1069:. This did lead to positive economic impacts, such as steady wage increases. However, from the 1990s through the Great Recession, there has been an increasing distrust in this globalized system. With rising income inequalities and little protection against natural economic occurrences, many Europeans have begun to embrace economic nationalism. This is because modern European nationalists see their nation's economy becoming generally more globalized at the expense of one's own economic status. Globalization, like the type one can observe in the European Union, is easy to oppose as it creates winners and losers. Those who lose their jobs due to globalization are more likely to be drawn to parties espousing economic nationalism.
877:, was also caused by the lack of economic and political integration between Austrians and Slavs. Though Hungary relied on Austria economically, as it provided a market for Hungary's agriculture production, there was a deep social and economic rift between the Austrians and Slavic people, who actively boycotted and protested Austrian rule in favor of more autonomy in the Balkans. Regions within the empire began using forms of price discrimination to strengthen national economies. As a result, intra-empire trade began to fail. Grain prices fluctuated throughout the empire after the 1880s into World War I, however an ethnic breakdown of the empire showed that
870:
industry in favor of trade with France, and it seemed content to watch other
European powers modernize and gain influence through their colonies. Various groups began to put pressure on the Italian government, from textile to ceramic manufacturers, and although the Italian government imposed tariffs the industrialists felt that it was not enough. The push for economic nationalism with industrialization and protectionism quickly spun Italy into an economic crisis in 1887, exposing Italian industrial woes.
1078:
1980s, its economic effects still impact the
European electorate today. In particular, the Brexit vote showed the impact this shock had on the electorate, as regions which were most impacted by the China trade shock were still economically weak (in terms of GDP per capita) in comparison to other regions like London, even over a decade later. There is a strong positive correlation in regions most impacted by the China trade shock and an increase in votes to leave the European Union.
730:
1165:, he argued that consumer preference for local goods gives local producers monopoly power, affording them the ability to lift prices to extract greater profits, and firms that produce locally produced goods can charge a premium for that good. He concluded that consumers who favor products by local producers may end up being exploited by profit-maximizing local producers, and that locally produced goods can attract a premium if consumers show a
2332:
1050:
interests of competition. In many cases the shareholders supported the foreign bid. For instance in France after the bid for Suez by Enel was counteracted by the French public energy and gas company Gaz De France the shareholders of Suez complained and the unions of Gaz De France were in an uproar because of the privatization of their jobs.
905:
The philosophical foundations of economic nationalism are difficult to trace due to the ideology's lengthy history and its unique appeal to different types of groups. The four general pillars come from its political, cultural, economic, and social roots. Though details surrounding these four pillars
1181:
policy in the United States placed tariffs on foreign cars, giving local producers (Ford and GM market) market power that allowed them to raise the price of cars, which he said negatively affected
American consumers who faced fewer choices and higher prices. An old criticism of economic nationalism
1072:
Although some
European nations were impacted differently, nations that saw an increased exposure to the China trade shock did move significantly further right politically and generally supported more nationalist and protectionist policies. Even industries which did not see increased exposure to the
1081:
Immigration plays a large part in the policy of modern economic nationalists. With a considerable influx of immigration, particularly from parts of eastern Europe and the Middle East, those who gravitate towards economic nationalism find that their national identity and culture has been diluted by
881:
between two predominantly
Austrian territories, or two predominantly Slavic territories, led to a gradual decrease in grain prices from the 1870s up to World War I. This was mainly due to the increased presence of railroads in the late 1800s. The only trade pairing that did not observe decreasing
1077:
generally shifted towards right wing policies. This shows that, while some voters shifted their political support due to their worsening economic conditions, many voters shifted to right-wing policy due to a community-wide reaction from the China trade shock. Although the shock took place in the
921:
played an influential role in the rise in economic nationalism during the 1800s. List brought elements of economic theory and national identity together, as he postulated that an individual's quality of life was in correlation with the success of their country and was a well-known proponent of
869:
In the mid-to-late 1800s, Italian economic thinkers began to gravitate towards the theories of
Fredrich List. Led by Italian economists like Alessandro Rossi, policies favoring nationalist protectionism of industries gained momentum. The Italian government had previously been ignoring Italian
1049:
capable of competing at both a
European and global level. Both the French and US government used national security as the reason for opposing takeovers of Danone, Unocal, and the bid by DP World for 6 US ports. In none of the examples given above was the original bid deemed to be against the
942:
is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes, the following list of would be examples of an economic nationalistic policy, where there is consistent and rational doctrine associated with each individual protectionist measure:
1142:
882:
grain prices were two territories of varying nationality. Overall, grain prices were cheaper, and the price gap was smaller, when the two territories trading more closely resembled each other ethnically and linguistically.
