115:
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or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, or faulty interviewing techniques. In 1997, researchers Poole and
Lindsay suggested that separate labels should be applied to the two concepts, proposing that the term "false allegations" be used specifically when the accuser is aware
194:
when in reality there was no perpetration of abuse by the accused person as alleged. Such accusations can be brought by the victim, or by another person on the alleged victim's behalf. Studies of child abuse allegations suggest that the overall rate of false accusation is under 10%, as approximated
100:
Mr. Psych had a picture knocked off his book shelf by cleaning staff. Cleaning staff did not leave a note about damage and left the damaged picture frame where it had previously resided on Mr. Psych's office shelf. Mr. Psych finds the picture frame broken, and instantly throws a tantrum, screams,
97:
Additionally, once a false accusation has been made – particularly an emotionally laden one – normal human emotional responses to being falsely accused (such as fear, anger, or denial of the accusation) may be misinterpreted as evidence of guilt. Examples would include accusing based off irrational
93:
When a person is suspected of a wrongdoing for which they are in fact responsible, "false accusation may be used to divert attention from one's own guilt". False accusation may also arise in part from the conduct of the accused, particularly where the accused engages in behaviors consistent with
213:
According to a 2003 survey by the
Workplace Bullying Institute, the most common bullying tactics included false attribution of "errors" to an employee, glaring or other hostile body language, dismissive comments, the "silent treatment", and/or making up arbitrary "rules" to ensure that a victim
175:
in 1997 stated 8% of rape accusations in the United States were regarded as unfounded or false. Studies in other countries have reported their own rates at anywhere from 1.5% (Denmark) to 10% (Canada). Due to varying definitions of a "false accusation", the true percentage remains unknown.
195:
based on multiple studies. Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of
62:
When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether it is true or false, an accusation is described as "unsubstantiated" or "unfounded". Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories:
163:
is the intentional reporting of a rape where no rape has occurred. It is difficult to assess the prevalence of false accusations because they are often conflated with non-prosecuted cases under the designation "unfounded". However, in the United States, the
276:
In the mid 2000, LAPD arrested a young man Juan
Catalan after a little girl was shot dead. Catalan was sentenced to death after a witness stated that he looked like the killer. Catalan turned out to be innocent; it was a television show
1070:
259:
2166:
2086:
250:
The case has been made that diagnoses of Münchausen syndrome by proxy, that is harming someone else in order to gain attention for oneself, are often false or highly questionable.
4064:
937:. Proceedings of the 22nd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Annual Conference. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Australia. pp. 1–22.
2191:
2027:
2022:
2017:
268:
was promoting false claims. In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw said that they estimated that 11.5% of claims in a sample of 357 reported claims of stalking were false.
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1710:
1483:
2352:
479:
Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M (October 1992). "False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes".
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An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent.
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4002:
2007:
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that they are lying, and "false suspicions" for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved.
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An allegation that is false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur.
23:
is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts. False accusations are also known as
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281:) which showed him seated at a baseball game, thus exonerating him. A documentary was later produced about the event.
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Workplace mobbing can be considered as a "virus" or a "cancer" that spreads throughout the workplace via
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1787:
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949:"False Accusations of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. PHD and more presented by Dr. Helen Hayward-Brown"
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A false allegation of child sexual abuse is an accusation that a person committed one or more acts of
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having committed the suspected wrongdoing, either unconsciously or for purposes of appearing guilty.
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In Japan in 2020, at least 33 people (21 males and 12 females) were arrested for false accusation.
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1334:
978:
Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E.; Purcell, R. (1999). "Stalking: false claims of victimization".
718:
Forensic
Victimology: Examining Violent Crime Victims in Investigative and Legal Contexts
311:
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1537:
1512:
1361:
1329:
1071:"A notorious LAPD settlement, revisited: HBO's role in clearing an L.A. Man's name"
1030:
987:
753:
573:
488:
386:
341:
336:
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2145:
1932:
1696:
1532:
1344:
1021:
Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (2004). "Characteristics of False
Stalking Reports".
630:
356:
449:
True and False
Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management
417:
291:
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3910:
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1715:
1319:
1259:
1034:
875:
656:
Gross, Bruce (Spring 2009). "False Rape
Allegations: An Assault On Justice".
101:
threatens and blames innocent co-workers creating a hostile work environment.
