1552:, or "Michfest", was a yearly music festival that took place every summer until 2015. Michfest was established in 1976 and was active supporter in the need for women to be separated at times from the "politics, institution, and culture of men. Michfest offered women not only the chance to 'live' feminism, but, as the quotes above testify, also acted as a way of educating women about feminist forms, in ways that can challenge the vilification of 'radical lesbian separatism'."
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1276:(Oikabeth). Radical lesbianism arose in Chile in 1984 in response to national conditions resulting from the dictatorship. Costa Rica developed a radical lesbianism movement in 1986. During the 1980s and 1990s, life for lesbians in Latin America was difficult because of lesbophobic repression across the region. Consequently, the communities in Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Argentina and Brazil began working more closely together on shared goals.
905:
1650:), separatism impedes the building of alliances with men of color". Smith writes that race places lesbians of color in a different relation to men as white lesbians as "white women with class privilege don't share oppression with white men. They're in a critical and antagonistic position whereas Black women and other women of color definitely share oppressed situations with men of their race". Smith makes a distinction between the
40:
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is treated with controversy (or as she suggests, hysteria). Male separatism on the other hand (one might consider gentleman's clubs, labor unions, sports teams, the military, and more arguably decision-making positions in general) is seen as quite a normal, even expedient phenomenon, while it is mostly not practiced self-consciously.
1186:
result of issues arising from broader and nationally specifically cultural narratives around women. Some of them are created independently in response to these needs, while others draw inspiration from radical movements in other countries. This results in no single history of radical lesbianism, but of separate national struggles.
997:. Echols argues that "...the introduction of (homo)sex troubled many heterosexual feminists who had found in the women's movement a welcome respite from sexuality." Echols considered separatism as a lesbian strategy to untie lesbianism from sex so heterosexual women in the feminist movement felt more comfortable.
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Lesbian and feminist separatism have inspired the creation of art and culture reflective of its visions of female-centered societies. An important and sustaining aspect of lesbian separatism was the building of alternative community through "creating organizations, institutions and social spaces ...
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recommended that lesbian separatists relate "only (with) women who cut their ties to male privilege" and suggest that "as long as women still benefit from heterosexuality, receive its privileges and security, they will at some point have to betray their sisters, especially
Lesbian sisters who do not
1065:
she posits female separatism as a strategy practiced by all women, at some point, and present in many feminist projects (one might cite women's refuges, electoral quotas or Women's
Studies programmes). She argues that it is only when women practice it self-consciously as separation from men, that it
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on these separate plots of land, which is the connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature by men. Access to temporary free land was often found through women's music festivals, where lesbians would network and strategized their plans for lesbian land. Lesbian separatism
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describes feminist separatism as "separation of various sorts or modes from men and from institutions, relationships, roles and activities that are male-defined, male-dominated, and operating for the benefit of males and the maintenance of male privilege – this separation being initiated or
1566:, and Helaine Harris and was originally located in Washington, D.C. Olivia Records sold nearly 2 million copies of albums with women performers and artists that were marketed to women. The record company eventually shifted from music to travel, and is now a lesbian travel company called Olivia.
1214:. The Furies consisted of twelve women, aged eighteen to twenty-eight, all feminists, all lesbians, all white, with three children among them. These activities continued into the early part of the decade. Other well known lesbian separatists groups include The Gutter Dykes, The Gorgons, and The
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Radical lesbianism and other similar movements represent a rupture with the broader feminist movements. They offer an attempt by some feminists and lesbians to try to reconcile what they see as inherent conflicts with the stated goals of feminism. Many of these conflicts and ruptures are a
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Organizations about the relevance of the gay rights movement to the women within it. The delegates passed a resolution in favor of women's liberation, but Del Martin felt they had not done enough, and wrote "If That's All There Is", an influential 1970 essay in which she decried gay rights
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periodical, members
Roxanne Dunbar and Lisa Leghorn advised women to "separate from men who are not consciously working for female liberation." Instead, they advised periods of celibacy, rather than lesbian relationships, which they considered to be "nothing more than a personal solution".
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which created culture and cultural artifacts as "giving love between women greater visibility" in broader culture. Faderman also believes that lesbian feminists who acted to create separatist institutions did so to "bring their ideals about integrity, nurturing the needy,
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Proponents of feminist separatism have varied opinions on the meaning of feminist and lesbian separatism; major debates include the degree to which women should separate from men, whether it is a strict ideology or a strategy, and how it works to benefit women.
1139:; membership in the subculture being "defined in negative terms by an external, hostile culture", and membership in the community being based on "the values we believe we can enact here". Bette Tallen believes that lesbian separatism, unlike some other
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of separatism and the practice of separatism, stating that it is the way separatism has been practiced which has led to "an isolated, single-issued understanding and practice of politics, which ignores the range of oppressions that women experience".
