3410:. One final advantage of this source is that clustering in specific fields leads to quicker diffusion or adoption of ideas. For production to be at its maximum and for firms to sell their products, they require some feasible access to capital markets. New forms of technology can create problems and involve risk; the clustering of firms creates an advantage to reduce the uncertainty and complications involved with using new technology through information flow. The capital flow and technology industry is concentrated within specific areas, and therefore, it is to the advantage of the firm to locate near these areas. This technological impact, specifically in the communications field, will provide and dismiss the barrier between firms in the same industry located further away and nearby, leading to a greater concentration of information flow and economic production and activity. Furthermore, technological spillovers may be more beneficial to smaller cities in terms of their growth than larger cities because of the existing informational networks that already helped them form and grow.
3403:
because of the proximity to available sources needed for production. If intermediate inputs are tradable, a core-periphery notion will have many firms located near each other to be closer to their required sources. Suppose there are tradable resources and services nearby but no related industries in the same area. In that case, there are no networking linkages, which makes it difficult for all firms in the area to obtain resources and increase production. The decreased transportation costs associated with the clustering of firms lead to an increase in the likelihood of a core-periphery pattern; the result will be that more intermediate inputs will be focused at the core and, therefore, will attract more firms in related industries.
3372:. Localization economies arise from many firms in the same industry located close to each other. There are three sources of localization economies: The first is the benefit of labor pooling, which is the accessibility that firms have to a variety of skilled laborers, which in turn provides employment opportunities for the laborers. The second benefit is the development of industries due to the increasing returns to scale in intermediate inputs for a product, and the third source is the relative ease of communication and exchange of supplies, laborers, and innovative ideas due to the proximity among firms.
124:
1898:
3386:
because of the cost-minimizing location decisions of firms within these agglomeration economies to sustain high productivity and advantages, which therefore allow them to grow outside of the city (core) and into the periphery. A small decrease in the fixed cost of production can increase the range of locations for further establishment of firms, leading to loss of concentration in the city and possibly the development of a new city outside the original city where agglomeration and increasing returns to scale existed.
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problem even causes issues of social instability and political uncertainty. The government needs to provide some politics to improve equality, such as investing in human capital and innovation. Economic agglomeration may also affect rural areas. The over-agglomeration in the city would affect agricultural production and cause unemployment problems.
3314:). This would be ethical and efficient in that gains would be better aligned with deserts, and rent-seeking would be curbed. Collier recommends a tax calculated by combining high-income and metropolitan locations, which can then be redistributed to other cities that have been hard hit by agglomeration.
3385:
model. The core-periphery model features an amount of economic activity in one main area surrounded by a remote area of less dense activity. The concentration of this economic activity in one area (usually a city center) allows for the growth and expansion of activity into other and surrounding areas
3349:
Economic agglomeration also caused some social problems. First, the increased population led to high land prices. To reduce the inequality problem, the government may tax the land in the agglomeration area, increasing the land price. Second, the agglomeration of the economy also creates a high demand
3269:
the accumulation of knowledge and human capital in concentrated areas like major urban centers can contribute to the sharing of production technologies (i.e., know-how) between firms. Econometric analysis by Liang and Goetz showed that agglomeration effects account for technology-intensive industries
3149:
agglomeration occurs in locations where cost savings can naturally arise. This term is most often discussed in terms of economic firm productivity. However, agglomeration effects also explain some social phenomena, such as large proportions of the population being clustered in cities and major urban
3218:
Increasing returns to scale, according to
Beckmann, is integral to understanding why urban centers form. These increasing returns to scale "give rise to ," capturing "the trade-off between transportation costs and economies of scale". Agglomeration economies exist when production is cheaper because
3398:
From the localization of firms, labor market pooling emerges. Large populations of skilled laborers enter the area and can exchange knowledge, ideas, and information. The more firms there are in this area, the greater the competition is to obtain workers, resulting in higher wages for the workers.
3240:
A longstanding theory in urban economic literature is that firms (and cities) are likely to agglomerate where there are natural geographic advantages, which would give these firms both comparative and cost advantages over their competitors. Ellison and
Glaeser argue that while this may be true for
3291:
of firms because of the many competitors in the area, as well as a shortage of labor and a lack of flexibility among firms for the laborers abound. Large cities experience these problems, and this tension between agglomeration economies and agglomeration dis-economies may contribute to the area's
3192:
At the foundational level, proximity—especially to other facilities and suppliers – is a driving force behind economic growth and is one explanation for why agglomeration effects are so evident in major urban centers. While the concentration of economic activity in cities has a positive effect on
3402:
The second contribution to localization economies is the access to specialized goods and services provided for clustering firms. This access to specialized goods and services is known as an intermediate input. It provides increasing returns on scale for each of the firms located within that area
3340:
Economic agglomeration can create some economic benefits but also tends to widen the disparity between rich areas and poor areas and increase interregional inequality. Interregional inequality cannot be prevented because it is a necessary stage during economic development. The serious inequality
3332:
environmental pressures. Energy consumption is another environmental problem. The agglomeration of the economy led to a rapid increase in population and industries, which caused serious energy problems. It would also cause some pollution and provide higher requirements for production technology.
