258:
2245:
63:
49:
859:
233:
391:
599:
for the USSR and
Kuusinen for the Republic. The Molotov–Kuusinen agreement mentioned leasing the Hanko Peninsula, and determining the number of troops to be appointed in a separate agreement. Before the 1990s, historians could only speculate about its existence and content. In 1997, during a joint
519:
The People's
Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the
700:
was signed between
Finland and the Soviet Union, ending hostilities the following morning. By the terms of the treaty, Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union, though the Soviets' attempt to conquer Finland had failed. Subsequently, the Finnish Democratic Republic became obsolete and
660:
Joseph Stalin was well aware of the domestic political situation in
Finland based on Soviet intelligence information, and thus did not anticipate that the establishment of the Democratic Republic would cause any revolutionary action or popular uprisings against the existing Finnish Government.
576:. The content of the agreement was very similar to what the Soviet foreign ministry had planned earlier in October 1939, though it never was presented to the Finnish government. According to the new agreement, the Soviet Union would cede a much larger area,
62:
537:." Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the Winter War stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".
528:
spoke to the German ambassador to the Soviet Union on 30 November—a day before the proclamation of the
Finnish Democratic Republic—saying, "This government will not be Soviet but a democratic republic. Nobody will set up
628:
The
Finnish Democratic Republic failed to gain support among Finnish workers as the Soviet Union had hoped. Instead, in the face of the invasion, Finnish society became strongly united in what is called the
520:
people's front of toilers. The final composition of the People's
Government, its powers and actions, are to be sanctioned by a Diet elected on the basis of universal equal direct suffrage by secret ballot.
696:
thaw threatened their offensive. Both sides were exhausted from the war, but the
Soviets held the upper hand and successfully pressured the Finns into peace on Soviet terms. On 12 March 1940, the
1864:
633:". The Democratic Republic also failed to gain any international recognition aside from the Soviet Union itself, although a number of prominent left-wing activists and writers such as
366:. The Finnish Democratic Republic was portrayed by the Soviet Union as the official socialist government of Finland capable of restoring peace, but lost favor as the Soviets sought
1184:"Lev Nikolayevich Lopukhovskiy, Boris Konstantinovich Kavalerchik. Iyun' 1941: zaprogrammirovannoye porazheniye. / Glava 4. KRASNAYA ARMIYA V VOYENNYKH KONFLIKTAKH V 1939–1940 gg"
1189:[Lev Nikolaevich Lopukhovsky, Boris Konstantinovich Kavalerchik. June 1941: programmed defeat. / Chapter 4. RED ARMY IN MILITARY CONFLICTS IN 1939-1940.] (in Russian).
932:
1190:
1186:Лев Николаевич Лопуховский, Борис Константинович Кавалерчик. Июнь 1941: запрограммированное поражение. / Глава 4. КРАСНАЯ АРМИЯ В ВОЕННЫХ КОНФЛИКТАХ В 1939–1940 гг.
352:
to govern
Finland after Soviet conquest. The Finnish Democratic Republic was only recognised by the Soviet Union and nominally operated in Soviet-occupied areas of
67:
Anticipated territorial changes of the
Finnish Democratic Republic, with areas to be ceded to the Soviet Union (red) and to the Finnish Democratic Republic (green).
1496:
2385:
1501:
688:
with the Finnish government during the course of the Winter War and the Kuusinen regime fell out of favor. Although the Soviets had captured two-thirds of the
2169:
549:
with the Finnish Democratic Republic's government immediately after its creation. On the first day of its existence, the Kuusinen regime agreed to lease the
2320:
2222:
878:
1854:
2047:
1962:
2244:
1690:
702:
1739:
1303:
504:
2345:
2117:
1952:
1632:
911:
Juri Kilin. Suurvallan rajamaa: Neuvosto-Karjala Neuvostovaltion politiikassa 1920—1941. — Pohjois-Suomen Historiallinen Yhdistys, 2001.
