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763:
383:
169:
403:
374:
345:
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323:
312:
210:
158:
773:
was the only Arab participant in that war who refused to sign ceasefire agreements with Israel. Since then Iraq had on a number of occasions threatened to send forces to assist Jordan against Israel during rounds of border fighting between the two. Therefore, the
Israelis wished to keep the Iraqis occupied elsewhere. Another Israeli interest was Kurdish assistance for Jews still living in Iraq to escape through Kurdish territory to Israel. Iran wished to strengthen its own political and military position vis-à-vis Iraq—the only other regional power in the
181:
115:
225:
139:
604:, in an attempt to establish an independent Kurdistan. Throughout the 1960s, the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. The war ended with a stalemate in 1970, resulting in between 75,000 to 105,000 casualties. A series of Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict. The negotiations led to the
364:
300:
289:
278:
267:
256:
245:
99:
681:
offensive against the north to return government control of the region. Meanwhile, in June 1961, the KDP issued a detailed ultimatum to Qasim outlining
Kurdish grievances and demanded rectification. Qasim ignored the Kurdish demands and continued his planning for war. It was not until September 10, when an Iraqi army column was ambushed by a group of Kurds, that the Kurdish revolt truly began. In response to the attack, Qasim lashed out and ordered the
193:
127:
654:
692:
bombs numbering 1,000 and 4,000 other bombs which were given by the United States to the Ba'athist government in
Baghdad to use against the Kurds. Entire Kurdish villages and livestock were incinerated by the napalm bombs. The decision to supply napalm and other weapons to the Ba'athist was backed by
772:
The
Kurdish uprising received material support from Iran and Israel—both of them wishing to weaken Iraq. Israel regarded the Iraqi military as a possible threat in case of renewed fighting between Israel and Jordan and Syria. Iraqi forces had participated in the 1948 Arab invasion of Israel and Iraq
680:
had defeated the pro-government forces and consolidated his position as leader of the Kurds. At this point, Barzani ordered his forces to occupy and expel government officials from all
Kurdish territory. This was not received well in Baghdad, and as a result, Qasim began to prepare for a military
848:
In the following years, the Iraqi government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the
Iranian military support and could do little to
977:
Available documentation does not prove conclusively that the United States provided covert assistance to the Kurds in the fall of 1962, but the documents that have been declassified are certainly suggestive—especially in light of the general US policy orientation toward Iraq during this
829:
A peace plan was announced in March 1970 and provided for broader
Kurdish autonomy. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. Despite this, the Iraqi government embarked on an Arabization program in the oil rich regions of Kirkuk and
811:
The Ba'ath government restarted a campaign to end the
Kurdish insurrection, which stalled in 1969. This can be partly attributed to the Shah of Iran supplying the Kurds with weapons and ammunition. With Iranian help the Kurds decisively defeated the Iraqi advance.
640:
was invited by Qasim to return from exile. As part of a deal arranged by Qasim and
Barzani, Qasim promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support for his policies. Meanwhile, during 1959–1960, Barzani became the head of the
767:
Iraqi Senior officers in the North
Movements, Khaleel Jassim the founder of the light regiments 'Jash' and commando units, first from the right and Ibrahim Faisal Al-Ansari the commander of the second division the third from the right in northern Iraq
800:. At this battle, it was said that the Kurds slaughtered an entire Iraqi brigade. Recognizing the futility of continuing this campaign, Rahamn Arif announced a 12-point peace program in June 1966, which was not implemented due to the overthrow of
777:—and perhaps wring certain territorial concessions from Iraq in return for ceasing support of the Kurds (this was achieved in 1975, during the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War, but it is not clear when the idea was originally conceived).
693:
American President Kennedy. Napalm bombs were also sold to Iraq by the United Kingdom. French Ambassador Bernard Dorin witnessed a girl in Iraqi Kurdistan whose face was burned off by the UK made bombs.