3231:
physical proximity to other firms and centers of production can minimize costs associated with transportation. While this may have been the case for many manufacturing firms in the United States, Glaeser and
Gottlieb argue that reducing transportation costs is more important for firms producing
3331:
in China. Because of the concentration of individuals and industry, the serious air pollution in the
Yangtze River Delta has not only caused some extreme weather problems but also increased some diseases. Adjusting the city’s spatial structure can alleviate environmental problems and release
3389:
If localization economies were the main factor contributing to why cities exist with the exclusion of urbanization economies, then it would make sense for each firm in the same industry to form its city. However, in a more realistic sense, cities are more complex than that, which is why the
3358:
economic agglomeration would cause fierce competitive pressure. Competition can reduce the market price, motivating companies to innovate and increase production efficiency. However, over-competition would hinder companies' development and innovation, and would also generate some social
3188:
Diseconomies of agglomeration are the opposite. For example, spatially concentrated growth in automobile-oriented fields may create problems of crowding and traffic congestion. The tension between economies and diseconomies allows cities to grow but keeps them from becoming too large.
3257:
within the economy, e.g. employees with employers, suppliers with buyers, and so on. Moreover, massive urban areas like cities, which contain a multitude of industries in a localized area, can help firms offset their reaction to shocks more efficiently by 'pooling' labor resources
3287:. Another source of agglomeration diseconomies—higher crowding and increased waiting time—can be observed in disciplines or industries that are characterized by constrained access to relevant production facilities or resources. As stated above, these factors are what decrease the
3232:
services. Moreover, other studies have shown that when negative externalities like pollution are taken into account, agglomerated city centers are more likely to be dispersed over a larger geographical area rather than be confined to a single, metropolis-like urban region.
3201:
When firms form clusters of economic activity, particular development strategies flow into and throughout this area of economic activity. This helps accumulate information and the flow of new and innovative ideas among firms to achieve what economists call
3219:
of this clustering of economic activity. As a result of this clustering, it becomes possible to establish other businesses that may take advantage of these economies without joining any big organization. This process may help to urbanize areas as well.
3241:
firms whose location decisions are highly sensitive to cost differences or geographic locations, such as the wine industry, they find that only 20% of geographic agglomeration effects in the United States can be explained by "natural" cost advantages.
3270:
benefiting from Jacobs-type knowledge spillovers. Furthermore, agglomerated centres of production, like cities, also facilitate learning—that is, knowledge generation, diffusion, and accumulation – on a larger scale than smaller economic regions.
3380:
While localization and urbanization economies and their sources are crucial to sustaining agglomeration economies and cities, it is important to understand the long-term result of the function of agglomeration economies, which relates to the
3214:
to a firm result from spatial proximity and are called agglomeration economies of scale. Agglomeration economies can be seen as the external condition for companies and the internal condition for the region.
3154:, the costs and benefits of agglomerating increase the larger the agglomerated urban cluster becomes. Several prominent examples of where agglomeration has brought together firms of a specific industry are:
3326:
The high level of economic agglomeration is probably the cause of environmental pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, etc. One example is the economic agglomeration in the
3507:
3283:
may also lead to negative externalities like traffic congestion (lack of walkability and public transport) or pollution (lack of environmental protection laws). These adverse effects can cause
3181:
result). Even when competing firms in the same sector cluster, there may be advantages because the cluster attracts more suppliers and customers than a single firm could achieve alone.
3193:
their development and growth, cities, in turn, help foster economic activity by accommodating population growth, driving wage increases, and facilitating technological change.
5419:
2916:
3350:
for infrastructure. It is important to coordinate the public goods problem, find the best volume of public contribution, and prevent poor or overburdened infrastructure.
76:
3120:
314:
4134:"Can urban spatial structure adjustment mitigate air pollution effect of economic agglomeration? New evidence from the Yangtze River Delta region, China"
3494:
2946:
5352:
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3295:
The economies of agglomeration have also been shown to increase inequality both within urban areas and between urban and rural areas. The Oxford
87:
4662:
3177:
cluster together, their production costs tend to decline significantly (firms have multiple competing suppliers; greater specialization and
5444:
5272:
2277:
4016:"Asymmetric nexus between urban agglomerations and environmental pollution in top ten urban agglomerated countries using quantile methods"
3856:
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38:
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3210:
economies of scale for a firm, and may allow for establishing more of the same firm outside the area or region. Economies of scale
3369:
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However, the fewer firms there are and the more workers there are at a location the lower the wages for those workers will be.
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4530:
Aghion, Philippe; Cai, Jing; Dewatripont, Mathias; Du, Luosha; Harrison, Ann; Legros, Patrick (2015-10-01).
