinoderms evolved from animals with
8629:
8628:
7838:
6844:
6552:
5181:
5175:
4663:
4632:
3970:
3947:
3945:
3165:
2833:
2731:
2700:List of prehistoric echinoderm genera
2129:
1584:. Although adult echinoderms possess
1289:, with about 1,430 species); and the
8820:31f21a6e-371d-42b9-868c-569f2249ab4a
7174:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
6149:
6045:from the original on 5 February 2018
5514:
5483:
5422:
4706:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4622:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4578:McGovern, Tamara M. (5 April 2002).
4130:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3850:An Introduction to the Invertebrates
3324:Holló, Gábor; Novák, Mihály (2012).
3022:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
2873:
2781:
2725:
2607:cells in the process of fertilising
1876:against bacteria, and have a set of
1663:skeleton in the dermis, composed of
1654:
1638:possess up to fifty arms, while the
1437:period; asterozoans appeared in the
1269:, which encompasses the Asteroidea (
5826:from the original on 9 October 2022
5345:
4827:from the original on 9 October 2022
4259:from the original on 9 October 2022
4181:"On the Number of Rays in Starfish"
4086:from the original on 9 October 2022
3374:
3056:
2864:
1888:that is still being characterised.
13:
7208:
7014:
6771:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
6473:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
6203:Journal of Ultrastructure Research
5545:
3942:
3636:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1984.tb00409.x
2782:Hall, Danielle (3 February 2022).
2720:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2391
14:
8913:
8897:Extant Cambrian first appearances
6502:
3513:. Thomas Murby. pp. 240–241.
3198:Introduction to the Echinodermata
3192:Waggoner, Ben (16 January 1995).
3166:Smith, Dave (28 September 2005).
2784:"Echinoderms | Smithsonian Ocean"
2047:
1891:Echinoderms have a simple radial
1407:
7815:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
6372:
6186:
6164:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2002.01052.x
6143:
6100:
6057:
5980:
5928:
5917:
5889:
5806:
5772:
5739:
5714:
5632:
5280:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
5129:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
5091:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
3971:Smith, Courtney (January 2010).
3708:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
3684:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
3657:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
3511:An Introduction to Palaeontology
3497:Brusca, Moore & Shuster 2016
2742:World Register of Marine Species
2498:
2475:, resulting in an alga-denuded "
1852:The coelomic fluid contains the
1548:
1532:
1514:
1473:
1412:The oldest candidate echinoderm
1389:
1372:
1360:
1338:
1321:
1202:
1181:
1141:
1120:
1083:
1011:
990:
942:
922:
891:
851:
566:
496:
183:
43:
6544:Larval Echinodermata Fact Sheet
6454:. Saunders College Publishing.
5584:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
5572:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
5508:
5477:
5352:Charles Messing's Crinoid Pages
5348:"The crinoid feeding mechanism"
5285:
5245:Journal of Experimental Biology
5134:
5103:van Egmond, Wim (1 July 2000).
5096:
5079:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
4571:
4425:
4329:
4117:Bishop Museum Occasional Papers
4065:
3964:
3917:
3866:
3841:
3754:
3725:
3720:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
3696:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
3672:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
3615:
3568:
3502:
3465:
3454:
3399:
3381:Charles Messing's Crinoid Pages
3229:
3224:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
3159:
3009:
2839:
2828:Dorit, Walker & Barnes 1991
2364:, are defended by sharp spines.
2213:
2005:
1941:
1772:
693:. Most echinoderms are able to
7002:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
6450:Zoology, International edition
6398:
5472:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5457:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5408:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5334:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5322:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
5105:"Gallery of Echinoderm Larvae"
4591:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4519:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4507:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4495:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4483:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4471:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4459:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
4342:Stem Cells in Marine Organisms
4217:Fisher, W. K. (1 March 1925).
4060:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3836:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3824:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3812:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3800:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3788:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3265:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004
3194:"Echinodermata: Fossil Record"
2775:
2755:
2712:
2578:
2307:they can be fed with diatoms.
775: 'skin'. Echinoderms are
1:
6845:
6215:10.1016/S0022-5320(69)80046-8
6199:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
6121:10.3109/01480545.2015.1041602
6078:10.3109/01480545.2015.1041602
6035:"Insight from the Sea Urchin"
5945:10.1016/S0167-9309(01)80002-8
4851:Vaughn, Dawn (October 2009).
4144:McAlary, Florence A. (1993).
3958:Invertebrate Survival Journal
2705:
2668:
2626:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
2594:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
2218:
1382:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
758: 'hedgehog' and
7614:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
6532:Echinoderms of the North Sea
6066:Drug and Chemical Toxicology
5783:on Coral-Reef Communities".
5721:Osborne, Patrick L. (2000).
5645:Revista de Biología Tropical
5548:"Echinoderm: role in nature"
4026:10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_14
3985:10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_14
2935:10.1371/journal.pone.0119627
2529:traditional Chinese medicine
2522:traditional Chinese medicine
2358:Many echinoderms, like this
1895:that consists of a modified
1249:
814:
358:Robison & Sprinkle, 1969
7:
7671:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7411:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
7226:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
7137:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
7026:Loricifera (corset animals)
5864:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.007
4354:10.1007/978-90-481-2767-2_7
3577:Centrostephanus longispinus
3238:"Echinodermata: Morphology"
3143:10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_1
2850:Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine
2814:Online Etymology Dictionary
2693:
2541:) and the red sea cucumber
1903:, although some do possess
1702:Centrostephanus longispinus
1588:symmetry, their larvae are
1317:The subphyla of echinoderms
1151:sea urchins, etc
803:endoskeleton consisting of
783:division, meaning that the
10:
8918:
7561:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
7307:Annelida (segmented worms)
7132:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
7048:Onychophora (velvet worms)
6254:(7): 14–15. Archived from
6039:Microscope Imaging Station
5380:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
4282:Microphiopholis gracillima
3509:Davies, A. Morley (1925).
3476:. Wiley-VCH. p. 393.
