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fact-checker manages to catch a few inaccuracies, the larger picture and suggestion will remain in place, and it is this suggestion that moves minds and hearts, and eventually actions." They also note the very large amount of false information that regularly spreads around the world, overwhelming the hundreds of fact-checking groups; caution that a fact-checker systemically addressing propaganda potentially compromises their objectivity; and argue that even descriptive statements are subjective, leading to conflicting points of view. As a potential step to a solution, the authors suggest the need of a "scientific community" to establish
51:
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regarding fake news detection on social media is gaining momentum. However, fake news detection on social media presents challenges that renders previous data mining and detection techniques inadequate. As such, researchers are calling for more work to be done regarding fake news as characterized against psychology and social theories and adapting existing data mining algorithms to apply to social media networks. Further, multiple scientific articles have been published urging the field further to find automatic ways in which fake news can be filtered out of social media timelines.
1564:, journalists, researchers and former Reddit moderators have expressed concerns about the spread of harmful misinformation, a relative lack of subject matter expertise from replacement mods, a vetting process of replacement mods seen as haphazard, a loss of third party tools often used for content moderation, and the difficulty for academic researchers to access Reddit data. Many fact-checkers rely heavily on social media platform partnerships for funding, technology and distributing their fact-checks.
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effect among Trump supporters younger than 26 years whereby the presence of both untagged and tagged fake articles made the untagged fake articles appear more accurate. In response to research which questioned the effectiveness of the
Facebook "disputed" tags, Facebook decided to drop the tags in December 2017 and would instead put articles which fact-checked a fake news story next to the fake news story link whenever it is shared on Facebook.
1340:. Efforts such as providing and viewing structured accuracy assessments on posts "are not currently supported by the platforms". Trust in the default or, in decentralized designs, user-selected providers of assessments (and their reliability) as well as the large quantities of posts and articles are two of the problems such approaches may face. Moreover, they cannot mitigate misinformation in chats, print-media and
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Activities for
International Fact-Checking Day consist of various media organizations contributing to fact-checking resources, articles, and lessons for students and the general public to learn more about how to identify fake news and stop the spread of misinformation. 2020's International Fact-Checking Day focused specifically on how to accurately identify information about
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pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted on conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016. The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during the 2016 presidential race. Additionally, researchers from
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the propensities of audiences to be completely unpersuaded by corrections to errors regarding the most divisive subjects, or the tendency to be more greatly persuaded by corrections of negative reporting (e.g., "attack ads"), and to see minds changed only when the individual in error was someone reasonably like-minded to begin with.
689:. More recently, the mainstream media has come under severe economic threat from online startups. In addition, the rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly creeping into mainstream media. One solution is for more media staff to be assigned a fact-checking role, as for example
1468:, argued that "behind closed doors, scientists spend the whole time arguing and deeply disagreeing on some fairly fundamental things". Clarke further argued that "The binary idea that scientific assertions are either correct or incorrect has fed into the divisiveness that has characterised the pandemic."
1396:(Dartmouth College) and Jason Reifler (University of Exeter) found that consumers of fake news tended to have less favorable views of fact-checking, in particular Trump supporters. The paper found that fake news consumers rarely encountered fact-checks: "only about half of the Americans who visited a
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campaigns found on the internet, particularly social media sites. It rose in importance after the 2016 elections, which brought fake news, as well as accusations of it, to the forefront of media issues. The holiday is held on April 2 because "April 1 is a day for fools. April 2 is a day for facts."
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Fact-checking can become a learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature... By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of⦠their cyber⦠. Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and
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fact-checking have made clear that such efforts often result in changes in the behavior, in general, of both the speaker (making them more careful in their pronouncements) and of the listener or reader (making them more discerning with regard to the factual accuracy of content); observations include
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Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims. Political fact-checking is
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created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news. More so, they released an open-source data set with a large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage
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for political elites. The researchers sent, "a series of letters about the risks to their reputation and electoral security if they were caught making questionable statements. The legislators who were sent these letters were substantially less likely to receive a negative fact-checking rating or to
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counted 70 staff in 2017. Others may hire freelancers per piece or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact-checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact-checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to
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Among the benefits of printing only checked copy is that it averts serious, sometimes costly, problems. These problems can include lawsuits for mistakes that damage people or businesses, but even small mistakes can cause a loss of reputation for the publication. The loss of reputation is often the
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have served as other linguistic techniques to estimate the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides us
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found that "individuals consistently update political beliefs in the appropriate direction, even on facts that have clear implications for political party reputations, though they do so cautiously and with some bias... Interestingly, those who identify with one of the political parties are no more
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Different fact-checking organizations have shown different tendencies in their choice of which statements they publish fact-checks about. For example, some are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being real, and others are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate
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became popularized with the 2016 United States presidential election, causing concern among some that online media platforms were especially susceptible to disseminating disinformation and misinformation. Fake news articles tend to come from either satirical news websites or from websites with an
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reduced the number of respondents who considered the headline accurate from 29% to 19%, whereas a "rated false" tag pushed the number down to 16%. A 2019 study found that the "disputed" tag reduced
Facebook users' intentions to share a fake news story. The Yale study found evidence of a backfire
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Fact-checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in an article or book are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person's name. Fact-checkers are primarily useful in
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for at least three reasons: "First, since much of what skillful propagandists say will be true on a literal level, the fact-checker will be unable to refute them. Second, no matter how well-intentioned or convincing, the fact-check will also spread the initial claims further. Third, even if the
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and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research found evidence of
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Clayton, Katherine; Blair, Spencer; Busam, Jonathan A.; Forstner, Samuel; Glance, John; Green, Guy; Kawata, Anna; Kovvuri, Akhila; Martin, Jonathan (11 February 2019). "Real
Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False
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as a legitimate and commonly used platform has created extensive concerns for fake news in this domain. The spread of fake news via social media platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter and Instagram presents the opportunity for extremely negative effects on society therefore new fields of research
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Several commentators have noted limitations of political post-hoc fact-checking. While interviewing Andrew Hart in 2019 about political fact-checking in the United States, Nima
Shirazi and Adam Johnson discuss what they perceive as an unspoken conservative bias framed as neutrality in certain
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researcher
Jennifer Rose, because fake news is created with the intention of misleading readers, online news consumers who attempt to fact-check the articles they read may incorrectly conclude that a fake news article is legitimate. Rose states, "A diligent online news consumer is likely at a
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A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked
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1684:, who edited some of Glass's concocted stories, blamed himself, rather than the fact-checkers, saying: "Any fact-checking system is built on trust ... If a reporter is willing to fake notes, it defeats the system. Anyway, the real vetting system is not fact-checking but the editor."
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incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose. The language, specifically, is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as
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as an argument in political fact-checking, citing examples from The
Washington Post, The New York Times and The Associated Press where "mainstream fact-checkers appear to have attempted to manufacture false claims from progressive politicians... a desire to appear objective".
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Sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later led to a gradual need for a more factual media. Colin Dickey has described the subsequent evolution of fact-checking. Key elements were the establishment of
Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material needed),
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Fact
Checker overwhelmingly agree on their evaluations of claims. A 2018 paper found little overlap in the statements checked by different fact-checking organizations. This paper compared 1,178 published fact-checks from PolitiFact with 325 fact-checks from
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A 2019 study found that "summary fact-checking", where the fact-checker summarizes how many false statements a politician has made, has a greater impact on reducing support for a politician than fact-checking of individual statements made by the politician.
1595:. Fact-checking websites in China often avoid commenting on political, economic, and other current affairs. Several Chinese fact-checking websites have been criticized for lack of transparency with regard to their methodology and sources, and for following
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The following is a list of individuals for whom it has been reported, reliably, that they have played such a fact-checking role at some point in their careers, often as a stepping point to other journalistic endeavors, or to an independent writing career:
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during the 2017 French presidential election campaign (i) successfully persuaded voters, (ii) lost their persuasiveness when fact-checked, and (iii) did not reduce voters' political support for Le Pen when her claims were fact-checked. A 2017 study in the
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national telephone and online survey found that "just 29% of all Likely U.S. Voters trust media fact-checking of candidates' comments. Sixty-two percent (62%) believe instead that news organizations skew the facts to help candidates they support."
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One experimental study found that fact-checking during debates affected viewers' assessment of the candidates' debate performance and "greater willingness to vote for a candidate when the fact-check indicates that the candidate is being honest."
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s Fact Checker, and found only 77 statements (about 5%) that both organizations checked. For those 77 statements, the fact-checking organizations gave the same ratings for 49 statements and similar ratings for 22, about 92% agreement.
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Lateral reading, or getting a brief overview of a topic from lots of sources instead of digging deeply into one, is a popular method professional fact-checkers use to quickly get a better sense of the truth of a particular claim.
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Nyhan, Brendan; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (21 January 2019). "Taking Fact-Checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-Checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability".
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The term "fact-check" is also appropriated and overused by "partisan sites", which may lead people to "disregard fact-checking as a meaningless, motivated exercise if all content is claimed to be fact-checked".
1384:. Criticism has included that fact-checking organizations in themselves are biased or that it is impossible to apply absolute terms such as "true" or "false" to inherently debatable claims. In September 2016, a
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has severely limited access by academic researchers to Twitter's API by replacing previously free access with a subscription that starts at $ 42,000 per month, and by denying requests for access under the
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1456:. This decision relies on the idea of a scientific consensus. But some scientists say that this smothers heterogeneous opinions, problematically reinforcing a misconception that science is a monolith."