3279:
While the existence of cities can only persist if the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, poorly planned
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4648:
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1997:
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4079:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related risk of cardiovascular disease and other cardiac complications"
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Benefits arise from the spatial agglomeration of physical capital, companies, consumers, and workers:
4901:
4896:
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2217:
2087:
1953:
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781:
334:
4228:"Does voluntary disclosure create a green lemon problem? Energy-efficiency ratings and house prices"
3857:"Atmospheric pollution in rapidly growing industrial cities: spatial policies and land use patterns"
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83:
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1098:
1042:
132:
3758:
Beckmann, Martin J (1995). "Economic Growth in a
Central Place System". In Giersch, Herbet (ed.).
1536:
80:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Malden, Massachusetts. Oxford, United
Kingdom; Victoria, Australia. 2007. Blackwell Publishing
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1204:
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638:
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392:
4275:"Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns"
3818:"The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States"
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growth, control the growth of the area, or cause the area to experience a lack of growth.
2522:
8:
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5434:
4014:
Hashmi, Shujahat Haider; Fan, Hongzhong; Fareed, Zeeshan; Shahzad, Farrukh (2021-03-01).
3645:
3553:"The Geographic Concentration of Industry: Does Natural Advantage Explain Agglomeration?"
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2012:
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Two types of economies are considered large-scale and have external economies of scale:
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1982:
1959:
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2007:
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402:
319:
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1616:
5399:
5135:
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4806:
4475:"Coordination and free-riding problems in the provision of multiple public goods"
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1403:
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532:
462:
362:
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Deiwiks, Christa; Cederman, Lars-Erik; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (March 2012).
4243:
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5125:
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1943:
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1711:
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1383:
1073:
1069:
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806:
801:
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686:
623:
512:
4321:
1496:
5539:
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4911:
4555:
4508:
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4402:
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4212:
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4047:
4015:
3328:
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3250:
2586:
2574:
2558:
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1992:
1938:
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1716:
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1631:
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1601:
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1359:
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771:
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556:
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1010:
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4876:
4871:
4729:
4369:"Spatial inequality and development — Is there an inverted-U relationship?"
4165:
4110:
4055:
3988:
3733:
3644:
Combes, Pierre-Philippe; Duranton, Gilles; Gobillon, Laurent (March 2011).
3390:
combination of localization and urbanization economies forms large cities.
3307:
3299:
2782:
2578:
2530:
1842:
1756:
1701:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1506:
1054:
749:
541:
517:
502:
422:
3173:
Economies of agglomeration have some advantages. As more firms in related
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4689:
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4547:
3872:
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3470:
Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England. 2005. Harvard
University Press
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agglomerating effects, such as an increase in population and therefore,
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5120:
5047:
5042:
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4926:
4749:
4739:
4719:
4499:
4393:
3163:
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2836:
2787:
2127:
2047:
1972:
1641:
1441:
844:
561:
4094:
3576:
3552:
5273:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
4754:
4724:
4704:
2846:
2767:
2546:
2502:
1889:
1491:
1422:
1002:
909:
899:
816:
699:
633:
613:
580:
566:
261:
4274:
269:
5032:
5022:
4290:
2792:
3463:
Brueckner, Jan. "Lectures in Urban
Economics." 2011. The MIT Press
2693:
5216:
5105:
4857:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
4744:
4714:
3521:
How Close Is Close? The
Spatial Reach of Agglomeration Economies.
2841:
1933:
754:
618:
551:
507:
3762:. Publications of the Egon-Sohmen-Foundation. pp. 107–115.
3302:
has proposed that the gains of agglomeration should be taxed as
4694:
3167:
1825:
3689:(9931): 1–61 – via National Bureau of Economic Research.
5090:
4734:
3855:
Kyriakopoulou, Efthymia; Xepappadeas, Anastasios (May 2017).
3162:
being hubs of technology and entertainment, respectively, in
5258:
History of the British canal system
4709:
4679:
4602:
3182:
77:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
4077:
Byrne, Christopher D.; Targher, Giovanni (February 2022).
5268:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
3317:
The disadvantages of agglomerations are to be mentioned:
4319:
3854:
5192:
History of the cooperative Movement
3816:
Glaeser, Edward L; Gottlieb, Joshua D (December 2009).
3406:
The third source relating to localization economies is
4529:
4189:"Electricity consumption and economic growth in China"
4013:
3643:
3473:
Coe, Neil M., Kelly, Philip F., and Yeung, Henry W.C.
16:
Urban development in locations generating cost savings
3599:"The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economies"
3519:
Rosenthal, Stuart S., and William C. Strange. 2020. "
3185:
form and grow to exploit economies of agglomeration.
4132:
Tao, Jing; Wang, Ying; Zameer, Hashim (2023-03-24).
3896:
Liang, Jiaochen; Goetz, Stephan J. (December 2018).
3680:"Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies"
4426:"Agglomeration: Economic and Environmental Impacts"
4226:Fuerst, Franz; Warren-Myers, Georgia (2018-08-01).