82:
956:
4110:
3850:
3709:
3359:
3339:
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1740:
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1205:
361:
326:
114:
67:
A completely false allegation, in that the alleged events did not occur.
4181:
3870:
3845:
3835:
3588:
3308:
3298:
3119:
3099:
3079:
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1813:
1544:
1403:
1393:
1356:
1289:
1264:
321:
296:
1873:
872:
Assessing Child
Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations
814:
Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal
Professionals
3349:
3205:
3144:
2382:
2372:
2091:
1782:
1304:
1220:
1195:
1190:
4176:
930:
260:
False claims of stalking, gang stalking and delusions of persecution
4084:
3240:
3174:
3169:
3134:
3024:
2999:
2830:
2630:
2479:
2407:
2397:
2293:
2122:
784:
572:
371:
265:
264:
In 1999, Pathe, Mullen, and
Purcell wrote that popular interest in
51:
3984:
3139:
3109:
2904:
2884:
2580:
2087:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
1952:
1823:
1242:
1215:
1153:
1057:"How 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' Saved an Innocent Man from Death Row"
376:
196:
3064:
2874:
2864:
2698:
2392:
233:
229:
3149:
2453:
2186:
931:"Workplace mobbing: Expulsion, exclusion, and transformation"
521:
Deviant Behavior: Readings in the Sociology of Norm Violation
306:
929:
Shallcross, Linda; Ramsay, Sheryl; Barker, Michelle (2008).
2799:
1299:
543:
160:
744:
Rumney, Philip N. S. (2006). "False Allegations of Rape".
2728:
700:
Crime in the United States 1996: Uniform Crime Statistics
629:
Hazelwood, Robert R.; Burgess, Ann Wolbert, eds. (2008).
366:
165:
81:
on the part of the accuser; or unintentionally, due to a
78:
2422:
1014:
928:
778:
1484:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1116:
478:
2353:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1681:
39:. They can occur in any of the following contexts:
1456:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
977:
545:
4065:Race in the United States criminal justice system
4003:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
2008:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1560:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4192:
1903:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
628:
16:Claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue
3221:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
811:
781:Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook
239:
4164:List of death row inmates in the United States
1020:
711:
709:
98:psychotic paranoia. A real life example --
77:A false allegation can occur as the result of
3766:
2815:
2438:
2216:Election denial movement in the United States
1102:
843:Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure
4018:Overturned convictions in the United States
1436:
706:
693:"Section II: Crime Index Offenses Reported"
3780:
3773:
3759:
2822:
2808:
2445:
2431:
1888:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1109:
1095:
805:
739:
737:
2241:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
834:
772:
622:
566:
514:
512:
510:
493:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556
474:
472:
4152:Capital punishment in the United States
2040:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
863:
779:Hobbs, CJ; Hanks HGI; Wynne JM (1999).
685:
632:Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation
186:False accusations of child sexual abuse
4193:
3405:International Stand Up to Bullying Day
2689:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
2167:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
1958:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1555:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
743:
734:
715:
544:Maggie Bruck; Ceci, Stephen J (1995).
518:
85:, either arising spontaneously due to
3754:
3246:Society Against Violence in Education
2803:
2426:
2314:
1892:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1680:
1593:
1501:
1435:
1132:
1090:
896:
869:
840:
655:
523:. New York: Hemisphere. p. 190.
507:
469:
442:
440:
438:
418:"Accusation Law and Legal Definition"
202:
4013:List of miscarriage of justice cases
4008:List of exonerated death row inmates
720:. Academic Press. pp. 276–277.
217:
109:
3010:Bullying and emotional intelligence
2162:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1372:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
904:"Top 25 workplace bullying tactics"
649:
537:
446:
173:United States Department of Justice
13:
1633:Misinformation related to abortion
611:(in Japanese). 警察庁. September 2021
435:
14:
4227:
4090:Ineffective assistance of counsel
4044:National Registry of Exonerations
3680:Machiavellianism in the workplace
1850:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1463:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
4175:
2403:United States Information Agency
1682:Operations and events by country
580:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
113:
3633:Kauhajoki School of Hospitality
2003:Information war against Ukraine
1550:International Jewish conspiracy
1518:Congo Free State propaganda war
1063:
1049:
971:
941:
935:Managing in the Pacific Century
922:
2315:
2231:Information Operations Roadmap
2141:Psychological Warfare Division
1711:Chinese information operations
1660:Water fluoridation controversy
812:Schetky, DH; Green AH (1988).