788:
forces, led by Barzani on the other. Barzani agreed to the ceasefire and fired the radicals from the party. Following the unexpected death of Arif, whereupon he was replaced by his brother,
442:
665:
began to agitate for regional autonomy. In the face of growing Kurdish dissent, as well as Barzani's personal power, Qasim began to incite the Barzanis historical enemies, the
784:
in a coup. Then, after another failed offensive on Kurds, Arif declared a ceasefire in February 1964, which provoked a split among Kurdish urban radicals on one hand and
792:, the Iraqi government launched a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kurds. This campaign failed in May 1966, when Barzani forces thoroughly defeated the Iraqi Army at the
915:
815:
The internal power struggle in Baghdad also greatly hindered Iraqi progress. Moreover, the Soviet Union pressured the Iraqis to come to terms with Barzani.
435:
509:
1218:
748:
by providing aircraft, armoured vehicles and a force of 6,000 soldiers. Syrian troops crossed the Iraqi border and moved into the Kurdish town of
428:
304:
824:
605:
74:
877:
947:
1489:
1148:
514:
685:
to indiscriminately bomb Kurdish villages, which ultimately served to rally the entire Kurdish population to Barzani's standard.
780:
In November 1963, after considerable infighting amongst the civilian and military wings of the Ba'athists, they were ousted by
704:
in the interim constitution. On 23 August 1962, the government conducted a special population census only for the province of
661:
By early 1960, it became apparent that Qasim would not follow through with his promise of regional autonomy. As a result, the
1459:
970:
922:
1469:
1111:
1084:
1056:
1014:
548:
1342:
162:
1417:"Introduction : GENOCIDE IN IRAQ: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993)"
1454:
882:
850:
843:
499:
1464:
1142:
1479:
642:
597:
452:
103:
30:
867:
34:
1474:
662:
793:
553:
538:
470:
1444:
872:
173:
1327:
1449:
1134:
560:
543:
1289:"عقيل الناصري - الانقلاب التاسع والثلاثون- 1963،القطار الأمريكي وسباق المسافات الطويلة (4)"
524:
475:
327:
8:
1484:
623:
480:
1251:
1398:
1155:
862:
629:
617:
1288:
1263:
1416:
1402:
1107:
1080:
1052:
1010:
966:
941:
849:
strengthen their forces. By 1974 the situation in the north escalated again into the
801:
789:
633:
349:
316:
214:
1390:
1006:
997:
781:
589:
338:
1239:
1101:
753:
733:
682:
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637:
601:
577:
249:
1394:
1356:
737:
709:
519:
504:
282:
1329:
The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972
688:
Kurdish villages were targeted by United States supplied munitions consisting
1438:
1030:
271:
260:
230:
144:
1343:
https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:tm772zz7352/Concessionary%20Regime%20
1313:
1189:
774:
185:
119:
963:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
1357:"Bernard Dorin: Former French Ambassador, Unreserved Friend of the Kurds"
805:
673:
tribes, which led to intertribal warfare throughout 1960 and early 1961.
420:
71:
Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail.
293:
785:
757:
653:
831:
797:
1332:. Stanford University. 2011. pp. 118–. STANFORD:tm772zz7352.
911:
The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga
736:'s uprising in Iraqi Kurdistan and discovery of oilfields in the
740:
inhabited areas of Syria. In June 1963, Syria took part in the
689:
198:
132:
1383:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1190:"All wars in the 20th century - the Polynational War Memorial"
749:
745:
721:
713:
697:
382:
168:
741:
180:
114:
1138:
720:. In addition, a media campaign was launched against the
1099:
600:, lasting from 1961 until 1970. The struggle was led by
1381:
Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".
1264:"عقيل الناصري - من خفايا انقلاب شباط الدموي 1963 (3-6)"
696:
After the failure of the Syrian political union with
16:
1961–1970 conflict between Iraq and Kurdish militias
996:
732:. These policies coincided with the beginning of
1436:
1042:
1040:
905:
903:
901:
899:
960:
645:(KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960.