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Internationally, radical lesbians often took advantage of convergent international spaces to create their own events to increase the visibility of lesbianism. Examples of this include the 1994 lesbian march in New York on the 25th anniversary of
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wrote: "Separatism may be absurd as a social program and riddled with inconsistencies. But semi-isolation makes it easier to indoctrinate neophytes and shut out adverse evidence and argument, an insight radical feminists share with
1273:
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alludes to lesbian separatism's potential to encourage lesbians to develop healthy community ethics based on shared values. Hoagland articulates a distinction (originally noted by lesbian separatist author and anthologist,
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provided opportunities to "live their lives apart from ...mainstream society", and in the 1970s, "significant numbers of lesbian feminists moved to rural communities." One of these lesbians, Joyce Cheney, interviewed
1271:
Latin
American radical lesbianism developed during the 1970s, and like other parts of the movement, resulted from specific national conditions. Radical lesbianism began to develop in Mexico in 1977, led by the group
1053:
differentiated between separatism as an "ideological position" and as a "tactical position". In the same document, they further distinguished between separatism as "personal practice" and as "political position".
1297:, women created a network of publications, presses, magazines, and periodicals, known as the women in print movement. Some designated their periodicals and books "for women only", or "for lesbians only".
1011:
credits Cell 16's work for "helping establishing the theoretical foundation for lesbian separatism." Echols cites Cell 16 as an example of heterosexual feminist separatism, as the group never advocated
1143:
movements, is "not about the establishment of an independent state, it is about the development of an autonomous self-identity and the creation of a strong solid lesbian community". Lesbian historian
1264:, arguing that those in power construct sex difference and race difference for the purpose of masking conflicts of interest and maintaining domination. She and her allies saw
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Some feminist separatists believe that men cannot make positive contributions to the feminist movement and that even well-intentioned men replicate the dynamics of
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has been used in
America to describe communities of lesbian separatists, normally living on a separate plot of land. Some lesbian lands have practiced the idea of
771:
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1104:(1976), that "in a male-supremacist society, heterosexuality is a political institution," and the practice of separatism is a way to escape its domination.
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1614:(1976). Cheney describes the reason for many of these separatists' move to lesbian land as a "spatial strategy of distancing ... from mainstream society".
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Enszer, Julie R. (2016-02-25). ""How to stop choking to death": Rethinking lesbian separatism as a vibrant political theory and feminist practice".
3333:
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was an
American newspaper by The Furies Collective which intended to give a voice to lesbian separatism, and ran from January 1972 until mid-1973.
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1088:, viewed separatism as a strategy, a "first step" period, or temporary withdrawal from mainstream activism to accomplish specific goals or enhance
1194:. Another example was at the 1995 Beijing hosted World Women's Conference. A third example took place during the 1997 Amsterdam hosted Gay Games.
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and explains that "to break away from those who've been part of our survival is a leap that many women of color could never make".
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In a United States context, the practice of lesbian separatism sometimes incorporates concepts related to queer nationalism and
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1360:(University of Minnesota Press, 2018) documents author Dianna Hunter's experiences in a lesbian separatist collective.
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women's bookstores, restaurants, publishing collectives, and softball leagues fostered a flourishing lesbian culture."
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Davis, Flora. Moving the
Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999,
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Smith, Barbara and
Beverly Smith. 1983. "Across the Kitchen Table: A Sister-to- Sister Dialogue", anthologized in
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that produced women's music and concerts. Olivia
Records was founded in 1973 by Jennifer Woodhul, Lee Schwing,
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1007:, has been cited as the first organization to advance the concept of separatist feminism. Cultural historian
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Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Institute for
Lesbian Studies, Palo Alto, Ca.
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1642:, expresses concerns that "to the extent that lesbians of color must struggle simultaneously against the
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681:
425:
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Ellis, Sonja J.; Peel, Elizabeth (May 2011). "Lesbian feminisms: Historical and present possibilities".
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points out that feminist separatism risks defining itself by what it separates itself from, i.e. men.
1182:. Many lesbian separatists bought land so they could live separately from men and heterosexual women.
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Separatism has been considered by lesbians as both a temporary strategy and as a lifelong practice.
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In the United States, the movement started in 1970, when seven women (including lesbian activist
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1225:. Some individuals who identify as lesbian separatists are also associated with the practice of
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formed a commune in 1971 open to lesbians only, where they put out a monthly newspaper called
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In addition to advocating withdrawal from working, personal or casual relationships with men,
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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and equality of labor and rewards into all aspects of institution-building and economics".
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1378:, where Johnston discusses elements of breaking off from the male-dominated institutions.
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Anahita, Sine (2009). "Nestled into Niches: Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land".
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Browne, Kath (2011). "Lesbian separatist feminism at Michigan Womyn's music festival".
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Travis, Trysh (2008-09-12). "The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications".
