First-past-the-post voting

2601: 2612: 1292: 2191:

votes would have otherwise been wasted (and in some sense this makes every vote count, as opposed to FPP), and this effect is only possible when no candidate receives an outright majority of first preference votes. it is related to kingmakers in that the lesser-known candidates may encourage their supporters to rank the other candidates a certain way. Supporters of electoral reform generally see this as a positive development, and claim that alternatives certain to FPP will encourage less negative and more positive campaigning, as candidates will have to appeal to a wider group of people. Opinions are split on whether the alternative vote (better known as

1069: 3600: 2987: 3074: 3276: 1027: 3575: 3208: 3050: 3399: 3122: 2701: 3821: 3460: 3363: 3098: 2797: 2233:, since should a radical faction gain control of one of the major political parties, FPP works to preserve that party's position. ...This is because the psychological effect of the plurality system disincentivises a major party's supporters from voting for a minor party in protest at its policies, since to do so would likely only help the major party's main rival. Rather than curtailing extreme voices, FPP today empowers the (relatively) extreme voices of the Labour and Conservative party memberships." For example, the 3300: 3612: 7690: 2207:, where more moderate candidates are squeezed out by more extreme ones. However, the different types (or the absence of) of party primaries maybe strengthen or weaken this effect. In general, FPP has no mechanism that would benefit more moderate candidates and many supporters of FPP defend it electing the largest and most unified (even if more polarizing) minority over a more consensual majority supported candidate. Allowing people into parliament who did not finish first in their district was described by 7684: 3263: 3146: 3773: 3241: 1938: 162: 3506: 3062: 2725: 3809: 3518: 3737: 2737: 2713: 3624: 2862: 4172: 1002: 3713: 3850: 3797: 3444: 2457:

disproportionately small share. This is because in doing this they win many seats and do not 'waste' many votes in other areas. As voting patterns are similar in about two-thirds of the districts, it is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats under FPP than happens in a proportional system, and under FPP it is rare to elect a majority government that actually has the support of a majority of voters. Because FPP permits many

2749: 3761: 3653: 3536: 2951: 2850: 2814: 2785: 3838: 3677: 3588: 3431: 2975: 2838: 2032:. Even with only two parties and equally-sized constituencies, winning a majority of seats just requires receiving more than half the vote in more than half the districts—even if the other party receives all the votes cast in the other districts—so just over a quarter of the vote is theoretically enough to win a majority in the legislature. With enough candidates splitting the vote in a district, the total number of votes needed to win can be made 3725: 3665: 3482: 3350: 3288: 3012: 2999: 2939: 2915: 2886: 2826: 2761: 3494: 2689: 2141:

majority to a government which lacks popular support can be problematic where said government's policies favor only that fraction of the electorate that supported it, particularly if the electorate divides on tribal, religious, or urban–rural lines. There is also the perceived issue of unfair coalitions where a smaller party can form a coalition with other smaller parties and form a government, without a clear mandate as was the case in the

1240: 3636: 2773: 3785: 3749: 3701: 3689: 3558: 3196: 3175: 3134: 2963: 3871: 3086: 3163: 3110: 3038: 3025: 2927: 2874: 3415: 3379: 3329: 3220: 1014: 94: 2898: 1881: 1855: 1821: 1802: 1779: 1601: 36: 1757: 1730: 1702: 1660: 1578: 1542: 1508: 2262:

how long it stayed in a war after becoming a party to it. When the people are fairly represented in parliament, more of those groups who may object to any potential war have access to the political power necessary to prevent it. In a proportional democracy, war and other major decisions generally requires the consent of the majority. The British human rights campaigner

2465:, electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes (whether due to policy, demographics which tend to favor one party, or other reasons), and many districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage. 2222:. This also implies that strategic voting is necessary to keep extremists from gaining seats, which often fails to materialize in practice for multiple reasons. In comparison, many other systems encourage voters to rank other candidates and thereby not (or at least less often to) have to strategically compromise on their first choice at the same time. 2448:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes—a total of 70% "wasted" votes. On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This winner-takes-all system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPP than elsewhere." 1949:

requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters. FPP often creates "false majorities" by over-representing larger parties (giving a majority of the parliamentary/legislative seats to a party that did not receive a majority of the votes) while under-representing smaller ones. In Canada,

2523:

represents most of the English cities and most of the north of England. This pattern hides the large number of votes for the non-dominant party. Parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country, heightening feelings of regionalism. Party supporters (who may

2190:

system as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates.", meaning that votes for the least supported candidates may change the outcome of the election between the most supported candidates. In this case however, this is a feature of the alternative vote, since those

2140:

commitments during their term in office. This may be beneficial for the country in question in circumstances where the government's legislative agenda has broad public support, albeit potentially divided across party lines, or at least benefits society as a whole. However handing a legislative voting

2131:

where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign. Political parties operate by targeting districts, directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has

2296:

The position is sometimes summarized, in an extreme form, as "all votes for anyone other than the runner-up are votes for the winner." This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second-placed candidate, who might otherwise have won. Following the extremely close

2261:

in that country. Leblang and Chan found that a country's electoral system is the most important predictor of a country's involvement in war, according to three different measures: (1) when a country was the first to enter a war; (2) when it joined a multinational coalition in an ongoing war; and (3)

2117:

However, most countries with first-past-the-post elections have multiparty legislatures (albeit with two parties larger than the others), the United States being the major exception. There is a counter-argument to Duverger's Law, that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two