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1040:" and suggests that fact-checking alone is not enough to reduce fake news consumption. Despite this, Rose asserts that fact-checking "ought to remain on educational agendas to help combat fake news".
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Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire, which is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception. One reason is that it can be interpreted as an
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is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated.
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1377:, leading to resistance and hardening beliefs, "because identity and cultural positions cannot be disproved." In other words "while news articles can be fact-checked, personal beliefs cannot."
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Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, has observed that: "modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma." He says this has positive implications for values development:
1480:, and "the near ubiquitous refusal to identify patterns, trends, and ... intent in politicians' ... false statements". They further argue that political fact-checking focuses exclusively on
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in particular β have been accused by journalists and academics of undermining fact-checkers by providing them with little assistance; including "propagandist-linked organizations" such as
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Agadjanian, Alexander; Bakhru, Nikita; Chi, Victoria; Greenberg, Devyn; Hollander, Byrne; Hurt, Alexander; Kind, Joseph; Lu, Ray; Ma, Annie; Nyhan, Brendan; Pham, Daniel (1 July 2019).
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found that while fact-checks of false claims made by Trump reduced his supporters' belief in the false claims in question, the corrections did not alter their attitudes towards Trump.
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Carnahan, Dustin; Bergan, Daniel E.; Lee, Sangwon (9 January 2020). "Do Corrective Effects Last? Results from a Longitudinal Experiment on Beliefs Toward Immigration in the U.S.".
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Lead Stories was not able to locate any earlier versions of this video on Google, Yandex, TinEye, Bing or through the image search of the Chinese internet services company, Baidu.
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presenting new and credible information which allows readers to update their knowledge of events and understand why they developed an inaccurate understanding in the first place;
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announced it would "remove false or debunked claims about the novel coronavirus which created a global pandemic", based on its fact-checking partners, collectively known as the
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using video, as videos appear to be more effective than text at increasing attention and reducing confusion, making videos more effective at correcting misperception than text.
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Fridkin, Kim; Kenney, Patrick J.; Wintersieck, Amanda (2 January 2015). "Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire: How Fact-Checking Influences Citizens' Reactions to Negative Advertising".
1641:, and from the time of the first professional American fact-checker through at least the 1970s, the fact-checkers at a media company might be entirely female or primarily so.
785:, fact-checking gained a rise in popularity and spread to multiple countries mostly in Europe and Latin America. However, the US remains the largest market for fact-checking.
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of the New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and the famous fact-checking department of
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1476:, "hyper-literal ... scolding people on the left who criticized the assumptions of American imperialism", rebuttals that may not be factual themselves, issues of general
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1434:, saying a new investigation is needed because 'theories of accidental release from a lab and zoonotic spillover both remain viable." The policy led to an article by
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is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called
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campaign-related statements. Individuals' preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge affected to what extent the fact-checking had an impact. A 2019 study in the
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in June 2014. The holiday was officially created in 2016 and first celebrated on April 2, 2017. The idea for International Fact-Checking day rose out of the many
883:, but only modestly". A Dartmouth study led by Brendan Nyhan found that Facebook tags had a greater impact than the Yale study found. A "disputed" tag on a false
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Fact checking may also encourage some politicians to engage in "strategic ambiguity" in their statements, which "may impede the fact-checking movement's goals."
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fact-checking organizations first arose in the US in the early 2000s, and the concept grew in relevance and spread to various other countries during the 2010s.
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Holman, Mirya R.; Lay, J. Celeste (2018). "They See Dead People (Voting): Correcting Misperceptions about Voter Fraud in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election".
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Professional fact-checkers have generally been hired by newspapers, magazines, and book publishers, probably starting in the early 1920s with the creation of
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In 2022, researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of falsity scores for popular and official figures by developing such for over 800 contemporary
957:. A 2022 study found that individuals exposed to a fact-check of a false statement by a far-right politician were less likely to share the false statement.
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more clarity on the news. There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as "
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1448:, journalist Laurie Clarke said "The contentious nature of these decisions is partly down to how social media platforms define the slippery concepts of
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found "strong evidence that citizens are willing to accept corrections to fake news, regardless of their ideology and the content of the fake stories."
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that suggested a lab leak would be plausible to be initially labeled as "false information" on the platform. This reignited debates into the notion of
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Walter, Nathan; Cohen, Jonathan; Holbert, R. Lance; Morag, Yasmin (24 October 2019). "Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom".
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The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. For example,
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Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions, whereas other studies have found no effects.
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magazine in the United States, though they were not originally called "fact-checkers". Fact-checkers may be aspiring writers, future editors, or
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Liu, Huan; Tang, Jiliang; Wang, Suhang; Sliva, Amy; Shu, Kai (7 August 2017), "Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective",
3051:"The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom"
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Some individuals and organizations publish their fact-checking efforts on the internet. These may have a special subject-matter focus, such as
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Amazeen, Michelle (2015) "Monkey Cage: Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference.",
967:" whereby correcting false information may make partisan individuals cling more strongly to their views. One study found evidence of such a "
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Studies have shown that fact-checking can affect citizens' belief in the accuracy of claims made in political advertisement. A 2020 study by
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1520:, "which in turn makes sense of the facts", noting the difficulty that this step would face in the digital media landscape of the Internet.
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636:
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Carey, John M.; Guess, Andrew M.; Loewen, Peter J.; Merkley, Eric; Nyhan, Brendan; Phillips, Joseph B.; Reifler, Jason (3 February 2022).
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The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings
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3625:"Taking Fact-checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability"
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Amazeen, Michelle A. (1 October 2016). "Checking the Fact-Checkers in 2008: Predicting Political Ad Scrutiny and Assessing Consistency".
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is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual metric provided by the checking organization (e.g.,
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5396:"I watched hundreds of flat-Earth videos to learn how conspiracy theories spread β and what it could mean for fighting disinformation"
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Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (1 July 2015). "The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators".
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Fact-checking journalists have been harassed online and offline, ranging from hate mail and death threats to police intimidation and
1072:" try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to assist in this work.
6957:(Press release). The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), George Mason University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015
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fact-checking by independent organizations began in the United States in the early 2000s. In the 2010s, particularly following the
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senators. In 2022 and 2023, many social media platforms such as Meta, YouTube and Twitter have significantly reduced resources in
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Highly credible sources are the most effective, especially those which surprisingly report facts against their own perceived bias
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Individual readers perform some types of fact-checking, such as comparing claims in one news story against claims in another.
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have their accuracy questioned publicly, suggesting that fact-checking can reduce inaccuracy when it poses a salient threat."
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6568:
6484:
5535:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign"
4789:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign"
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Mena, Paul (2019). "Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook".
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5242:"Don't be fooled: Third annual International Fact-Checking Day empowers citizens around the world to sort fact from fiction"
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983:. The study found that it might help improve political discourse by increasing the reputational costs or risks of spreading
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3658:"Counting the Pinocchios: The effect of summary fact-checking data on perceived accuracy and favorability of politicians"
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The concept for International Fact-Checking Day was introduced at a conference for journalists and fact-checkers at the
5357:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"
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3279:"Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information"
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2893:"Sex Trafficking, Russian Infiltration, Birth Certificates, and Pedophilia: A Survey Experiment Correcting Fake News"
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668:. A review of US politics fact-checkers shows a mixed result of whether fact-checking is an effective way to reduce
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2362:"Fact-Checking Polarized Politics: Does The Fact-Check Industry Provide Consistent Guidance on Disputed Realities?"
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3165:"The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195717/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/rise-and-fall-of-fact-checking.php
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4333:"Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Portal' At Miami Mall New Year's Day 2024 -- Edited Video Dates To May 2023"
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ShuKai; SlivaAmy; WangSuhang; TangJiliang; LiuHuan (1 September 2017). "Fake News Detection on Social Media".
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began his journalism career as a fact-checker. He went on to invent fictitious stories, which he submitted as
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Mohseni, Sina; Ragan, Eric (4 December 2018). "Combating Fake News with Interpretable News Feed Algorithms".
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Reframing the issue by adding context can be more effective than simply labeling it as incorrect or unproven.
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Graves, Lucas; Amazeen, Michelle A. (25 February 2019), "Fact-Checking as Idea and Practice in Journalism",
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Moshe Benovitz et al., 2012, "Education: The Social Media Revolution: What Does It Mean for Our Children?"
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125:
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Caulfield, Mike; Wineburg, Samuel S. (2023). "Chapter 4: Lateral Reading: Using the Web to Read the Web".
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during the study period also saw any fact-check from one of the dedicated fact-checking website (14.0%)."
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5707:"Facebook's reversal on banning claims that covid-19 is man-made could unleash more anti-Asian sentiment"
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622:
6465:""Rumor-Debunking" as a Propaganda and Censorship Strategy in China: The Case of the COVID -19 Outbreak"
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3932:"Here Are The Tools And Methods We Used To Map A Macedonian Fake News Network And The People Behind It"
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Verified: how to think straight, get duped less, and make better decisions about what to believe online
3722:"To Believe or Not to Believe: an Epistemic Exploration of Fake News, Truth, and the Limits of Knowing"
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found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016.
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walking through the reasons why a piece of misinformation is false rather than just labelling it false;
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tags of fake articles "did significantly reduce their perceived accuracy relative to a control without
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5808:"New House GOP Wuhan lab report discredits Facebook 'fact checkers' that censored COVID origin claims"
3232:"Fake News, Fact Checking, and Partisanship: The Resilience of Rumors in the 2018 Brazilian Elections"
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6286:
4883:"Deep learning for misinformation detection on online social networks: a survey and new perspectives"
2105:"Fighting Misperceptions and Doubting Journalists' Objectivity: A Review of Fact-checking Literature"
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magazine had 16 fact-checkers in 2003 and the fact-checking department of the German weekly magazine
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aims to identify errors so that the text can be corrected before dissemination, or perhaps rejected.