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refers to her intertwined history with black men and heterosexual women in her essay
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receive those benefits." This was part of a larger idea that Bunch articulated in
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as well as heterosexuality as aspects of hetero-power, strongly to be resisted.
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3632:
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3540:
3177:
Schotten, C. Heike (2022). "TERFism, Zionism, and Right-Wing Annihilationism".
2808:"Olivia Lesbian Travel: Lesbian Cruises, Lesbian Resorts and Lesbian Vacations"
2290:
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2016:
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a magazine by the "Flippies" (Feminist Lesbian Intergalactic Party), based in
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The Question of Equality:Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall
2195:
Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context
1350:(Persephone Press, 1978), is a separatist utopian novel written from author
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2852:
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movement is used instead of lesbian separatism. It is roughly analogous to
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describes the emergence of a lesbian separatist movement as a response to
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1588:
1559:
1536:
1441:
1320:
502:
482:
223:
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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
2933:
Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation, and Rurality
3708:
3565:
3560:
3545:
3060:
2625:"S.E to SQU – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
2600:"CAP to CUT – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
2566:"GEI to HUZ – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
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We are everywhere: a historical sourcebook in gay and lesbian politics
1920:
Rape on the Public Agenda: Feminism and the Politics of Sexual Assault
1867:, Diana Tietjens Meyers (ed.) (1997) New York: Routledge, pp. 406–414.
3600:
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Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America
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Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Institute for Lesbian Studies,
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1179:
1178:
Separatist lesbianism is a type of feminist separatism specific to
950:
871:
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457:
1525:, a genre mostly originated and supported by lesbian separatists.
1368:(Simon & Schuster, 1973) is a collection of essays written by
39:
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Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, "Lesbians in Revolt", in
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1354:'s personal experience in rural lesbian-separatist collectives.
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536:
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This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color
2334:
Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism
1899:
Feminist Theories and Social Work: Approaches and Applications
1863:
Marilyn Frye, "Some Reflections on Separatism and Power". In
1593:
2927:
2925:
2091:
Lesbian Separatism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective
1240:
lesbian separatism. Inspired by the writings of philosopher
1159:
2807:
2922:
2117:
2115:
2536:"Jill Johnston, Avant-Garde Cultural Critic, Dies at 81"
1933:
1878:
Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975
993:
sentiments expressed by feminist organizations like the
2005:
Socialist Feminism: A Strategy for the Women's Movement
1954:
1677:
While advocating a broadly separatist policy, feminist
1596:
feminist separatists and lesbian separatists living in
2967:
Notes from Magazine: What does Separatism Mean?" from
2112:
1962:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–75
1941:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-75
591:
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
3130:
Hoagland, Sarah Lucia; Penelope, Julia, eds. (1988).
2050:
2048:
1996:
1994:
1397:, is a collection of writings on lesbian separatism.
1274:
Mujeres guerreras que abren caminos y esparcen flores
772:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
3131:
2983:
2045:
1991:
1876:Echols, Alice. "The Eruption of Difference", from
1474:, a lesbian only journal collectively produced in
1415:Notable US lesbian separatist periodicals include
2659:"Special Identity Women's Periodicals: 1963–1983"
3776:
3129:
2352:
2350:
1411:List of lesbian periodicals in the United States
1248:in the early 1980s, spreading soon after to the
1049:published in 1972, the Hyde Park Chapter of the
3053:"No Man's Land: How to Build a Feminist Utopia"
2240:Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia
3070:"Rebel Girls: On Building a Better Separatism"
1115:has chosen separatism as a lifelong practice.
1040:
3221:
2347:
1980:
1978:
961:from men. Much of the theorizing is based in
927:
3835:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
3573:Residential segregation in the United States
2965:Smith, Barbara. Response to Adrienne Rich's
1545:were two early examples of this phenomenon.
1466:Gossip: A Journal of Lesbian Feminist Ethics
1358:Wild Mares: My Lesbian Back-to-the-Land Life
2412:] (in Spanish). Mexico. pp. 32–33.
1984:Dunbar, Leghorn. "The Man's Problem", from
3228:
3214:
2935:ed.: Paul J. Cloke, Jo Little, Routledge,
2455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2422:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2213:
2211:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1975:
1454:Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians
934:
920:
3134:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
3082:
2981:
2095:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
1803:. University of Nebraska Press. pp.
1488:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
1387:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
1160:Lesbian separatism and radical lesbianism
3176:
2439:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
2406:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
1792:
1790:
1521:The early 1970s was an active period in
1279:
3160:Morris, Bonnie J. (December 22, 2016).
2830:
2445:] (in Spanish). Mexico. p. 39.
2436:
2403:
2208:
2162:from the original on December 26, 2015.