3432:10.1038/s41586-023-06669-2
2677:by farmers in areas where
2428:
2297:
2236:
2075:, reproduces asexually by
2045:
1945:
1727:
1367:Starfish of varied colours
761:
744:
731:
722:Mesozoic Marine Revolution
18:
8637:
8600:
8418:
8335:
8287:
8172:
8163:
8106:
7878:
7874:
7869:phyla/divisions by domain
7811:
7609:Asterozoans inc. starfish
7511:
7504:
7455:
7406:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7396:
7387:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
7371:
7362:
7347:
7338:
7323:
7316:
7292:
7281:
7240:
7232:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
7215:
7204:
7193:
7145:
7127:
7114:
7103:
7056:
7043:
7034:
7021:
7010:
6978:
6961:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
6947:
6936:
6921:
6897:
6888:
6868:
6853:
6840:
6805:
6780:
6756:
6741:
6733:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
6721:
6706:
6590:
6152:Evolution and Development
6010:10.1007/s10499-014-9802-6
5990:Aquaculture International
5819:. FAO. pp. 463–465.
5761:: 213–286. Archived from
5211:10.1017/S0025315400012042
5169:10.1080/00241160600715321
5055:10.1007/s00227-010-1410-z
3767:. NUS Press. p. 44.
3042:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
2874:Wray, Gregory A. (1999).
2768:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2361:Centrostephanus coronatus
1967:. Many species routinely
1959:regenerating several arms
1845:, chiefly in the form of
1724:The water vascular system
1628:often has more than six.
1527:from northeastern Estonia
1200:
1179:
1169:
1139:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1077:
1070:
1005:
985:
978:
937:
917:
910:
886:
879:
869:
846:
839:
734:List of echinoderm orders
674:, as well as the largest
638:or "stone lilies". While
634:, as well as the sessile
323:
318:
305:
298:
180:Scientific classification
178:
119:
110:
30:
7167:Rotifera (wheel animals)
6966:Priapulida (penis worms)
6527:Tree of Life Web Project
6348:10.1093/genetics/iyae002
5970:Oxford Companion to Food
5746:Lawrence, J. M. (1975).
5600:Pycnopodia Helianthoides
4857:: Might Mothers Matter?"
4664:Kille, Frank R. (1942).
4108:Edmondson, C.H. (1935).
3732:Jangoux, Michel (1982).
3581:Cell and Tissue Research
2665:(feather star crinoid).
2485:crown-of-thorns starfish
2445:, a biodiverse ecosystem
2413:crown-of-thorns starfish
2273:Sea cucumbers like this
2191:Distribution and habitat
1971:and regenerate arms and
1699:quickly: the sea urchin
143:Stomopneustes variolaris
8079:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7381:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
7353:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
7074:Tardigrada (waterbears)
7067:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5975:Oxford University Press
5606:The Biological Bulletin
5552:Encyclopædia Britannica
5145:from Southwest China".
4989:10.1126/science.1151995
4383:The Biological Bulletin
3924:Nielsen, Claus (2012).
3734:"11. Digestive Systems"
2230:Colobocentrotus atratus
2173:bilaterally symmetrical
1710:catch connective tissue
1675:of sea urchins, or may
1667:-based plates known as
1521:The Ordovician cystoid
807:connected by a mesh of
640:bilaterally symmetrical
330:Gill & Caster, 1960
133:Ophiocoma scolopendrina
7556:Anthozoans inc. corals
7255:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
6518:Natural History Museum
6514:The Echinoid Directory
6282:Nucleic Acids Research
5977:, 3rd edition. p. 730.
5967:Davidson, Alan (2014)
5239:Astley, H. C. (2012).
4906:Dendraster excentricus
4855:Dendraster excentricus
3343:10.1186/1745-6150-7-22
2985:10.1098/rspb.2014.0479
2732:Stöhr, Sabine (2014).
2653:(painted sea urchin),
2524:
2513:
2446:
2365:
2278:
2234:
2147:
2112:splitting transversely
2062:
1960:
1874:antimicrobial peptides
1746:
1576:Anatomy and physiology
1331:Ophionereis reticulata
1254:There are about 7,600
728:Taxonomy and evolution
8841:Paleobiology Database
8307:Neocallimastigomycota
7686:Hexapods inc. insects
6996:Nematoda (roundworms)
6537:13 April 2008 at the
5676:Ecological Monographs
5182:Smith, J. E. (1937).
4873:10.1086/BBLv217n2p103
4018:Invertebrate Immunity
3977:Invertebrate Immunity
3973:"Echinoderm Immunity"
3954:"Echinoderm Immunity"
3098:Ecological Monographs
2632:Lytechinus variegatus
2629:(purple sea urchin),
2589:developmental biology
2519:
2511:
2436:
2408:Antipredator defences
2392:, other echinoderms,
2357:
2272:
2237:Further information:
2226:
2140:bilaterally symmetric
2137:
2055:
2017:male and female sexes
1955:
1948:Starfish regeneration
1946:Further information:
1806:, passively catching
1740:water vascular system
1737:
1730:Water vascular system
1635:Labidiaster annulatus
1462:Further information:
1352:Stichopus chloronotus
793:water vascular system
319:Subphyla and classes
153:Oxycomanthus bennetti
7972:Coprothermobacterota
6879:Chordata (chordates)
6471:Invertebrate Zoology
6295:10.1093/nar/gkab1005
5382:Invertebrate Zoology
5228:on 15 November 2013.
4924:10.1086/BBLv219n1p38
4584:in the Florida Keys"
4533:Ophidiaster granifer
4348:. pp. 165–186.
4198:10.1093/icb/40.3.340
3911:etibioinformatics.nl
3738:Echinoderm Nutrition
2635:(green sea urchin),
2615:diseases in humans.
2504:As food and medicine
2350:Antipredator defence
2275:Neothyonidium magnum
2072:Ophidiaster granifer
2042:Asexual reproduction
2000:transdifferentiation
1977:asexual reproduction
1886:innate immune system
1626:Ophiacantha vivipara
1293:, some of which are
741:| Ancient Greek
163:Actinopyga echinites
19:For the fungus, see
7329:Mollusca (molluscs)
6814:of the animal root
6002:2015AqInt..23..111S
5768:on 5 February 2011.
5688:2010EcoM...80..441L
5586:, pp. 789–790.
5474:, pp. 884–885.
5336:, pp. 911–912.
5324:, pp. 899–900.
5303:on 9 September 2012
5282:, pp. 982–983.