6935:"Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference"
4511:"Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook"
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was more difficult to dispel with the same techniques, and generated the following recommendations:
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1430:, including claims by the Biden administration, and a letter by eighteen scientists in the journal
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4074:"Fake viral footage is spreading alongside the real horror in Ukraine. Here are 5 ways to spot it"
3489:"Does Counter-Attitudinal Information Cause Backlash? Results from Three Large Survey Experiments"
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catching accidental mistakes; they are not guaranteed safeguards against those who wish to commit
1511:
in 2023, Jonathan D. Teubner and Paul W. Gleason assert that fact-checking is ineffective against
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4620:"Call to action: A postmortem on fact-checking and media efforts countering Voice misinformation"
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4685:"Deny, Deceive, Delay (Vol. 2): Exposing New Trends in Climate Mis- and Disinformation at COP27"
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50:
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7380:
7257:
6680:
1681:
1337:
1314:
other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news.
1272:
1218:
312:
237:
115:
6267:
2585:
860:
biased or cautious than pure independents in their learning, conditional on initial beliefs."
7709:
7690:
7611:
7596:
7503:
7488:
7345:
7335:
6654:
4986:"New MIT Sloan research measures exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter"
2079:
1854:
1781:
468:
453:
362:
347:
206:
196:
6528:
6521:
6291:
5356:
4366:"Old picture of submerged city in China resurfaces as country's south hit by floods in 2024"
1543:; and removing a fact-check about a false anti-abortion claim after receiving pressure from
7724:
7586:
7493:
7473:
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7435:
7405:
7320:
5024:
4370:
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3834:
3062:
2038:
1975:
1735:
1730:
1557:
1489:
1465:
1441:
1145:
1141:
Digital tools and services commonly used by fact-checkers include, but are not limited to:
979:
A 2015 experimental study found that fact-checking can encourage politicians to not spread
443:
352:
332:
327:
292:
262:
181:
6861:
2968:
8:
7648:
7553:
7445:
7395:
7385:
7355:
7285:
7242:
7104:
7022:(online), 20 August 2010 (print edition, 22 August 2010, p. MM14). Accessed 27 July 2015.
5862:
3624:
2485:
Barrera, Oscar; Guriev, Sergei; Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina (1 February 2020).
2167:
1798:
1596:
1508:
1497:
1485:
1457:
1295:
1291:
1276:
968:
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Large studies by Ethan Porter and Thomas J. Wood found that misinformation propagated by
724:
690:
610:
505:
412:
302:
252:
242:
216:
146:
100:
5028:
3838:
3762:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election." The Journal of Economic Perspectives"
3066:
1979:
7533:
7508:
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7415:
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7305:
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2819:
2709:
2666:
2555:
2467:
2386:
2291:
2256:
Amazeen, Michelle A. (2 January 2015). "Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking".
2238:
2124:
2006:
1963:
1941:
1740:
1716:
1613:
1481:
1381:
1233:
665:
392:
367:
307:
272:
186:
171:
166:
85:
5891:"'They don't care': Facebook factchecking in disarray as journalists push to cut ties"
5827:"Episode 83: The Unchecked Conservative Ideology of US Media's 'Fact-Check' Verticals"
4788:
7674:
7659:
7626:
7548:
7538:
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6048:
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5976:
5937:
5898:
5674:
5662:
5654:
5586:
5534:
5422:"Facebook, Instagram Posts Flagged as False for Rejecting Biden's Recession Wordplay"
5376:
5337:
5319:
5280:
5260:
5060:
5042:
4920:
4902:
4728:
4657:
4618:
Davidson, Renee; Jeffery, Eiddwen; Chan, Esther; Kruger, Dr Anne (13 December 2023).
4439:
4406:
3894:
3875:
3679:
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3520:
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3473:
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2610:
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2547:
2508:
2471:
2459:
2390:
2339:
2295:
2283:
2242:
2230:
2128:
2083:
2011:
1993:
1964:"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions"
1933:
1858:
1770:
1568:
1436:
1431:
1411:
1397:
1385:
605:
531:
516:
483:
407:
397:
387:
287:
211:
201:
191:
120:
7087:
6711:
4470:"The Toxic Ten: How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% of digital climate change denial"
3790:
2559:
2148:
Dickey, Colin (Fall, 2019). The rise and fall of facts. Columbia Journalism Review.
1945:
1305:
Recently, a lot of work has gone into helping detect and identify fake news through
7664:
7621:
7616:
7543:
7513:
7463:
7420:
7315:
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6847:
6472:
5644:
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2001:
1983:
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1306:
1172:
929:
Fact-checking immediately is more effective, before false ideas have spread widely.
868:
521:
478:
473:
402:
372:
322:
277:
176:
6560:
4582:
Balint, Kata; Arcostanzo, Francesca; Wildon, Jordan; Reyes, Kevin (20 July 2022).
4548:"Bogus fact-checking site amplified by dozens of Indian embassies on social media"
3331:
3297:
3230:
Batista Pereira, Frederico; Bueno, NatΓ‘lia S.; Nunes, Felipe; PavΓ£o, Nara (2022).
2945:
2861:
2503:
2486:
1801:- Journalism that plays an oversight role towards government, industry and society
7518:
7440:
7290:
7280:
7178:
7081:
5315:
4881:
Islam, Md Rafiqul; Liu, Shaowu; Wang, Xianzhi; Xu, Guandong (29 September 2020).
4624:
3707:
2455:
2429:
2269:
2216:
1704:
1638:
1625:
1592:
1540:
864:
582:
377:
297:
151:
141:
7055:
6110:"Under Elon Musk, X is denying API access to academics who study misinformation"
6080:"Tech layoffs ravage the teams that fight online misinformation and hate speech"
4375:
4303:
2071:
Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism
899:
limiting detailed descriptions of / or arguments in favor of the misinformation;
7729:
7498:
7252:
7173:
6463:
Fang, Kecheng (12 April 2022), Wasserman, Herman; Madrid-Morales, Dani (eds.),
6346:"Fact-checkers score wins in court, but the threat of legal harassment remains"
5790:"Facebook, Twitter Limit Sharing of New York Post Articles That Biden Disputes"
5206:"No cake on International Fact-Checking Day. Celebrate by correcting fake news"
5037:
4898:
3742:
3721:
3447:
3181:
3164:
3019:
2654:
1806:
1765:
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1710:
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1037:
984:
980:
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880:
756:
748:
686:
682:
577:
357:
110:
7029:
Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech
6852:
6835:
6476:
5594:
5372:
5276:
3504:
3403:
2728:"Facebook stops putting "Disputed Flags" on fake news because it doesn't work"
837:
693:. Independent fact-checking organisations have also become prominent, such as
7703:
7605:
7576:
7523:
7168:
6449:
6226:
6187:
6052:
5980:
5941:
5902:
5658:
5590:
5380:
5323:
5284:
5046:
4906:
3683:
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3620:
3598:
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3512:
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3411:
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3363:
3346:
3315:
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3200:
3141:
3084:
3027:
2992:
2918:
2869:
2770:
2705:
2662:
2614:
2551:
2512:
2487:"Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics"
2463:
2343:
2334:
2317:
2287:
2234:
2120:
1997:
1937:
1528:
1493:
1403:
Deceptive websites that pose as fact-checkers have also been used to promote
1393:
1333:
1222:
1204:
1193:
1176:
1165:
1149:
872:
851:
744:
572:
462:
433:
382:
6546:
5632:
5575:"Who Will Check the Checkers? False Factcheckers and Memetic Misinformation"
5085:"Empowering social media users to assess content helps fight misinformation"
3867:
3387:
3075:
2527:
1988:
1586:
1266:
1027:
warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis....
895:
the most effective ways to reduce misinformation through corrections is by:
7591:
7581:
7163:
6893:
6178:
6114:
5666:
5341:
5064:
4924:
3323:
3208:
3102:
2015:
1775:
1286:
1237:
1115:
1093:
913:
567:
448:
438:
5300:"Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations"
3388:"The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes' Steadfast Factual Adherence"
2805:
2382:
1531:
as partners; promoting outlets that have shared false information such as
1496:
to attempt to discredit public figures, and question its effectiveness on
7669:
7237:
7077:
6873:
6377:"IFCN launches working group to address harassment against fact-checkers"
6252:
BΓ©lair-Gagnon, ValΓ©rie; Larsen, Rebekah; Graves, Lucas; Westlund, Oscar.
5137:
5111:"Leveraging Structured Trusted-Peer Assessments to Combat Misinformation"
5109:
Jahanbakhsh, Farnaz; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David R. (11 November 2022).
