1226:
1208:
32:
385:
497:
with four subtypes. The first is used to elicit confirmation (1a), which can be used in sentences like "So that's what he thinks, eh?" A subtype of this use is to elicit acknowledgement (1b). This applies to the acknowledgment of a fact in contrast to belief or opinion. For example, one could say "I
852:
as a "validation checker" to create connections between speakers. She says that there are two main uses of the phrase: to signify a question, such as "You went to school in
Christchurch, eh?"; or to confirm that the listener understands new information, such as "He was way bigger than me, eh". It is
949:
is often used to end a sentence, as a continuation or sometimes, inflection is added and it's used as a confirmation, or with different inflection, a question. For example, "I was walking home, eh, and I saw a badger, eh", "It was a big car, eh" or "We're going to the co-op, eh?".
882:
did not function as a clarification device as frequently believed, but instead served as a means of establishing solidarity between individuals of similar ethnic descent. In her research, Meyerhoff analyzed conversations between an interviewer and an interviewee of either
891:
in the conversation. In order to yield the most natural speech, Meyerhoff instructed the interviewers to introduce themselves as a "friend of a friend", to their respective interviewees. Her results showed Māori men as the most frequent users of
1817:
502:
statements. The fourth, (1d), is used as an exclamative over a shared experience, for example "What a great game, eh?" The final (1e) is to confirm compliance, like asking "Will you?" The belief is that this tones down a command or request.
904:
can be equated as a device to establish and maintain a group identity. This phenomenon sheds light on the continuous scholarly debate questioning if language determines culture or culture determines language. In New
Zealand
740:
in Canada is vague but promising. Three critical factors that will shape the future of this expression include speaker attitudes, the possible replacement of the expressions by young speakers, and new
Canadians' adoption of
324:
It can also convey a lack of strong emotion and a neutral response. For example, if when asked how a movie was one replies with "Eh," this indicates that they did not find it particularly great or terrible. In this example,
1617:) is used to mean 'what? say it again'. It could also mean 'what's wrong?' either in a concerned manner or a more aggressive one, depending on the tone used to pose the question. Besides, it could refer to an exclamation.
1292:) is a common exclamation in Japanese and is used to express surprise. It is also used when the listener did not fully understand or hear what the speaker said. It can be lengthened to show greater surprise (e.g.
199:
has many different uses, it is most popularly used in a manner similar in meaning to "Excuse me?", "Please repeat that", "Huh?", or to otherwise mark a question. It is also commonly used as an alternative to the
1250:. The third usage is arguably the most popular. It very closely compares with "Eh" in Canadian English. In the regional dialects of Zealand and West Flanders, the corresponding and frequently used interjection
686:
in
Canadian iconography is strongly associated with its recognition as part of the Canadian national or regional identity. In print, it is used primarily to signify 'Canadian,' with many websites incorporating
1869:
1227:
1209:
837:(NZE) is one of great controversy to many communication scholars as it is both a mark of cultural identity and simultaneously a means to parody those of a lower socioeconomic status. The use of
443:
is "so exclusively a
Canadian feature that immigration officials use it as an identifying clue." However, despite mainly being perceived as a stereotypical marker of Canadian identity,
1246:
that can be used as a brief exclamation to indicate confusion or surprise ('huh?'), in a prolonged manner when disappointed or annoyed ('aww'), or at the end of any sentence to form a
514:." It is used synonymously with "I beg your pardon?" in the sense of asking for a repetition of what was said. The fourth use is a distinctly Canadian use, identified as the narrative
1526:
at the end of sentences in German-speaking
Switzerland, especially in the Zurich area. It is used more as a matter of conversational convention than for its meaning. The expression
1420:
is used in
Canadian English. Statements expressed in Standard German are more commonly phrased in negative terms, and outside of colloquial usage the ending interrogative is often
477:'s origins, it has become more frequently used in Canada than in the UK and the US, and in a broader variety of contexts. Due to this frequency, it has since been included in the
900:
functioned as a verbal cue that one reciprocated by another individual signified both shared identity and mutual acceptance. Therefore, in the context of
Meyerhoff's research,
761:
is quite optimistic and there is room for expansion due to the various uses possible. In addition to the popularity amongst students, immigrants are essential to the future of
585:
The term is used most frequently among blue-collar workers, and the most popular form used is for opinions and exclamations. While there is a prevalent stereotype that men use
207:, as a method for inciting a reply, as in "Don't you think?", "You agree with me, right?", as in, "It's nice here, eh?" (instead of "It's nice here, right?"). In the
671:
has gained such recognition among
Canadians that it is used consciously and frequently by newspaper journalists and others in informal articles and reports. Also,
510:
is as an expression of disbelief to express one's surprise over the offered information (2). Use 3 is to elicit repetition, and is referred to as the "Pardon
345:
is also used in situations to describe something bad or mediocre. In which, it is often pronounced with a short "e" sound and the "h" may even be noticeable.