1138:
784:
in the economy, including policies like domestic control and the use of tariffs and restrictions on labor, goods, and capital movement. The core belief of economic nationalism is that the economy should serve
1324:
816:. To economic nationalists, markets are to be subordinate to the state, and should serve the interests of the state (such as providing national security and accumulating military power). The doctrine of
1169:
towards it, so firms have an incentive to pass foreign goods off as local goods if foreign goods have cheaper costs of production than local goods. In one example provided by Daniel J. Ikenson for the
906:
may differ depending on a nation's status, generally a nation's own status and economic stability takes precedence over another. During the late-19th and early-20th century this meant an emphasis on
873:
The Austro-Hungarian empire’s ethnic diversity made it an unusual case of the rise of
European nationalism. The fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while mostly caused by the empire's defeat in
885:
At an economic summit in
September 1974, one topic of discussion was the gradual dissolution of economic barriers to the movement of goods, people and services across borders in the post
897:
would motivate economic nationalism: "This has had enormously beneficial effect; Now, however, there is some danger that inflation may drive countries in economic nationalism."
1878:
1671:
2922:
665:
1045:
for the
Arcelor employees based in France and Luxembourg. The cases of French Suez and Spanish Endesa involved the desire for respective European governments to create a
851:, there is evidence that the phrase has been in use since earlier times to describe nationalist intervention by the state. In an early instance of its use, speechwriter
1473:
1041:
The reason for a policy of economic protectionism in the cases above varied from bid to bid. In the case of Mittal's bid for Arcelor, the primary concerns involved
930:, as List felt that Smith reduced the role of national identity too much and favored of a globalized approach which ignored certain complexities of political life.
1134:
1186:, who argued that it contributed to competition and warfare between states as they were motivated to annex territory containing resources, markets and seaports.
866:
system, wrote, "Our common denominator is nationalism – both a military and economic patriotism – which inclines us to the side of pervasive national defense."
1137:, is regarded by many opponents as a manifestation of economic (and social) nationalism, and right-wing populism more broadly. However, the majority of UK
1082:
increased immigration. Although studies have shown marginal improvements to both native employment and wages when put in competition with immigrants.
835:
on the rest of the economy, enhances the self-sufficiency and political autonomy of the country, and is a crucial aspect in building military power.
1256:
760:
1037:
Limits on foreign participation and ownership in Russia's natural resource sectors and selected Russian industries, beginning in 2008
1889:
2151:
1914:
Rutland, Peter (2016). "The place of economics in Russian national identity debates". In Pål Kolstø; Helge Blakkisrud (eds.).
2364:
2336:
1923:
1861:
1683:
1655:
1390:
1266:
2316:
1130:
1085:
The impact of Europe's move towards a globalized economy has led to the passing of nationalist policies and the support of
2173:
Born, Benjamin; Gernot, Muller (October 2019). "The Costs of Economic Nationalism: Evidence from the Brexit Experiment*".