2531:

won 98% of the seats in Alberta and Saskatchewan with only 68% of the vote. The lack of non-Conservative representation gives the appearance of greater Conservative support than actually exists. Similarly, in Canada's 2021 elections, the Conservative Party won 88% of the seats in Alberta with only

1948:

Perhaps the most striking effect of FPP is the fact that the number of a party's seats in a legislature has nothing to do with its vote count in an election, only in how those votes were geographically distributed. This has been a target of criticism for the method, many arguing that a fundamental

2280:

To a greater extent than many others, the first-past-the-post method encourages "tactical voting". Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate who they predict is more likely to win, as opposed to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as

2135:

This feature of FPTP has often been used by its supporters in contrast to proportional systems. In the latter, smaller parties act as 'kingmakers' in coalitions as they have greater bargaining power and therefore, arguably, their influence on policy is disproportional to their parliamentary size-

6468:

use a variation where the electoral vote of each congressional district is awarded by FPTP (or by IRV in Maine beginning in 2020), and the statewide winner (using the same method used in each congressional district in the state) is awarded an additional two electoral votes. In states that employ

2126:

It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during

2098:

The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional

6275:

The European Parliament elections in Belgium will be held on 26 May, the same day as the regional and federal elections. In the European elections there are three Belgian constituencies: the Dutch-speaking electoral college, the Francophone electoral college and the German-speaking electoral

1745:

The best-is-worst paradox occurs when an electoral system declares the same candidate to be in first and last place, depending on whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst or worst-to-best. FPP demonstrates this pathology, because a candidate can be both the FPP winner and also the

2285:. FPP wastes fewer votes when it is used in two-party contests. But waste of votes and minority governments are more likely when large groups of voters vote for three, four or more parties as in Canadian elections. Canada uses FPP and only two of the last seven federal Canadian elections ( 2456:

The effect of a system based on plurality voting spread over many separate districts is that the larger parties, and parties with more geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support gain a

1450:

In FPTP, only the first preferences matter. As such, the votes would be counted as 42% for Memphis, 26% for Nashville, 17% for Knoxville, and 15% for Chattanooga. Since Memphis has the most votes, it would win a FPTP election, even though it is far from the center of the state and a

6469:

FPTP-GT, the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all the state's available electors (seats), regardless of the number or share of votes won (majority vs non-majority plurality), or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.

4367:

the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to

2072:, FPTP creates a powerful electoral incentive for large parties to target similar segments of voters with similar policies. The effect of this reduces political diversity in a country because the larger parties are incentivized to coalesce around similar policies. The 2539:, where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behavior. In the UK, the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe. It has been claimed that members involved in the 2009 2347:

have the most voters on the island, and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).

2136:

this is largely avoided in FPP systems where majorities are generally achieved. FPP often produces governments which have legislative voting majorities, thus providing such governments the legislative power necessary to implement their electoral

2574:

broke away from British rule in the late 18th century, and its constitution provides for an electoral college to elect its president. Despite original intentions to the contrary, by the mid-19th century this college had transformed into a

2508:

came in third in terms of number of votes (3.9 million/12.6%), but gained only one seat in Parliament, resulting in one seat per 3.9 million votes. The Conservatives on the other hand received one seat per 34,000 votes.

2249:. Since 2010, Fidesz has implemented other anti-democratic reforms that now mean the European Parliament no longer qualifies Hungary as a full democracy. Electoral reform campaigners have argued that the use of FPP in 1794:

Since plurality does not consider later preferences on the ballot at all, it is impossible to either harm or help a favorite candidate by marking later preferences. Thus it passes both Later-No-Harm and Later-No-Help.

5244: 2475:

On the other hand, minor parties that do not concentrate their vote usually end up getting a much lower proportion of seats than votes, as they lose most of the seats they contest and 'waste' most of their votes.

2692:

Map showing countries where the lower house or unicameral national legislature is elected by FPTP (red) or mixed systems using FPTP (pink - mixed majoritarian, purple/lavender - mixed proportional/compensatory).

4493: 2099:

seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as

4478:

Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and

5336: 2266:, and others, have argued that Britain entered the Iraq War primarily because of the political effects of FPP and that proportional representation would have prevented Britain's involvement in the war. 7196: 2358:

Substantial power is given to the media, because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be. Even voters who distrust the media will know that others

1976:

In some cases, this can lead to a party receiving the plurality or even majority of total votes yet still failing to gain a plurality of legislative seats. This results in a situation called a

2365:

A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two, and thus lose votes to tactical voting;

5276: 3914: 985: 2672:

Many countries which use FPP have active campaigns to switch to proportional representation (e.g. UK and Canada). Most modern democracies use some form of proportional representation.

2555:

originated in the Middle Ages as an assembly representing the gentry of the counties and cities of the Kingdom, each of which elected either one or two members of parliament (MPs) by

1772:

Lesser-evil voting occurs when voters are forced to support a "lesser of two evils" by rating them higher than their actual favorite candidate. FPP is vulnerable to this pathology.

7988: 4577: 3829: 5476: 7214: 669: 6517:

The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.