706:
2365:
2335:
48:
1884:
1619:
2350:
2126:
2022:
1987:
1936:
1721:
888:
710:
251:
196:
2360:
2227:
1369:
2355:
2181:
2010:
1644:
1537:
1374:
872:
2315:
1982:
2380:
2330:
2162:
1859:
1834:
1381:
2370:
2186:
1183:
1639:
1138:
2152:
2027:
1716:
1654:
2199:
2157:
2002:
1829:
1809:
1734:
1649:
1614:
1572:
1271:
1245:
1167:
920:
916:
883:
2340:
1889:
1700:
1296:
435:
capital. The Finnish Democratic Republic regime was commonly known by the colloquial name the Terijoki Government (
2147:
2110:
1894:
533:
there, but we hope that it will be a government that we can reach agreement with on safeguarding the security of
2272:
1916:
1814:
1766:
1599:
1527:
669:
1609:
2265:
1926:
1824:
1604:
714:
363:
103:
931:. (Document, issued by the Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta), published on the
2390:
2234:
2212:
1970:
1669:
1659:
1428:
1131:
585:
2278:
1921:
1695:
1289:
654:
2067:
2103:
1781:
1664:
1463:
673:
572:
On 2 December 1939, Kuusinen and Molotov signed a mutual assistance agreement and a secret protocol in
2375:
2217:
2032:
1904:
953:
1975:
1899:
1532:
1433:
630:
2141:
1839:
1344:
717:
in its own right, after Finland had ceded the areas specified in the treaty to the Soviet Union.
409:
The Finnish Democratic Republic was established on 1 December 1939 in the Finnish border town of
928:
642:
2293:
2057:
2052:
1992:
1443:
1386:
1332:
1327:
2259:
1567:
1438:
1061:
1042:
2086:
1819:
1729:
1552:
1480:
1448:
1398:
1393:
546:
500:
2062:
8:
2325:
1849:
1557:
1408:
1361:
1349:
744:
697:
638:
488:
402:
379:
349:
159:
2205:
1844:
1423:
1413:
525:
496:
394:
375:
371:
397:
signing an agreement between the USSR and the Finnish Democratic Republic in front of
1751:
1517:
1418:
1267:
1241:
1163:
945:
924:
912:
763:
664:
The Kuusinen Government was officially recognised by the Soviet Union and the Soviet
581:
562:
508:
1997:
1542:
875:, an earlier, independent socialist state which existed for several months in 1918.
864:
808:
689:
634:
554:
534:
530:
478:
471:
459:
452:
444:
436:
414:
319:
307:
299:
287:
1584:
1142:
972:
838:
823:
693:
665:
653:, state newspapers gave their support for the Democratic Republic because of the
577:
558:
550:
353:
327:
132:
125:
122:
1957:
1522:
1237:
778:
646:
596:
492:
467:
793:
405:, the prime minister and head of government, on the right side of the picture.
2309:
2037:
1791:
1547:
1458:
1337:
1255:
1135:
685:
451:), but officially the government was called the Finnish People's Government (
398:
367:
341:
2042:
1931:
1911:
1453:
1092:
The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army
650:
592:
566:
334:
330:
173:
135:
80:
76:
429:
after the Soviet invasion, and the new government was seated there as its
1771:
1756:
1403:
1216:
The USSR and Finland— Historical, Economic, Political Facts and Documents
608:. The content is quite similar to protocols the Soviet Union signed with
604:
project, Russian professor Oleg Rzesevski discovered the protocol in the
591:
An earlier draft of the Moscow agreement was signed ten days earlier at
584:, in exchange for the same territories that the Soviets had demanded in
2292:
indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
1281:
422:
345:
470:, the government is also occasionally called the Kuusinen Government (
2095:
1312:
991:
617:
129:
374:. The Finnish Democratic Republic was dissolved and merged into the
2175:
1473:
1136:
Kansan vallan vaihtoehto Terijoen hallituksen lehdistössä 1939–1940
503:
was made up of Soviet citizens and left-wing Finns who had fled to
431:
426:
410:
358:
109:
90:
1786:
609:
605:
390:
238:
96:
337:
in occupied Finnish territory from December 1939 to March 1940.
1562:
1354:
613:
601:
573:
418:
1776:
1746:
950:
The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312
1761:
1685:
1627:
512:
1110:
1098:
425:. Terijoki was the first town in Finland captured by the
969:
A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940
515:
on behalf of the Finnish Democratic Republic stated:
1058:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
1037:
Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940).
854:
340:The Finnish Democratic Republic was established by
540:
1234:The Winter War: The Russo-Finno Conflict, 1939–40
879:Finland-Soviet Union Peace and Friendship Society
623:
16:1939–1940 Soviet puppet state in occupied Karelia
2307:
1020:
1018:
1016:
2386:States and territories disestablished in 1940
2111:
1297:
1094:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 38–39.