1184:
1182:
1046:
1149:"The Implications of the Iran-Iraq agreement"
1037:
909:Michael G. Lortz. (Chapter 1, Introduction).
896:
436:
1354:
1252:The implications of the Iran-Iraq agreement
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1179:
1001:. In Kreyenbroek, P. G.; Sperl, S. (eds.).
878:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1103:Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History
965:. Stanford University Press. p. 102.
716:in Jazira were arbitrarily categorized as
450:
443:
429:
1079:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1070:
1068:
1204:
825:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
762:
657:Mustafa Barzani with Abd al-Karim Qasim.
652:
606:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
1314:"AL-MADA Daily Newspaper...جريدة المدى"
1127:
1074:
1031:"AL-MADA Daily Newspaper...جريدة المدى"
990:
988:
986:
1437:
1380:
1065:
946:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1093:
994:
424:
415:6,600–10,000 killed, 80,000 displaced
983:
1133:Joint intelligence analysis by the
1100:Al-Marashi, I.; Salama, S. (2008).
593:
581:
13:
1003:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
14:
1501:
961:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
998:"The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon"
401:
381:
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343:
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208:
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167:
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137:
125:
113:
97:
75:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement
1490:20th century in Iraqi Kurdistan
1409:
1374:
1355:Allan Kaval (22 January 2014).
1348:
1336:
1320:
1306:
1281:
1256:
1245:
1233:
1219:"18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)"
700:in 1961, Syria was declared an
1023:
954:
818:
744:military campaign against the
712:. As a result, around 120,000
48:11 September 1961 – March 1970
1:
1049:The Kurdish Revolt, 1961–1970
889:
883:A Modern History of the Kurds
611:
79:Arabization program continued
1460:Wars involving the Peshmerga
1075:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002).
837:
596:), was a major event of the
582:لحرب العراقية الكردية الأولى
515:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
1051:. London: Faber and Faber.
856:
853:, which lasted until 1975.
549:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10:
1506:
1395:10.1177/000271627743300111
1106:. Routledge. p. 121.
1047:O'Ballance, Edgar (1973).
841:
822:
648:
643:Kurdistan Democratic Party
621:
615:
868:Kurdish rebellion of 1983
730:Fight the Kurdish threat!
462:
411:
391:
355:
236:
89:
40:
28:
23:
851:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
844:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
708:which was predominantly
500:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
794:Battle of Mount Handrin
726:Save Arabism in Jazira!
574:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
495:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
471:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
24:First Kurdish–Iraqi War
1470:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1005:. Routledge. pp.
873:1991 uprisings in Iraq
804:in a 1968 coup by the
769:
658:
598:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
454:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
237:Commanders and leaders
31:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1135:U.S. State Department
995:Vanly, I. C. (1992).
766:
724:with slogans such as
656:
622:Further information:
584:), also known as the
561:2023 Makhmour clashes
544:2003 invasion of Iraq
510:Arabization campaigns
392:Casualties and losses
35:Arab–Israeli conflict
1455:Wars involving Syria
834:in the same period.
586:September Revolution
476:Ahmed Barzani revolt
1145:from May 1, 1975 -
624:Iran crisis of 1946
481:1943 Barzani revolt
1465:Civil wars in Iraq
1192:. war-memorial.net
928:on 29 October 2013
863:Ramadan Revolution
770:
676:By February 1961,
659:
618:14 July Revolution
1480:Conflicts in 1970
972:978-1-5036-1382-9
885:by David McDowall
802:Abdul Rahman Arif
790:Abdul Rahman Arif
634:Abdul Karim Qasim
569:
568:
539:1994–97 Civil War
419:
418:
350:Abdul Rahman Arif
317:Abdul Karim Qasim
85:
84:
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1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1154:. Archived from
1153:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1097:
1091:
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1072:
1063:
1062:
1044:
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1000:
992:
981:
980:
958:
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951:
945:
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935:
933:
927:
921:. Archived from
920:
907:
782:Abdul Salam Arif
595:
583:
457:
455:
445:
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422:
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406:
405:
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339:Abdul Salam Arif
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42:
41:
21:
20:
1505:
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1500:
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1494:
1475:1960s conflicts
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1353:
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1337:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1240:Central Kurdish
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1161:on 17 June 2014
1158:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1128:
1118:
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1094:
1087:
1073:
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993:
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918:
916:"Archived copy"
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908:
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859:
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827:
821:
683:Iraqi Air Force
651:
626:
620:
614:
602:Mustafa Barzani
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465:Early conflicts
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1389:(1): 118–120.