5203:1937JMBUK..22..345S
5161:2006Letha..39..187X
5093:, pp. 997–998.
5047:2010MarBi.157.1301V
4981:2008Sci...319.1503V
4912:Biological Bulletin
4861:Biological Bulletin
4790:Biological Bulletin
4734:2003Natur.425..146E
4677:Biological Bulletin
4603:2002MEPS..230..119M
4549:1984MarBi..83...33Y
4461:, pp. 887–888.
4230:Biological Bulletin
4062:, pp. 872–929.
3814:, pp. 902–904.
3722:, pp. 790–793.
3698:, pp. 784–785.
3686:, pp. 980–982.
3674:, pp. 780–791.
3543:10.7554/elife.60388
3499:, pp. 979–980.
3424:2023Natur.623..555F
3226:, pp. 792–793.
3110:2009EcoM...79....3U
3034:2011ODivE..11..151E
2926:2015PLoSO..1019627R
2852:. Lander University
2830:, pp. 777–779.
2591:and ecotoxicology.
2079:. In certain other
2048:§ Regeneration
2011:Sexual reproduction
1882:complement proteins
1685:Aristotle's lantern
1659:Echinoderms have a
1644:Comaster schlegelii
1622:Ophionotus hexactis
1130:sea cucumbers
695:reproduce asexually
8302:Blastocladiomycota
7542:Calcareous sponges
6727:Porifera (sponges)
6195:Arbacia punctulata
5902:The New York Times
5787:Acanthaster planci
5527:on 19 October 2012
5496:on 12 January 2013
5358:on 14 January 2013
5346:Messing, Charles.
5258:10.1242/jeb.068460
4668:Holothuria parvula
4612:10.3354/meps230119
4582:Ophiactis savignyi
4557:10.1007/BF00393083
4185:American Zoologist
3624:Biological Reviews
3593:10.1007/BF00224270
3387:on 29 October 2013
3375:Messing, Charles.
3168:"Vendian Animals:
2979:(1786): 20140479.
2662:Anneissia japonica
2644:Acanthaster planci
2600:Arbacia punctulata
2525:
2514:
2489:Acanthaster planci
2481:Great Barrier Reef
2467:Diadema antillarum
2447:
2390:gastropod molluscs
2366:
2279:
2260:metachronal rhythm
2235:
2148:
2130:Larval development
2094:Holothuria parvula
2085:transverse fission
2063:
2019:, though some are
1961:
1804:suspension feeders
1747:
1617:Ophiactis savignyi
1582:bilateral symmetry
1480:Early echinoderms
1455:ambulacral grooves
1058:Internal phylogeny
824:External phylogeny
614:), which includes
8879:
8878:
8828:Open Tree of Life
8631:Taxon identifiers
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8596:
8595:
8159:
8158:
8102:
8101:
8094:Verrucomicrobiota
7832:
7831:
7807:
7806:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
6974:
6973:
6917:
6916:
6836:
6835:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6461:978-0-03-030504-7
6416:978-1-60535-375-3
6288:(D1): D970–D979.
6041:. Exploratorium.
5697:10.1890/09-0553.1
5641:Diadema mexicanum
5521:A Snail's Odyssey
5490:A Snail's Odyssey
5429:A Snail's Odyssey
5251:(11): 1923–1929.
4363:978-90-481-2766-5
4149:Linckia columbiae
4035:978-1-4419-8058-8
3994:978-1-4419-8058-8
3747:978-90-6191-080-0
3483:978-3-527-31805-6
3418:(7987): 555–561.
3377:"Crown and calyx"
3288:978-1-4863-0763-0
3152:978-3-7091-1855-9
3119:10.1890/07-2136.1
2659:(sugar star) and
2650:Lytechinus pictus
2613:neurodegenerative
2544:Holothuria edulis
2520:Sea cucumbers as
2455:calcium carbonate
2418:cuvierian tubules
2239:Animal locomotion
2030:Some echinoderms
1992:dedifferentiation
1843:nitrogenous waste
1815:coelomic cavities
1655:Skin and skeleton
1647:has two hundred.
1246:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1155:
1154:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1024:
964:
963:
955:
954:
488:
487:
479:
470:
458:
359:
331:
294:
8909:
8872:
8871:
8859:
8858:
8849:
8848:
8836:
8835:
8823:
8822:
8813:
8812:
8800:
8799:
8787:
8786:
8774:
8773:
8761:
8760:
8748:
8747:
8735:
8734:
8722:
8721:
8709:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8686:
8685:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8626:
8625:
8370:Anthocerotophyta
8249:Hemimastigophora
8170:
8169:
8141:Nitrososphaerota
8108:
8107:
8084:Thermomicrobiota
8024:Kiritimatiellota
8019:Ignavibacteriota
7984:Deferribacterota
7947:Campylobacterota
7932:Bdellovibrionota
7880:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7859:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7835:
7513:
7512:
7469:
7369:
7368:
7345:
7344:
7321:
7320:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7125:
7124:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7041:
7040:
7019:
7018:
7012:
7011:
6983:
6982:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6923:
6922:
6895:
6894:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6855:
6854:
6842:
6841:
6819:
6754:
6753:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6708:
6707:
6619:
6599:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6465:
6453:
6442:
6436:
6428:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6382:. Wild Singapore
6376:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6297:
6272:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6226:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6031:
6022:
6021:
5984:
5978:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5932:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5866:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5752:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5699:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5546:Miller, John E.
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5523:. Archived from
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5492:. Archived from
5481:
5475:
5469:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5435:on 22 March 2013
5431:. Archived from
5420:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5354:. Archived from
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5295:Luidia foliolata
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5221:. Archived from
5188:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5041:(6): 1301–1312.