4884: 7862: 7755: 7189: 5568: 4907: 5727: 4975: 6374: 5241: 4298: 2012:. Even when a party wins more than half the votes in an almost purely two-party-competition, it is possible for the runner-up to win a majority of seats. This happened in 688: 5891: 5630: 1142:. Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of 5952: 6305: 5083: 7721: 7182: 7713: 7238: 5537: 5506: 5398: 5914: 5137: 7832: 5661: 5328: 6405: 5599: 4794: 6262: 5823: 4439: 2512:

The winner-takes-all nature of FPP leads to distorted patterns of representation, since it exaggerates the correlation between party support and geography.

5306: 2325: 2328:, where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes (0.009%), which was far exceeded by the 97488 (1.635%) votes cast for Nader in that state. 1723:

is a particular kind of spoiler effect that involves several perfect copies, or "clones", of a candidate. Candidate-cloning causes vote-splitting in FPP.

7763: 7750: 4464:(where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g. 2203:

Supporters and opponents of FPP often argue whether FPP advantages or disadvantages extremist parties. Among single-winner systems, FPP suffers from the

1055: 892: 6574: 5367: 4656: 7226:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?" 2600: 5169: 4456:(FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the 2665:

The Proportional Representation Society was founded in England in 1884 and began campaigning. STV was used to elect the British House of Commons's

7912: 7657: 7205: 3919: 6217: 5982: 4268: 2472:(ERS) says that regional parties benefit from this system. "With a geographical base, parties that are small UK-wide can still do very well". 1476: 5266: 2540: 2479:

The ERS also says that in FPP elections using many separate districts "small parties without a geographical base find it hard to win seats".

1965:. In the United Kingdom, 19 of the 24 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government. In all but two of them ( 1280: 6064: 7024: 6336: 6155: 2642:. More serious investigation into electoral systems came in the late 18th century, when several thinkers independently proposed systems of 2444:

are seen as those cast for losing candidates, and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the

2324:, and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%). The election was ultimately determined by the 1874:

support from some voters, i.e. it is possible for a candidate to lose by receiving too many votes. FPP is not affected by this pathology.

6792: 746: 6511: 4574: 7624: 5468: 4942: 6482: 6034: 3320:

Alongside block voting (fully majoritarian systems) or as part of mixed-member majoritarian systems (semi-proportional representation)

3316:

The following countries use single-member plurality to elect part of their national legislature, in different types of mixed systems.

2175:"affords great power to relatively small parties, forcing the government to give in to political blackmail and to reach compromises"; 5760: 4690: 2179:, defending FPP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes. 8108: 7960: 7795: 6920: 6772: 6094: 4876: 4092: 4039: 2298: 2053: 2000:. Famous examples of the second placed party (in votes nationally) winning a plurality of seats include the elections in Canada in 1489: 778: 640: 635: 5560: 4320: 8074: 7773: 7019: 6797: 5719: 4967: 2340: 2258: 1048: 741: 6366: 4418:

However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.

4290: 2685:

The following is a list of countries currently following the first-past-the-post voting system for their national legislatures.

1984:. Famous examples of the second-place party (in votes nationally) winning a majority of seats include the elections in Ghana in 8069: 7785: 6782: 6567: 4146: 4136: 4126: 4082: 4042: 3999: 3961: 3910: 1135: 423: 6299: 6193: 5883: 5700: 5221: 5194: 5077: 4746: 4545: 4530:

Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States

4505: 2242: 2238: 2165:. They argue that FPP generally reduces this possibility, except where parties have a strong regional basis. A journalist at 6124: 5622: 7673: 7146: 2494: 2486: 2445: 2344: 1997: 1970: 1966: 1942: 947: 198: 5944: 3878: 2489:, "the Green Party, Liberal Democrats and UKIP (minor, non-regional parties) received 11% of votes between them, yet they 1941:

A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the

1127:, where voters rank the candidates, but only the first preference matters. As a result, FPP is usually implemented with a 7993: 7413: 7362: 6829: 6340: 6326:

Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

5446: 5420:

Leblang, D.; Chan, S. (2003). "Explaining Wars Fought By Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?".

3943: 2362:

believe the media, and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular;

17: 2535:

First-past-the-post within geographical areas tends to deliver (particularly to larger parties) a significant number of

7950: 7321: 7261: 2662:

in Australia. STV saw its first national use in Denmark in 1855, and was reinvented several times in the 19th century.

2412:, depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality. Such behavior is difficult to measure objectively. 1041: 6160: 5529: 5498: 5390: 2563:

advocates pushed to replace these multi-member constituencies with single-member districts. Elections to the Canadian

8042: 7945: 7940: 7867: 7790: 7768: 7729: 6560: 6527:

Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, British Columbia.

5922: 5861: 5653: 5144: 4264: 3969: 3965: 2293:) produced single-party majority governments. In none of them did the leading party receive a majority of the votes. 2142: 1993: 1989: 1641: 1273: 942: 75: 7983: 7357: 7281: 7014: 6960: 6397: 5591: 5044: 4763: 3604: 3599: 3078: 3073: 2355:

Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well, changing their originally intended vote;

2310: 2302: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 932: 682: 653: 593: 6254: 5654:"THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise" 1840:, when it is possible to draw a map where a candidate who loses the election nevertheless manages to win in every 46: 8079: 7955: 7665: 7651: 7141: 6812: 6461: 5831: 4431: 3929: 3925: 2336: 2073: 1953:

have been formed due to one party winning a majority of the votes cast in Canada only three times since 1921: in

1623: 1091:

voting rule. Voters typically mark one candidate as their favorite, and the candidate with the largest number of

664: 189: 114: 5298: 4633: 7907: 7617: 7164: 6940: 5114: 4190: 4116: 4019: 3245: 2991: 2986: 2290: 2286: 2211:

as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."