909:
is used more often by males than females, more by younger generations than older generations, and more by the middle class than the working class. Māori use
453:
710:, where some view its use as a stereotypical Canadianism. Such stereotypes have been reinforced in popular culture and were famously lampooned in
2027:
691:
into their URLs to indicate a
Canadian connection. It is also popularly incorporated into Canadian-targeted marketing campaigns, such as when
728:?'-nonsense? I wouldn't speak like that if I were paid to". There are many products displaying the phrase, such as T-shirts and coffee mugs.
2128:
498:
have a new dog, eh?" The second subtype (1c) is to confirm agreement. This is used to increase the chance of acceptance of a suggestion,
1457:, literally translated to English as 'no', is often put at the end of a statement to change it into a question and give emphasis, i.e.
2345:
1365:
and it can express a variety of ideas. It is generally used in context of a conversation and is generally interpreted very quickly.
1337:
meaning 'isn't it?', is used to turn a statement in to a question, even if no answer is expected, for emphasis or other objectives.
1314:, being statement ending particles which solicit or assume agreement, confirmation, or comprehension on the part of the listener.
1091:
is not as common in the United States as it is in Canada, it is often used by Americans, and indeed Canadians themselves, to
937:
is also used as a shortened term for 'yes'. For example, "Are you going to the disco?" "Eh". In Aberdeen and the wider Doric
712:
644:
for 'pardon' more than other Canadians. While usage has not changed significantly across Canada, the overall frequency of
921:
The usage of the word is widespread throughout much of the UK, particularly in Eastern Scotland, the north of England,
1191:
usage here is similar to the Japanese usage. It is used by all Malaysians regardless of what language they are using.
1171:
as an interjection. It is also used as an exclamation to express surprise, depending on the length and context of the
675:
is attributed freely in reported conversations with all men, including athletes, professors, and politicians, such as
457:(DCHP-1). Chief editor of the DCHP-1, Walter Avis, argued that it should not be included due to its historical use in
2289:
115:
1686:(Southern Switzerland), with the meaning of "isn't it true?". It comes from the expression in the local languages (
313:, functioning "to create or confirm agreement." Later, in 1773, its earliest quotation, s.v. "eh" was in a play by
2158:
2335:
589:
more than women, survey results suggest similar use frequencies. Overall, between both men and women, the pardon-
546:
518:. It is a rarer form, and is claimed to be found primarily in oral evidence of Canadian origin. The final use of
96:
2239:
1124:
1120:
526:
commentary to express a link with Canada or rural Canada (5). This form is commentary on the Canadian status of
785:
in immigrant countries is different, it is still common. This shows that even though native speakers still use
648:
has declined among speakers born in the 1960s or later. This decrease has been prevalent in big cities such as
68:
53:
749:
users and continue to contribute to the growing community. Because of this projected increase in the usage of
1779:
Wa7 xweysás i nqwal'utteníha i ucwalmícwa: He loves the people's languages. Essays in honour of Henry Davis
75:
2035:
1040:
833:
much more than Canadians, who are more famous for the word. This commonly used and referenced feature of
244:
2325:
538:
of the form in association with Canada. A popular example of its use is in the phrase "How's it goin',
428:
896:
in their interviews. As Māori are typically of a lower socio-economic status, Meyerhoff proposed that
2330:
1183:
when the speaker is being angry to the listener such as "Eh, hello!?" or "Eh, can you not!?". A long
266:
The spelling of this sound in English is quite different from the common usage of these letters. The
177:
2060:
Meyerhoff, Miriam (1994). "Sounds Pretty Ethnic, eh?: A Pragmatic Particle in New Zealand English".