3484:
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 1998. Prentice Hall
4225:
3994:The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties
3898:"Technology intensity and agglomeration economies"
3487:Strange, William C., 2008, "urban agglomeration,"
3475:Economic Geography: A Contemporary Introduction.'
3274:
5537:
5283:Timeline of materials technology
4479:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
3815:
3646:"The identification of agglomeration economies"
3551:Ellison, Glenn; Glaeser, Edward L. (May 1999).
199:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
5068:Stockton and Darlington Railway
3550:
3196:
5346:
4588:
4131:
3678:Duranton, Gilles; Puga, Diego (August 2003).
3114:
2718:
1862:
971:
4472:
4138:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
4076:
4020:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
3962:, Papers in Regional Science, 94(3): 443-68.
3677:
3975:. Economic Brief. October 2018, No. 18-10.
3789:
3787:
3702:"Cities, productivity, and quality of life"
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5353:
5339:
4595:
4581:
4272:
3960:Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music
3895:
3121:
3107:
2725:
2711:
1896:
1869:
1855:
978:
964:
5360:
4536:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
4498:
4441:
4392:
3913:
3880:
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
4902:John Kay (spinning frame)
4897:John Kay (flying shuttle)
4832:Thomas and George Cranege
4473:Takeuchi, Ai; Seki, Erika (2023-02-01).
4366:
4322:"Inequality and conflict in federations"
4279:Economic Development and Cultural Change
4187:Shiu, Alice; Lam, Pun-Lee (2004-01-01).
3784:
3757:
3504:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3490:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
131:This article includes a list of general
4186:
3760:Urban Agglomeration and Economic Growth
3699:
3375:
3370:localization and urbanization economies
5538:
5288:Timeline of steam power
4443:10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-094151
3393:
5334:
5003:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
4576:
3363:
3306:, which leads to behavior-distorting
5313:
4273:Williamson, Jeffrey G. (July 1965).
3753:
3751:
3673:
3671:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3482:The Economics of Cities and Suburbs.
179:
117:
59:
18:
4532:"Industrial Policy and Competition"
4430:Annual Review of Resource Economics
13:
4423:
4367:Lessmann, Christian (2014-01-01).
3513:
3502:, 2008. "New Economic geography,"
3206:. Increasing returns to scale are
268:
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5557:
5500:History of electrical engineering
4817:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
3748:
3668:
3633:– via Wiley Online Library.
3583:
3537:
3525:Journal of Economic Perspectives,
3093:Outline of prehistoric technology
3000:History of electrical engineering
34:This article has multiple issues.
5312:
5301:
5300:
5053:Portsmouth Block Mills
4778:
4373:Journal of Development Economics
4083:Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
3977:Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
3971:Romero, Jessie and Schwartzman.
3700:Glaeser, Edward (29 July 2011).
3623:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00657.x
2692:
1836:
1824:
1009:
184:
122:
64:
23:
5278:Timeline of invention
5253:History of technology
5116:Newcomen steam engine
4892:Joseph Marie Jacquard
4523:
4466:
4417:
4360:
4313:
4266:
4219:
4180:
4125:
4070:
4007:
3982:
3973:Inequality in and across Cities
3965:
3952:
3930:
3889:
3597:Puga, Diego (3 February 2010).
3058:Timeline of historic inventions
2278:Peace, war, and social conflict
1111:Concepts, theory and techniques
42:or discuss these issues on the
5373:History of technology cultures
5038:Derwent Valley Mills
4907:Francis Cabot Lowell
3848:
3822:Journal of Economic Literature
3809:
3693:
3637:
3275:Disadvantages of agglomeration
3145:explains, in broad terms, how
3133:One of the major subfields of
629:Geographic information science
1:
5520:History of nuclear technology
5495:History of computing hardware
5473:History of technology domains
4385:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.08.011
4205:10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00250-1
3861:Journal of Economic Geography
3650:Journal of Economic Geography
3531:
3035:History of nuclear technology
740:Geographic information system
5505:History of materials science
3958:Borowiecki, Karol J. (2015)
3915:10.1016/j.respol.2018.07.006
3885:– via Oxford Academic.
3797:. SetThings. 3 November 2014
3795:"Economies of agglomeration"
3664:– via Oxford Academic.
3557:The American Economic Review
3015:History of materials science
2995:History of computer hardware
2952:Arab Agricultural Revolution
2867:Fourth Industrial Revolution
2827:Second Industrial Revolution
667:Environmental social science
7:
5263:Industrial archaeology
5166:Watt steam engine
4852:Abraham Darby III
4244:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.04.041
3768:10.1007/978-3-642-79397-4_4
3603:Journal of Regional Science
3413:
3246:Labor pooling and matching:
3204:increasing returns to scale
3197:Advantages of agglomeration
2852:Third Industrial Revolution
2817:First Industrial Revolution
895:Non-representational theory
10:
5562:
5131:Reverberatory furnace
5058:Quarry Bank Mill
4847:Abraham Darby II
4760:Economies of agglomeration
4491:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.11.022
4150:10.1007/s11356-023-26561-w
4040:10.1007/s11356-020-10669-4
3457:
3329:Yangtze River Delta region
3170:, being a hub of finance.