1436:
2791:
1102:
753:
509:
2927:
670:
2965:
2862:
2601:
50:
1499:
2960:
2562:
1027:
995:
926:
in the United States. List's ideas on economics and nationalism directly challenged the economic theories of
1598:
2975:
2970:
1557:"Economic nationalism and economic integration: the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late nineteenth century"
860:
746:
2867:
2224:
1200:
820:
is a prominent variant of economic nationalism. Economic nationalists tend to see international trade as
615:
535:
1125:
support since Brexit. This is a prominent example of the rise in nationalism and anti-globalization, as
702:
600:
2812:
2755:
2741:
2714:
2646:
2522:
2357:
2201:
1109:
in Greece. Such parties have formed governments in a number of European countries, including Poland (
429:
361:
242:
1634:
Helleiner, Eric (2023), Bukovansky, Mlada; Keene, Edward; Reus-Smit, Christian; Spanu, Maja (eds.),
354:
2557:
2552:
1110:
781:
284:
279:
2124:
1718:
2760:
1635:
1118:
483:
2270:
Baker, David (2006), "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?",
2857:
2591:
1009:
590:
580:
2887:
2765:
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2663:
2579:
2527:
2478:
1851:
1122:
1094:
640:
383:
378:
304:
247:
198:
1647:
2832:
2750:
2724:
2709:
2673:
2574:
2500:
2483:
2350:
2296:(a review of economic nationalism as manifested under the various forms of generic fascism)
1183:
1170:
952:
565:
473:
434:
424:
388:
349:
299:
220:
203:
176:
75:
25:
831:(and often aids industries with state support), due to beliefs that industry has positive
8:
2907:
2690:
2678:
2616:
2463:
2427:
1220:
1195:
1086:
1021:
844:
790:
687:
650:
645:
630:
439:
393:
314:
183:
2626:
2596:
2584:
2547:
2517:
2505:
2488:
2468:
2287:
2106:
2057:
1985:
1933:
1929:
1579:
1504:
1098:
1046:
1013:
970:
605:
478:
417:
412:
334:
319:
308:
267:
237:
225:
208:
188:
158:
1437:"The Phantom of Palais Brongniart: "Economic Patriotism" and the Paris Stock Exchange"
2980:
2892:
2852:
2837:
2827:
2796:
2695:
2651:
2641:
2621:
2532:
2510:
2495:
2473:
2447:
2422:
2417:
2291:
2110:
2098:
2061:
2049:
1989:
1919:
1857:
1679:
1651:
1583:
1575:
1386:
1344:
1305:
1262:
1215:
1031:
832:
828:
821:
585:
570:
545:
400:
366:
344:
252:
230:
215:
193:
125:
100:
95:
2917:
2897:
2822:
2775:
2770:
2631:
2392:
2308:
2279:
2182:
2088:
2039:
2031:
1975:
1643:
1571:
1336:
1295:
1210:
1166:
1154:
890:
655:
555:
540:
530:
493:
488:
339:
65:
1916:
The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000–2015
1556:
1300:
1283:
1145:, in part likely due to the economic impacts of the deal agreed by the EU and UK.
789:
goals. As a prominent modern ideology, economic nationalism stands in contrast to
2882:
2611:
2606:
2569:
2537:
2442:
2387:
2250:
1380:
1363:
1225:
863:
848:
734:
660:
560:
329:
324:
289:
257:
120:
70:
60:
55:
2152:"The European Union Economy, Brexit, and the Resurgence of Economic Nationalism"
893:, who was United States Treasury Secretary at that time, there was concern that
2939:
2912:
2847:
2842:
2437:
2317:
The Nationalist Dilemma: A Global History of Economic Nationalism, 1776–Present
2228:
2035:
1676:
The Nationalist Dilemma: A Global History of Economic Nationalism, 1776–Present
1174:
1058:
1054:
918:
852:
550:
272:
110:
2283:
1474:"'Economic patriotism': Explaining the vague, finger-wagging, immortal phrase"
1447:
1340:
2954:
2719:
2432:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2102:
2053:
2019:
1599:"The Financial Conference on Inflation, Washington, D.C., September 20, 1974"
1348:
1309:
1178:
1003:
907:
856:
809:
801:
575:
466:
105:
85:
80:
2902:
2817:
2412:
1062:
1042:
962:(France) as a 'strategic industry' to pre-empt a potential takeover bid by
886:
824:, where the goal is to derive relative gains (as opposed to mutual gains).
817:
697:
525:
148:
115:
90:
1141:
in have shown support for rejoining the EU, or ceasing the Brexit process
914:, as it was a means of modifying an occupied country's culture and creed.
2872:
2373:
2093:
2076:
1980:
1963:
1821:
1795:
1769:
1743:
1409:
1230:
1158:
1090:
1074:
1030:
in 2006 to sell port management businesses in six major U.S. seaports to
988:
911:
878:
874:
786:
620:
610:
449:
33:
2186:
2044:
729:
2934:
927:
805:
714:
682:
635:
294:
163:
153:
143:
16:
Ideology that favors state intervention to protect the domestic economy
2729:
2636:
894:
794:
595:
1061:
as a whole has become more economically globalized since the end of
2877:
2700:
1182:
dating back to the late 1920s is that of American social scientist
1066:
709:
692:
625:
405:
2736:
2656:
1205:
974:
963:
948:
813:
444:
371:
1121:, headed by PM Boris Johnson, has absorbed the vast majority of
1057:
has in part led to a recent resurgence of economic nationalism.