3781:
2984:
1811:
1747:
1726:
1653:
1329:
1251:
1241:
1229:
1211:
946:
847:
526:
95:
6434:""Let's Check it Seriously": Localizing Fact-Checking Practice in China"
6315:"Fact-checkers around the world share their experiences with harassment"
5689:"Facebook reverses ban on posts claiming Covid-19 came from Chinese lab"
4041:
3761:
3191:
2909:
2892:
7601:
7410:
7360:
7247:
7207:
7143:
7127:
6836:"Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review"
5013:"Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter"
4288:
4212:
3967:
3456:
3306:
1928:
1919:
1786:
1698:
1631:
1512:
1477:
1328:
There are also demonstrations of platform-built-in (by-design) as well
1197:
1089:
954:
793:
One 2016 study finds that fact-checkers PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, and
736:
694:
547:
492:
458:
267:
221:
105:
65:
42:
6215:"Fact Checkers Take Stock of Their Efforts: 'It's Not Getting Better'"
5649:
2278:
2225:
1795:- form of journalism where reporters deeply investigate a single topic
7644:
7571:
7148:
3829:
3118:"Latino-Targeted Misinformation and the Power of Factual Corrections"
2697:
1671:
1532:
1255:
1187:
1055:
1049:
752:
552:
501:
428:
5930:"Facebook teams with rightwing Daily Caller in factchecking program"
5261:"When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions"
5224:"How the world celebrated the third International Fact-Checking Day"
5127:
5110:
4584:"RT Articles are Finding their Way to European Audiences β but how?"
3116:
Velez, Yamil R.; Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 February 2023).
1426:
disease originated from Chinese labs, following developments in the
7654:
6174:"TechScape: After a brutal blackout, will Reddit ever be the same?"
4944:
4760:
4515:
3853:
3247:
3133:
2543:
2528:"Learning Together Slowly: Bayesian Learning about Political Facts"
1879:"Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough"
1524:
1423:
1415:
1380:
Critics agure that political fact-checking is increasingly used as
1362:
1259:
1180:
884:
876:
511:
5726:"Timeline: How the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible"
4072:
Angus, Daniel; Dootson, Paula; Thomson, T. J. (26 February 2022).
2837:
Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough.
1100:
at Duke University's focus on providing resources to journalists.
7211:
7158:
6596:
6143:"Reddit faces content quality concerns after its Great Mod Purge"
4119:
2798:
False Alarm: The Truth About Political Mistruths in the Trump Era
1580:
1501:
1445:
1322:
926:
Challenging readers' identity or worldview reduces effectiveness.
788:
669:
562:
69:
5413:
4435:"Climate grant winners use innovative formats for fact-checking"
4284:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker"
4208:"PolitiFact - PolitiFact's checklist for thorough fact-checking"
3963:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker"
3700:(online), 24 August 2012, New York, NY, USA:Orthodox Union, see
2034:"Eight examples where 'fact-checking' became opinion journalism"
1285:, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President
7183:
6894:"Syllabus: Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World"
3995:
3585:
Wintersieck, Amanda L. (5 January 2017). "Debating the Truth".
1153:
1069:
1060:
587:
6881:"Rapidly expanding fact-checking movement faces growing pains"
5298:
Swire-Thompson, Briony; DeGutis, Joseph; Lazer, David (2020).
5179:"12 Browser Extensions to Help You Detect and Avoid Fake News"
3229:
2967:
Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Guriev, Sergei (2022).
1422:. In 2021, Facebook reversed its ban on posts speculating the
7096:
6408:"Russia-Ukraine war: In Chinese media, the US is the villain"
6251:
5154:"Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard"
3548:"Fact-Checking Can Change Views? We Rate That as Mostly True"
2484:
1318:
1161:
963:
Scholars have debated whether fact-checking could lead to a "
6007:"Facebook launches a news section β and will pay publishers"
5771:"Is an Activist's Pricey House News? Facebook Alone Decides"
5479:"Voters Don't Trust Media Fact-Checking β Rasmussen Reports"
3655:
7400:
7202:
7153:
5633:"Covid-19: Who fact checks health and science on Facebook?"
4826:"Trends in the Diffusion of Misinformation on Social Media"
4581:
3991:"Snopes Tips: A Guide To Performing Reverse Image Searches"
1659:
engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.
1591:
Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to
1097:
557:
257:
60:
5297:
2795:
4617:
3623:; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (n.d.).
2639:
2360:
Marietta, Morgan; Barker, David C.; Bowser, Todd (2015).
1634:
engaged other projects; others are career professionals.
1587:
Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech
1267:
Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news
5089:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology via techxplore.com
4756:"These are the fake health news that went viral in 2019"
2441:
1680:(and other weeklies for which he worked) never flagged.
1567:
Commentators have also shared concerns about the use of
6254:"Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships"
6213:
Hsu, Tiffany; Thompson, Stuart A. (29 September 2023).
6041:"Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants"
4402:"These 6 tips will help you spot misinformation online"
3755:
3753:
3162:
2847:
2603:"Why the Fact-Checking at Facebook Needs to Be Checked"
2576:
Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (12 September 2017),
1407:; this tactic has been used by both Russia and Turkey.
1341:
945:
were more likely to correct their false information on
5609:"Facebook reverses course, won't ban lab virus theory"
5108:
3619:
3432:
2966:
1778:- Improving the formatting, style and accuracy of text
809:
27:
Process of verifying information in non-fictional text
6523:
The Fact Checker's Bible: A Guide to Getting it Right
5856:
Teubner, Jonathan; Gleason, Paul (14 November 2023).
5788:
Horwitz, Robert McMillan and Jeff (15 October 2020).
4724:"Four digital tools that got me through the pandemic"
4170:"7 key takeaways on information disorder from #ONA19"
2891:
Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J.; Kirby, David (2018).
1309:
and artificial intelligence. In 2018, researchers at
891:
Based on the findings of a 2017 study in the journal
5115:
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
3750:
3049:
Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 September 2021).
2359:
1608:
more significant motivating factor for journalists.
1462:
Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk
6039:Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (14 February 2023).
5304:
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
5011:Mosleh, Mohsen; Rand, David G. (21 November 2022).
4071:
3893:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press.
2759:"How to Fight 'Fake News' (Warning: It Isn't Easy)"
1392:A paper by Andrew Guess (of Princeton University),
1110:
Social media Β§ Trustworthiness and reliability
7056:"Research Guides: Journalism: Fact-Checking Sites"
6985:
6520:
4304:"Surveillance video does not show Tangshan attack"
2165:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1347:
953:rather than a non-partisan neutral source such as
719:
6805:"Sean Wilsey β About Sean Wilsey β Penguin Group"
4653:"Fact-checking a California reopen protest video"
3888:
3277:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (9 January 2015).
3005:
1444:. In an article published by the medical journal
7701:
6975:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6955:"Study: Fact-Checkers Disagree on Who Lies Most"
6758:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6639:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6621:. Archived from the original on 18 February 2001
5354:
3818:
2103:Nieminen, Sakari; Rapeli, Lauri (19 July 2018).
1602:
1368:
30:"Factcheck" redirects here. For other uses, see
7014:"The Medium: What 'fact-checking' means online"
6592:"Inside Spiegel's 70-person fact-checking team"
6561:"The Story Behind the First-Ever Fact-Checkers"
6078:Field, Hayden; Vanian, Jonathan (26 May 2023).
4115:"7 verification tools for better fact-checking"
3115:
3055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2890:
2796:Ethan Porter; Thomas J. Wood (3 October 2019).
2412:
1968:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1829:
6833:
6518:
6432:Liu, Yusi; Zhou, Ruiming (13 September 2022).
5855:
5824:
5506:"Poll: Voters don't trust media fact-checkers"
4880:
4651:Mahadevan, Alex; Funke, Daniel (18 May 2020).
4650:
2102:
1662:
789:Consistency across fact-checking organizations
7112:
6891:
6834:Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin (May 2024).
5825:Shirazi, Nima; Johnson, Adam (17 July 2019).
2575:
1847:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication
1844:
1817:Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
1103:
783:2016 election of Donald Trump as US President
630:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5258:
5078:
5076:
5074:
4961:"AI is still terrible at spotting fake news"
4937:
3486:
3276:
1905:
1651:
831:
6983:
6282:"Fact-checkers harassed on social networks"
6212:
6077:
3584:
675:
7119:
7105:
6740:Archived from the original on 8 March 2007
6038:
5355:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023).
5010:
3690:
3487:Guess, Andrew; Coppock, Alexander (2018).
3385:
3048:
2973:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1789:- Production of reports on current events
1428:investigations into the origin of COVID-19
637:
623:
7025:
6851:
5969:"15 Months of Fresh Hell Inside Facebook"
5749:
5648:
5572:
5551:
5393:
5331:
5136:
5126:
5071:
5054:
5036:
4943:
4914:
4399:
3828:
3780:
3741:
3673:
3455:
3362:
3305:
3190:
3180:
3092:
3074:
2931:
2908:
2897:Journal of Experimental Political Science
2502:
2333:
2277:
2224:
2005:
1987:
1927:
1014:
936:Journal of Experimental Political Science
769:
700:
6984:Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (21 February 2012).
6589:
5361:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
3347:"The limitations of the backfire effect"
1283:2016 United States presidential election
994:
739:). Several organizations are devoted to
6932:
6878:
6840:Information Processing & Management
6772:
6471:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 108β122,
6431:
6312:
6140:
5787:
5723:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5503:
5259:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (2010).
4823:
4721:
4432:
4281:
4164:
4162:
3960:
3759:
2756:
2255:
2202:
2031:
1876:
1637:Historically, the field was considered
1325:as well as associated exposure scores.
1036:pervasive risk of inferring truth from
1003:A study of Trump supporters during the
14:
7702:
6987:"The Fact-Checker Versus the Fabulist"
6924:"Calculating the Work Behind Our Work"
6718:from the original on 28 September 2011
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6438:International Journal of Communication
6343:
6259:International Journal of Communication
5630:
5504:Lejeune, Tristan (30 September 2016).