3139:economies of agglomeration
1949:Human environmental impact
5468:
5368:
5296:
5245:
5174:
5076:
4995:
4842:Abraham Darby I
4787:
4776:
4672:
4615:
4424:Wu, JunJie (2019-10-05).
4326:Journal of Peace Research
3780:– via SpringerLink.
3687:NBER Working Paper Series
3164:California, United States
3068:Complete list by category
3030:History of simple machine
782:Global Positioning System
335:Environmental determinism
5485:History of communication
5480:History of biotechnology
5156:Stephenson's Rocket
4338:10.1177/0022343311431754
3997:. pps. 136-40. Penguin.
3480:Bogart, William Thomas.
3408:technological spillovers
3253:, arguably help improve
3063:Technological revolution
3005:History of manufacturing
2990:History of communication
2985:History of biotechnology
2043:Structural functionalism
1099:JEL classification codes
4972:Richard Trevithick
3726:10.1126/science.1209264
3143:agglomeration effects),
2811:Proto-industrialization
2063:Symbolic interactionism
1958:Industrial revolutions
1285:Industrial organization
1142:Computational economics
855:Survey (human research)
797:Participant observation
345:Quantitative revolution
152:more precise citations.
5510:History of measurement
5380:Prehistoric technology
5227:Rochdale Pioneers
5212:Industrial unrest
5018:Bridgewater Canal
4962:Robert Stephenson
4957:George Stephenson
4932:William Radcliffe
4887:Benjamin Huntsman
4862:William Fairbairn
4822:Edmund Cartwright
4797:Richard Arkwright
4700:Industry/Manufacturing
3237:Geographic advantages:
3168:London, United Kingdom
3020:History of measurement
2980:History of agriculture
2947:Medieval Islamic world
2857:Digital transformation
2053:Social constructionism
1137:Experimental economics
868:Theoretical Approaches
677:Landscape architecture
325:History of cartography
273:
86:by rewriting it in an
5455:Industrial Revolution
5362:History of technology
5197:Cottage industry
4882:Eaton Hodgkinson
4867:James Hargreaves
4802:Thomas Boulsover
3844:– via ProQuest.
3466:O'Flaherty, Brendan.
3297:development economist
3285:diseconomies of scale
3088:Outline of technology
2974:By type of technology
2901:By historical regions
2889:Emerging technologies
2749:By technological eras
2741:History of technology
2428:Conversation analysis
2003:Social stratification
672:Environmental studies
639:Statistical geography
272:
5525:History of transport
5490:History of computing
5136:Sheffield plate
4937:Richard Roberts
4917:Thomas Newcomen
4837:Samuel Crompton
4807:Matthew Boulton
4765:Economies of density
4548:10.1257/mac.20120103
3834:10.1257/jel.47.4.983
3569:10.1257/aer.89.2.311
3441:Economies of density
3376:Core-periphery model
3323:For the environment:
3312:Henry George theorem
3264:Knowledge spillovers
3228:Low transport costs:
3150:centers. Similar to
3052:Technology timelines
3040:History of transport
2778:Neolithic Revolution
1364:Social choice theory
850:Interview (research)
822:Land change modeling
723:Computer cartography
657:Integrated geography
330:Historical geography
298:History of geography
5515:History of medicine
5146:Spinning jenny
5141:Spinning frame
5111:Flying shuttle
5101:Crucible steel
4982:John Wilkinson
4967:Thomas Telford
4812:James Brindley
4285:(4, Part 2): 1–84.
4144:(20): 57302–57315.
4032:2021ESPR...2813404H
4026:(11): 13404–13424.
3718:2011Sci...333..592G
3615:2010JRegS..50..203P
3394:Source of economies
3025:History of medicine
3010:History of maritime
2917:Indian subcontinent
2013:Social cycle theory
1884:Part of a series on
1831:Business portal
1152:Operations research
1132:National accounting
604:Technical geography
256:Part of a series on
5546:Economic geography
5237:Industrial warfare
5086:Blast furnace
4947:Samuel Slater
4942:Thomas Savery
4912:Lunar Society
4770:Economies of scale
3873:10.1093/jeg/lbw018
3744:– via JSTOR.
3662:10.1093/jeg/lbq038
3579:– via JSTOR.
3426:Cluster initiative
3364:Types of economies
3175:fields of business
3152:economies of scale
2962:Renaissance Europe
2699:Society portal
2322:History of science
2303:Race and ethnicity
1983:Social environment
1162:Industrial complex
1157:Middle income trap
922:Post-structuralism
812:Statistical survey
762:Geologic modelling
591:Quaternary science
493:Physical geography
350:Critical geography
340:Regional geography
274:
203:You can assist by
88:encyclopedic style
75:is written like a
5533:
5532:
5328:
5327:
5202:Factory Acts
5187:Child labour
5151:Steam engine
5063:Soho Foundry
4952:John Smeaton
4877:Thomas Highs
4872:Hawks family
4095:10.1111/dom.14484
3908:(10): 1990–1995.