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4848:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4787:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4753:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4674:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4588:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4227:
4214:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4078:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3875:Animal Diversity
3870:
3864:
3863:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3383:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2844:Asterias forbesi
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2573:overexploitation
2534:Thelenota ananas
2146:with larval arms
2056:'Comet' form of
2032:brood their eggs
1612:Ophiothela danae
1552:
1536:
1524:Echinosphaerites
1518:
1477:
1393:
1376:
1364:
1342:
1328:A brittle star,
1325:
1206:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1082:(feather stars)
1073:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1016:
1015:
994:
981:
980:
946:
926:
913:
912:
895:
882:
881:
872:
871:
855:
842:
841:
832:
831:
772:
765:
755:
748:
691:shallower oceans
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
549:
548:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
477:
465:
456:
357:
329:
293:Bruguière, 1791
292:
188:
187:
115:
105:
36:Cambrian Stage 3
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8867:
8862:
8854:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8831:
8826:
8818:
8816:
8808:
8803:
8795:
8790:
8782:
8777:
8769:
8764:
8756:
8751:
8743:
8738:
8730:
8725:
8717:
8712:
8704:
8702:
8694:
8689:
8681:
8676:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8633:
8623:
8614:
8592:
8543:Gnathostomulida
8448:Xenacoelomorpha
8414:
8410:Flowering plant
8365:Marchantiophyta
8331:
8297:Chytridiomycota
8283:
8155:
8098:
8054:Planctomycetota
8014:Gemmatimonadota
7999:Elusimicrobiota
7892:Acidobacteriota
7870:
7863:
7833:
7828:
7803:
7729:Phylactolaemata
7517:
7507:
7506:
7492:
7483:Xenambulacraria
7459:
7415:
7392:
7358:
7340:Kryptotrochozoa
7334:
7312:
7282:
7269:
7260:Monoblastozoa (
7236:
7194:
7181:
7153:Micrognathozoa
7141:
7104:
7079:
7052:
7030:
7006:
6970:
6937:
6926:
6913:
6884:
6858:
6849:
6832:
6809:
6793:
6776:
6745:
6737:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6617:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6539:Wayback Machine
6505:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6462:
6430:
6429:
6417:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6328:
6321:
6276:January 2022).
6273:
6266:
6261:on 22 May 2013.
6258:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6191:
6187:
6148:
6144:
6105:
6101:
6062:
6058:
6048:
6046:
6033:
6032:
6025:
5985:
5981:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5719:
5715:
5668:
5664:
5637:
5633:
5618:10.2307/1541585
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5515:Carefoot, Tom.
5513:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5484:Carefoot, Tom.
5482:
5478:
5470:
5463:
5455:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5423:Carefoot, Tom.
5421:
5414:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5378:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5107:. Microscopy UK
5101:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5077:
5070:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
4961:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4900:
4896:
4849:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4802:10.2307/1542036
4785:
4779:
4775:
4751:10402/era.17195
4742:10.1038/425146a
4718:
4711:
4703:
4689:10.2307/1538013
4672:
4662:
4658:
4631:
4627:
4619:
4586:
4576:
4572:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4426:
4395:10.2307/3593108
4375:
4371:
4364:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4300:10.2307/1542439
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4242:10.2307/1536659
4225:
4215:
4206:
4176:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4051:
4036:
4014:
4010:
3995:
3969:
3965:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3885:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3620:
3616:
3573:
3569:
3522:
3518:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3373:
3369:
3322:
3318:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3236:UCMP Berkeley.
3234:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3131:
3127:
3090:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3014:
3010:
2965:
2961:
2920:(3): e0119627.
2906:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2734:"Echinodermata"
2730:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2696:
2671:
2656:Asterias rubens
2641:(bat star) and
2638:Patiria miniata
2585:model organisms
2581:
2506:
2501:
2431:
2352:
2343:adductor muscle
2300:
2241:
2221:
2216:
2193:
2181:plankton-eating
2132:
2077:parthenogenesis
2065:One species of
2050:
2044:
2013:
2008:
1950:
1944:
1802:. Crinoids are
1775:
1732:
1726:
1718:bivalve mollusc
1693:paleontologists
1657:
1578:
1571:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1478:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1355:, from Malaysia
1343:
1334:
1326:
1252:
1247:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1156:
1055:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1010:
965:
956:
849:Xenacoelomorpha
817:
812:
736:
730:
656:intertidal zone
652:radial symmetry
569:
565:
532:
499:
495:
433:Helicoplacoidea
427:Ophiocistioidea
375:Edrioasteroidea
314:
311:
291:
182:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8915:
8905:
8904:
8902:Marine animals
8899:
8894:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8860:
8850:
8837:
8824:
8814:
8801:
8788:
8775:
8762:
8749:
8736:
8723:
8710:
8700:
8687:
8674:
8659:
8643:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8608:
8606:
8603:Incertae sedis
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8548:Micrognathozoa
8545:
8540:
8538:Acanthocephala
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8424:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8380:Lycopodiophyta
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8194:Ancyromonadida
8191:
8186:
8180:
8178:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8146:Thermoproteota
8143:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8116:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Pseudomonadota
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8034:Mycoplasmatota
8031:
8029:Lentisphaerota
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:Fusobacteriota
8006:
8004:Fibrobacterota
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7907:Armatimonadota
7904:
7899:
7897:Actinomycetota
7894:
7888:
7886:
7872:
7871:
7862:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7694:Platyhelminths
7690:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7521:
7519:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7488:Centroneuralia
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7293:
7287:
7284:Lophotrochozoa
7279:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7219:
7210:
7199:
7196:Platytrochozoa
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7170:
7158:
7155:(Limnognathia)
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6991:
6989:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6942:
6931:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6851:
6850:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6784:(Triploblasts)
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6767:
6765:and relatives)
6757:
6751:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6722:
6716:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:Mesomycetozoea
6689:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6628:Diaphoretickes
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6509:echinobase.org
6504:
6503:External links
6501:
6500:
6499:
6479:
6466:
6460:
6443:
6415:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6371:
6319:
6264:
6228:
6209:(5): 486–509.
6185:
6142:
6099:
6056:
6023:
5996:(1): 111–125.
5979:
5960:
5954:978-0444503909
5953:
5927:
5916:
5888:
5857:(3): 341–351.
5837:
5805:
5798:
5771:
5738:
5731:
5713:
5682:(3): 441–467.
5662:
5651:(3): 263–273.
5631:
5612:(2): 169–175.
5588:
5576:
5574:, p. 779.
5564:
5538:
5507:
5476:
5461:
5459:, p. 914.
5446:
5412:
5410:, p. 893.
5397:
5390:
5369:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5284:
5272:
5231:
5197:(1): 345–357.
5174:
5155:(3): 187–193.
5143:Traumatocrinus
5133:
5131:, p. 968.
5118:
5095:
5083:
5081:, p. 778.