2029: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1985: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1233: 727: 4575:

Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected

1236:, where the first round selects two major contenders who go on to receive the overwhelming majority of votes. 791: 7778: 3906: 369: 354: 339: 5359: 4660: 4584:. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. 4230: 2161:

and gain leverage they would not otherwise enjoy, although this can be somewhat mitigated by a large enough

8026: 7403: 6983: 6968: 6787: 6526: 6433: 4205: 3275: 2611: 2528: 2351:

Because voters have to predict who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:

2218:, which has prevented extreme left- and right-wing parties from gaining parliamentary seats, as opposed to 1452: 1266: 605: 528: 449: 6777: 7855: 7850: 7827: 7034: 6757: 6747: 6608: 4029: 3989: 3979: 2643: 2552: 2321: 2245:

by changing the electoral system to mostly use FPP instead of the previous mixed system using mostly the

2234: 2219: 2154: 1524: 1516: 1206: 1068: 970: 417: 399: 240: 2579:

use of FPP for each state's presidential election. This further morphed through the introduction of the

1153:

Despite its simplicity and long history, FPP has been widely criticized and is generally unpopular with

8113: 7418: 7383: 7271: 6999: 6542: 6150: 4512:

American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.

2564: 1765: 1535:

still loses the election. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1460: 1185:. These issues have led to various calls to replace FPP in single-winner elections with rules based on 861: 844: 811: 575: 563: 533: 334: 292: 6012: 2044:

Under first-past-the-post, a small party may draw votes and seats away from a larger party that it is

7610: 7393: 7049: 7004: 6950: 6862: 2805: 2666: 2237:, a mixed system dominated by FPP have seen Fidesz (right-wing, populist party) win 135 seats in the 1559: 1550: 717: 710: 194: 6209: 5974: 4256: 3882: 7932: 7800: 7533: 7291: 7039: 6925: 6883: 6802: 6727: 6663: 6621: 4908:"In Britain's first past the post electoral system, some votes are worth 22 times more than others" 4452:

Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with

4210: 4052: 3951: 3644: 3566: 2647: 2469: 2226: 1619: 1120: 1072:

Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections

771: 699: 551: 538: 521: 498: 476: 439: 429: 53: 7174: 4837: 4339:"A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions" 980: 7978: 7872: 7647: 7388: 7316: 7064: 7054: 7029: 6845: 6722: 6658: 6072: 2516: 2405: 2385: 1810: 1788: 1306: 1170: 897: 751: 434: 6344: 4525: 1115:(where bettors would guess which horse they thought would be first past the finishing post). In 866: 8017: 7892: 7633: 7378: 7336: 7286: 7105: 7044: 6907: 6506: 4832: 4195: 3579: 3574: 3452: 3423: 3407: 3391: 3341: 2556: 2417: 2393: 1864: 1718: 1710: 1325: 1198: 1092: 926: 806: 736: 543: 109: 6850: 5692: 5685: 5211: 5184: 8034: 7902: 7423: 7331: 7009: 6930: 6695: 6445: 6289: 6183: 5067: 4102: 3939: 3054: 3049: 2659: 2639: 2505: 2425: 2192: 2187: 1830: 1747: 1456: 1178: 834: 674: 558: 364: 343: 275: 253: 4934: 4559:

In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.

3311: 2524:

nevertheless be a significant minority) in those sections of the country are unrepresented.

2497:, "he same three parties received almost a quarter of all the votes cast, yet these parties 2153:, a smaller party, managed to form a government without being the largest party. The use of 2118:

parties, in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing.

8001: 7450: 7266: 7079: 6648: 6042: 2635: 2620:

People campaigning against first-past-the-post and in favour of proportional representation

2519:

represents most of the rural seats in England, and most of the south of England, while the

1331: 1319: 1162: 1158: 1116: 965: 952: 920: 184: 8: 7897: 7561: 7398: 7059: 6653: 5753:"Make Votes Matter—Everything wrong with First Past the Post—Proportional Representation" 5752: 5332: 4682: 4453: 3540: 3387: 3126: 3121: 2705: 2700: 2162: 1981: 1950: 1611: 1571:

still wins. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.

1302: 871: 705: 358: 103: 6102: 4620: 1243:

A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and

7100: 6710: 6668: 6128: 5805: 5784:"Divided by Values: Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party and England's 'North-South Divide'" 5036: 5028: 4858: 4850: 4786: 4465: 4409: 3741: 3736: 3371: 3212: 3207: 2651: 2343:

candidates. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the

1841: 1313: 1096: 1031: 902: 513: 297: 6500: 2532:

55% of the vote, and won 100% of the seats in Saskatchewan with only 59% of the vote.