2683:
2331:
1126:
1114:
1106:
980:
959:
939:
923:
677:
459:
454:
42:
2342:
1017:
1325:"Economic nationalism: from Friedrich List to Robert Reich"
999:
984:
1640:
The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations
2300:
Buell, Raymond Leslie. 1925. "Economic Nationalism." in
2125:"Boris Johnson, Hungary and rightwing European populism"
1698:
Notz, William (June 1926). "Frederick List in America".
1672:"The Birth of the National Economy in Europe, 1789–1860"
1435:
Callaghan, Helen; Lagneau-Ymonet, Paul (December 2010).
1434:
1097:
views, although there was also a growth in support for
973:, an Italian toll-road operator by the Spanish company
2077:"The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe"
1964:"The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe"
1153:
One critical view of economic nationalism is that of
1065:, embracing economic integration and introducing the
1853:
The US-China Trade Dispute: Facts, Figures and Myths
1717:
Capron, Laurence; Guillén, Mauro (12 October 2006).
1382:
The Neomercantilists: A Global Intellectual History
1404:
1402:
2222:
2075:Colantone, Italo; Stanig, Piero (November 2019).
1642:, Oxford University Press, pp. 334–C23P112,
1531:de Rosa, Luigi. "Economic Nationalism in Italy".
2952:
2199:
2018:Bergh, Andreas; Kärnä, Anders (1 October 2021).
1555:Schulz, Max-Stephen; Wolf, Nikolaus (May 2012).
1258:The Political Economy of International Relations
1129:, a result of lengthy campaigns by UKIP and the
1117:), and, arguably, the United Kingdom, where the
847:" has been attributed to French parliamentarian
2074:
1961:
1410:"French economic nationalism: Colbert was here"
1399:
804:and some question the benefits of unrestricted
1678:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44–75,
1261:. Princeton University Press. pp. 31–34.
2358:
1716:
910:, increased role of the government, and even
754:
2149:
1845:
1843:
1133:faction of the Conservatives for a national
2005:Economic Nationalism in a Globalizing World
1918:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 348.
1907:
1879:"Genesis of Economic Nationalism in Russia"
1020:(PR China), and the subsequent takeover by
2365:
2351:
2172:
2017:
1849:
1554:
761:
747:
2092:
2043:
2002:
1979:
1840:
1633:
1378:
1322:
1299:
1281:
1962:Colantone, Italo; Stanig, Piero (2019).
1719:"Fighting economic nationalism in deals"
827:Economic nationalism tends to emphasize
1913:
1856:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 62.
1284:"The Diversity of Economic Nationalism"
2953:
2020:"Globalization and populism in Europe"
1876:
1669:
1497:
1254:
2346:
2269:
2248:
2200:Harry Binswanger (5 September 2003).
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1648:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.22
1610:
1608:
1596:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1498:Safire, William (19 September 1985).
1361:
1697:
1615:Abbas, Ali. "Economic Nationalism".
1471:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1627:
1530:
1012:opposition to the takeover bid for
13:
2263:
2166:
1940:
1617:Journal of Competitiveness Studies
1605:
1539:
1519:
987:(Germany), and the counter-bid by
951:(Spain, France and Luxembourg) by
933:
14:
2992:
2792:List of nationalist organizations
2324:
2225:"The Big Three's Shameful Secret"
2223:Daniel J. Ikenson (6 July 2003).
1614:
1243:
1089:parties, which generally espouse
1034:based in the United Arab Emirates
510:List of nationalist organizations
2330:
2081:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1968:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1576:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00587.x
1002:(Italy), and the counter-bid by
780:is an ideology that prioritizes
728:
2372:
2242:
2216:
2202:"'Buy American' is UN-American"
2193:
2156:Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
2143:
2117:
2068:
2011:
1996:
1870:
1814:
1788:
1762:
1736:
1710:
1691:
1663:
1590:
1329:Review of International Studies
958:French governmental listing of
843:While the coining of the term "
2863:Historiography and nationalism
2249:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929).
1744:"Europe's nascent merger boom"
1491:
1465:
1428:
1372:
1362:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1929).
1355:
1316:
1275:
601:Historiography and nationalism
51:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1:
2563:Palingenetic ultranationalism
2320:. Cambridge University Press.
2150:Alogoskoufis, George (2017).
1850:Imad Moosa (1 January 2012).
1533:Faculty of Maritime Economics
1472:Bump, Philip (17 July 2014).