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1345:-augmented.pdf
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752:in pursuit of
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616:Main article:
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525:1991 uprisings
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215:Ba'athist Iraq
163:Iraqi Republic
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1445:1960s in Iraq
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702:Arab Republic
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407:10,000 killed
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378:48,000 (1969)
370:
368:15,000–20,000
360:
359:
354:
351:
340:
329:
328:Ahmed al-Bakr
318:
308:
306:
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284:
273:
272:Ibrahim Ahmad
262:
261:Ahmed Barzani
251:
241:
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231:United States
220:
219:Supported by:
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188:(before 1968)
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145:United States
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109:Supported by:
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88:
78:
76:
73:
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69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:Northern Iraq
55:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1450:1970 in Iraq
1421:. Retrieved
1411:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1338:
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1322:
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1296:. Retrieved
1292:
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1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1247:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1194:. Retrieved
1163:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1146:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1102:
1095:
1077:Arabs at War
1076:
1048:
1025:
1002:
976:
962:
956:
930:. Retrieved
923:the original
913:. pp.39-42.
910:
847:
828:
814:
810:
779:
775:Persian Gulf
771:
729:
725:
717:
705:
701:
695:
687:
675:
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660:
627:
585:
573:
571:
531:
530:
494:
487:
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464:
412:
218:
203:
152:Before 1968:
151:
150:
122:(after 1968)
108:
95:
90:Belligerents
66:
29:Part of the
18:
1423:28 December
819:Peace talks
806:Baath Party
532:Later phase
305:Kamal Mufti
204:After 1968:
1485:Proxy wars
1439:Categories
932:16 October
890:References
628:After the
612:Background
488:Main phase
294:Ali Askari
67:Stalemate
1419:. Hrw.org
1403:145235862
1366:20 August
1361:rudaw.net
1298:20 August
1273:20 August
1221:. uca.edu
838:Aftermath
786:Peshmerga
636:in 1958,
147:(alleged)
1242:(Sorani)
942:cite web
857:See also
832:Khanaqin
798:Rawanduz
758:fighters
356:Strength
53:Location
33:and the
1165:3 April
978:period.
796:, near
754:Barzani
738:Kurdish
734:Barzani
710:Kurdish
678:Barzani
667:Bradost
649:Warfare
638:Barzani
590:Kurdish
397:Unknown
1401:
1225:14 May
1196:14 May
1171:
1119:14 May
1110:
1083:
1055:
1013:
969:
718:aliens
706:Jazira
690:napalm
671:Zebari
578:Arabic
554:Kirkuk
413:Total:
228:
199:Turkey
196:
176:(1963)
142:
133:Israel
130:
63:Result
1399:S2CID
1159:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1007:151–2
926:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
750:Zakho
746:Kurds
742:Iraqi
722:Kurds
714:Kurds
698:Egypt
387:6,000
174:Syria
1425:2010
1368:2023
1300:2023
1275:2023
1227:2015
1198:2015
1167:2011
1141:and
1121:2015
1108:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1053:ISBN
1011:ISBN
967:ISBN
948:link
934:2014
768:1966
728:and
669:and
572:The
186:Iran
120:Iran
45:Date
1391:doi
1387:433
1143:DIA
1139:CIA
756:'s
663:KDP
632:by
104:KDP
1441::
1397:.
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1359:.
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