3777:978-3-642-79399-8
3712:(6042): 592–594.
3500:Venables, Anthony
3179:division of labor
3131:
3130:
2932:Hellenistic world
2927:Maya civilization
2735:
2734:
2453:Social experiment
2333:Social psychology
1978:Social complexity
1879:
1878:
988:
987:
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682:Landscape ecology
576:Landscape ecology
538:Coastal geography
251:
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5450:Great Divergence
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5304:
5303:
5207:Great Divergence
5161:Water frame
5096:Cotton mill
4922:Robert Owen
4782:
4750:Water power
4730:Steam power
4685:Coal mining
4663:Potential future
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4263:
4232:Energy Economics
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3451:Returns to scale
3446:Gains from trade
3431:Business cluster
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2942:Byzantine Empire
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2727:
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2448:Network analysis
2338:Sociocybernetics
2328:Social movements
2058:Social darwinism
2008:Social structure
1900:
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1843:Money portal
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1325:Natural resource
1117:Economic systems
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777:Geovisualization
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644:Spatial analysis
529:Paleoclimatology
320:Age of Discovery
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5435:Medieval Europe
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5170:
5121:Power loom
5078:
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5048:New Lanark
4991:
4987:John Wyatt
4977:James Watt
4927:Lewis Paul
4827:Henry Cort
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3902:Research Policy
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3514:Further reading
3506:, 2nd Edition.
3493:, 2nd Edition.
3468:City Economics.
3460:
3455:
3436:Hotelling's law
3416:
3396:
3378:
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3135:urban economics
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3081:Article indices
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2957:Medieval Europe
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2862:Information Age
2822:Standardization
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2033:Conflict theory
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1988:Social equality
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3938:"Model cities"
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3383:core-periphery
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3281:agglomerations
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2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Astrosociology
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Human behavior
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Organizational
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:By application
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
986:
985:
983:
982:
975:
968:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
936:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
927:Deconstruction
924:
914:
913:
912:
907:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
834:
833:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Remote Sensing
804:
802:Photogrammetry
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:Geomathematics
764:
759:
758:
757:
752:
747:
737:
732:
731:
730:
725:
712:
711:
703:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
687:Time geography
684:
679:
674:
669:
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
624:Geoinformatics
621:
616:
607:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
535:
522:
521:
520:
515:
513:Phytogeography
510:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
276:
275:
265:
264:
258:
257:
249:
248:
231:
230:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5558:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Ancient Greek
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Ancient Egypt
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5321:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:Social impact
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Coalbrookdale
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4608:technological
4605:
4598:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:Energy Policy
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:(S2): 28–43.
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4004:
4003:9780241333891
4000:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:Collier, Paul
3985:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3939:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:pricing power
3286:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:human capital
3248:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Ancient China
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Ancient Egypt
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Organizations
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613: ·
2612:
2609: ·
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569: ·
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501: ·
2500:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Computational
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Environmental
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Consciousness
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Social equity
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1065:International
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557:Geomorphology
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193:This article
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73:This article
71:
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47:
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41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5472:
5372:
5318:
5305:
5232:Urbanization
4759:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4482:
4478:
4468:
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4376:
4372:
4362:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4199:(1): 47–54.
4196:
4192:
4182:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4023:
4019:
4009:
3993:
3984:
3967:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3932:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3882:11585/580210
3864:
3860:
3850:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3759:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3686:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3606:
3602:
3560:
3556:
3524:
3503:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3346:For society,
3345:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3308:rent-seeking
3300:Paul Collier
3294:
3278:
3262:
3261:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3172:
3142:
3138:
3132:
2937:Roman Empire
2809:
2754:Premodern /
2649:Bibliography
2563:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2443:Mathematical
2423:Ethnographic
2403:Quantitative
2088:Architecture
2026:Perspectives
1998:Social power
1801:Publications
1766:
1389:Sociological
1362: /
1260:Geographical
1240:Evolutionary
1215:Digitization
1180:Agricultural
1084:Mathematical
1055:Econometrics
750:Internet GIS
709:Quantitative
661:
608:
542:Oceanography
518:Zoogeography
503:Biogeography
497:
373:Agricultural
367:
305:Graeco-Roman
237:
219:
210:
197:copy editing
195:may require
194:
164:
158:January 2018
155:
136:
102:
96:January 2018
93:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
5440:Renaissance
5222:Proletariat
5182:Bourgeoisie
4542:(4): 1–32.