1301:10.1080/13563467.2020.1841137
1236:
1053:The modern phenomenon of the
900:
800:Economic nationalists oppose
693:Seasonal or cultural festival
2255:. H. Holt. pp. 114–119.
1700:The American Economic Review
1670:Suesse, Marvin, ed. (2023),
1444:MPIfG Discussion Paper 10/14
1385:. Cornell University Press.
1157:, an American professor and
1148:
861:Strategic Defense Initiative
7:
2007:. Cornell University Press.
1877:Liuhto, Kari (March 2008).
1822:"From Karl Marx's copybook"
1770:"Don't take the high roads"
1564:The Economic History Review
1368:. H. Holt. pp. 95–120.
1201:Anti-globalization movement
1189:
1143:during the period 2016-2020
1010:United States Congressional
917:In both Germany and Italy,
536:Anti-globalization movement
10:
2997:
2923:Principle of nationalities
2036:10.1007/s11127-020-00857-8
1597:Simon, William E. (1974).
1139:opinion polls since Brexit
838:
666:Principle of nationalities
2813:Anarchism and nationalism
2805:
2784:
2742:List of fascist movements
2523:Constitutional patriotism
2456:
2380:
2284:10.1080/13563460600655581
1341:10.1017/S0260210597003598
1323:Levi-Faur, David (1997).
859:proposal of the national
243:Constitutional patriotism
2302:International Relations.
2003:Helleiner, Eric (2004).
1379:Helleiner, Eric (2021).
1282:Helleiner, Eric (2021).
2314:Suesse, Marvin (2023).
2311:. Nationalities Papers.
2309:Nationalism and Economy
2252:International Relations
1934:10.3366/j.ctt1bh2kk5.19
1500:"The Year of Dee-fense"
1365:International Relations
1255:Gilpin, Robert (1987).
2858:Gender and nationalism
855:in 1985, in defending
591:Gender and nationalism
2966:Development economics
2888:National indifference
2272:New Political Economy
2204:. Capitalism Magazine
1636:"Regulating Commerce"
1288:New Political Economy
1095:socially conservative
994:Proposed takeover of
979:Proposed takeover of
947:Proposed takeover of
778:nationalist economics
641:National indifference
2961:Economic nationalism
2833:Cultural nationalism
2725:National syndicalist
2339:at Wikimedia Commons
2337:Economic nationalism
2175:The Economic Journal
2094:10.1257/jep.33.4.128
1981:10.1257/jep.33.4.128
1184:Raymond Leslie Buell
1171:American libertarian
1161:author. Writing for
1028:Political opposition
969:Blocked takeover of
953:Mittal Steel Company
774:Economic nationalism
566:Cultural nationalism
435:National syndicalist
2976:International trade
2971:Economic ideologies
2908:Nationalism studies
2307:Fetzer, T. (2020).
1886:University of Turku
1796:"To the barricades"
1478:The Washington Post
1446:: 6. Archived from
1221:Economic patriotism
1196:Alter-globalization
1163:Capitalism Magazine
1087:right-wing populist
1047:'national champion'
845:economic patriotism
791:economic liberalism
735:Politics portal
688:Right-wing populism
646:Nationalism studies
2181:(623): 2722–2744.
1750:. 1 September 2005
1505:The New York Times
1119:Conservative Party
1099:left-wing populist
889:era. According to
857:President Reagan's
795:economic socialism
782:state intervention
606:Imagined community
440:National Bolshevik
159:Self-determination
2948:
2947:
2893:National question
2853:Gastronationalism
2838:Diaspora politics
2828:Banal nationalism
2797:Nationalist Clubs
2335:Media related to
2297:
2187:10.1093/ej/uez020
1925:978-1-4744-1042-7
1863:978-1-78100-155-4
1685:978-1-108-83138-3
1657:978-0-19-887345-7
1392:978-1-5017-6014-3
1268:978-0-691-02262-8
1216:Domestic sourcing
1101:parties, such as
1075:China trade shock
1032:Dubai Ports World
833:spillover effects
829:industrialization
812:and advocate for
771:
770:
586:Gastronationalism
571:Diaspora politics
546:Banal nationalism
2988:
2931:
2918:Plurinationalism
2898:National revival
2868:Internationalism
2823:Anti-nationalism
2806:Related concepts
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2295:
2294:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2131:. 7 January 2020
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1888:. Archived from
1883:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
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1495:
1489:
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1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
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1453:on 4 August 2020
1452:
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1359:
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1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1252:
1211:Developmentalism
1155:Harry Binswanger
891:William E. Simon
814:self-sufficiency
763:
756:
749:
733:
732:
674:
656:Plurinationalism
616:Internationalism
556:Communitarianism
541:Anti-imperialism
531:Anti-nationalism
520:Related concepts
21:
20:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
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2951:
2950:
2949:
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2883:Nation-building
2801:
2780:
2452:
2376:
2371:
2327:
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2264:Further reading
2261:
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2217:
2207:
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2198:
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2171:
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2129:Financial Times
2123:
2122:
2118:
2073:
2069:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1960:
1941:
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1776:. 7 August 2006
1768:
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1742:
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1723:Financial Times
1715:
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1416:. 23 March 2006
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1280:
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1239:
1226:Nationalization
1192:
1151:
1111:Law and Justice
936:
934:Modern examples
903:
864:missile defense
849:Bernard Carayon
841:
767:
727:
720:
719:
668:
561:Cosmopolitanism
521:
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46:
17:
12:
11:
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2913:Natural border
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2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
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2848:Exceptionalism
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2325:External links
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2278:(2): 227–250,
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2229:Cato Institute
2215:
2192:
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2116:
2087:(4): 128–151.