5068:
5035:Marine Biology
5025:
4975:(5869): 1503.
4952:
4894:
4867:(2): 103–114.
4838:
4773:
4709:
4656:
4645:(2): 596–600.
4625:
4570:
4537:Marine Biology
4523:
4521:, p. 922.
4511:
4509:, p. 916.
4499:
4497:, p. 908.
4487:
4485:, p. 888.
4475:
4473:, p. 895.
4463:
4451:
4444:
4424:
4389:(3): 184–193.
4369:
4362:
4328:
4294:(1): 167–184.
4270:
4236:(3): 171–175.
4204:
4191:(3): 340–354.
4165:
4133:
4100:
4064:
4049:
4034:
4008:
3993:
3963:
3941:
3935:978-0199606023
3934:
3916:
3898:
3884:978-0071195492
3883:
3865:
3859:978-0521674065
3858:
3840:
3838:, p. 920.
3828:
3826:, p. 912.
3816:
3804:
3802:, p. 891.
3792:
3790:, p. 885.
3780:
3774:978-9971693688
3773:
3753:
3746:
3724:
3712:
3710:, p. 982.
3700:
3688:
3676:
3661:
3659:, p. 980.
3649:
3630:(2): 255–270.
3614:
3587:(3): 437–440.
3567:
3516:
3501:
3489:
3482:
3464:
3453:
3398:
3367:
3330:Biology Direct
3316:
3287:
3269:
3267:, p. 873.
3254:
3228:
3211:
3184:
3158:
3151:
3125:
3077:
3055:
3028:(2): 151–172.
3008:
2959:
2897:
2886:on 23 May 2015
2863:
2840:Fox, Richard.
2832:
2820:
2800:
2774:
2771:(Online). n.d.
2754:
2724:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2670:
2667:
2580:
2577:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2441:starfish on a
2430:
2427:
2351:
2348:
2299:
2296:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2192:
2189:
2131:
2128:
2043:
2040:
2025:abyssal depths
2021:hermaphroditic
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1957:Sunflower star
1943:
1940:
1893:nervous system
1884:as part of an
1870:osmoregulation
1774:
1771:
1728:Main article:
1725:
1722:
1656:
1653:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1483:Ctenoimbricata
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:Dibrachicystis
1435:Lower Cambrian
1409:
1408:Fossil history
1406:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1379:A sea urchin,
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
984:
979:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
916:
911:
909:
903:
902:
898:
897:
885:
880:
878:
870:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
845:
840:
838:
830:
826:
825:
816:
813:
795:with external
740:
729:
726:
486:
485:
481:
480:
471:
459:
457:von Buch, 1846
450:
437:
436:
430:
424:
419:
408:
407:
402:
391:
390:
384:
378:
372:
361:
360:
354:Ctenocystoidea
351:
345:
339:
321:
320:
316:
315:
313:Linnaeus, 1758
312:
303:
302:
296:
295:
286:
282:
281:
276:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
246:
245:
240:
233:
232:
227:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
176:
175:
172:Ctenocystoidea
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8914:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8870:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8697:
8696:Echinodermata
8692:
8688:
8684:
8683:Echinodermata
8679:
8675:
8670:
8669:Echinodermata
8664:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8639:Echinodermata
8636:
8632:
8627:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8327:Basidiomycota
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8312:Glomeromycota
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:Stramenopiles
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8199:Apusomonadida
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8136:
8135:Nanoarchaeota
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8121:Euryarchaeota
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8069:Spirochaetota
8067:
8065:
8064:Rhodothermota
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7994:Dictyoglomota
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7978:Cyanobacteria
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7967:Chrysiogenota
7965:
7963:
7962:Chloroflexota
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:Calditrichota
7940:
7938:
7937:Caldisericota
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7912:Atribacterota
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7860:
7855:
7853:
7848:
7846:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7824:
7823:dubious phyla
7820:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7622:Hemichordates
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:Glass sponges
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7478:Deuterostomia
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:of Bilateria
7463:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7297:Cycliophora (
7295:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7280:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7192:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7102:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7036:Panarthropoda
7033:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Stramenopiles
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6618:(major groups
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:Echinodermata
6521:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6496:
6490:
6482:
6480:81-315-0104-3
6476:
6472:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6407:Invertebrates
6403:
6402:
6381:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6269:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6233:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5925:
5920:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5732:0-521-64523-9
5728:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5391:0-03-056747-5
5387:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:"Sand star -
5288:
5281:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:(6954): 146.
4727:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4669:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:. Dordrecht:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4221:Sclerasterias
4213:
4211:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2499:Use by humans
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:urchin barren
2474:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:phytoplankton
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2144:pluteus larva
2141:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:pedicellariae
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:haemal coelom
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:pentaradially
1591:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Hyperoblastus
1551:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:feather stars
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:sea cucumbers
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:brittle stars
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1115:Holothuroidea
1113:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:Echino‑
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1041:650 mya
1040:
1039:
1031:610 mya
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
993:
989:
983:
982:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
947:
945:
941:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
921:
920:Echinodermata
915:
914:
908:
905:
904:
901:540 mya
900:
899:
896:
894:
890:
884:
883:
877:
876:Deuterostomia
874:
873:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
854:
850:
844:
843:
837:
834:
833:
829:
823:
822:
821:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
764:
760:
757:
754:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
709:endoskeletons
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:, as well as
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:deuterostomes
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:sea cucumbers
629:
625:
621:
620:brittle stars
617:
611:
563:
562:Echinodermata
560:
556:
553:
552:deuterostomal
547:
493:
484:
478:Regnéll, 1945
475:
474:Paracrinoidea
472:
468:
463:
460:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
443:
441:
434:
431:
428:
425:
423:
422:Holothuroidea
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
412:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
310:
309:
304:
301:
297:
290:
289:Echinodermata
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:Deuterostomia
264:
262:Superphylum:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Holothuroidea
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
123:Fromia indica
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
8638:
8609:
8601:
8523:Orthonectida
8518:Gastrotricha
8493:Nematomorpha
8468:Chaetognatha
8462:
8458:Hemichordate
8385:Pteridophyta
8254:Malawimonada
8128:Korarchaeota
8089:Thermotogota
8074:Synergistota
8049:Nitrospirota
8044:Nitrospinota
7989:Deinococcota
7922:Bacteroidota
7821:Potentially
7816:
7769:
7745:
7739:Gymnolaemata
7734:Stenolaemata
7723:Ectoproctans
7721:
7692:
7663:
7639:
7633:Pterobranchs
7620:
7597:
7596:
7572:
7548:
7524:
7518:within phyla
7516:Major groups
7386:
7373:Bryozoa s.l.