4500:11094/73432
4394:10419/52441
3160:Los Angeles
2832:Machine Age
2763:Prehistoric
2654:Terminology
2623:Baudrillard
2499:Tocqueville
2413:Comparative
2408:Qualitative
2378:Victimology
2208:Immigration
2193:Generations
2108:Criminology
1637:von Neumann
1290:Information
1230:Engineering
1210:Development
1205:Demographic
1147:Game theory
1089:Methodology
952:Geographers
840:Ethnography
831:Qualitative
792:Map algebra
787:Hydrography
728:Web mapping
718:Cartography
571:Hydrography
525:Climatology
393:Development
150:introducing
5079:technology
5077:Invention/
5043:Ironbridge
4740:Technology
4720:Metallurgy
4610:revolution
4604:Industrial
4485:: 95–121.
3532:References
2837:Atomic Age
2788:Bronze Age
2783:Copper Age
2679:By country
2433:Historical
2358:Technology
2298:Punishment
2283:Philosophy
2258:Mathematic
2248:Literature
2213:Industrial
2203:Historical
2128:Demography
2048:Positivism
1973:Popularity
1928:Key themes
1796:Economists
1667:Schumacher
1572:Schumpeter
1542:von Wieser
1462:von Thünen
1423:economists
1399:Statistics
1394:Solidarity
1315:Managerial
1280:Humanistic
1275:Historical
1220:Ecological
1185:Behavioral
1079:Mainstream
875:Behavioral
845:Geopoetics
562:Glaciology
448:Settlement
438:Population
408:Historical
378:Behavioral
205:editing it
133:references
39:improve it
5425:Byzantine
5385:Neolithic
5246:Reference
5013:Bethlehem
5008:Allentown
4755:Workforce
4725:Sociology
4715:Machinery
4705:Invention
4564:263328590
4556:1945-7707
4517:221134561
4509:0167-2681
4460:197835295
4452:1941-1340
4403:0304-3878
4379:: 35–51.
4354:110425780
4346:0022-3433
4307:153694729
4299:0013-0079
4260:158243513
4252:0140-9883
4213:0301-4215
4174:257739565
4158:1614-7499
4119:236496262
4103:1462-8902
4064:226302283
4048:1614-7499
3944:April 23,
3924:158504616
3508:Abstract.
3495:Abstract.
3359:problems.
3337:Economic:
3258:together.
2847:Space Age
2768:Stone Age
2495:Martineau
2438:Interview
2363:Terrorism
2343:Sociology
2288:Political
2228:Knowledge
2148:Education
1890:Sociology
1712:Greenspan
1677:Samuelson
1657:Galbraith
1627:Tinbergen
1567:von Mises
1562:Heckscher
1522:Edgeworth
1340:Personnel
1300:Knowledge
1265:Happiness
1255:Financial
1225:Education
1200:Democracy
1094:Political
1060:Heterodox
1003:Economics
942:Societies
910:Semiotics
900:Modernism
817:Surveying
634:Geomatics
614:Geodesign
581:Limnology
567:Hydrology
475:Strategic
458:Transport
433:Political
423:Marketing
383:Cognitive
262:Geography
213:July 2023
45:talk page
5540:Category
5307:Category
5033:Cromford
5023:Broseley
4745:Textiles
4411:26165923
4238:: 1–12.
4166:36964467
4111:34324263
4056:33180285
3991:(2018).
3842:59054155
3801:July 22,
3734:21798941
3631:17848032
3414:See also
3255:matching
3212:external
3208:internal
2793:Iron Age
2674:Timeline
2659:Journals
2627:Bourdieu
2619:Habermas
2615:Luhmann
2611:Foucault
2555:Mannheim
2535:Durkheim
2308:Religion
2268:Military
2233:Language
2218:Internet
2173:Feminist
2157:Jealousy
2143:Economic
2138:Disaster
2133:Deviance
2076:Branches
1954:Identity
1805:journals
1791:Glossary
1742:Stiglitz
1707:Rothbard
1687:Buchanan
1672:Friedman
1662:Koopmans
1652:Leontief
1632:Robinson
1517:Marshall
1421:Notable
1369:Regional
1345:Planning
1320:Monetary
1250:Feminist
1195:Cultural
1190:Business
995:a series
993:Part of
885:Feminist
880:Critical
586:Pedology
453:Regional
443:Religion
428:Military
418:Language
413:Internet
398:Economic
388:Cultural
5445:Ottoman
5415:Chinese
5319:Commons
5217:Luddite
5126:Railway
5106:Factory