439:
was first recognized as being a marker of being Canadian in 1959 by Harold B. Allen; he stated that
82:
1044:
636:
not having changed significantly over the past 25 years, there is some variation. For example, in
395:
42:
1792:
1256:, is in fact pronounced the same as in English (note that the equivalent of Dutch is silent in
2350:
2340:
626:
64:
1710:
1102:
622:
2009:
2187:
1687:
1551:
302:
252:
192:
1775:"How old is eh? On the early history of a Canadian shibboleth [published version]"
656:. Despite this decline, there have been high recognition rates and uptake of the Canadian
8:
1350:
1317:
1239:
and (potentially rude) way of getting someone's attention is an informal yet very common
1179:
can be a sarcastic shock or a genuine one. Sometimes it can be used as the equivalent as
966:
834:
470:
49:
20:
2355:
2085:
2077:
1897:
1845:
499:
466:
357:
189:
1955:
961:
used to solicit agreement or confirmation is also heard regularly amongst speakers in
2089:
1901:
1889:
1849:
1837:
1288:
1267:
1070:, it is also used as a general exclamation as in Scotland and the Channel Islands of
858:
2183:
2103:
2069:
1881:
1829:
1720:
1715:
1691:
1666:
1620:
1500:
1449:
1362:
1134:
1095:
1012:
922:
845:
462:
318:
256:
216:
172:
153:
136:
2263:
1613:
1603:
1413:
1346:
579:
554:
535:
458:
329:
is used as a way to convey a middle-ground feeling or invite further discussion.
283:
271:
1520:
meaning 'or' in English, is commonly used interrogatively as '... or what?' and
1160:
is "Dis guy Singlish damn good eh", meaning "this guy's Singlish is very good".
89:
1240:
1110:
1048:
970:
938:
818:
676:
621:, who are categorized as uneducated, lower-class, rural, and male, akin to the
617:. This perception is due to opinions surrounding the speakers of the narrative-
523:
306:
260:
2073:
1885:
1833:
2319:
1893:
1841:
1492:
1028:
913:
about twice as much than Pākehā, irrespective of their gender, age or class.
707:
632:
Regionally, while usage is similar across the ten provinces, with the use of
368:
349:
232:
1512:
1261:
1247:
1243:
1219:
1201:
1024:
794:
721:
613:
close behind. The most negatively viewed usage is the anecdotal, narrative-
314:
294:
248:
201:
186:
168:
2297:
282:
is used to indicate it is long, as though the origin of the spelling were
1649:
1063:
1059:
1020:
1016:
884:
566:, and the two share similar functions. Due to this, the increased use of
448:
432:
228:
990:
984:
625:
from the comedy sketch "Great White North," which first appeared during
2081:
1740:
1138:
1078:. It is occasionally used to express indifference, in a similar way to
275:
2014:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (Second Edition)
1532:
is used in highest Alemannic-speaking parts, and is used similarly to
1416:
to express a positive interrogative at the end of a sentence, much as
974:
235:
regions bordering Canada, including the area stretching from northern
1300:
1257:
1036:
1032:
996:
962:
769:
show that immigrants had high rates of recognition for most types of
717:
649:
481:
as a Preservation of British English that is Culturally Significant.
236:
1774:
31:
19:
This article is about the English interjection. For other uses, see
1679:
1675:
1236:
1168:
1145:
1075:
1067:
1055:
1000:
942:
930:
801:'s common usage, and its recognition amongst immigrants shows that
692:
353:
240:
224:
208:
2129:"A final, binding ruling on the correct spelling of the word "eh""
2199:
1962:(6): 92–111 – via Queen's University Strathy Language Unit.