4850:
4613:
4611:
4577:
4575:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4505:
4503:
4464:
4462:
4395:
4393:
4327:
4325:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4206:Holan, Angie Drobnic (31 March 2022).
4201:
4199:
4197:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3344:
2777:from the original on 18 September 2017
2355:
2353:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2067:
2046:from the original on 26 September 2016
1855:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.808
1332:-integrated (currently in the form of
1043:
974:
971:", but several other studies did not.
672:, and whether the method is reliable.
7100:
7000:from the original on 28 December 2016
6952:
6892:Bergstrom, Carl; West, Jevin (2017).
6807:. Us.penguingroup.com. Archived from
6374:
6344:Mantas, Harrison (17 February 2021).
6141:Harding, Scharon (4 September 2023).
5927:
5888:
5768:
5529:
5527:
5419:
5203:
4805:from the original on 23 February 2019
4786:
4205:
3849:
3847:
3637:from the original on 12 December 2018
3545:
2738:from the original on 28 December 2017
2600:
2596:
2594:
2571:
2569:
1961:
1908:American Journal of Political Science
1687:
1273:Misinformation Β§ Countermeasures
7026:Silverman, Craig (23 October 2007).
6900:from the original on 6 February 2018
6862:Facts and Myths about Misperceptions
6709:
6590:Southern, Lucinda (15 August 2017).
6571:from the original on 16 January 2020
6462:
6456:
6171:
5966:
5619:
5547:from the original on 2 January 2018.
5485:from the original on 12 October 2016
5448:"Political Fact-Checking Under Fire"
4858:"The online information environment"
4400:Mahadevan, Alex (22 December 2021).
4282:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023).
4275:
4003:from the original on 7 February 2023
3988:
3961:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023).
3954:
3800:from the original on 28 October 2019
3769:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
3719:
3566:from the original on 6 November 2016
3527:from the original on 6 November 2018
3493:British Journal of Political Science
3386:Wood, Thomas; Porter, Ethan (2019).
2757:Chokshi, Niraj (18 September 2017).
2683:
2621:from the original on 23 October 2017
2525:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2063:
2061:
2032:Riddell, Kelly (26 September 2016).
2027:
2025:
1957:
1955:
1901:
1899:
850:economists found that falsehoods by
7073:International Fact Checking Network
6527:. New York: Anchor Books. pp.
6499:
6290:. 28 September 2018. Archived from
5512:from the original on 4 October 2016
5476:
5458:from the original on 16 August 2018
5151:
4608:
4572:
4535:
4500:
4459:
4433:Nyariki, Enock (12 December 2023).
4390:
4322:
4245:"Election Misinformation Symposium"
4232:
4194:
4178:. 18 September 2019. Archived from
4139:
4098:
4056:
4015:
3975:
3907:
2400:from the original on 6 October 2016
2350:
2315:
2302:
1420:International Fact-Checking Network
1075:For a more comprehensive list, see
810:Choice of which statements to check
24:
7053:
6922:Kiernan, Louise. (Dec. 29, 2017).
6827:
6681:"William Gaddis (American author)"
6469:Disinformation in the Global South
6405:
6118:. 27 February 2024. Archived from
5524:
5394:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (27 June 2022).
4887:Social Network Analysis and Mining
4764:. 29 December 2019. Archived from
4560:from the original on 31 March 2023
4478:Center for Countering Digital Hate
3856:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
3844:
3821:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
3546:Nyhan, Brendan (5 November 2016).
2601:Nyhan, Brendan (23 October 2017).
2591:
2566:
2318:"Checking how fact-checkers check"
25:
7746:
7047:
6933:Amazeen, Michelle (3 June 2015).
6785:from the original on 16 June 2013
6661:from the original on 29 June 2011
6266:(2023): 1169β1189. Archived from
6016:. 25 October 2019. Archived from
5858:"You Can't Fact Check Propaganda"
4838:from the original on 28 July 2019
4339:. 10 January 2024. Archived from
4040:. 18 January 2023. Archived from
3938:. 17 January 2019. Archived from
3726:Postdigital Science and Education
2184:from the original on 1 March 2020
2154:
2058:
2022:
1952:
1896:
1210:Domain registration information (
6866:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6797:
6766:
6730:
6703:
6673:
6647:
6611:
6583:
6553:
6425:
6399:
6368:
6337:
6306:
6274:
6245:
6206:
6165:
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6102:
6071:
6032:
5999:
5960:
5921:
5882:
5849:
5818:
5800:
5781:
5762:
5750:Leonhardt, David (27 May 2021).
5743:
5717:
5699:
5681:
5082:
4787:Guess, Andrew (9 January 2018).
4693:Institute for Strategic Dialogue
4589:Institute for Strategic Dialogue
4220:from the original on 1 July 2022
2969:"Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts"
2526:Hill, Seth J. (16 August 2017).
1962:Nyhan, Brendan (13 April 2021).
1203:Image and video analysis tools (
743:fact-checking: examples include
599:
49:
7088:Fact-Checking research and news
6953:Davis, Katy (22 October 2012).
6879:Kessler, Glenn (25 June 2018).
6691:from the original on 5 May 2008
6375:Γrsek, Baybars (13 July 2021).
5889:Levin, Sam (13 December 2018).
5601:
5497:
5470:
5440:
5387:
5348:
5291:
5252:
5234:
5216:
5197:
5171:
5145:
5102:
5004:
4978:
4958:
4952:
4931:
4874:
4817:
4780:
4748:
4715:
4677:
4644:
4481:. November 2021. Archived from
4426:
4358:
4296:
3882:
3812:
3720:Rose, Jennifer (January 2020).
3713:
3649:
3613:
3578:
3539:
3480:
3426:
3379:
3345:Haglin, Kathryn (1 July 2017).
3338:
3270:
3223:
3156:
3109:
3042:
2999:
2960:
2925:
2884:
2841:
2830:
2789:
2750:
2720:
2677:
2633:
2519:
2478:
2435:
2249:
2196:
1348:International Fact-Checking Day
7126:
6619:"An Interview With Susan Choi"
6519:Harrison Smith, Sarah (2004).
6313:Smalley, Seth (6 April 2022).
5724:Kessler, Glenn (25 May 2021).
5631:Clarke, Laurie (25 May 2021).
4824:Allcott, Hunt (October 2018).
4722:LaForme, Ren (22 March 2021).
4374:. 26 June 2024. Archived from
4256:. October 2022. Archived from
2934:Journal of Political Marketing
2800:. Cambridge University Press.
2205:Journal of Political Marketing
2142:
2096:
1870:
1619:
1122:
1077:List of fact-checking websites
664:sometimes criticized as being
13:
1:
7184:Pundit / commentator
7061:Eastern Washington University
5420:Soave, Robby (29 July 2022).
4553:Digital Forensic Research Lab
4519:. 29 May 2020. Archived from
3298:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.017
2946:10.1080/15377857.2018.1478656
2862:10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894
2504:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123
1822:
1674:, and which fact-checkers at
1603:Pre-publication fact-checking
1369:Limitations and controversies
588:Pundit / commentator
6896:. University of Washington.
5928:Levin, Sam (18 April 2019).
5769:Smith, Ben (26 April 2021).
5316:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
2456:10.1080/10584609.2014.914613
2270:10.1080/08913811.2014.993890
2217:10.1080/15377857.2014.959691
2168:"Fact-Checking 101 - Unesco"
1877:Drutman, Lee (3 June 2020).
1492:), assert that it relies on
949:if the correction came from
838:Belief Β§ Belief studies
126:Index of journalism articles
7:
7687:List of journalism articles
7078:Fact-checking organizations
7069:Fact-checking organizations
7019:The New York Times Magazine
7012:Heffernan, Virginia (2010)
6918:. UW iSchool. 10 July 2017.
6172:Paul, Kari (20 June 2023).
4253:Center for Media Engagement
3989:Evon, Dan (22 March 2022).
2491:Journal of Public Economics
2422:(online), 3 June 2015, see
2166:Alexios Mantzarlis (2018).
1849:, Oxford University Press,
1759:
1663:Checking original reportage
1551:, including fact-checking.
1214:, DomainBigData, WHOIS.com)
10:
7751:
5573:Moshirnia, Andrew (2020).
5038:10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6
4899:10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x
3743:10.1007/s42438-019-00068-5
3587:American Politics Research
3448:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x
3182:10.1038/s41562-021-01278-3
3020:10.1007/s11109-020-09591-9
2655:10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
2641:Stories on Social Media".
2316:Lim, Chloe (1 July 2018).
1354:London School of Economics
1270:
1126:
1107:
1104:Fake news and social media
1081:
1074:
1047:
1033:Queen's University Belfast
1005:2016 presidential campaign
835:
818:
32:Factcheck (disambiguation)
29:
7684:
7636:
7563:
7370:
7272:
7194:
7134:
6853:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672
6477:10.1002/9781119714491.ch8
6287:Reporters Without Borders
5831:Citations Needed (Medium)
5373:10.1177/07439156221103852
5277:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
3505:10.1017/S0007123418000327
3404:10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y
2076:Columbia University Press
1523:Social media platforms β
1338:misinformation mitigation
844:Paris School of Economics
832:Correcting misperceptions
611:Category: Journalism
6912:"YouTube lecture series"
5693:South China Morning Post
3710:, accessed 28 July 2015.
3706:5 September 2015 at the
3675:10.1177/2053168019870351
3599:10.1177/1532673x16686555
3364:10.1177/2053168017716547
2432:, accessed 27 July 2015.