2147:
2136:
1964:, University of Minnesota Press, 1990,
1943:, University of Minnesota Press, 1990,
1880:, 1989, University of Minnesota Press,
1622:In a 1982 published conversation about
3777:
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3067:
2986:The Abolition of Work and Other Essays
2755:
2720:
2533:
2490:
2360:, Monique Wittig, Beacon Press, 1992,
1821:
1796:
1031:
702:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
361:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
16:Support of women's separation from men
3209:
3162:"Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L"
2534:Grimes, William (21 September 2010).
2443:Brief review of some lesbian theories
2410:Brief review of some lesbian theories
1988:, Nov 1969, quoted in Echols, p. 165.
1787:
1569:
1365:Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution
1201:) confronted the North Conference of
1147:describes the separatist impulses of
1076:
742:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
662:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
3757:
3050:
3012:Wildfire: Igniting the She/Volution.
2546:from the original on 2 February 2018
2283:
2277:
2056:The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly
478:Feminist views on transgender topics
3578:Segregation academy (United States)
3493:Sex segregation in public restrooms
2684:"CLGA: Lesbian and Gay Periodicals"
2148:Kershaw, Sarah (January 30, 2009).
1640:Combahee River Collective Statement
1389:(Onlywomen Press, 1988), edited by
1256:. Wittig, referencing the ideas of
1232:In Francophone countries, the term
13:
3179:TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
3044:
2358:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
1833:Feminism and the Schooling Scandal
1372:, that were originally printed in
752:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
14:
3856:
3785:Feminist movements and ideologies
2284:Levy, Ariel (February 22, 2009).
2217:Dudley Clendinen, Adam Nagourney
1865:Feminist Social Thought: A Reader
672:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
3756:
3728:
3727:
3051:Bess, Gabby (October 13, 2015).
2266:, Temple University Press, 1995
2069:Learning from Lesbian Separatism
2022:Lesbian Ethics: toward new value
2001:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1800:Separatism and Women's Community
1491:, produced for lesbians only in
1120:Lesbian Ethics: Toward New Value
1102:Learning from Lesbian Separatism
1051:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
957:can be achieved through women's
903:
837:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
356:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
38:
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2800:
2749:
2714:
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2642:
2631:from the original on 2010-06-02
2617:
2606:from the original on 2010-06-02
2592:
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2572:from the original on 2010-06-02
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2083:
2074:
2061:
2028:
2010:
1550:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
1003:, which was founded in 1968 by
995:National Organization for Women
426:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)
376:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
371:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
2058:, vol. 1, January 1972, pp.8–9
1912:
1891:
1870:
1857:
1400:
1381:
1319:Contemporary examples include
622:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm
1:
3068:Carmen (September 30, 2015).
2770:10.1080/10894160.2015.1083815
2627:. Laganz.org.nz. 1988-01-09.
2356:Turcotte, Louise. (foreword)
2313:Empowering the Goddess Within
2221:, Simon & Schuster, 2001
2125:, Columbia University Press,
2123:Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers
1835:, Taylor & Francis, 2009
1781:
1558:was a separatist business in
1300:
1244:, the movement originated in
1063:Notes on Separatism and Power
980:
554:Social construction of gender
508:Feminist views on pornography
1617:
1433:(California, 1976–present),
7:
3435:Brown v. Board of Education
2172:Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan
1695:
1646:of white women (as against
1608:. The result was her book,
1451:(New York, 1976–1990), and
1407:List of lesbian periodicals
1041:General feminist separatism
381:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
48:Women's liberation movement
10:
3861:
3344:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
2919:, Word Weavers Press, 1976
2758:Journal of Lesbian Studies
2661:. Wifp.org. Archived from
2318:February 12, 2012, at the
1573:
1514:
1427:(Michigan, 1974–present),
1418:Common Lives/Lesbian Lives
1404:
1307:Charlotte Perkins Gilman's
1305:One historical example is
1288:
1206:organizations as sexist.
1163:
386:New York Radical Feminists
3845:Gender-related prejudices
3717:
3591:
3506:
3458:
3389:Apartheid in South Africa
3309:
3241:
3086:Feminism & Psychology
2894:McGarry & Wasserman,
2873:McGarry & Wasserman,
2845:10.1080/00918360903054186
2723:Feminism & Psychology
2704:, South End Press, 1992,
2469:McGarry & Wasserman,
2071:, Ms. Magazine, Nov. 1976
1630:activism with her sister
1542:Lavender Jane Loves Women
1484:Sage: The Separatist Age,
1439:(California, 1971–1980),
1260:, challenges concepts of
1016:as a political strategy.
421:Women Against Pornography
3191:10.1215/23289252-9836022
3099:10.1177/0959353510370178
2990:. Loompanics Unlimited.
2833:Journal of Homosexuality
2735:10.1177/0959353510370185
2589:Covina 1975, pp 244–245.
1797:Shugar, Dana R. (1995).
1510:
3613:Anti-miscegenation laws
3448:Anti-miscegenation laws
3010:Johnson, Sonia (1989).