7917: 7352: 7276: 7069: 6978: 6935: 6855: 6700: 6685: 6643: 6295: 6189: 5809: 5696: 5217: 5190: 5163: 5073: 5040: 4742: 4625: 4541: 4501: 4401: 4358: 3947: 3616: 3611: 3280: 2520: 2482: 2389: 2183: 2100: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2033: 1977: 1932: 1845: 1739: 1182: 1026: 937: 907: 829: 766: 600: 327: 302: 285: 153: 5186:

The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Constitutional Conservatism

4790: 4712: 7575: 7110: 6742: 6598: 6583: 6453: 5795: 5018: 5010: 4862: 4842: 4778: 4615: 4607: 4533: 4469: 4393: 4350: 4098: 3403: 3398: 3337: 3154: 2584: 2560: 2437: 2429: 2275: 2246: 2215: 2087: 1468: 1291: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1190: 1186: 1154: 1018: 975: 854: 568: 444: 270: 264: 246: 235: 230: 218: 179: 141: 6532:

The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)

1653:. Systems that demonstrate center-squeeze have a bias towards extreme candidates. 1165:. Social choice theorists have criticized the rule for being highly vulnerable to 7689: 7592: 7508: 7501: 7311: 7301: 7158: 7074: 6915: 6893: 6705: 6626: 6616: 6594: 6291:

Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly

5248: 5135: 4581: 4200: 4177: 4156: 4112: 4072: 4062: 4015: 3102: 3097: 2433: 2086:

which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to

1897: 1889: 1691:. First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion, which makes it vulnerable to 1112: 1006: 839: 694: 659: 580: 491: 394: 317: 259: 137: 4823:(2010). "Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates". 4537: 52:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

6973: 6678: 6638: 6531: 6457: 6396:

MrdaljPolitikolog, Mladen; Univerzitetu, Predavač na Webster (8 October 2020).

4820: 4457: 3304: 3299: 3150: 3145: 2462: 2421: 2313: 2263: 2204: 2065: 1692: 1676: 1668: 1586: 1464: 1174: 1166: 876: 816: 801: 612: 481: 456: 307: 57: 7683: 6536: 5438: 5014: 4846: 2680: 8102: 7568: 7554: 7408: 7296: 6717: 5783: 5237: 4782: 4405: 4362: 4321:"The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies" 3473:

As part of mixed-member proportional (MMP) or additional member systems (AMS)

3240: 2580: 2571: 2377: 2208: 2128: 2091: 1870:

Perverse response occurs when a candidate loses as a result of receiving too

1124: 1088: 885: 585: 373: 211: 174: 149: 7602: 8087: 7922: 7515: 7494: 6732: 6673: 5271: 4629: 4142: 3267: 3262: 2655: 2250: 1937: 1472: 1194: 625: 389: 382: 312: 7326: 5853: 2420:

argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the

1836:

The multiple-districts paradox refers to a particularly egregious kind of

1563:

paradox happens when a majority of voters prefer every other candidate to

161: 8050: 7306: 7115: 6878: 6817: 6737: 6633: 6491: 4108: 4088: 4078: 3813: 3808: 3777: 3772: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3367: 3362: 3312:

Use of single-member plurality in mixed systems for electing legislatures

3066: 3061: 2724: 2631: 2627: 2626:

Non-plurality voting systems have been devised since at least 1299, when

2458: 2441: 2332: 2317: 2282: 2158: 2127:

election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on

2057: 1973:), the leading party did not take a majority of the votes across the UK. 1837: 1244: 1202: 1147: 1139: 503: 461: 404: 349: 5032: 4998: 4854: 4430:

Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023).

4338: 4171: 1101:) is elected, regardless of whether they have over half of all votes (a 1001: 7540: 6888: 6824: 6516: 6449: 5023: 4413: 4354: 3628: 3623: 3357:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting with partial compensation) 2866: 2861: 2741: 2736: 2717: 2712: 2634:

methods, which were respectively reinvented in the 18th century by the

2176: 1213: 1131:, where voters place a single bubble next to their favorite candidate. 6547: 5800: 7547: 7125: 7120: 5242:

David Cameron: why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy

5107:"Major Reforms Are Unlikely, but Electoral Threshold Could Be Raised" 4595: 4594:

Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean; Talesara, Ishaana (5 September 2019).

4381: 4185: 3995: 3935: 3913:. Only twice used FPTP, first between 1902 and 1905 used only in the 3902: 3854: 3849: 3801: 3796: 3717: 3712: 3448: 3443: 2906: 2536: 2380:

region), entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting

2254: 2230: 2137: 1298: 1143: 471: 466: 6552: 5106: 4397: 2157:(PR) may enable smaller parties to become decisive in the country's 2076:

describes India's use of FPTP as a "legacy of British colonialism".

7204: 6945: 6465: 5561:"Will Labour's next leader finally break with first-past-the-post?" 4611: 4152: 4122: 3842: 3837: 3765: 3760: 3681: 3676: 3657: 3652: 3592: 3587: 3535: 3435: 3430: 2979: 2974: 2955: 2950: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2818: 2813: 2789: 2784: 2753: 2748: 2688: 2409: 1239: 1102: 722: 2229:

published a report in April 2019 stating that, " FPP can ... abet

1593:

The center-squeeze pathology occurs when a candidate who supports

6807: 4035: 4025: 3985: 3957: 3729: 3724: 3669: 3664: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3354: 3349: 3292: 3287: 3016: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2943: 2938: 2919: 2914: 2890: 2885: 2830: 2825: 2765: 2760: 2729: 2397: 2306: 2172: 2167: 2121: 2061: 1217: 508: 6095:"Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature" 5391:"How a Broken Voting System Gave South Africa Apartheid in 1948" 4382:"A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems" 2504:

According to Make Votes Matter, in the 2015 UK general election

2103:. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections. 7466: 7095: 6437: 5687:

Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context

4657:"Election Inversions By Variants of the U.S. Electoral College" 4461: 4132: 4058: 3975: 3825: 3820: 3789: 3784: 3753: 3748: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3640: 3635: 3562: 3557: 3464: 3459: 3438:– alongside seats distributed proportional to seats already won 3333: 3328: 3224: 3219: 3200: 3195: 3179: 3174: 3138: 3133: 2967: 2962: 2801: 2796: 2777: 2772: 2146: 1307:

All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.