2335:10.1177/2053168018786848
2121:10.1177/1478929918786852
2109:Political Studies Review
1793:Investigative journalism
1129:Open-source intelligence
941:A 2018 study found that
676:History of fact-checking
7144:Journalists (reporters)
6860:Nyhan, Brendan. 2020. "
6655:"CNN.com β Transcripts"
5794:The Wall Street Journal
5121:(CSCW2): 524:1β524:40.
3868:10.1145/3137597.3137600
3668:(3): 2053168019870351.
3662:Research & Politics
3357:(3): 2053168017716547.
3351:Research & Politics
3236:The Journal of Politics
3122:The Journal of Politics
3076:10.1073/pnas.2104235118
2850:Political Communication
2532:The Journal of Politics
2444:Political Communication
2328:(3): 2053168018786848.
2322:Research & Politics
1989:10.1073/pnas.1912440117
1562:2023 Reddit API changes
1553:Twitter under Elon Musk
1474:argument from authority
1375:argument from authority
1248:Social media monitoring
1228:Web mapping platforms (
548:Journalists (reporters)
7715:Journalism occupations
7258:Editorial independence
6773:Kirkpatrick, David D.
6014:(via Associated Press)
3760:Allcott, Hunt (2017).
3169:Nature Human Behaviour
2068:Graves, Lucas (2016).
1707:β Television anchorman
1652:
1084:Fact-checking websites
1029:
1015:Informal fact-checking
893:Psychological Science,
701:Types of fact-checking
658:external fact-checking
654:Internal fact-checking
116:Editorial independence
7612:Pink-slime journalism
7597:Horse race journalism
5752:"The Lab-Leak Theory"
5017:Nature Communications
4965:MIT Technology Review
2806:10.1017/9781108688338
2686:Policy & Internet
2428:3 August 2015 at the
2383:10.1515/for-2015-0040
1782:Firehose of falsehood
1507:Likewise, writing in
1024:
995:Political preferences
867:cognitive scientists
795:The Washington Post's
606:Journalism portal
469:Pink-slime journalism
454:Horse race journalism
7587:Freedom of the press
6874:10.1257/jep.34.3.220
6811:on 27 September 2011
6657:. CNN. 1 June 2006.
5967:Thompson, Nicholas.
5477:Reports, Rasmussen.
4371:Agence France-Presse
4127:on 25 September 2022
4037:Agence France-Presse
3782:10.1257/jep.31.2.211
2985:10.1257/pol.20210037
2734:. 27 December 2017.
2039:The Washington Times
1754:Editor and memoirist
1736:David D. Kirkpatrick
1558:Digital Services Act
1518:falsifiable theories
1472:fact-checks, citing
1466:Cambridge University
1442:scientific consensus
1171:Archiving services (
1146:Reverse image search
815:change being fake.
444:Freedom of the press
7735:Watchdog journalism
7649:Newspaper of record
6939:The Washington Post
6885:The Washington Post
6775:"David Kirkpatrick"
6714:. Mediabistro.com.
6356:on 25 December 2022
6233:on 23 November 2023
6194:on 29 February 2024
6122:on 28 February 2024
5909:on 13 December 2018
5870:on 23 November 2023
5863:The Hedgehog Review
5730:The Washington Post
5711:The Washington Post
5029:2022NatCo..13.7144M
4665:on 24 December 2022
4632:on 28 December 2023
4488:on 15 December 2022
4447:on 21 December 2023
4343:on 28 February 2024
4120:Reuters News Agency
4044:on 24 December 2023
3839:2017arXiv170801967S
3067:2021PNAS..11804235P
3061:(37): e2104235118.
2910:10.1017/XPS.2017.32
2420:The Washington Post
1980:2021PNAS..11812440N
1974:(15): e1912440117.
1799:Watchdog journalism
1713:β American novelist
1701:β American novelist
1614:journalistic frauds
1541:Facebook's newsfeed
1509:The Hedgehog Review
1498:conspiracy theories
1458:David Spiegelhalter
1277:Argument technology
1166:Yandex Image Search
1044:Detecting fake news
975:Political discourse
857:Journal of Politics
800:The Washington Post
725:The Washington Post
691:The Washington Post
506:Newspaper of record
7720:Knowledge industry
7032:. Penguin Canada.
6993:The New York Times
6971:cite press release
6868:, 34 (3): 220β36.
6779:The New York Times
6710:Skurnick, Lizzie.
6387:on 1 December 2023
6270:on 5 October 2023.
6219:The New York Times
6153:on 2 February 2024
6059:on 4 December 2023
6045:The New York Times
5987:on 3 December 2023
5775:The New York Times
5756:The New York Times
5265:Political Behavior
4992:. 29 November 2022
4736:on 11 October 2023
4596:on 8 November 2023
4263:on 9 December 2022
3808:– via JSTOR.
3552:The New York Times
3436:Political Behavior
3392:Political Behavior
3008:Political Behavior
2763:The New York Times
2643:Political Behavior
2607:The New York Times
1920:10.1111/ajps.12162
1741:The New York Times
1721:The New York Times
1717:Virginia Heffernan
1688:Alumni of the role
1597:Chinese propaganda
1382:opinion journalism
1234:Google Street View
1162:Baidu Image Search
1114:The adaptation of
666:opinion journalism
7697:
7696:
7675:Alternative media
7627:Yellow journalism
7263:Journalism school
7092:Poynter Institute
7054:Miller, Ielleen.
6738:"Hodge, Roger D."
6486:978-1-119-71444-6
6020:on 4 October 2022
6012:Los Angeles Times
5948:on 3 January 2024
5650:10.1136/bmj.n1170
5204:Elizabeth, Jane.
4729:Poynter Institute
4658:Poynter Institute
4440:Poynter Institute
4407:Poynter Institute
3900:978-0-226-82984-5
1771:Confirmation bias
1731:Harper's Magazine
1729:β Former editor,
1723:television critic
1569:false equivalence
1437:The New York Post
1412:COVID-19 pandemic
1398:fake news website
1386:Rasmussen Reports
1158:Bing Image Search
647:
646:
532:Alternative media
484:Yellow journalism
121:Journalism school
16:(Redirected from
7742:
7622:Propaganda model
7617:Public relations
7121:
7114:
7107:
7098:
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6406:Cheung, Rachel.
6403:
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6392:
6383:. Archived from
6372:
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6352:. Archived from
6341:
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6332:
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6325:on 28 March 2023
6321:. Archived from
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6294:on 25 April 2023
6278:
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6210:
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6086:. Archived from
6075:
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6036:
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5983:. Archived from
5964:
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5944:. Archived from
5925:
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5877:
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5822:
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5597:on 13 July 2023.
5593:. Archived from
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5400:The Conversation
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4648:
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4443:. Archived from
4430:
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4414:on 26 March 2023
4410:. Archived from
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4270:
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4262:
4249:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4203:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4175:First Draft News
4166:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4123:. Archived from
4111:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4082:. Archived from
4079:The Conversation
4069:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4028:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3986:
3973:
3972:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3928:
3905:
3904:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3832:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3784:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3717:
3711:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3499:(4): 1497β1515.
3484:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3309:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3194:
3184:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3078:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3014:(3): 1227β1246.
3003:
2997:
2996:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2698:10.1002/poi3.214
2681:
2675:
2674:
2649:(4): 1073β1095.
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2538:(4): 1403β1418.
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2439:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2172:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1991:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1842:
1677:The New Republic
1657:
1549:Trust and safety
1537:The Daily Caller
1490:isβought problem
1482:describing facts
1307:machine learning
1207:, FotoForensics)
1173:Internet Archive
1061:n-gram encodings
869:Gordon Pennycook
804:
639:
632:
625:
604:
603:
602:
479:Propaganda model
474:Public relations
53:
39:
38:
21:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7519:Photojournalism
7390:Interventionism
7366:
7365:
7364:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7130:
7125:
7050:
7040:
7003:
7001:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6943:
6941:
6910:
6903:
6901:
6830:
6828:Further reading
6825:
6824:
6814:
6812:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6788:
6786:
6771:
6767:
6751:
6750:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6719:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6662:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6602:
6600:
6588:
6584:
6574:
6572:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6539:
6517:
6500:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6461:
6457:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6311:
6307:
6297:
6295:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6076:
6072:
6062:
6060:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5823:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5786:
5782:
5767:
5763:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5722:
5718:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5629:
5620:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5579:Utah Law Review
5571:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5486:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5392:
5388:
5353:
5349:
5296:
5292:
5257:
5253:
5248:. 2 April 2019.
5240:
5239:
5235:
5230:. 9 April 2019.
5222:
5221:
5217:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5185:. 18 March 2021
5183:The Trusted Web
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5152:Elliott, Matt.
5150:
5146:
5128:10.1145/3555637
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5081:
5072:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4957:
4953:
4936:
4932:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4768:on 14 June 2023
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4625:RMIT University
4616:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4580:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4556:. 27 May 2021.