2067:
2010:
1995:
1974:(4): 128–151.
1939:
1924:
1906:
1895:on 23 May 2018
1869:
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1813:
1802:. 2 March 2006
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1570:(2): 652–674.
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1335:(3): 359–370.
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1059:Western Europe
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1038:
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992:
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703:in Catholicism
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2024:Public Choice
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
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1969:
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1826:The Economist
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1179:protectionist
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1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
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1128:
1124:
1120:
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1112:
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1105:in Spain and
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919:Fredrich List
915:
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908:protectionism
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846:
836:
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819:
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810:protectionism
808:. They favor
807:
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802:globalization
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576:Ethnocentrism
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511:
506:Organizations
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502:
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482:
480:
479:Technological
477:
475:
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467:Ethnocacerism
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461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
441:
438:
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432:
431:
430:Revolutionary
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2903:Nation state
2818:Anationalism
2558:Expansionist
2542:
2315:
2301:
2275:
2271:
2251:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2195:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2045:10419/210945
2030:(1): 51–70.
2027:
2023:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1971:
1967:
1915:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1872:
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1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
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1752:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1675:
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1639:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1532:
1509:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1443:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1413:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1357:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1257:
1162:
1152:
1113:), Hungary (
1084:
1080:
1071:
1063:World War II
1052:
1043:job security
1040:
998:(France) by
937:
916:
904:
887:World War II
884:
872:
868:
842:
826:
818:mercantilism
799:
777:
773:
772:
698:Subsidiarity
526:Anationalism
285:Expansionist
262:
149:Independence
18:
2926: [
2873:Irredentism
2761:Territorial
2381:Development
2374:Nationalism
1231:War economy
1173:think tank
1159:Objectivist
1131:Eurosceptic
1091:nationalist
989:Gas Natural
983:(Spain) by
912:colonialism
879:grain trade
875:World War I
787:nationalist
669: [
621:Irredentism
611:Imperialism
484:Territorial
450:Legionarism
138:Core values
34:Nationalism
2955:Categories
2935:Revanchism
2592:Linguistic
2538:Ecological
1706:: 249–266.
1535:: 537–574.
1237:References
1167:preference
1135:referendum
971:Autostrade
928:Adam Smith
901:Philosophy
806:free trade
715:Xenophobia
683:Revanchism
636:Militarism
295:Indigenism
290:Homosexual
258:Ecological
164:Solidarity
154:Patriotism
144:Allegiance
2766:Terrorism
2730:Falangism
2669:Christian
2664:Religious
2585:Communist
2580:Left-wing
2528:Corporate
2518:Communist
2479:Bourgeois
2469:Anarchist
2292:155046186
2111:211447432
2103:0895-3309
2062:213654236
2054:1573-7101
1990:211447432
1584:154778592
1349:1469-9044
1310:1356-3467
1149:Criticism
1016:(USA) by
895:inflation
596:Globalism
581:Francoism
384:Christian
379:Religious
305:Left-wing
248:Corporate
238:Communist
199:Bourgeois
189:Anarchist
2981:Populism
2878:Jingoism
2751:Romantic
2710:Resource
2701:Hindutva
2679:Clerico-
2674:Catholic
2617:Populist
2575:Integral
2553:European
2543:Economic
2501:American
2484:Business
2448:Treasure
2423:Language
2418:Identity
2304:H. Holt.