4788:People/
4028:Bibcode
3714:Bibcode
3706:Science
3611:Bibcode
3458:Sources
2842:Jet Age
2798:Ancient
2631:Giddens
2629:·
2625:·
2617:·
2605:·
2603:Goffman
2599:Schoeck
2585:·
2577:·
2553:·
2551:Du Bois
2549:·
2541:·
2537:·
2529:·
2523:Tönnies
2521:·
2507:Spencer
2505:·
2483:·
2396:Methods
2373:Utopian
2318:Science
2263:Medical
2253:Marxist
2243:Leisure
2153:Emotion
2118:Culture
1934:Society
1913:Outline
1908:History
1811:Schools
1803: (
1762:Piketty
1757:Krugman
1622:Kuznets
1612:Kalecki
1587:Polanyi
1477:Cournot
1472:Bastiat
1457:Ricardo
1447:Malthus
1437:Quesnay
1409:Welfare
1379:Service
1050:Applied
1026:Outline
1021:History
890:Marxist
755:Web GIS
700:Methods
619:Geodesy
552:Geology
508:Ecology
480:Tourism
315:Islamic
310:Chinese
287:Outline
146:improve
82:Please
5460:Modern
5420:Indian
4996:Places
4790:groups
4695:Cotton
4673:Themes
4649:Fourth
4635:Second
4562:
4554:
4515:
4507:
4458:
4450:
4409:
4401:
4352:
4344:
4305:
4297:
4258:
4250:
4211:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4001:
3940:. 2008
3922:
3840:
3774:
3742:998870
3740:
3732:
3629:
3577:117127
3575:
3183:Cities
3166:; and
2878:Future
2804:Modern
2772:lithic
2669:People
2607:Bauman
2587:Nisbet
2583:Merton
2575:Gehlen
2571:Adorno
2564:1900s:
2539:Addams
2531:Simmel
2527:Veblen
2519:Pareto
2511:Le Bon
2492:1800s:
2485:Sieyès
2478:1700s:
2458:Survey
2383:Visual
2293:Public
2198:Health
2188:Gender
2178:Fiscal
2168:Family
1747:Thaler
1727:Ostrom
1722:Becker
1717:Sowell
1697:Baumol
1602:Myrdal
1597:Sraffa
1592:Frisch
1582:Knight
1577:Keynes
1552:Fisher
1547:Veblen
1532:Pareto
1512:Menger
1507:George
1502:Jevons
1497:Walras
1487:Gossen
1355:Public
1350:Policy
1305:Labour
1270:Health
1127:Market
662:Fields
609:Fields
498:Fields
470:Social
403:Health
368:Fields
282:Portal
135:, but
5410:Roman
5395:Mayan
5091:Canal
4735:Steel
4656:Fifth
4642:Third
4628:First
4621:Proto
4560:S2CID
4513:S2CID
4456:S2CID
4407:S2CID
4350:S2CID
4303:S2CID
4256:S2CID
4170:S2CID
4115:S2CID
4060:S2CID
3920:S2CID
3838:S2CID
3738:S2CID
3683:(PDF)
3627:S2CID
3573:JSTOR
3304:rents
3147:urban
2642:Lists
2591:Mills
2567:Fromm
2559:Elias
2547:Weber
2481:Comte
2368:Urban
2353:Sport
2348:Space
2313:Rural
2273:Music
2223:Jewry
2123:Death
2083:Aging
1918:Index
1784:Lists
1752:Hoppe
1737:Lucas
1702:Solow
1692:Arrow
1682:Simon
1647:Lange
1642:Hicks
1617:Röpke
1607:Hayek
1557:Pigou
1527:Clark
1442:Smith
1404:Urban
1384:Socio
1374:Rural
1074:Macro
1070:Micro
1031:Index
947:Index
463:Urban
5400:Inca
4710:Iron
4690:Coke
4680:Coal
4606:and
4552:ISSN
4505:ISSN
4448:ISSN
4399:ISSN
4342:ISSN
4295:ISSN
4248:ISSN
4209:ISSN
4162:PMID
4154:ISSN
4107:PMID
4099:ISSN
4052:PMID
4044:ISSN
3999:ISBN
3946:2013
3803:2017
3772:ISBN
3730:PMID
3158:and
3141:(or
2595:Bell
2579:Aron
2543:Mead
2515:Ward
2503:Marx
2183:Food
2103:Body
1768:more
1492:Marx
1482:Mill
1467:List
4544:doi
4495:hdl
4487:doi
4483:206
4438:doi
4389:hdl
4381:doi
4377:106
4334:doi
4287:doi
4240:doi
4201:doi
4146:doi
4091:doi
4036:doi
3910:doi
3877:hdl
3869:doi
3830:doi
3764:doi
3722:doi
3710:333
3658:doi
3619:doi
3565:doi
2238:Law
2093:Art
1732:Sen
1452:Say
1310:Law
5542::
4558:.
4550:.
4538:.
4534:.
4511:.
4503:.
4493:.
4481:.
4477:.
4454:.
4446:.
4434:11
4432:.
4428:.
4405:.
4397:.
4387:.
4375:.
4371:.
4348:.
4340:.
4330:49
4328:.
4324:.
4301:.
4293:.
4283:13
4281:.
4277:.
4254:.
4246:.
4236:74
4234:.
4230:.
4207:.
4197:32
4195:.
4191:.
4168:.
4160:.
4152:.
4142:30
4140:.
4136:.
4113:.
4105:.
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