4546:
4545:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4398:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4378:on 11 July 2024
4364:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4204:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4168:
4167:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4112:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4086:on 29 June 2023
4070:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4029:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3987:
3976:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3930:
3929:
3908:
3901:
3887:
3883:
3852:
3845:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3718:
3714:
3708:Wayback Machine
3695:
3691:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3485:
3481:
3431:
3427:
3384:
3380:
3343:
3339:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3228:
3224:
3161:
3157:
3114:
3110:
3047:
3043:
3004:
3000:
2965:
2961:
2930:
2926:
2889:
2885:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2816:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2682:
2678:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2599:
2592:
2580:, Elsevier BV,
2574:
2567:
2524:
2520:
2483:
2479:
2440:
2436:
2430:Wayback Machine
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2314:
2303:
2258:Critical Review
2254:
2250:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2066:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2030:
2023:
1960:
1953:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1883:FiveThirtyEight
1875:
1871:
1865:
1843:
1830:
1825:
1762:
1757:
1705:Anderson Cooper
1690:
1665:
1622:
1605:
1593:self-censorship
1589:
1486:moral judgments
1371:
1350:
1279:
1269:
1186:Encyclopedias (
1135:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1086:
1082:Main category:
1080:
1052:
1046:
1017:
997:
977:
969:backfire effect
965:backfire effect
865:Yale University
840:
834:
821:
812:
802:
791:
775:
751:in the US, and
703:
678:
643:
600:
598:
378:Photojournalism
247:Interventionism
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7695:
7694:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7499:New Journalism
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7469:Human-interest
7466:
7461:
7458:
7453:
7451:Digital/Online
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7383:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7253:Sensationalism
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7222:code of ethics
7215:
7205:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7174:News presenter
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7085:
7084:Reporters' Lab
7080:vetted by the
7075:
7071:vetted by the
7066:
7049:
7048:External links
7046:
7045:
7044:
7038:
7023:
7010:
6981:
6950:
6930:
6920:
6889:
6876:
6858:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6796:
6765:
6729:
6702:
6685:Britannica.com
6672:
6646:
6610:
6582:
6552:
6537:
6498:
6485:
6455:
6424:
6398:
6367:
6336:
6305:
6273:
6244:
6205:
6164:
6133:
6101:
6090:on 28 May 2023
6070:
6031:
5998:
5959:
5920:
5881:
5848:
5817:
5814:. 24 May 2021.
5799:
5780:
5761:
5742:
5716:
5698:
5695:. 28 May 2021.
5680:
5618:
5613:news.yahoo.com
5600:
5550:
5523:
5496:
5469:
5439:
5412:
5386:
5347:
5310:(3): 286β299.
5290:
5271:(2): 303β330.
5251:
5233:
5215:
5196:
5170:
5144:
5101:
5070:
5003:
4977:
4951:
4930:
4873:
4849:
4816:
4779:
4747:
4714:
4676:
4643:
4607:
4571:
4534:
4523:on 10 May 2023
4499:
4458:
4425:
4389:
4357:
4321:
4310:. 29 June 2022
4295:
4274:
4231:
4193:
4182:on 3 June 2023
4138:
4097:
4055:
4014:
3974:
3953:
3942:on 6 June 2023
3906:
3899:
3881:
3843:
3811:
3749:
3712:
3689:
3648:
3621:Nyhan, Brendan
3612:
3593:(2): 304β331.
3577:
3538:
3479:
3442:(3): 939β960.
3425:
3398:(1): 135β163.
3378:
3337:
3292:(3): 459β464.
3269:
3248:10.1086/719419
3222:
3175:(2): 236β243.
3155:
3134:10.1086/722345
3128:(2): 789β794.
3108:
3041:
2998:
2959:
2940:(1β2): 31β68.
2924:
2903:(2): 159β164.
2883:
2856:(3): 350β375.
2840:
2829:
2814:
2788:
2749:
2719:
2692:(2): 165β183.
2676:
2632:
2590:
2565:
2544:10.1086/692739
2518:
2477:
2450:(1): 127β151.
2434:
2411:
2349:
2301:
2248:
2211:(4): 433β464.
2195:
2153:
2141:
2115:(3): 296β309.
2095:
2088:
2057:
2021:
1951:
1895:
1869:
1863:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Media literacy
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1766:Cherry picking
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1714:
1711:William Gaddis
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1664:
1661:
1647:The New Yorker
1621:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1588:
1585:
1454:disinformation
1450:misinformation
1405:disinformation
1370:
1367:
1358:misinformation
1349:
1346:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1226:
1219:search engines
1215:
1208:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1169:
1133:Media literacy
1124:
1121:
1105:
1102:
1098:Reporters' Lab
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1038:false premises
1016:
1013:
996:
993:
985:misinformation
981:misinformation
976:
973:
951:Breitbart News
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
833:
830:
820:
817:
811:
808:
790:
787:
774:
768:
702:
699:
687:The New Yorker
683:Ralph Pulitzer
677:
674:
670:misconceptions
645:
644:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
578:News presenter
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
542:
541:
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
496:
495:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:New Journalism
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Human-interest
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Digital/Online
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
240:
232:
231:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
136:
135:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
111:Sensationalism
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
80:code of ethics
73:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7747:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:News agencies
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7606:False balance
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7577:Fourth Estate
7575:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7564:Social impact
7562:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7524:Press release
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7484:Investigative
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
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7460:Fact-checking
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7296:Entertainment
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7208:Writing style
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7169:Meteorologist
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6846:(3, 103672).
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5837:on 4 May 2021
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4703:on 1 May 2023
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4308:AFP Hong Kong
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4032:"How we work"
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2175:en.unesco.org
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2089:9780231542227
2085:
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2045:
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2040:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1939:
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1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:(3): 628β40.
1913:
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1864:9780190228613
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1682:Michael Kelly
1679:
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1668:Stephen Glass
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1529:CheckYourFact
1526:
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1503:
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1494:public reason
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1394:Brendan Nyhan
1390:
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1223:Google Search
1220:
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1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:Web analytics
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
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1177:Archive.today
1174:
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1150:Google Images
1147:
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1099:
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1094:urban legends
1091:
1085:
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1041:
1039:
1034:
1031:According to
1028:
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986:
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873:David G. Rand
870:
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852:Marine Le Pen
849:
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839:
829:
826:
816:
807:
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796:
786:
784:
780:
773:fact-checking
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:FactCheck.org
742:
738:
735:ratings from
734:
733:TRUTH-O-METER
730:
729:Fact Checker,
727:
726:
721:
717:
716:fact-checking
715:
710:
709:fact-checking
708:
698:
696:
692:
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684:
673:
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661:
659:
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650:Fact-checking
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573:Meteorologist
571:
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527:News agencies
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463:False balance
460:
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450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
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435:
434:Fourth Estate
432:
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421:Social impact
420:
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383:Press release
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343:Investigative
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318:Fact-checking
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66:Writing style
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33:
19:
18:Fact checking
7710:Copy editing
7660:TV and radio
7592:Infotainment
7582:Fifth Estate
7479:Interpretive
7431:Comics-based
7179:Photographer
7059:
7028:
7017:
7002:. Retrieved
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2037:
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1882:
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1776:Copy editing
1739:
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1238:Google Earth
1140:
1136:
1116:social media
1113:
1092:'s focus on
1087:
1065:bag of words
1053:
1030:
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648:
583:Photographer
517:TV and radio
449:Infotainment
439:Fifth Estate
338:Interpretive
317:
288:Comics-based
36:
7725:Newswriting
7539:Underground
7456:Explanatory
7381:Adversarial
7346:Video games
7301:Environment
7243:Attribution
7238:News values
7233:Objectivity
7164:Copy editor
6744:18 November
6625:18 November
6603:20 November
5812:FOXBusiness
5094:18 December
5023:(1): 7144.
4996:18 December
4866:21 February
3804:2 September
3775:: 211β235.
3736:: 202β216.
3457:10871/38020
3307:10871/21566
2742:28 December
2264:(1): 1β22.
1929:10871/21568
1812:Metascience
1752:McSweeney's
1748:Sean Wilsey
1727:Roger Hodge
1654:Der Spiegel
1632:freelancers
1620:As a career
1410:During the
1311:MIT's CSAIL
1252:CrowdTangle
1250:platforms (
1242:Yandex Maps
1230:Google Maps
1212:DomainTools
1196:platforms (
1123:Methodology
947:voter fraud
943:Republicans
875:found that
863:A study by
848:Sciences Po
823:Studies of
568:Copy editor
398:Underground
313:Explanatory
238:Adversarial
207:Video games
162:Environment
101:Attribution
96:News values
91:Objectivity
7704:Categories
7645:Newspapers
7637:News media
7602:Media bias
7504:Non-profit
7489:Multimedia
7411:Churnalism
7336:Technology
7248:Defamation
7195:Profession
7128:Journalism
6927:ProPublica
6904:5 February
6815:18 October
6722:18 October
6695:18 October
6665:18 October
6575:19 January
6538:0385721064
6412:Al Jazeera
6391:12 January
6360:12 January
6329:12 January
6298:12 January
6237:12 January
6094:12 January
6063:12 January
6024:12 January
5991:12 January
5952:12 January
5913:12 January
5874:12 January
5841:12 January
5516:17 October
5489:17 October
5462:19 January
5426:reason.com
4945:1811.12349
4289:PolitiFact
4213:PolitiFact
3968:PolitiFact
3641:28 October
3570:5 November
3531:5 November
3242:(4): 000.
2625:23 October
2497:: 104123.
2377:(4): 577.
2279:2144/27304
2226:2144/27297
2188:19 January
2078:. p.
1888:5 December
1823:References
1787:Journalism
1699:Susan Choi
1545:Republican
1513:propaganda
1488:(ex., the
1478:media bias
1281:Since the
1271:See also:
1198:Similarweb
1127:See also:
1108:See also:
1090:Snopes.com
955:PolitiFact
836:See also:
749:PolitiFact
737:PolitiFact
720:Pinocchios
695:PolitiFact
502:Newspapers
493:News media
459:Media bias
363:Non-profit
348:Multimedia
268:Churnalism
197:Technology
106:Defamation
43:Journalism
7655:Magazines
7572:Fake news
7494:Narrative
7474:Immersion
7436:Community
7406:Broadcast
7149:Columnist
6961:28 August
6712:"Content"
6450:1932-8036
6227:0362-4331
6188:0261-3077
6053:0362-4331
5981:1059-1028
5942:0261-3077
5903:0261-3077
5675:235171859
5659:1756-1833
5643:: n1170.