7364:Lophophorata
7352:
7328:
7306:
7298:
7261:
7250:Orthonectida
7225:
7172:
7165:
7154:
7073:
7066:
6995:
6953:Scalidophora
6902:
6901:
6890:Ambulacraria
6877:
6790:(see below↓)
6770:
6762:
6726:
6677:Opisthokonta
6470:
6449:
6406:
6384:. Retrieved
6374:
6339:
6335:
6285:
6281:
6256:the original
6251:
6247:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6158:(1): 62–71.
6155:
6151:
6145:
6115:(2): 124–8.
6112:
6108:
6102:
6072:(2): 124–8.
6069:
6065:
6059:
6047:. Retrieved
6038:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5968:
5963:
5936:
5930:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5905:. April 2009
5900:
5891:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5828:. Retrieved
5808:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5763:the original
5758:
5754:
5741:
5722:
5716:
5679:
5675:
5665:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5591:
5579:
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5551:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5525:the original
5520:
5510:
5498:. Retrieved
5494:the original
5489:
5479:
5437:. Retrieved
5433:the original
5428:
5381:
5360:. Retrieved
5356:the original
5351:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5307:26 September
5305:. Retrieved
5301:the original
5294:
5287:
5275:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5223:the original
5194:
5190:
5177:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5109:. Retrieved
5098:
5086:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
4972:
4968:
4943:. Retrieved
4918:(1): 38–49.
4915:
4911:
4905:
4897:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4829:. Retrieved
4796:(1): 62–71.
4793:
4789:
4776:
4725:
4721:
4683:(1): 55–66.
4680:
4676:
4667:
4659:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4594:
4590:
4581:
4573:
4543:(1): 33–42.
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4434:
4427:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4341:
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4291:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4233:
4229:
4220:
4188:
4184:
4156:. Retrieved
4150:
4146:
4120:
4116:
4103:
4095:
4088:. Retrieved
4067:
4017:
4011:
3976:
3966:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3874:
3868:
3849:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3763:
3756:
3737:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3652:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3492:
3473:
3467:
3456:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3385:the original
3380:
3370:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3278:
3272:
3245:. Retrieved
3241:
3231:
3202:. Retrieved
3197:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3169:
3161:
3134:
3128:
3101:
3097:
3068:. Retrieved
3058:
3025:
3021:
3011:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2917:
2913:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2880:Tree of Life
2879:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2843:
2835:
2823:
2812:
2809:"echinoderm"
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2788:ocean.si.edu
2787:
2777:
2766:
2763:"echinoderm"
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2714:
2672:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2552:
2549:bêche de mer
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2493:biodiversity
2488:
2473:kelp forests
2465:
2463:
2459:carbon cycle
2448:
2438:
2406:
2398:Arctic foxes
2367:
2359:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2311:Basket stars
2309:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2228:
2214:Mode of life
2206:Pelagothuria
2204:
2194:
2185:yolk-feeding
2178:
2169:brachiolaria
2161:
2152:Gastrulation
2149:
2124:
2104:autotomising
2100:
2092:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2036:viviparously
2029:
2014:
2006:Reproduction
1988:morphallaxis
1984:epimorphosis
1981:
1965:regeneration
1962:
1942:Regeneration
1928:
1890:
1862:cytotoxicity
1854:coelomocytes
1851:
1832:
1812:
1796:detritivores
1776:
1773:Other organs
1767:
1748:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1689:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1624:exists, and
1621:
1615:
1611:
1603:Leptasterias
1601:
1579:
1556:
1522:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1463:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1380:
1350:
1347:sea cucumber
1329:
1311:Paracrinoids
1283:sand dollars
1267:Eleutherozoa
1253:
1240:
1201:
1180:
1140:
1119:
1078:
1066:
1006:
986:
940:Hemichordata
938:
919:
918:
907:Ambulacraria
887:
847:
827:
818:
781:deuterostome
769:
766:
759:
752:
749:
742:
737:
684:
660:abyssal zone
628:sand dollars
561:
491:
489:
482:
438:
409:
392:
362:
324:
306:
288:
279:Ambulacraria
272:
249:
236:
223:
213:Subkingdom:
161:
151:
141:
131:
121:
25:
8892:Echinoderms
8766:iNaturalist
8663:Wikispecies
8578:Brachiopoda
8553:Cycliophora
8498:Onychophora
8473:Kinorhyncha
8395:Ginkgophyta
8390:Cycadophyta
8355:Chlorophyta
8345:Glaucophyta
8039:Myxococcota
7957:Chlorobiota
7952:Chlamydiota
7797:Tusk shells
7782:Cephalopods
7753:Polychaetes
7700:Turbellaria
7681:Crustaceans
7657:Secernentea
7647:Chromadorea
7628:Acorn worms
7598:Echinoderms
7590:Vertebrates
7532:Demosponges
7466:is disputed
6928:Protostomia
6816:is disputed
6743:ParaHoxozoa
6399:Cited texts
6380:"Sea stars"
5707:10261/79231
5531:23 February
5500:23 February
5439:23 February
4597:: 119–126.
4123:(8): 3–20.
3104:(1): 3–24.