1013:
756:Assistant Chairman of the People's Government
692:, casualties were very high and the upcoming
1210:
1208:
1127:
1125:
1036:
1007:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium
649:voiced their support for the government. In
684:The Soviets had increasingly began to seek
2321:States and territories established in 1939
2118:
2104:
1304:
1290:
61:
1205:
1122:
1311:
1254:
1116:
1104:
1074:
985:
889:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
389:
252:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
197:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
1232:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985).
1153:
1055:
1004:
979:
966:
2308:
2125:
1231:
1218:. New York: Soviet Russia Today. 1939.
1162:] (in Finnish). WSOY. p. 13.
1089:
1024:
998:
960:
944:
938:
741:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Finland
720:
553:; to cede a slice of territory on the
312:Финляндская Демократическая Республика
2279:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
2099:
1285:
1266:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita.
1236:. Boulder, Colorado, United States:
421:), a day after the beginning of the
1193:from the original on 6 October 2014
873:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
737:Chairman of the People's Government
545:The Soviet government entered into
142:Chairman of the People's Government
13:
1264:Stalin's torment - Himmler's louse
14:
2402:
2366:1940 disestablishments in Finland
2336:World War II occupied territories
1079:. London: G. Harrap. p. 237.
988:Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91
884:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
2243:
2170:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
857:
292:Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta
256:
231:
47:
29:Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta
2351:Occupation of the Baltic states
1224:
1176:
1147:
1083:
557:; and to sell an island in the
541:Relations with the Soviet Union
304:Demokratiska Republiken Finland
33:Demokratiska Republiken Finland
2361:1939 establishments in Finland
2346:Finland–Soviet Union relations
1810:Azerbaijan People's Government
1260:Stalinin kiusa – Himmlerin täi
1068:
1049:
1039:Russia, Finland and the Baltic
1030:
905:
679:
624:Reaction in Finland and abroad
588:from the Republic of Finland.
511:. A declaration delivered via
1:
2356:Former unrecognized countries
894:
561:, along with sections of the
2316:Political history of Finland
1009:. Howells House. p. 78.
899:
835:Minister of Karelian Affairs
790:Minister of Internal Affairs
7:
2381:Finnish Democratic Republic
2331:Soviet military occupations
1850:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
1160:Terijoki government 1939–40
1005:Killham, Edward L. (1993).
850:
670:Mongolian People's Republic
620:in September–October 1939.
385:
284:Finnish Democratic Republic
25:Finnish Democratic Republic
10:
2407:
2371:Former socialist republics
1090:Sander, Gordon F. (2013).
1056:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006).
413:(present-day Zelenogorsk,
2287:
2252:
2241:
2133:
2084:
1945:
1877:
1802:
1709:
1678:
1592:
1581:
1510:
1489:
1320:
1156:Terijoen hallitus 1939–40
1025:Eagle & Paananen 1985
986:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998).
967:Trotter, William (2013).
954:Stanford University Press
272:
210:
206:
193:
183:
179:
169:
165:
153:
149:
141:
118:
86:
72:
60:
44:
39:
23:
1185:
631:Spirit of the Winter War
524:Soviet foreign minister
378:upon the signing of the
2341:Soviet satellite states
1860:North Korea (1947–1948)
1855:North Korea (1946–1947)
1132:University of Jyväskylä
1075:Elliston, H.B. (1940).
805:Minister of Agriculture
674:Tuvan People's Republic
655:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
195:• Merged into the
2294:Allies of World War II
1582:Current and historical
1043:Lawrence & Wishart
844:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
829:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
814:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
799:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
784:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
769:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
750:1939.2.12 – 1940.12.3
522:
482:
475:
463:
456:
448:
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323:
303:
296:Suomen kansantasavalta
291:
1062:Yale University Press
820:Minister of Education
569:to the Soviet Union.
517:
464:Finlands folkregering
457:Suomen kansanhallitus
393:
344:upon outbreak of the
326:), was a short-lived
314:), also known as the
2087:History of socialism
1154:Jussila, O. (1985).