5591:0042-1448
5405:31 August
5381:0743-9156
5324:2211-369X
5285:0190-9320
5210:USA Today
5189:9 January
5163:9 January
5047:2041-1723
4907:1869-5469
4893:(1): 82.
4796:Dartmouth
4772:7 January
4740:7 January
4707:7 January
4669:7 January
4636:7 January
4600:7 January
4564:7 January
4527:7 January
4492:7 January
4451:7 January
4418:7 January
4267:7 January
4224:7 January
4186:7 January
4131:7 January
4090:7 January
4048:7 January
4007:7 January
3946:7 January
3876:207718082
3862:: 22β36.
3684:2053-1680
3607:157870755
3560:0362-4331
3521:158335101
3513:0007-1234
3474:189913123
3466:1573-6687
3420:151582406
3412:1573-6687
3373:2053-1680
3316:1873-2518
3264:252818440
3256:0022-3816
3217:246529090
3201:2397-3374
3150:252254129
3142:0022-3816
3085:0027-8424
3036:214096205
3028:1573-6687
2993:1945-7731
2954:150282138
2919:2052-2630
2878:210444838
2870:1058-4609
2824:240628244
2771:0362-4331
2714:201376614
2706:1944-2866
2671:151227829
2663:1573-6687
2615:0362-4331
2552:0022-3816
2513:0047-2727
2472:143495044
2464:1058-4609
2391:151790386
2370:The Forum
2344:2053-1680
2296:143522323
2288:0891-3811
2243:145133839
2235:1537-7857
2129:150167234
1998:0027-8424
1938:1540-5907
1672:reportage
1533:Breitbart
1256:TweetDeck
1188:Knowledge
1148:engines (
1056:fake news
1054:The term
1050:Fake news
777:External
762:External
753:Full Fact
553:Columnist
512:Magazines
429:Fake news
353:Narrative
333:Immersion
293:Community
263:Broadcast
7689:–
7665:Internet
7554:Watchdog
7446:Database
7401:Blogging
7396:Analytic
7386:Advocacy
7321:Politics
7311:Medicine
7286:Business
6998:Archived
6898:Archived
6783:Archived
6754:cite web
6716:Archived
6689:Archived
6659:Archived
6635:cite web
6569:Archived
6547:53919260
6492:29 April
6417:29 April
5667:34035038
5542:Archived
5510:Archived
5483:Archived
5456:Archived
5432:1 August
5428:. Reason
5342:32905023
5065:36414634
4925:33014173
4833:Archived
4800:Archived
4761:NBC News
4558:Archived
4516:NBC News
4218:Archived
4001:Archived
3795:Archived
3791:32730475
3734:Springer
3704:Archived
3632:Archived
3564:Archived
3525:Archived
3324:25499651
3209:35115678
3103:34507996
2775:Archived
2736:Archived
2619:Archived
2560:56004909
2426:Archived
2395:Archived
2179:Archived
2044:Archived
2016:33837144
1946:59467358
1760:See also
1744:reporter
1525:Facebook
1424:COVID-19
1416:Facebook
1363:COVID-19
1292:Stanford
1260:BuzzSumo
1217:General
1181:Perma.cc
885:headline
877:Facebook
825:post hoc
779:post hoc
771:Post hoc
764:post hoc
741:post hoc
714:Post hoc
707:Ante hoc
522:Internet
413:Watchdog
303:Database
258:Blogging
253:Analytic
243:Advocacy
182:Politics
172:Medicine
147:Business
7691:Outline
7534:Tabloid
7509:Opinion
7416:Citizen
7356:Weather
7341:Traffic
7326:Science
7306:Fashion
7228:Culture
7212:Five Ws
7154:Blogger
7090:by the
7004:27 July
6944:28 July
6916:YouTube
6789:15 June
6597:Digiday
6381:Poynter
6350:Poynter
6319:Poynter
6198:2 March
6157:2 March
6126:2 March
5452:NPR.org
5333:7462781
5246:Poynter
5228:Poynter
5056:9681735
5025:Bibcode
4990:AP NEWS
4970:6 March
4916:7524036
4842:5 March
4809:5 March
4382:19 July
4347:19 July
4314:18 July
3835:Bibcode
3286:Vaccine
3094:8449384
3063:Bibcode
2586:3035384
2134:16 July
2007:8053951
1976:Bibcode
1581:lawfare
1502:fascism
1452:versus
1446:The BMJ
1432:Science
1330:browser
1323:Twitter
1096:or the
819:Effects
755:in the
558:Blogger
393:Tabloid
368:Opinion
273:Citizen
217:Weather
202:Traffic
187:Science
167:Fashion
86:Culture
70:Five Ws
7549:Visual
7529:Sensor
7372:Genres
7331:Sports
7218:Ethics
7159:Editor
7036:
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6535:
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6225:
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1460:, the
1334:addons
1319:elites
1298:, and
1275:, and
1154:TinEye
1070:Snopes
563:Editor
408:Visual
388:Sensor
230:Genres
192:Sports
76:Ethics
7730:Truth
7544:Video
7514:Peace
7464:Gonzo
7421:Civic
7361:World
7316:Music
7273:Areas
7135:Roles
5973:Wired
5671:S2CID
5545:(PDF)
5538:(PDF)
4940:arXiv
4861:(PDF)
4836:(PDF)
4829:(PDF)
4803:(PDF)
4792:(PDF)
4701:(PDF)
4688:(PDF)
4486:(PDF)
4473:(PDF)
4261:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
3872:S2CID
3825:arXiv
3798:(PDF)
3787:S2CID
3765:(PDF)
3732:(1).
3635:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3603:S2CID
3517:S2CID
3470:S2CID
3416:S2CID
3328:S2CID
3282:(PDF)
3260:S2CID
3213:S2CID
3146:S2CID
3032:S2CID
2950:S2CID
2874:S2CID
2820:S2CID
2732:Axios
2710:S2CID
2667:S2CID
2556:S2CID
2468:S2CID
2398:(PDF)
2387:S2CID
2365:(PDF)
2292:S2CID
2239:S2CID
2182:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
2125:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1287:Trump
1205:InVID
803:'
722:from
540:Roles
403:Video
373:Peace
323:Gonzo
278:Civic
222:World
177:Music
134:Areas
7441:Data
7291:Data
7281:Arts
7203:News
7082:Duke
7034:ISBN
7006:2015
6977:link
6963:2015
6946:2015
6906:2018
6817:2011
6791:2013
6760:link
6746:2006
6724:2011
6697:2011
6667:2011
6641:link
6627:2006
6605:2021
6577:2020
6565:Time
6543:OCLC
6533:ISBN
6529:8β12
6494:2024
6481:ISBN
6446:ISSN
6419:2024
6393:2024
6362:2024
6331:2024
6300:2024
6239:2024
6223:ISSN
6200:2024
6184:ISSN
6159:2024
6128:2024
6096:2024
6084:CNBC
6065:2024
6049:ISSN
6026:2024
5993:2024
5977:ISSN
5954:2024
5938:ISSN
5915:2024
5899:ISSN
5876:2024
5843:2024
5737:2021
5663:PMID
5655:ISSN
5587:ISSN
5583:2020
5518:2016
5491:2016
5464:2020
5434:2022
5407:2024
5377:ISSN
5338:PMID
5320:ISSN
5281:ISSN
5191:2023
5165:2023
5158:CNET
5096:2022
5061:PMID
5043:ISSN
4998:2022
4972:2019
4921:PMID
4903:ISSN
4868:2022
4844:2019
4811:2019
4774:2024
4742:2024
4709:2024
4671:2024
4638:2024
4602:2024
4566:2024
4529:2024
4494:2024
4453:2024
4420:2024
4384:2024
4349:2024
4316:2024
4269:2024
4226:2024
4188:2024
4133:2024
4092:2024
4050:2024
4009:2024
3948:2024
3895:ISBN
3806:2019
3680:ISSN
3643:2018
3572:2016
3556:ISSN
3533:2018
3509:ISSN
3462:ISSN
3408:ISSN
3369:ISSN
3320:PMID
3312:ISSN
3252:ISSN
3205:PMID
3197:ISSN
3138:ISSN
3099:PMID
3081:ISSN
3024:ISSN
2989:ISSN
2915:ISSN
2866:ISSN
2810:ISBN
2783:2017
2767:ISSN
2744:2017
2702:ISSN
2659:ISSN
2627:2017
2611:ISSN
2582:SSRN
2548:ISSN
2509:ISSN
2460:ISSN
2406:2016
2340:ISSN
2284:ISSN
2231:ISSN
2190:2020
2136:2022
2084:ISBN
2052:2016
2012:PMID
1994:ISSN
1934:ISSN
1890:2020
1859:ISBN
1627:Time
1535:and
1300:NBER
1131:and
1063:and
881:tags
871:and
846:and
747:and
298:Data
152:Data
142:Arts
61:News
7351:War
6870:doi
6864:".
6848:doi
6473:doi
5645:doi
5641:373
5637:BMJ
5369:doi
5328:PMC
5312:doi
5273:doi
5133:hdl
5123:doi
5051:PMC
5033:doi
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