2747:23 February
2579:In research
2402:zooplankton
2378:eider ducks
2315:zooplankton
2283:peristaltic
2081:asterozoans
1780:Paxillosida
1755:madreporite
1738:Diagram of
1586:pentaradial
1507:Rhenocystis
1501:Protocintus
1489:Ctenocystis
1424:Precambrian
1279:sea urchins
1176:Ophiuroidea
975:Protostomia
777:bilaterians
676:marine-only
624:sea urchins
462:Eocrinoidea
400:Ophiuroidea
230:ParaHoxozoa
138:Ophiuroidea
31:Echinoderms
21:Echinoderma
8886:Categories
8611:Parakaryon
8573:Entoprocta
8508:Arthropoda
8503:Tardigrada
8483:Priapulida
8478:Loricifera
8463:Echinoderm
8433:Ctenophora
8405:Gnetophyta
8360:Charophyta
8350:Rhodophyta
8322:Ascomycota
8317:Zygomycota
8259:Metamonada
8234:Euglenozoa
8219:Ciliophora
7927:Balneolota
7902:Aquificota
7777:Gastropods
7758:Clitellata
7665:Arthropods
7604:Sea lilies
7550:Cnidarians
7468:; see also
7398:Brachiozoa
7161:Syndermata
7120:Gnathifera
6818:; see also
6763:Trichoplax
6761:Placozoa (
6748:Planulozoa
6386:4 February
5799:0849365996
5111:2 February
4670:(Selenka)"
4445:0231080042
4079:. Nofima.
3893:1148032077
2890:19 October
2706:References
2669:Other uses
2621:Echinobase
2479:". On the
2451:ecosystems
2443:coral reef
2394:sea otters
2319:carnivores
2255:Pycnopodia
2219:Locomotion
2165:bipinnaria
2157:planktonic
2118:or even a
2046:See also:
1969:autotomize
1913:statocysts
1858:phagocytic
1825:coelom, a
1788:food waste
1759:oesophagus
1677:articulate
1661:mesodermal
1608:Brisingida
1439:Ordovician
1401:coral reef
1303:sea lilies
1291:Pelmatozoa
1197:Asteroidea
1136:Echinoidea
801:calcareous
785:blastopore
732:See also:
699:regenerate
670:after the
636:sea lilies
492:echinoderm
483:†=Extinct
447:Blastoidea
417:Echinoidea
405:Asteroidea
387:Rhombifera
348:Stylophora
300:Type genus
148:Echinoidea
128:Asteroidea
8528:Dicyemida
8400:Pinophyta
8279:Telonemia
8214:Cryptista
8204:Breviatea
8189:Amoebozoa
8184:Alveolata
8165:Eukaryote
7917:Bacillota
7763:Sipuncula
7710:Monogenea
7705:Trematoda
7676:Myriapods
7641:Nematodes
7585:Tunicates
7580:Lancelets
7574:Chordates
7566:Myxozoans
7473:Nephrozoa
7462:phylogeny
7262:Salinella
7217:Rouphozoa
7058:Tactopoda
6987:Nematoida
6939:Ecdysozoa
6860:Bilateria
6847:Bilateria
6828:Benthozoa
6823:Eumetazoa
6812:phylogeny
6782:Bilateria
6672:Amoebozoa
6650:Alveolata
6638:Cryptista
6613:Eukaryota
6525:from the
6516:from the
6489:cite book
6433:cite book
6425:928750550
6137:207437380
6094:207437380
5781:A. planci
5013:206509992
4288:Biol Bull
3440:1476-4687
3336:(1): 22.
3305:cite book
3297:960042778
3070:26 August
2687:shellfish
2683:fish meal
2679:limestone
2561:Indonesia
2370:bony fish
2303:hunters.
1936:gonopores
1897:nerve net
1763:tube foot
1744:tube feet
1681:epidermis
1598:Asterozoa
1569:Wisconsin
1563:from the
1555:Calyx of
1451:substrate
1443:Paleozoic
1422:from the
1307:blastoids
1250:Diversity
1212:starfish
1166:Asterozoa
1105:Echinozoa
1080:Crinoidea
988:Ecdysozoa
866:Nephrozoa
836:Bilateria
815:Phylogeny
797:tube feet
718:radiation
713:limestone
672:chordates
550:) is any
453:Cystoidea
440:Blastozoa
411:Echinozoa
394:Asterozoa
381:Cystoidea
370:Crinoidea
326:Homalozoa
256:Nephrozoa
243:Bilateria
217:Eumetazoa
203:Kingdom:
197:Eukaryota
158:Crinoidea
8703:BioLib:
8648:Wikidata
8588:Annelida
8583:Mollusca
8563:Phoronid
8558:Nemertea
8533:Rotifera
8513:Flatworm
8488:Nematoda
8453:Chordate
8443:Cnidaria
8438:Placozoa
8269:Rhizaria
8244:Haptista
8224:Cercozoa
7884:Bacteria
7787:Bivalves
7771:Molluscs
7747:Annelids
7106:Spiralia
6713:Animalia
6667:Amorphea
6645:Rhizaria
6633:Hacrobia
6623:Excavata
6608:Bacteria
6535:Archived
6366:38262680
6357:11075573
6336:Genetics
6314:34791383
6180:39175905
6172:11868659
6129:25945412
6086:25945412
6043:Archived
6018:18856183
5883:29992105
5821:Archived
5657:17469255
5267:22573771
5219:55933156
5063:84336247
5005:18339931
4997:40284699
4940:24422314
4932:20813988
4889:26030855
4881:19875816
4822:Archived
4818:29283296
4760:12968170
4701:Archived
4635:Phataria
4617:Archived
4565:84475593
4419:27847466
4411:16382166
4346:Springer
4316:29303627
4254:Archived
4158:15 April
4125:Archived
4081:Archived
4044:21528703
4003:21528703
3644:86391676
3562:32812865
3448:37914929
3362:22789130
3247:21 March
3204:14 March
3177:14 March
3050:32169826
3003:24850925
2954:25794146
2914:PLOS ONE
2793:31 March
2694:See also
2423:autotomy
2120:blastula
2116:gastrula
2110:, or by
1996:blastema
1994:—form a
1909:eyespots
1866:spherule
1823:visceral
1821:, a peri
1808:plankton
1784:molluscs
1714:collagen
1669:ossicles
1640:sea-lily
1590:ciliated
1565:Devonian
1561:blastoid
1271:starfish
1008:Spiralia
889:Chordata
811:fibres.