653:
310:
220:
195:
often inviting assent to the sentiment expressed." Today, while
1683:
1092:
1071:
637:
553:'s usage in Canada is believed to be influenced by French. The
490:
478:
212:
1818:"Canadian-American Speech Differences Along the Middle Border"
1741:"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"
1187:
can be a disgusted shock, annoyance, or greater surprise. The
753:, the previous negative connotation surrounding the narrative-
2213:
926:
817:, there are few features that are more eagerly recognized by
361:
267:
874:
A 1994 study by Meyerhoff sought to examine the function of
352:
to use the term "ey" as a general substitute for such basic
1592:
159:
142:
829:, although this has been contentious). New Zealanders use
570:
in Canada may have been influenced by the frequent use of
1080:
857:
became common in New Zealand due to similarity with the
427:'s usage in Canada was in 1836, through the writings of
1152:
as an interjection, but it is not as popularly used as
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1539:
1527:
1521:
1515:
841:
in New Zealand is very common among all demographics.
1606:
530:
and has contributed its share to the registration of
1175:. It also depends how one sounds uses it as a short
821:
as a marker of their identity than the tag particle
793:
is still optimistic. Altogether, Canada's link with
270:
is sounded in one of the continental manners (as in
1194:
805:will continue to be prevalent in Canadian culture.
781:at the top. The data shows that while the usage of
695:' Canadian-themed packaging was labelled "SMARTIES
454:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
156:
139:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1674:is used in regional Northern Italian as spoken in
1793:"eh | The Macquarie Dictionary - Credo Reference"
1695:
1658:
1652:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
887:or Māori descent and calculated the frequency of
2317:
1340:
1329:
1320:
916:
813:While not as commonly lampooned as the Canadian
1544:is also used, which is pronounced similarly to
305:in 1662, but first mentions of it are found in
2240:"How To Say 'Hello' In 21 Different Languages"
2096:
2008:Dollinger, Stefan; Fee, Margery (March 2017).
1356:
1305:
1293:
1278:
1270:
878:in New Zealand culture. She hypothesized that
1669:
1504:
1477:
1471:
1458:
1452:
765:. Survey results on immigrant recognition of
745:. Students account for a large percentage of
2007:
1589:'is it correct?' can be used as 'isn't it?'.
1577:are commonly used as 'huh?'. Alternatively,
1533:
1427:
1421:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
572:
557:
2104:"New Zealand slang | 100% Pure New Zealand"
2055:
2053:
1700:, which means, once again, 'isn't it true?'
1441:
1435:
1251:
862:
2237:
1595:
929:. It is normally used to mean 'what?'. In
867:, which has a similar use and rhymes with
2159:"Why do New Zealanders say 'eh' so much?"
2059:
1772:
1476:is also used as well for emphasis, as in
1163:Similar to Singapore, Malaysia also uses
401:Please consider summarizing the material.
293:initially may have been considered as an
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2156:
2050:
757:will most likely dwindle. The future of
706:in Canada is occasionally mocked in the
2256:
1486:('You're going to fall from the chair,
593:is used much less than the observation-
562:sounds similar to a nasalized Canadian
251:exist in many other languages, such as
2318:
2181:
1310:are extremely similar to the Canadian
1023:is similar, and is more common in the
713:South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
597:. The most positively viewed usage of
211:, it is most commonly associated with
2152:
2150:
2148:
2126:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1960:Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1815:
1612:
1600:is used to mean 'what? say it again'.
1432:('agreed', literally 'that's right').
1412:'not') are used in (very) colloquial
1287:
1156:. An example of a sentence that uses
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1653:
1630:
1624:
1607:
1548:in English and has the same meaning.
1440:is used in Dutch in the same way as
953:
933:, mainly around the Tayside region,
378:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1596:
1353:in much the same way as in English.
435:district judge and comical writer.
13:
2145:
447:was not recognized initially as a
309:. In 1707, it was first used in a
14:
2367:
1966:
1908:
1856:
1757:
1773:Dollinger, Stefan (2018-01-01).
1195:Similar terms in other languages
1144:In Singapore, the use of medium
545:Due to English and French being
383:
337:
152:
135:
30:
2346:Interrogative words and phrases
2282:
2238:Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine.
2231:
2206:
2175:
2120:
1874:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
1822:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
1109:. This usage is also common in
973:(where it is sometimes spelled
789:more frequently, the future of
731:
371:, it is used to end sentences.