598:
576:; Donald K. Freedheim (2003).
410:
179:
1:
3675:List of LGBT-related suicides
3576:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
2890:Parental bullying of children
2470:Adverse childhood experiences
2338:Active Measures Working Group
1996:during the Russo-Georgian War
1963:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
1023:Criminal Justice and Behavior
980:British Journal of Psychiatry
816:. Psychology Press. pp.
451:. Psychology Press. pp.
403:
105:
3720:Social dominance orientation
3705:Psychopathy in the workplace
2829:
2221:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
1898:Fake news in the Philippines
1502:
1270:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
246:Münchausen syndrome by proxy
240:Münchausen syndrome by proxy
7:
4070:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
3685:Narcissism in the workplace
2348:Counter Misinformation Team
2343:Counter disinformation unit
1793:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1280:Forgery as covert operation
552:. Amer Psychological Assn.
519:Bryant, Clifton D. (1990).
284:
253:
236:and unfounded accusations.
199:and child-custody battles.
43:Informally in everyday life
10:
4232:
2358:The Disinformation Project
1788:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1144:Algorithmic radicalization
257:
243:
221:
206:
183:
152:
4206:Abuse of the legal system
4172:
4144:
4103:
4057:
4031:
3993:
3963:Eyewitness identification
3909:
3788:
3657:
3564:
3418:
3400:International Day of Pink
3395:Anti-bullying legislation
3377:
3332:
3261:
3254:
3193:
2992:
2837:
2679:Abusive power and control
2661:
2460:
2452:
2321:
2310:
2281:
2275:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2269:
2251:Tobacco industry playbook
2182:CIA Kennedy assassination
2154:
2100:
2074:
2062:
1976:
1923:
1911:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1801:
1775:
1763:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1508:
1497:
1442:
1431:
1315:Manipulation (psychology)
1139:
1133:
1128:
758:10.1017/S0008197306007069
716:Turvey, Brent E. (2013).
548:Jeopardy in the Courtroom
271:
4136:Innocence Protection Act
3796:Prosecutorial misconduct
3725:Suicide among LGBT youth
2754:Psychological projection
2616:Referee and umpire abuse
2363:East StratCom Task Force
2177:9/11 conspiracy theories
1174:List of cognitive biases
1035:10.1177/0093854803259235
785:Elsevier Health Sciences
155:False accusation of rape
57:
4201:Harassment and bullying
4131:Equal Protection Clause
4049:Investigating Innocence
3980:Tampering with evidence
3020:Character assassination
2289:Public opinion brigades
2246:Niger uranium forgeries
2236:Litter boxes in schools
1606:COVID-19 misinformation
1528:Free energy suppression
1437:Books and documentaries
1211:Euphemistic misspeaking
933:. In Wilson, M. (ed.).
148:
3896:Spoliation of evidence
3782:Miscarriage of justice
3410:Think Before You Speak
3304:James O'Higgins Norman
3236:It Gets Better Project
2947:Information technology
2035:2016 Brexit referendum
1384:Scientific fabrication
1295:Historical negationism
578:Handbook of Psychology
159:A false accusation of
25:groundless accusations
4121:Right to a fair trial
3975:Misinformation effect
3821:Selective enforcement
3816:Malicious prosecution
3811:Selective prosecution
3695:Personality disorders
3670:Just-world hypothesis
2910:Relational aggression
2724:Just-world hypothesis
2475:Anti-social behaviour
2331:Fact-checking website
2136:Operation Mass Appeal
2118:Clockwork Orange plot
1628:Mental illness denial
1523:Climate change denial
1340:Psychological warfare
1310:Internet manipulation
1275:Firehose of falsehood
1201:Disinformation attack
992:10.1192/bjp.174.2.170
845:. Springer. pp.