809:collagen
805:ossicles
703:ossified
687:deep sea
680:Cambrian
616:starfish
364:Crinozoa
285:Phylum:
207:Animalia
193:Domain:
8568:Bryozoa
8264:Provora
8239:Jakobea
8229:Discoba
8175:Protist
8112:Archaea
7865:Extant
7792:Chitons
7715:Cestoda
7652:Enoplea
7526:Sponges
7299:Symbion
7242:Mesozoa
6682:Animals
6603:Archaea
6579:Extant
6305:8728261
6223:5816822
6049:23 June
5998:Bibcode
5909:1 April
5874:6035309
5830:23 June
5684:Bibcode
5626:1541585
5557:23 June
5362:26 July
5199:Bibcode
5157:Bibcode
5148:Lethaia
5043:Bibcode
5018:16 July
4977:Bibcode
4969:Science
4945:16 July
4831:13 July
4810:1542036
4768:4430104
4730:Bibcode
4697:1538013
4651:4063000
4599:Bibcode
4545:Bibcode
4403:3593108
4321:14 July
4308:1542439
4263:15 July
4250:1536659
4090:21 June
3609:1669387
3601:4831958
3553:7455242
3420:Bibcode
3391:29 July
3353:3438024
3170:Arkarua
3106:Bibcode
3030:Bibcode
2994:4046411
2945:4368666
2922:Bibcode
2617:Genomic
2553:trepang
2539:susuhan
2439:Linckia
2437:A blue
2429:Ecology
2339:enzymes
2298:Feeding
2288:pelagic
2201:pelagic
2197:benthic
2108:budding
2067:seastar
2059:Linckia
1973:viscera
1924:Apodida
1905:ganglia
1878:lectins
1847:ammonia
1827:gonadal
1712:. This
1665:calcite
1541:crinoid
1539:Fossil
1428:stereom
1419:Arkarua
1397:Crinoid
1295:sessile
1241:dermata
753:ekhînos
664:species
658:to the
557:of the
308:Echinus
40:Present
8856:230469
8853:uBio:
8833:451020
8817:NZOR:
8797:156857
8745:1ECHIP
8654:Q44631
8428:Sponge
8420:Animal
7817:bolded
6660:Plants
6597:Domain
6581:animal
6477:
6458:
6423:
6413:
6364:
6354:
6312:
6302:
6221:
6178:
6170:
6135:
6127:
6092:
6084:
6016:
5951:
5881:
5871:
5796:
5729:
5655:
5624:
5388:
5265:
5217:
5061:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4938:
4930:
4887:
4879:
4816:
4808:
4766:
4758:
4722:Nature
4695:
4649:
4563:
4442:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4360:
4314:
4306:
4248:
4042:
4032:
4001:
3991:
3932:
3891:
3881:
3856:
3771:
3744:
3642:
3607:
3599:
3560:
3550:
3480:
3446:
3438:
3412:Nature
3360:
3350:
3295:
3285:
3149:
3048:
3001:
2991:
2952:
2942:
2856:19 May
2569:France
2374:sharks
2233:shown)
2142:echino
1931:gonads
1800:cloaca
1778:order
1751:coelom
1620:, and
1543:crowns
1414:fossil
1264:motile
1260:marine
1256:extant
799:and a
746:ἐχῖνος
706:dermal
648:adults
644:larvae
559:phylum
555:animal
469:, 1899
467:Jaekel
342:Soluta
336:Cincta
8864:WoRMS
8846:30739
8779:IRMNG
8771:47549
8706:14962
8337:Plant
8289:Fungi
8209:CRuMs
6979:N+L+P
6687:Fungi
6584:phyla
6259:(PDF)
6244:(PDF)
6176:S2CID
6133:S2CID
6090:S2CID
6014:S2CID
5824:(PDF)
5817:(PDF)
5766:(PDF)
5751:(PDF)
5622:JSTOR
5226:(PDF)
5215:S2CID
5187:(PDF)
5059:S2CID
5009:S2CID
4993:JSTOR
4936:S2CID
4885:S2CID
4825:(PDF)
4806:JSTOR
4786:(PDF)
4764:S2CID
4704:(PDF)
4693:JSTOR
4673:(PDF)
4647:JSTOR
4620:(PDF)
4587:(PDF)
4561:S2CID
4415:S2CID
4399:JSTOR
4304:JSTOR
4257:(PDF)
4246:JSTOR
4226:(PDF)
4128:(PDF)
4113:(PDF)
4084:(PDF)
4077:(PDF)
3640:S2CID
3605:S2CID
3530:eLife
3046:S2CID
2738:WoRMS
2605:sperm
2565:Japan
2557:China
2386:crabs
2382:gulls
2246:mucus
1921:order
1901:brain
1839:heart
1792:algae
1495:Gogia
1399:on a
770:dérma
763:δέρμα
646:, as
273:Clade
250:Clade
237:Clade
224:Clade
8869:1806
8810:7586
8805:NCBI
8792:ITIS
8753:GBIF
8740:EPPO
8732:1926
8714:BOLD
8375:Moss
7867:life
7460:The
6810:The
6495:link
6475:ISBN
6456:ISBN
6439:link
6421:OCLC
6411:ISBN
6388:2013
6362:PMID
6310:PMID
6219:PMID
6197:and
6168:PMID
6125:PMID
6082:PMID
6051:2022
5949:ISBN
5911:2009
5879:PMID
5832:2022
5794:ISBN
5727:ISBN
5653:PMID
5559:2022
5533:2013
5502:2013
5441:2013
5386:ISBN
5364:2012
5309:2012
5263:PMID
5113:2013
5020:2011
5001:PMID
4947:2011
4928:PMID
4877:PMID
4833:2011
4814:PMID
4756:PMID
4440:ISBN
4407:PMID
4358:ISBN
4323:2011
4312:PMID
4265:2011
4160:2012
4092:2022
4040:PMID
4030:ISBN
3999:PMID
3989:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3889:OCLC
3879:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3597:PMID
3558:PMID
3478:ISBN
3444:PMID
3436:ISSN
3393:2012
3358:PMID
3311:link
3293:OCLC
3283:ISBN
3249:2011
3206:2013
3179:2013
3147:ISBN
3072:2012
2999:PMID
2950:PMID
2892:2012
2858:2012
2795:2023
2749:2014
2675:lime
2597:and
2567:and
2559:and
1986:and
1929:The
1880:and
1835:open
1813:The
1673:test
1559:, a
1504:and
1309:and
1301:and
1281:and
789:anus
697:and
630:and
46:PreꞒ
8784:158
8727:EoL
8691:AFD
8678:ADW
7317:M+K
7209:R+M
7146:M+S
7015:L+P
6352:PMC
6344:doi
6340:227
6300:PMC
6290:doi
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