2234:17 April
2208:17 April
1190:See also
1006:(France)
822:zero-sum
710:Trumpism
651:Nativism
631:Localism
626:Jingoism
474:Romantic
425:Resource
406:Hindutva
394:Clerical
389:Catholic
350:Japanese
309:populism
300:Integral
280:European
263:Economic
221:American
204:Business
126:Treasure
101:Language
96:Identity
26:a series
24:Part of
2737:Fascism
2691:Islamic
2657:Zionism
2489:Welfare
2464:African
2457:By type
2393:Colours
2135:10 June
1206:Autarky
1103:Podemos
1022:Chevron
991:(Spain)
975:Abertis
964:PepsiCo
955:(India)
949:Arcelor
924:tariffs
839:History
445:Fascism
372:Zionism
315:Musical
209:Welfare
184:African
66:Colours
45:forming
2776:Ultra-
2771:Trans-
2684:Mormon
2647:Korean
2637:Berber
2627:Racial
2597:Mystic
2548:Ethnic
2533:Cyber-
2506:French
2443:Symbol
2403:Flower
2388:Anthem
2290:
2227:. The
2109:
2101:
2060:
2052:
1988:
1932:
1922:
1899:23 May
1860:
1832:22 May
1806:22 May
1780:22 May
1754:22 May
1728:22 May
1682:
1654:
1582:
1511:24 May
1483:24 May
1457:24 May
1420:22 May
1389:
1347:
1308:
1265:
1127:Brexit
1123:UKIP's
1115:Fidesz
1107:Syriza
1014:Unocal
981:Endesa
960:Danone
940:policy
678:Racism
494:Ultra-
489:Trans-
460:Rexism
455:Nazism
413:Muslim
362:Korean
335:Racial
320:Mystic
268:Ethnic
253:Cyber-
226:French
121:Symbol
76:Father
71:Emblem
61:Church
56:Anthem
43:Nation
2930:]
2696:Hindu
2652:White
2642:Black
2622:Queer
2570:Homo-
2511:Irish
2496:Civic
2474:Blind
2438:Sport
2428:Music
2288:S2CID
2162:: 27.
2107:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1930:JSTOR
1893:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1580:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1024:(USA)
1018:CNOOC
966:(USA)
938:As a
673:]
661:Post-
401:Hindu
367:White
355:ShĹŤwa
345:Black
231:Irish
216:Civic
194:Blind
177:Types
116:State
111:Sport
2632:Arab
2612:Neo-
2607:Pan-
2433:Myth
2408:Epic
2398:Flag
2236:2012
2210:2012
2137:2022
2099:ISSN
2050:ISSN
1920:ISBN
1901:2018
1858:ISBN
1834:2018
1808:2018
1782:2018
1756:2018
1730:2018
1680:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1513:2018
1485:2018
1459:2018
1422:2018
1387:ISBN
1345:ISSN
1306:ISSN
1263:ISBN
1177:, a
1093:and
1067:euro
1000:Enel
996:Suez
985:E.ON
793:and
418:Sikh
340:Arab
330:Pan-
325:Neo-
106:Myth
86:Epic
81:Flag
2602:New
2413:God
2280:doi
2183:doi
2179:129
2089:doi
2040:hdl
2032:doi
2028:189
1976:doi
1644:doi
1572:doi
1337:doi
1296:doi
776:or
91:God
2957::
2928:fr
2286:,
2276:11
2274:,
2177:.
2160:41
2158:.
2154:.
2127:.
2105:.
2097:.
2085:33
2083:.
2079:.
2056:.
2048:.
2038:.
2026:.
2022:.
1984:.
1972:33
1970:.
1966:.
1942:^
1928:.
1884:.
1842:^
1824:.
1798:.
1772:.
1746:.
1721:.
1704:16
1702:.
1674:,
1650:,
1638:,
1621:25
1619:.
1607:^
1578:.
1568:65
1566:.
1562:.
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1521:^
1502:.
1476:.
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1412:.
1401:^
1343:.
1333:23
1331:.
1327:.
1304:.
1292:26
1290:.
1286:.
1245:^
797:.
671:fr
28:on
2366:e
2359:t
2352:v
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2042::
2034::
1992:.
1978::
1936:.
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311:)
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