746:Cambridge Law Journal
658:The Forensic Examiner
29:unfounded accusations
4116:Exculpatory evidence
4095:Prosecutor's fallacy
4075:Blue wall of silence
4058:Contributing factors
3995:Wrongful convictions
3435:William Arthur Gibbs
3319:Christina Salmivalli
3269:Anna Costanza Baldry
3216:Bystander Revolution
3201:Act Against Bullying
3180:Workplace incivility
3105:Moving the goalposts
2932:Workplace harassment
2860:Displaced aggression
2759:Psychological trauma
1470:Who's Who in the CIA
1059:. 29 September 2017.
382:Presumption of guilt
279:Curb Your Enthusiasm
169:Uniform Crime Report
3841:Abuse of discretion
3831:Attorney misconduct
3789:Types of misconduct
3690:Personal boundaries
3665:Emotional blackmail
3345:Louise Burfitt-Dons
3284:David P. Farrington
3130:Psychological abuse
2855:Disability bullying
2845:Abusive supervision
2669:Abusive supervision
2596:Psychological abuse
2571:Institutional abuse
2172:Conspiracy theories
2113:Double-Cross System
2082:Conspiracy theories
1943:Operation INFEKTION
1731:Internet Water Army
1585:Strategy of tension
1450:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1335:Post-truth politics
312:Criminal accusation
4158:Batson v. Kentucky
4104:Norms and remedies
4023:Wrongful execution
3941:Child sexual abuse
3700:Playing the victim
3628:Matti Juhani Saari
3620:Jokela High School
3615:Pekka-Eric Auvinen
3459:Nicola Ann Raphael
3390:Anti-Bullying Week
3165:Social undermining
2937:Workplace bullying
2895:Peer victimization
2749:Playing the victim
2641:Surveillance abuse
2591:Professional abuse
2512:Cruelty to animals
2068:HIV/AIDS denialism
2045:Trolls from Olgino
1819:Paid news in India
1809:Fake news in India
1623:HIV/AIDS denialism
1477:Merchants of Doubt
1350:Military deception
1325:Media manipulation
1164:Circular reporting
959:on 3 December 2003
841:Bolen, RM (2001).
352:False imprisonment
209:Workplace bullying
203:Workplace bullying
192:child sexual abuse
125:. You can help by
4188:
4187:
4039:Innocence Project
3968:Cross-race effect
3958:Eyewitness memory
3953:Mistaken identity
3924:Forced confession
3886:Witness tampering
3861:Legal malpractice
3856:Gaming the system
3806:Police corruption
3801:Police misconduct
3748:
3747:
3453:Dawn-Marie Wesley
3385:Anti-Bullying Day
3373:
3372:
3095:Kiss up kick down
2880:Military bullying
2797:
2796:
2774:Traumatic bonding
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2256:Operation Shocker
2058:
2057:
1938:K-1000 battleship
1769:Operation Neptune
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1493:
1492:
1427:
1426:
1419:Yellow journalism
1367:counterpropaganda
1248:List of fallacies
1181:Conspiracy theory
1149:Alternative facts
1076:Los Angeles Times
870:Robin, M (1991).
727:978-0-12-408084-3
673:Missing or empty
224:Workplace mobbing
218:Workplace mobbing
143:
142:
79:intentional lying
33:false allegations
4223:
4180:
4179:
4145:Related concepts
4126:Actual innocence
4080:Racial profiling
3931:False accusation
3919:False confession
3891:Brady disclosure
3826:Abuse of process
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3507:Kenneth Weishuhn
3477:Sladjana Vidovic
3365:Lizzie Velásquez
3324:Kenneth Westhues
3279:Dorothy Espelage
3259:
3258:
3160:Social exclusion
3120:Personal attacks
3055:False accusation
2957:Legal profession
2920:Higher education
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2636:Structural abuse
2611:Police brutality
2517:Disability abuse
2447:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2312:
2311:
2131:MMR autism fraud
2014:On US elections
1948:Operation Toucan
1921:
1920:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1643:anti-vaccination
1591:
1590:
1538:Holocaust denial
1513:Bermuda Triangle
1499:
1498:
1433:
1432:
1362:black propaganda
1330:Potemkin village
1255:False accusation
1231:list of websites
1130:
1129:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1018:
1012:
1011:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
955:. Archived from
945:
939:
938:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
906:. Archived from
900:
894:
893:
867:
861:
860:
838:
832:
831:
809:
803:
802:
776:
770:
769:
741:
732:
731:
713:
704:
703:
697:
689:
683:
682:
676:
671:
669:
661:
653:
647:
646:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
610:
602:
596:
595:
574:Irving B. Weiner
570:
564:
563:
551:
541:
535:
534:
516:
505:
504:
476:
467:
466:
444:
433:
432:
430:
428:
414:
387:Sham peer review
342:False conviction
337:False Claims Act
302:Black propaganda
171:in 1996 and the
138:
135:
117:
110:
47:Quasi-judicially
21:false accusation
4231:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4168:
4140:
4099:
4053:
4027:
3989:
3905:
3784:
3779:
3749:
3744:
3653:
3568:
3566:Murder–suicides
3560:
3555:Tyrone Unsworth
3537:Rebecca Sedwick
3531:Rehtaeh Parsons
3495:Jamey Rodemeyer
3423:
3414:
3369:
3328:
3250:
3226:Ditch the Label
3189:
3040:Destabilisation
3030:Culture of fear
2988:
2984:Toxic workplace
2927:Sexual bullying
2915:School bullying
2900:Prison bullying
2833:
2828:
2798:
2793:
2769:Rationalization
2704:Destabilisation
2657:
2621:Religious abuse
2456:
2451:
2421:
2412:
2317:
2298:
2277:
2265:
2150:
2146:Zinoviev letter
2096:
2070:
2054:
1978:Post-Soviet era
1972:
1933:Active Measures
1916:
1907:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1797:
1771:
1759:
1699:
1697:Jihadunspun.com
1683:
1664:
1589:
1565:New World Order
1533:Genocide denial
1504:
1489:
1438:
1423:
1345:Memetic warfare
1135:
1124:
1115:
1085:
1084:
1079:. 7 April 2022.
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1019:
1015:
976:
972:
962:
960:
947:
946:
942:
927:
923:
913:
911:
902:
901:
897:
890:
868:
864:
857:
839:
835:
828:
810:
806:
799:
777:
773:
742:
735:
728:
714:
707:
695:
691:
690:
686:
674:
672:
663:
662:
654:
650:
643:
627:
623:
614:
612:
608:
606:"犯罪統計書 令和2年の犯罪"
604:
603:
599:
592:
571:
567:
560:
542:
538:
531:
517:
508:
481:Am J Psychother
477:
470:
463:
447:Ney, T (1995).
445:
436:
426:
424:
416:
415:
411:
406:
401:
357:False statement
287:
274:
262:
256:
248:
242:
226:
220:
211:
205:
188:
182:
157:
151:
139:
133:
130:
123:needs expansion
108:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4186:
4185:
4182:Law portal
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Police perjury
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3911:False evidence
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Jury tampering
3878:
3876:Sharp practice
3873:
3868:
3866:Kangaroo court
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Victim blaming
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3658:Related topics
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3489:Tyler Clementi
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Smear campaign
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Physical abuse
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Cancel culture
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Victim blaming
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Discrimination
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Dehumanization
2691:
2686:
2684:Child grooming
2681:
2676:
2674:Abuse of power
2671:
2665:
2663:
2662:Related topics
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Physical abuse
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2529:Domestic abuse
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:military draft
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Habbush letter
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Bell Pottinger
2104:
2102:
2101:United Kingdom
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1764:Czechoslovakia
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:PLA Unit 61398
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:by governments
1603:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1448:Disinformation
1443:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1169:Cognitive bias
1166:
1161:
1159:Cherry picking
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1122:misinformation
1118:Disinformation
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1048:
1013:
986:(2): 170–172.
970:
953:www.pnc.com.au
940:
921:
895:
888:
862:
855:
833:
826:
804:
797:
771:
752:(1): 128–158.
733:
726:
705:
684:
648:
641:
621:
597:
590:
565:
558:
536:
529:
506:
468:
461:
434:
408:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:
397:Victim blaming
394:
392:Smear campaign
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:False evidence
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Cancel culture
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
286:
283:
273:
270:
258:Main article:
255:
252:
244:Main article:
241:
238:
222:Main article:
219:
216:
207:Main article:
204:
201:
184:Main article:
181:
178:
153:Main article:
150:
147:
141:
140:
120:
118:
107:
104:
87:mental illness
75:
74:
71:
68:
59:
56:
55:
54:
49:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4228:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Victimisation
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:Elliot Rodger
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3607:Virginia Tech
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:Seung-Hui Cho
3600:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3543:Leelah Alcorn
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:Phoebe Prince
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:Ryan Halligan
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:Kelly Yeomans
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:SuEllen Fried
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Heinz Leymann
3292:
3290:
3289:Shelley Hymel
3287:
3285:
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2870:LGBT bullying
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2850:Cyberbullying
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1260:False dilemma
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910:on 2017-10-15
909:
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889:0-86656-931-6
885:
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876:Haworth Press
873:
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856:0-306-46576-0
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642:9781420065053
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635:. CRC Press.