643:Martin Andersen Nexø
586:earlier negotiations
547:diplomatic relations
2391:Totalitarian states
2023:Estonia (1918–1919)
1917:Hungary (1949–1989)
1141:15 May 2013 at the
775:Minister of Defense
760:Minister of Finance
745:Otto Wille Kuusinen
721:Terijoki Government
698:Moscow Peace Treaty
639:George Bernard Shaw
489:Otto Wille Kuusinen
403:Otto Wille Kuusinen
380:Moscow Peace Treaty
350:Otto Wille Kuusinen
316:Terijoki Government
185:• Established
160:Otto Wille Kuusinen
2228:Western Belorussia
2127:Soviet occupations
1988:Byelorussia (1919)
711:Karelo-Finnish SSR
526:Vyacheslav Molotov
497:head of government
491:was chosen as the
483:Kuusinenregeringen
449:Terijokiregeringen
407:
395:Vyacheslav Molotov
376:Karelo-Finnish SSR
372:Finnish Government
126:socialist republic
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1615:Congo-Brazzaville
1511:Regional variants
1214:Brody, A. et al.
1119:, pp. 27–28.
1107:, pp. 25–26.
975:. p. 58, 61.
848:
847:
764:Mauritz Rosenberg
582:Murmansk railroad
580:, except for the
563:Kalastajasaarento
509:Finnish Civil War
476:Kuusisen hallitus
441:Terijoen hallitus
324:Terijoen hallitus
280:
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155:• 1939–1940
114:
101:
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2376:Former countries
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1942:
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709:to form the new
701:merged with the
690:Karelian Isthmus
666:satellite states
635:Jawaharlal Nehru
555:Karelian Isthmus
415:Saint Petersburg
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2223:Western Ukraine
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1953:Alsace-Lorraine
1941:
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1143:Wayback Machine
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839:Paavo Prokkonen
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824:Inkeri Lehtinen
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749:
743:
723:
715:Soviet republic
682:
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578:Eastern Karelia
559:Gulf of Finland
551:Hanko Peninsula
543:
388:
354:Finnish Karelia
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189:1 December 1939
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2187:Transcarpathia
2182:Czechoslovakia
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1895:Czechoslovakia
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1815:East Turkestan
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1077:Finland Fights
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1045:. p. 114.
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956:. p. 114.
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647:John Steinbeck
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493:prime minister
468:historiography
466:). In Finnish
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2003:Crimea (1919)
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1865:South Vietnam
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1792:North Vietnam
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1502:United States
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1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:Manninen 2002
1113:
1106:
1105:Manninen 2002
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1064:. p. 48.
1063:
1059:
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1021:
1019:
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994:. p. 93.
993:
989:
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952:. Palo Alto:
951:
947:
946:Tanner, Väinö
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934:
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926:
922:
921:952-9888-18-X
918:
917:952-9888-19-X
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727:
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703:Karelian ASSR
699:
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686:rapprochement
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505:Soviet Russia
502:
499:. Kuusinen's
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458:
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399:Joseph Stalin
396:
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383:
381:
377:
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368:rapprochement
365:
361:
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355:
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347:
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342:Joseph Stalin
338:
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273:Today part of
271:
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246:
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237:
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202:12 March 1940
201:
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71:
64:
59:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2303:
2289:
2271:
2264:
2206:East Prussia
2198:
2193:
2174:
2140:
2015:
1963:Baranya–Baja
1932:Soviet Union
1912:East Germany
1610:Burkina Faso
1263:
1259:
1233:
1225:Bibliography
1215:
1195:. Retrieved
1178:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1112:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1032:
1006:
1000:
987:
981:
968:
962:
949:
940:
907:
834:
819:
804:
789:
774:
759:
755:
740:
736:
683:
663:
659:
651:Nazi Germany
627:
593:Petrozavodsk
590:
571:
567:Arctic Ocean
544:
523:
518:
487:
430:
408:
357:
339:
335:Soviet Union
331:puppet state
315:
311:
295:
283:
281:
221:Succeeded by
220:
215:
174:World War II
136:dictatorship
133:totalitarian
108:
95:
81:Soviet Union
77:Puppet state
32:
28:
18:
2260:Afghanistan
1946:Short-lived
1803:Short-lived
1772:South Yemen
1757:North Korea
1717:Afghanistan
1434:New Zealand
1429:Netherlands
809:Armas Äikiä
794:Tuure Lehén
705:within the
680:Dissolution
362:capital of
216:Preceded by
2326:Winter War
2310:Categories
2058:Tarnobrzeg
1983:Bessarabia
1937:Yugoslavia
1660:Seychelles
1655:Mozambique
1650:Madagascar
1573:Vietnamese
1568:Venezuelan
1558:Nicaraguan
1553:Melanesian
1470:Venezuela
1382:Kuomintang
1375:since 1978
1345:Bangladesh
1321:By country
1315:by country
1060:. London:
1041:. London:
933:back cover
895:References
731:In office
507:after the
423:Winter War
346:Winter War
119:Government
2273:Manchuria
2163:Lithuania
2016:1939–1940
1971:1918–1919
1740:1982–1992
1735:1979–1992
1730:1975–1979
1726:Cambodia
1701:Nicaragua
1633:1987–1991
1628:1974–1987
1624:Ethiopia
1563:Tanzanian
1444:Sri Lanka
1387:Hong Kong
1370:Communist
1333:Australia
1328:Argentina
1313:Socialism
992:MIT Press
929:0356-8199
900:Citations
728:Minister
618:Lithuania
565:near the
535:Leningrad
370:with the
356:from the
328:communist
130:Stalinist
123:One-party
40:1939–1940
2176:Bornholm
2068:Würzburg
2043:Naissaar
2007:Finland
1967:Bavaria
1905:Slovakia
1890:Bulgaria
1820:Far East
1767:Mongolia
1679:Americas
1543:European
1474:Chavismo
1439:Pakistan
1258:(2002).
1191:Archived
1139:Archived
948:(1956).
851:See also
672:and the
600:Finnish-
432:de facto
427:Red Army
411:Terijoki
386:Creation
364:Terijoki
359:de facto
128:under a
110:de facto
104:Terijoki
91:Helsinki
2290:Italics
2235:Romania
2213:Hungary
2200:Germany
2194:Finland
2153:Estonia
2142:Austria
2038:Ireland
2028:Galicia
1927:Romania
1885:Albania
1840:Jiangxi
1787:Vietnam
1691:Grenada
1665:Somalia
1548:Israeli
1538:Chinese
1533:Burmese
1528:British
1518:African
1490:History
1481:Vietnam
1449:Tunisia
1399:Finland
1394:Estonia
1197:5 March
1027:, p. 26
668:of the
610:Estonia
606:Kremlin
602:Russian
531:soviets
501:cabinet
479:Swedish
472:Finnish
460:Swedish
453:Finnish
445:Swedish
437:Finnish
333:of the
320:Finnish
308:Russian
300:Swedish
288:Finnish
239:Finland
97:de jure
87:Capital
79:of the
2218:Poland
2158:Latvia
2134:Europe
2048:Saxony
1993:Bremen
1922:Poland
1878:Europe
1845:Kuwait
1825:Fujian
1640:Guinea
1600:Angola
1593:Africa
1409:Greece
1404:France
1366:China
1362:Canada
1355:Lulism
1350:Brazil
1270:
1244:
1166:
927:
915:
694:spring
614:Latvia
574:Moscow
419:Russia
276:Russia
145:
73:Status
2063:Užice
1998:Bihać
1958:Banat
1830:Gilan
1777:Syria
1747:China
1722:Burma
1696:Chile
1670:Sudan
1645:Libya
1620:Egypt
1605:Benin
1424:Italy
1414:India
1262:[
1158:[
707:RSFSR
2253:Asia
2011:1918
1976:1919
1782:Tuva
1762:Laos
1752:Iraq
1710:Asia
1686:Cuba
1523:Arab
1419:Iran
1268:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1199:2014
1164:ISBN
925:ISSN
913:ISBN
758:and
739:and
713:, a
645:and
616:and
513:TASS
495:and
282:The
54:Seal
595:by
485:).
294:or
2312::
1240:.
1207:^
1134:–
1124:^
1015:^
990:.
971:.
923:,
919:,
676:.
657:.
641:,
637:,
612:,
481::
474::
462::
455::
447::
443:,
439::
417:,
401:.
382:.
322::
310::
306:,
302::
298:,
290::
2296:.
2119:e
2112:t
2105:v
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
1276:.
1250:.
1201:.
1172:.
629:"
318:(
286:(
113:)
107:(
100:)
94:(
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