2437:Falquet, Jules (2004).
2404:Falquet, Jules (2004).
2377:Hoagland, Sarah Lucia.
1897:Saulnier, Christine F.
1674:, and other cultists".
1471:Lesbian Feminist Circle
1460:Other examples are the
1457:(New York, 1971–1980).
1295:second-wave of feminism
3795:Independence movements
3704:White Australia policy
3623:Corporative federalism
3026:, in David Deitcher's
2264:Feminism and community
1262:biological determinism
1122:, lesbian philosopher
612:Sisterhood Is Powerful
559:Violence against women
391:New York Radical Women
229:Catharine A. MacKinnon
3673:Religious intolerance
2344:, by Rosemary Ruether
2003:, Hyde Park Chapter.
1986:No More Fun and Games
1598:intentional community
1352:Sally Miller Gearhart
1280:Culture and community
1086:The Furies Collective
1084:, an early member of
1023:, the organization's
1021:No More Fun and Games
973:maintained, at will,
867:Consciousness raising
792:The Industrial Vagina
782:Sisterhood Is Forever
692:Against Sadomasochism
411:The Furies Collective
366:Deep Green Resistance
3840:Single-gender worlds
3805:Political lesbianism
3683:Second-class citizen
3678:Reservation in India
3404:United Arab Emirates
3334:Bulgaria and Romania
2150:"My Sister's Keeper"
1735:Political lesbianism
1445:(Oregon, 1974–1984)
1395:Sarah Lucia Hoagland
1223:political lesbianism
1124:Sarah Lucia Hoagland
1057:In lesbian feminist
877:Miss America protest
712:Sisterhood Is Global
498:Political lesbianism
309:Marilyn Salzman Webb
3820:Separatist feminism
3551:Exclusionary zoning
3498:Separatist feminism
3276:Partition of Bengal
2648:Warner 2002, p 179.
2262:, Marilyn Friedman
2242:Garland Pub., 2000
2121:Faderman, Lillian.
1827:Christine Skelton,
1760:Single-gender world
1638:, co-author of the
1580:Feminist bookstores
1478:, New Zealand, the
1421:(Iowa, 1980–1996),
1032:Meaning and purpose
949:is the theory that
947:Feminist separatism
910:Feminism portal
732:Feminism Unmodified
547:Internalized sexism
532:Reproductive rights
474:Feminist separatism
453:False consciousness
219:Holly Lawford-Smith
159:Shulamith Firestone
3810:Political theories
3441:Massive resistance
3429:School segregation
3424:Separate but equal
3349:Dominican Republic
3251:Partition of India
3030:, Scribner, 1995,
2982:Bob Black (1986).
2700:Garofalo, Reebee.
2540:The New York Times
2392:Feminism in France
2339:2014-10-26 at the
2323:, by Jessica Alton
2197:, Routledge, 2002
2176:, Routledge, 1997
2155:The New York Times
2067:Bunch, Charlotte.
2025:, p. 60, 154, 294.
1770:Who Needs Feminism
1570:Community projects
1495:, Quebec, and the
1424:Lesbian Connection
1258:Simone de Beauvoir
1174:Radical lesbianism
1154:self-determination
1133:lesbian subculture
1118:In her 1988 book,
1077:Lesbian separatism
1047:socialist feminism
885:Radical lesbianism
448:Child sexual abuse
284:Alix Kates Shulman
3830:LGBTQ and society
3772:
3771:
3648:Majority minority
3529:Ethnic federalism
3311:Ethnic and racial
3271:Greece and Turkey
3149:978-0-906500-28-6
2931:Valentine, Gill.
2602:. Laganz.org.nz.
2568:. Laganz.org.nz.
2505:10.1353/bh.0.0001
2238:Bonnie Zimmerman
2193:Vern L. Bullough
2089:Tallen, Bette S.
2007:, 1972 (booklet).
1849:978-0-415-45510-7
1814:978-0-8032-4244-9
1723:Internet Activism
1464:lesbian magazine
1375:The Village Voice
1250:Canadian province
1166:Queer nationalism
1137:lesbian community
944:
943:
850:
849:
632:The Female Eunuch
401:Stop Porn Culture
129:Kimberlé Crenshaw
109:Susan Brownmiller
84:Rosalyn Baxandall
74:Ti-Grace Atkinson
3852:
3815:Radical feminism
3760:
3759:
3731:
3730:
3699:Social apartheid
3583:Social exclusion
3556:Forced migration
3524:Ethnic cleansing
3514:Auto-segregation
3256:Northern Ireland
3230:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3173:
3156:
3137:
3126:
3079:
3064:
3039:
3022:Gomez, Jewelle.