41:needs additional citations for
2127:Young, Ashleigh (2016-12-02).
2020:
1809:
1785:
1733:
1682:(Northwestern Italy), and the
1426:, which invites a response of
808:
663:
493:, there are five main uses of
219:, though it is also common in
16:Spoken interjection in English
1:
2157:MacManus, Joel (2019-06-28).
1956:"Canadian Eh? From Eh to Zed"
1726:
917:England, Scotland and Ireland
660:among immigrant populations.
605:?" form with the exclamation-
348:It is quite prevalent in the
289:While evidence suggests that
2296:(in Italian). Archived from
1659:
1642:
1636:
1496:also has a similar function.
1479:¡Te vas a caer de la silla,
724:," declares, "What is this '
423:The first clear evidence of
297:sound, the earliest uses of
7:
1704:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1306:
1294:
1271:
1217:) (not to be confused with
1041:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
601:is the imperative "I know,
547:Canada's official languages
301:found so far, date back to
231:. It is also known in some
10:
2372:
1663:) is used to mean 'what?'.
1027:. It is also heard in the
429:Thomas Chandler Haliburton
418:
332:
171:used in many varieties of
18:
2074:10.1017/S0047404500018029
1886:10.1017/S0008413100007039
1870:"So eh? is Canadian, eh?"
1834:10.1017/S0008413100018521
1816:Allen, Harold B. (1959).
1797:search.credoreference.com
1397:('true' or 'correct') or
1279:
573:
558:
398:and excessively detailed.
374:
178:Oxford English Dictionary
2182:Keevan (May 27, 2022).
1868:Avis, Walter S. (1972).
1087:Since usage of the word
1007:acts similarly, as does
629:'s (SCTV) third season.
1696:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1466:('The weather is nice,
1357:
979:on the assumption that
844:Communications scholar
506:The second main use of
484:
2336:Culture of New Zealand
2294:Vocabolario - Treccani
1670:
1534:
1509:is also commonly used.
1505:
1488:if you keep doing that
1478:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1341:
1330:
1321:
1252:
1133:is very common in the
863:
627:Second City Television
1954:Gold, Elaine (2010).
1711:English interjections
1103:South African English
461:and its frequency in
1538:in German. The term
549:, the popularity of
303:Early Modern English
50:improve this article
2062:Language in Society
1328:, a contraction of
967:Trinidad and Tobago
835:New Zealand English
825:(commonly spelt as
797:has contributed to
473:. However, despite
471:New Zealand English
274:, only missing the
21:EH (disambiguation)
2300:on October 3, 2016
2184:"Trinis and Eh..."
2108:www.newzealand.com
1697:N'è (mia/pa) vera?
1460:Hace buen tiempo,
1101:The equivalent in
682:The prevalence of
640:, respondents use
278:), and the letter
2326:Culture of Canada
1054:is more common),
983:would rhyme with
954:Rest of the world
941:speaking area of
623:McKenzie brothers
489:According to the
416:
415:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2363:
2331:Canadian English
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2270:(in Azerbaijani)
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:on July 17, 2012
2034:. Archived from
2024:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1906:
1905:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1721:Canadian English
1716:Discourse marker
1699:
1680:Western Lombardy
1673:
1667:Regional Italian
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:Levantine Arabic
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1363:Mauritian Creole
1360:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1255:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1121:Guernsey English
1119:is also used in
1096:Canadian English
1013:Surinamese Dutch
923:Northern Ireland
866:
846:Miriam Meyerhoff
777:and exclamation-
576:
561:
411:
408:
402:
387:
386:
379:
319:Oliver Goldsmith
217:Canadian English
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
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249:interjections
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190:interrogative
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37:
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356:, such as "
317:playwright
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2168:2023-12-23
2138:2023-03-24
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1802:2022-10-20
1750:2024-01-13
1727:References
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1033:Minnesota
1003:the word
997:Caribbean
963:Australia
718:Don Freed
716:. Singer
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354:greetings
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969:and the
943:Grampian
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693:Smarties
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463:American
396:too long
241:Michigan
233:American
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209:Americas
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106:May 2023
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451:in the
419:History
394:may be
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173:English
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375:Canada
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