1013: 6538:

The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video)

5138:"Advantages and disadvantages of the uninominal voting system" 4764:"Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections" 2461:, an election under FPP is more easily gerrymandered. Through 6441: 6395: 4473: 4068: 4048: 4011: 4005: 3924:, and the second time between 1951 and 1957 used only in the 3167: 3162: 3114: 3109: 3090: 3085: 3042: 3037: 3029: 3024: 2931: 2926: 2902: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2401: 2150: 2068:

for the Democrats. According to the political pressure group

1900:

is a situation where a candidate loses as a result of having

5329:"MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy" 5267:"First past the post abets extreme politics, says thinktank" 6367:"Which European countries use proportional representation?" 6004: 3419: 3414: 3383: 3378: 2681:

Legislatures elected exclusively by single-member plurality

1316:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters) 1305:. The population is concentrated around four major cities. 1220:

retain FPP for most elections. However, the combination of

5830:. Conservative Action for Electoral Reform. Archived from 1687:

is affected by voters' opinions on an unrelated candidate

2654:, and first used in a public election in 1840 by his son 2195:

outside the UK) achieves this better than other systems.

2048:

similar to, and therefore give an advantage to one it is

1228:

mean the country has effectively used a variation on the

6548:

The fatal flaws of First-past-the-post electoral systems

6521: 5213:

Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State

4883:. Institute for Public Policy Research. 4 January 2011. 4492:

Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005).

2424:. Examples include preferential voting systems, such as 1904:

supporters. In other words, adding a voter who supports

7239:

Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

5136:

Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia, Romania.

4659:. Department of Political Science. UMBC. Archived from 4115:

in 1998 for House of Representatives elections, and by

4008:(used between 1860 and 1882, and between 1892 and 1919) 1527:

occurs when a majority of voters prefer some candidate

6486: 5714: 5712: 4526:"The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium" 4524:

Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009),

2253:

was a contributory factor in the country adopting the

6492:

ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber

6398:"Sedam zabluda o uvođenju većinskog izbornog sistema" 6287: 5623:"The 2016 Election Proves The Need For Voting Reform" 4429: 3525:– as part is a mixed system (AMS and parallel voting) 2316:

is that a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for

4996: 4962: 4960: 4596:"Inversions in US Presidential Elections: 1836-2016" 4593: 4291:"First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained" 4167: 2543:

were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat.

2241:

and has remained the largest party in Hungary since

6503:—detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting 6065:"Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform – About LCER" 5709: 101:It has been suggested that this article should be 6188:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. pp. 40–41. 5684: 5433: 5431: 4523: 3451:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3422:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3406:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 3370:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside 1463:, the easternmost city. This makes the election a 6127:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from 4990: 4957: 4877:"First Past the Post is a 'broken voting system'" 4491: 4332: 4330: 8100: 6464:(which in turn elects the president); Maine and 6243:. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002. 5884:"General Election 2010: Safe and marginal seats" 3548: 7206:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 5428: 4999:"Kingmakers and leaders in coalition formation" 4761: 3647:for the presidential and legislative elections) 3569:for the presidential and legislative elections) 6151:"Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions" 5216:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 231–. 5209: 4713:"India – First Past the Post on a Grand Scale" 4327: 2122:Strongholds, key constituencies and kingmakers 1322:, near the center of the state (26% of voters) 1301:is holding an election on the location of its 7632: 7618: 7190: 6568: 5592:"Making government accountable to the people" 5065: 4818: 4432:"Toward a Different Kind of Party Government" 4373: 3467:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting) 2182:The concept of kingmakers is adjacent to how 1338:The preferences of each region's voters are: 1274: 1049: 7025:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives 6507:ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP 6232: 5781: 5203: 5168:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5059: 4600:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4532:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146, 2590: 1622:. There might be a discussion about this on 6512:ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India 6239:"Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen". 5854:"Elections Canada – Results by Province(s)" 5788:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique 5782:Beech, Matt; Hickson, Kevin (3 July 2020). 5419: 5299:"The Electoral System and British Politics" 4569: 4567: 3386:– in single-member electoral districts for 3253: 2432:of runoffs and less tested methods such as 1844:. This is not possible under FPP, or other 1679:is when the results of an election between 7625: 7611: 7197: 7183: 6575: 6561: 6281: 5915:""Safe seats" almost guarantee corruption" 4762:Dunleavy, Patrick; Diwakar, Rekha (2013). 4730: 4231:"First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?" 2669:between 1918 and their abolition in 1950. 2376:. For example, in the UK (and only in the 1281: 1267: 1056: 1042: 6522:Vote No to Proportional Representation BC 6255:"Elections 2019: The European Parliament" 6214:Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica 5799: 5651: 5176: 5022: 4836: 4619: 1920:. FPP is not affected by this pathology. 1642:Learn how and when to remove this message 1482: 1453:majority of voters would prefer Nashville 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 5652:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004). 5527: 5189:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 400–. 5182: 4564: 2687: 2171:noted that Israel's highly proportional 2054:2000 United States presidential election 1936: 1238: 1067: 8075:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand 7751:Speaker of the House of Representatives 7020:Independence of irrelevant alternatives 6798:Sequential proportional approval voting 6294:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 69–. 6069:labourcampaignforelectoralreform.org.uk 5860:. Elections Canada. 21 September 2020. 5558: 4741:. New York: Random House. p. 107. 4379: 4336: 3954:being introduced to the Senate in 1948) 2583:, which made American elections into a 14: 8101: 8070:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 6444:completely abandoned FPTP in favor of 6185:El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano 5682: 5664:from the original on 19 September 2008 5620: 5530:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5499:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad" 5388: 5360:"The Graveyard of First Past the Post" 5339:from the original on 15 September 2022 5264: 2675: 2650:in particular was invented in 1819 by 2527:In the 2019 Canadian federal election 2416:Proponents of other voting methods in 2060:drew more votes from the left-leaning 1334:, far to the northeast (17% of voters) 7606: 7178: 6582: 6556: 6483:A handbook of Electoral System Design 6426: 6377:from the original on 27 December 2019 6337:"PNG voting system praised by new MP" 6181: 5747: 5745: 5730:from the original on 13 December 2019 5327: 4978:from the original on 13 December 2019 4945:from the original on 15 November 2017 4905: 4887:from the original on 15 November 2017 4736: 4386:American Journal of Political Science 2567:have always been conducted with FPP. 2239:2022 Hungarian parliamentary election 7828:Abolition of the Legislative Council 6408:from the original on 13 January 2024 6220:from the original on 20 October 2017 6163:from the original on 6 December 2023 6035:"Electoral Systems around the World" 5945:"FactCheck: expenses and safe seats" 5864:from the original on 9 December 2022 5763:from the original on 2 November 2019 5633:from the original on 22 October 2019 5589: 5559:Barnett, Anthony (10 January 2020). 5279:from the original on 6 December 2023 4825:British Journal of Political Science 4423: 4301:from the original on 18 January 2024 3865: 2630:came up with both the Condorcet and 2198: 2149:, was unable to form a coalition so 2039: 1594: 87: 29: 7363:Official Monster Raving Loony Party 6830:Indirect single transferable voting 6341:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5912: 5210:Larry Johnston (13 December 2011). 5117:from the original on 21 August 2019 3186: 1479:(the actual capital of Tennessee). 24: 7833:Members of the Legislative Council 7714:Speaker of the Legislative Council 7262:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 6343:. 