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2971:, Issue 20, 1982
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2718:
2712:
2702:Rockin' the Boat
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:. Archived from
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2488:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2286:"Lesbian Nation"
2281:
2275:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2134:
2119:
2110:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1918:Bevacqua, Maria
1916:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1794:
1745:Radical feminism
1238:English-language
1170:Lesbian feminism
1149:lesbian feminism
1145:Lillian Faderman
1061:'s (1978) essay
1025:radical feminist
985:Cultural critic
963:lesbian feminism
936:
929:
922:
908:
907:
906:
881:
842:
832:
822:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
727:
717:
707:
697:
687:
682:Ain't I a Woman?
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
577:
576:
319:Harriet Wistrich
299:John Stoltenberg
279:Kathie Sarachild
139:Christine Delphy
42:
32:Radical feminism
19:
18:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3825:Sex segregation
3790:Feminist theory
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3713:
3688:Separate school
3593:
3587:
3502:
3454:
3305:
3237:
3234:
3150:
3140:Onlywomen Press
3047:
3045:Further reading
3042:
3024:Out of the Past
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2980:
2976:
2969:Sinister Wisdom
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2930:
2923:
2915:Cheney, Joyce.
2914:
2910:
2893:
2889:
2872:
2868:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2754:
2750:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2489:
2485:
2468:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2390:Claire Duchen,
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2355:
2348:
2341:Wayback Machine
2331:
2327:
2320:Wayback Machine
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2258:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2209:
2192:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2146:
2137:
2120:
2113:
2099:Onlywomen Press
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1960:Echols, Alice.
1959:
1955:
1939:Echols, Alice.
1938:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1718:Lesbian erasure
1698:
1690:Out of the Past
1620:
1582:
1572:
1519:
1513:
1430:Sinister Wisdom
1413:
1405:Main articles:
1403:
1384:
1331:Nicola Griffith
1309:feminist novel
1303:
1291:
1282:
1266:heterosociality
1234:radical lesbian
1227:Dianic paganism
1176:
1162:
1113:Elana Dykewomon
1111:winning author
1090:personal growth
1082:Charlotte Bunch
1079:
1043:
1034:
983:
940:
904:
902:
897:
896:
895:
894:
879:
860:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
830:
820:
801:
800:
795:
785:
775:
765:
755:
745:
735:
725:
715:
705:
695:
685:
675:
665:
655:
645:
635:
625:
615:
605:
602:Sexual Politics
595:
574:
566:
565:
564:
563:
441:
433:
432:
431:
430:
344:
336:
335:
334:
333:
304:Michele Wallace
289:Valerie Solanas
234:Sheila Michaels
214:Marjorie Kramer
194:Sheila Jeffreys
114:Phyllis Chesler
69:Chude Pam Allen
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Nuremberg Laws
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:Ghetto benches
3630:
3628:Discrimination
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Ethnopluralism
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3409:United Kingdom
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3185:(3): 334–364.
3174:
3157:
3148:
3127:
3093:(2): 198–204.
3080:
3065:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3015:
3003:
2997:978-0915179411
2996:
2974:
2958:
2945:
2921:
2908:
2887:
2866:
2839:(6): 719–737.
2823:
2812:www.olivia.com
2799:
2764:(2): 180–196.
2748:
2729:(2): 248–256.
2713:
2693:
2690:on 2005-12-03.
2675:
2650:
2641:
2616:
2591:
2582:
2557:
2526:
2499:(1): 275–300.
2483:
2462:
2429:
2396:
2394:(1986) p. 23-4
2383:
2381:Palo Alto, Ca.
2370:
2346:
2325:
2304:
2291:The New Yorker
2276:
2260:Penny A. Weiss
2252:
2231:
2207:
2186:
2165:
2135:
2111:
2082:
2073:
2060:
2044:
2027:
2017:Sarah Hoagland
2009:
1990:
1974:
1953:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1869:
1856:
1820:
1813:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:Straw feminism
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Radicalization
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Herd Mentality
1705:
1703:Flanderization
1699:
1697:
1694:
1624:black feminism
1619:
1616:
1571:
1568:
1556:Olivia Records
1527:Maxine Feldman
1515:Main article:
1512:
1509:
1402:
1399:
1391:Julia Penelope
1383:
1380:
1326:The Female Man
1302:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1242:Monique Wittig
1216:Radicalesbians
1161:
1158:
1129:Julia Penelope
1078:
1075:
1045:In a tract on
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1005:Roxanne Dunbar
982:
979:
953:opposition to
942:
941:
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
913:
912:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
882:
874:
869:
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
848:
847:
844:
843:
833:
827:SCUM Manifesto
823:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
642:Lesbian Nation
638:
628:
618:
608:
598:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
551:
550:
549:
544:
534:
529:
528:
527:
525:Feminist views
517:
512:
511:
510:
500:
495:
490:
488:Male privilege
485:
480:
475:
472:
471:
470:
465:
455:
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368:
363:
358:
353:
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346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
324:Monique Wittig
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
294:Gloria Steinem
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Janice Raymond
256:
254:Irene Peslikis
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
174:Germaine Greer
171:
166:
164:Marilyn French
161:
156:
154:Melissa Farley
151:
149:Andrea Dworkin
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
79:Kathleen Barry
76:
71:
66:
64:Wim Hora Adema
60:
59:
58:
55:
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51:
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44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3857:
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3828:
3826:
3823:
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3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3723:Pillarisation
3720:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
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3679:
3676:
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3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Jim Crow laws
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
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3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Balkanization
3517:
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3036:0-684-80030-6
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3007:
2999:
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2955:
2949:
2942:
2941:0-415-14074-9
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2905:
2904:0-670-86401-3
2901:
2897:
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2883:0-670-86401-3
2880:
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2711:
2710:0-89608-427-2
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2665:on 2010-12-05
2664:
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2419:
2411:
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2366:0-8070-7917-0
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2256:
2249:
2248:0-8153-1920-7
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:1-56023-193-9
2200:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2182:0-415-90859-0
2179:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:0-231-07488-3
2128:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:0-906500-28-1
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:0-252-06782-7
2037:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:0-8166-1787-2
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1949:0-8166-1787-2
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1928:1-55553-446-5
1925:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1907:1-56024-945-5
1904:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1886:0-8166-1787-2
1883:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:0-415-45510-3
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Becky Francis
1824:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
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1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:Jewelle Gomez
1684:Lesbian poet
1682:
1680:
1679:Sonia Johnson
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Barbara Smith
1633:
1632:Beverly Smith
1629:
1625:
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1607:
1603:
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1557:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:womyn's music
1518:
1517:Women's music
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
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1398:
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1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:Jill Johnston
1367:
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1029:
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1017:
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1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
978:
976:
971:
966:
964:
960:
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952:
948:
937:
932:
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923:
918:
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900:
891:
888:
886:
883:
878:
875:
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870:
868:
865:
864:
856:
855:
839:
838:
834:
829:
828:
824:
819:
818:
817:Off Our Backs
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
794:
793:
789:
784:
783:
779:
774:
773:
769:
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548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
515:Postgenderism
513:
509:
506:
505:
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501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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451:
449:
446:
445:
437:
436:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:The Feminists
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
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379:
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372:
369:
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305:
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297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Florence Rush
272:
270:
269:Adrienne Rich
267:
265:
264:Rosetta Reitz
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Meghan Murphy
247:
245:
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237:
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232:
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212:
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205:
202:
200:
199:Robert Jensen
197:
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190:
187:
185:
184:Merle Hoffman
182:
180:
179:Carol Hanisch
177:
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107:
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62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3761:
3732:
3497:
3483:Saudi Arabia
3433:
3399:Saudi Arabia
3286:Saudi Arabia
3182:
3178:
3165:
3153:
3133:
3090:
3084:
3075:Autostraddle
3073:
3056:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2985:
2977:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:, pp109–110.
2932:
2917:Lesbian Land
2916:
2911:
2895:
2890:
2874:
2869:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2701:
2696:
2688:the original
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2653:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2619:
2608:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2496:
2493:Book History
2492:
2486:
2481:, pp.187–188
2470:
2465:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2311:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2255:
2234:
2189:
2168:
2153:
2122:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2004:
1985:
1961:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1919:
1914:
1898:
1893:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1832:
1823:
1799:
1727:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1672:Hare Krishna
1657:
1621:
1611:Lesbian Land
1609:
1585:Womyn's land
1583:
1576:Womyn's land
1564:Ginny Berson
1554:
1547:
1540:
1532:Angry Atthis
1530:
1520:
1504:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1436:Lesbian Tide
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1347:Wanderground
1346:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1270:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1136:
1132:
1131:) between a
1119:
1117:
1109:Lambda Award
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1080:
1068:
1062:
1059:Marilyn Frye
1056:
1044:
1035:
1020:
1018:
1009:Alice Echols
999:
987:Alice Echols
984:
974:
970:Marilyn Frye
967:
946:
945:
890:Womyn's land
835:
825:
815:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
652:Woman Hating
650:
640:
630:
610:
600:
589:
520:Prostitution
396:Redstockings
314:Ellen Willis
244:Robin Morgan
239:Kate Millett
204:Lierre Keith
169:Marilyn Frye
119:D. A. Clarke
104:Judith Brown
94:Julie Bindel
89:Linda Bellos
3618:Black Codes
3566:labor camps
3473:Afghanistan
1775:YesAllWomen
1713:Gatekeeping
1602:land trusts
1589:ecofeminism
1560:Los Angeles
1537:Alix Dobkin
1497:Killer Dyke
1482:periodical
1442:WomanSpirit
1401:Periodicals
1382:Non-fiction
1329:(1975) and
1321:Joanna Russ
1293:During the
821:(1970–2008)
722:Intercourse
503:Pornography
483:Gender role
468:Second wave
224:Audre Lorde
124:Nikki Craft
99:Jenny Brown
3800:Lesbianism
3779:Categories
3721:See also:
3709:Xenophobia
3561:Internment
3546:Ethnocracy
3061:Vice Media
3038:, pp44–45.