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591:0-471-17669-9
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559:1-55798-282-1
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530:0-89116-696-3
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487:(4): 556–70.
486:
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462:0-87630-758-6
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215:
214:breaks them.
210:
200:
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187:
177:
174:
170:
167:
162:
156:
146:
137:
128:
124:
121:This section
119:
116:
112:
111:
103:
102:
95:
91:
88:
84:
83:confabulation
80:
72:
69:
66:
65:
64:
53:
50:
48:
45:
42:
41:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4156:
4111:Legal ethics
3930:
3851:False arrest
3710:Scapegoating
3501:Jamie Hubley
3447:Hamed Nastoh
3360:Liam Hackett
3340:Andrea Adams
3314:Debra Pepler
3185:Verbal abuse
3115:Name calling
3085:Intimidation
3054:
3045:Discrediting
3005:Blacklisting
2977:Toxic leader
2739:Minimisation
2734:Manipulation
2714:Exaggeration
2650:
2646:Verbal abuse
2626:Sexual abuse
2606:Social abuse
2576:Intimidation
2128:
2063:South Africa
2050:Web brigades
1986:Cyberwarfare
1968:Useful idiot
1917:Soviet Union
1862:Fintas Group
1754:Global Times
1752:
1721:cyberwarfare
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1414:Whataboutism
1409:Urban legend
1379:Quote mining
1254:
1074:
1065:
1051:
1029:(1): 55–72.
1026:
1022:
1016:
983:
979:
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
943:
934:
924:
912:. Retrieved
908:the original
898:
871:
865:
842:
836:
813:
807:
780:
774:
749:
745:
717:
702:. FBI. 1997.
699:
687:
657:
651:
631:
624:
613:. Retrieved
600:
577:
568:
547:
539:
520:
484:
480:
448:
425:. Retrieved
421:
412:
332:False arrest
275:
263:
249:
227:
212:
189:
168:
158:
144:
134:October 2022
131:
127:adding to it
122:
99:
96:
92:
76:
61:
37:false claims
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
3901:Civil wrong
3740:Victimology
3715:Self-esteem
3569:(incidents)
3519:Amanda Todd
3513:Audrie Pott
3471:Megan Meier
3274:Wendy Craig
3211:Bullying UK
3075:Humiliation
3060:Gaslighting
2789:Victimology
2764:Psychopathy
2586:Persecution
2561:Humiliation
2551:Gaslighting
2534:Elder abuse
2485:Child abuse
2261:Yellow rain
1881:Philippines
1741:Spamouflage
1726:Little Pink
1580:Rothschilds
1570:Red mercury
1285:Gaslighting
1236:Lying press
1206:Doublespeak
878:. pp.
787:. pp.