2898:, Studio,
2877:, Studio,
2817:2018-10-07
2669:2010-08-16
2635:2010-08-16
2610:2010-08-16
2576:2010-08-16
2473:, Studio,
2272:1566392772
2227:0684867435
1782:References
1755:Safe space
1750:Riot grrrl
1729:Lysistrata
1574:See also:
1505:The Furies
1480:Australian
1476:Wellington
1448:Conditions
1301:Literature
1212:The Furies
1208:The Furies
1199:Del Martin
1164:See also:
1141:separatist
1097:The Furies
1071:patriarchy
1014:lesbianism
991:homophobic
981:Background
959:separation
955:patriarchy
762:Only Words
493:Patriarchy
209:Anne Koedt
189:bell hooks
144:Gail Dines
3601:Apartheid
3534:Bantustan
3419:Civil War
3243:Religious
3199:253054403
3154:hoagland.
3123:144634947
3115:969561039
3107:0959-3535
2778:1089-4160
2743:145055941
2521:161531900
2513:1529-1499
2451:cite book
2418:cite book
1972:, p. 164.
1951:, p. 164.
1888:, p. 218.
1663:Bob Black
1660:anarchist
1658:In 1983,
1618:Reception
1604:and land
1203:Homophile
1192:Stonewall
134:Mary Daly
3734:Category
3694:Shunning
3690:(Canada)
3653:Nativism
3507:Dynamics
3384:Rhodesia
3379:Portugal
3374:Malaysia
3339:Bulgaria
3281:Portugal
2861:28508292
2853:19657932
2786:26914821
2629:Archived
2604:Archived
2570:Archived
2544:Archived
2337:Archived
2316:Archived
2250:, p. 322
2229:, p. 104
2160:Archived
2101:, 1988,
1922:, 2000,
1901:, 1996,
1696:See also
1493:Montreal
1339:(1993).
1336:Ammonite
1180:lesbians
975:by women
951:feminist
872:Herstory
542:Misogyny
458:Feminism
24:a series
22:Part of
3763:Commons
3668:Rankism
3638:Hafrada
3592:Related
3488:Judaism
3364:Germany
3324:Bahrain
3301:Myanmar
3296:Bahrain
3166:Outward
3057:Broadly
2885:, p190.
2794:7984028
2297:May 10,
1805:xi–xvii
1668:Moonies
1628:lesbian
1501:Chicago
1312:Herland
1289:Writing
1001:Cell 16
968:Author
463:Lesbian
351:Cell 16
329:Laura X
3750:racial
3745:gender
3663:Racism
3594:topics
3460:Gender
3369:Israel
3359:France
3329:Brazil
3319:Canada
3266:Serbia
3261:Israel
3197:
3146:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3034:
2994:
2956:, p121
2939:
2906:, p187
2902:
2881:
2859:
2851:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2741:
2708:
2519:
2511:
2477:
2368:, p ix
2364:
2274:p. 131
2270:
2246:
2225:
2205:p. 160
2201:
2184:p. 352
2180:
2133:, p220
2129:
2109:, p141
2105:
2042:, p271
2038:
1968:
1947:
1926:
1905:
1884:
1852:p. 104
1847:
1839:
1811:
1652:theory
1648:sexism
1644:racism
1606:co-ops
1462:London
1315:(1915)
1254:Quebec
1246:France
1172:, and
1135:and a
880:(1968)
841:(2014)
831:(1967)
796:(2008)
786:(2003)
776:(2000)
766:(1993)
756:(1992)
746:(1989)
736:(1987)
726:(1987)
716:(1984)
706:(1984)
696:(1982)
686:(1981)
676:(1981)
666:(1974)
656:(1974)
646:(1973)
636:(1970)
626:(1970)
616:(1970)
606:(1970)
537:Sexism
440:Issues
343:Groups
56:People
3740:caste
3468:Islam
3394:Spain
3291:Spain
3195:S2CID
3170:Slate
3119:S2CID
2857:S2CID
2790:S2CID
2739:S2CID
2550:4 May
2517:S2CID
2441:[
2408:[
2093:, in
1594:rural
1511:Music
859:Other
806:Other
596:1970)
580:Books
573:Media
416:WOMAD
3606:laws
3478:Iran
3354:Fiji
3144:ISBN
3111:OCLC
3103:ISSN
3032:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2849:PMID
2782:PMID
2774:ISSN
2706:ISBN
2552:2018
2509:ISSN
2475:ISBN
2457:link
2424:link
2362:ISBN
2299:2016
2268:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2178:ISBN
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