422:uslegal.com
362:Legal abuse
327:False alarm
180:Child abuse
4195:Categories
3871:Show trial
3846:Entrapment
3836:Bad apples
3646:Isla Vista
3589:Jeff Weise
3549:Conrad Roy
3525:Jadin Bell
3309:Dan Olweus
3299:Gary Namie
3100:Mind games
3080:Incivility
3070:Harassment
3035:Defamation
2744:Narcissism
2566:Incivility
2556:Harassment
2388:PolitiFact
2316:Opposition
2192:Sandy Hook
1991:on Estonia
1925:Soviet era
1838:Team Jorge
1814:Godi-media
1575:Reptilians
1545:Illuminati
1404:Truthiness
1394:Social bot
1357:Propaganda
1290:Half-truth
1265:False flag
675:|url=
615:2022-10-14
404:References
322:Defamation
297:Allegation
292:Accusation
106:Statistics
52:Judicially
3581:Columbine
3350:Tim Field
3333:Activists
3262:Academics
3206:Ban Bossy
3145:Screaming
3090:Isolation
2719:Isolation
2539:Financial
2383:NewsGuard
2378:Logically
2373:Full Fact
2270:Venezuela
2204:Fake news
2092:AK Trolls
1783:Funkspiel
1305:Infodemic
1221:Fake news
1196:Denialism
1191:Deception
963:24 August
914:24 August
427:April 18,
4211:Stalking
4085:Loophole
4032:Advocacy
3594:Red Lake
3421:suicides
3419:Notable
3241:Kidscape
3175:Taunting
3170:Swatting
3135:Rudeness
3025:Coercion
3000:Betrayal
2993:Elements
2972:Teaching
2962:Medicine
2942:Academia
2831:Bullying
2631:Stalking
2544:Marriage
2505:marriage
2500:military
2480:Bullying
2408:USAFacts
2398:StopFake
2294:Force 47
2199:COVID-19
2123:Euromyth
1874:Peñabots
1748:COVID-19
1653:COVID-19
1638:Vaccines
1503:Examples
1389:Smearing
1043:11868229
1008:13850054
1000:10211173
766:29279653
666:cite web
372:Paranoia
285:See also
266:stalking
254:Stalking
3985:Frameup
3378:Actions
3255:Experts
3140:Sarcasm
3110:Nagging
2967:Nursing
2885:Mobbing
2652:more...
2581:Neglect
2490:neglect
2282:Vietnam
1953:Seat 12
1824:OpIndia
1776:Germany
1243:Fallacy
1216:Factoid
1154:Big lie
501:1443285
377:Perjury
197:divorce
3648:, 2014
3635:, 2008
3622:, 2007
3609:, 2007
3596:, 2005
3583:, 1999
3557:(2016)
3551:(2014)
3545:(2014)
3539:(2013)
3533:(2013)
3527:(2013)
3521:(2012)
3515:(2012)
3509:(2012)
3503:(2011)
3497:(2011)
3491:(2010)
3485:(2010)
3479:(2008)
3473:(2006)
3467:(2003)
3461:(2001)
3455:(2000)
3449:(2000)
3443:(1997)
3437:(1877)
3065:Gossip
2875:Hazing
2865:Doxing
2699:Denial
2495:sexual
2393:Snopes
2209:online
2129:Lancet
2075:Turkey
1913:Russia
1869:Mexico
1857:Kuwait
1833:Israel
1692:Canada
1648:autism
1594:Health
1226:online
1041:
1006:
998:
886:
853:
824:
795:
764:
724:
639:
588:
556:
527:
499:
459:
272:Murder
234:rumour
230:gossip
4216:Lying
3150:Shame
2838:Types
2729:Lying
2462:Types
2454:Abuse
2187:QAnon
1845:Korea
1802:India
1704:China
1618:Ebola
1134:Types
1039:S2CID
1004:S2CID
880:21–24
762:S2CID
696:(PDF)
609:(PDF)
453:23–33
307:Blame
58:Types
3936:Rape
3426:List
2905:Rank
2028:2020
2023:2018
2018:2016
1399:Spin
1300:Hoax
1185:list
1120:and
996:PMID
965:2017
916:2017
884:ISBN
851:ISBN
822:ISBN
793:ISBN
722:ISBN
679:help
637:ISBN
586:ISBN
554:ISBN
525:ISBN
497:PMID
457:ISBN
429:2019
161:rape
149:Rape
1031:doi
988:doi
984:174
847:109
818:105
789:197
754:doi
582:438
489:doi
367:Lie
166:FBI
129:.
35:or
31:or
27:or
4197::
1601:5G
1073:.
1037:.
1027:31
1025:.
1002:.
994:.
982:.
951:.
882:.
874:.
849:.
820:.
791:.
783:.
760:.
750:65
748:.
736:^
708:^
698:.
670::
668:}}
664:{{
584:.
509:^
495:.
485:46
483:.
471:^
455:.
437:^
420:.
232:,
19:A
3774:e
3767:t
3760:v
3428:)
3424:(
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1915:/
1894:)
1890:(
1187:)
1183:(
1110:e
1103:t
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1045:.
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990::
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859:.
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756::
730:.
681:)
677:(
660:.
645:.
618:.
594:.
562:.
533:.
503:.
491::
465:.
431:.
277:(
136:)
132:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