12 December 2003. Archived from 6241:Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins 5742: 5401:from the original on 18 March 2021 5047:from the original on 11 March 2023 4932: 4654: 4636:from the original on 19 March 2021 3231: 2269: 1197:, and also to proposals replacing 160: 25: 8125: 7730:Leader of the Legislative Council 6476: 6265:from the original on 6 April 2023 5985:from the original on 26 June 2020 5894:from the original on 3 March 2016 5858:2021 Elections Canada – Provinces 5602:from the original on 31 July 2020 5479:from the original on 29 June 2020 5449:from the original on 31 July 2020 5357: 5309:from the original on 25 June 2020 4693:from the original on 31 July 2020 4498:The Politics of Electoral Systems 4442:from the original on 16 July 2024 4265:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3970:German-speaking electoral college 3966:Member of the European Parliament 2143:2009 Israeli legislative election 1926: 7688: 7682: 7358:Socialist Party of Great Britain 7282:Green Party of England and Wales 6501:ACE Project: First Past The Post 6448:or IRV. In the US, 48 of the 50 6308:from the original on 22 May 2024 6015:from the original on 1 July 2020 5571:from the original on 5 July 2020 5540:from the original on 22 May 2024 5509:from the original on 22 May 2024 5370:from the original on 4 July 2020 5104: 5086:from the original on 22 May 2024 4800:from the original on 9 June 2022 4271:from the original on 24 May 2022 4170: 3869: 3848: 3836: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3605:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3598: 3586: 3582:(one for each main ethnic group) 3573: 3556: 3534: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3458: 3442: 3429: 3413: 3397: 3377: 3361: 3348: 3327: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3261: 3239: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3173: 3161: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3079:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2610: 2599: 2559:. Starting in the 19th century, 2335:, there has been a tendency for 2052:similar to. For example, in the 2014:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1879: 1853: 1819: 1800: 1777: 1755: 1728: 1700: 1658: 1599: 1576: 1540: 1506: 1290: 1119:, FPP is generally treated as a 1025: 1012: 1000: 948:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem 594:Semi-proportional representation 226:First preference plurality (FPP) 92: 34: 8109:Single-winner electoral systems 6389: 6359: 6329: 6320: 6247: 6202: 6175: 6143: 6117: 6087: 6057: 6027: 5997: 5967: 5955:from the original on 8 May 2021 5937: 5906: 5876: 5846: 5828:conservativeelectoralreform.org 5816: 5775: 5676: 5645: 5614: 5590:Root, Tim (30 September 2019). 5583: 5552: 5521: 5491: 5461: 5413: 5389:Winter, Owen (25 August 2016). 5382: 5351: 5321: 5291: 5265:Walker, Peter (22 April 2019). 5258: 5230: 5129: 5098: 4926: 4906:Terry, Chris (28 August 2013). 4899: 4869: 4812: 4755: 4717:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 4705: 4675: 4648: 4587: 4494:"The American Electoral System" 2309:believed one reason he lost to 2299:2000 U.S. presidential election 2090:, given enough time. Economist 2074:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network 1328:, somewhat east (15% of voters) 1134:FPP has been used to elect the 6941:Mixed ballot transferable vote 6496:1 of the national legislature? 6460:to choose the electors of the 6288:Bhuwan Chandra Upreti (2010). 6182:Milia, Juan Guillermo (2015). 5621:Begany, Brent (30 June 2016). 5528:Tatchell, Peter (3 May 2010). 4517: 4485: 4313: 4283: 4249: 4223: 4191:Deviation from proportionality 4135:(adopted in 1990, replaced by 4117:multiple non-transferable vote 3998:(adopted in 1995, replaced by 3960:(adopted in 1831, replaced by 2992:Federated States of Micronesia 2493:just 2% of seats", and in the 2214:However, FPP often results in 1531:to every other candidate, but 986:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem 943:Moulin's impossibility theorem 908:Conflicting majorities paradox 13: 1: 7868:Father or Mother of the House 4997:Brams/Kilgour. Dorey (2013). 4216: 4119:in 1941 for Senate elections) 3861: 3549:Heads of state elected by FPP 2368:The method may promote votes 812:Frustrated majorities paradox 8027:Parliament House, Wellington 7404:Green Party Northern Ireland 7142:Comparison of voting systems 6984:Satisfaction approval voting 6969:Single non-transferable vote 6788:Proportional approval voting 5422:Political Research Quarterly 5069:UK Government & Politics 4914:. London School of Economics 4206:Single non-transferable vote 2451: 1996:, and the United Kingdom in 1256: 1083:)—often shortened simply to 981:Condorcet dominance theorems 921:Social and collective choice 7: 6748:Graduated majority judgment 4538:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9 4500:. OUP Oxford. p. 192. 4163: 4030:proportional representation 3990:proportional representation 3980:proportional representation 2646:to elect legislatures. The 2644:proportional representation 2553:House of Commons of England 2515:For example, in the UK the 2446:UK general election of 2005 2235:electoral system of Hungary 2220:proportional representation 2155:proportional representation 1525:frustrated majority paradox 1207:proportional representation 1187:multi-round plurality-rules 647:By mechanism of combination 418:Proportional representation 10: 8130: 7796:Shadow Leader of the House 7419:Traditional Unionist Voice 7272:Christian Peoples Alliance 7000:Condorcet winner criterion 6691:First-past-the-post voting 5683:Drogus, Carol Ann (2008). 4935:"What is a marginal seat?" 4573:Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010) 4468:) hold runoffs or use the 3465:Republic of China (Taiwan) 2546: 2273: 1930: 1831:Multiple-districts paradox 1251: 1173:, promoting extremism via 1107:). It is sometimes called 1077:First-preference plurality 845:Multiple districts paradox 576:Fractional approval voting 564:Interactive representation 107:into a new article titled 8062: 8010: 7961:Mixed-member proportional 7931: 7885: 7841: 7820: 7813: 7741: 7706: 7697: 7680: 7640: 7634:Parliament of New Zealand 7589: 7525: 7486: 7479: 7459: 7443: 7436: 7394:Democratic Unionist Party 7371: 7345: 7254: 7247: 7231: 7221: 7212: 7155: 7147:Voting systems by country 7134: 7088: 7050:Mutual majority criterion 7005:Condorcet loser criterion 6992: 6959: 6951:Vote linkage mixed system 6906: 6871: 6863:Largest remainders method 6838: 6765: 6756: 6607: 6590: 5183:P. Dorey (17 June 2008). 5072:. Heinemann. p. 24. 5015:10.1007/s00355-012-0680-4 5003:Social Choice and Welfare 4847:10.1017/s0007123409990354 4739:The Price of Civilization 4196:Plurality-at-large voting 3529:Subnational legislatures 2667:university constituencies 2591:Criticism and replacement 2205:center squeeze phenomenon 2110:The Price of Civilization 1793: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1343: 792:Paradoxes and pathologies 641:Mixed-member proportional 636:Mixed-member majoritarian 631:By results of combination 522:Approval-based committees 8038:(current executive wing) 7786:Leader of the Opposition 7674:House of Representatives 7040:Majority loser criterion 6926:Additional member system 6884:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota 6803:Single transferable vote 6728:Positional voting system 6664:Minimax Condorcet method 6622:Combined approval voting 5469:"What the Evidence Says" 5364:Electoral Reform Society 4783:10.1177/1354068811411026 4580:24 February 2021 at the 4380:Merrill, Samuel (1984). 4337:Merrill, Samuel (1985). 4211:Single transferable vote 3972:is still elected by FPTP 3944:House of Representatives 3830:constitutional amendment 3645:Double simultaneous vote 3567:Double simultaneous vote 3254:Subnational legislatures 2648:single transferable vote 2470:Electoral Reform Society 2227:the Constitution Society 2145:where the leading party 1943:2015 UK general election 1136:British House of Commons 971:Condorcet's jury theorem 772:Double simultaneous vote 747:Rural–urban proportional 742:Dual-member proportional 704: 693: 660:Parallel (superposition) 552:Fractional social choice 539:Expanding approvals rule 368: 353: 338: 269: 258: 234: 7994:Supplementary elections 7444:Advocating a "Yes" vote 7317:Scottish National Party 7065:Resolvability criterion 7055:Participation criterion 7030:Later-no-harm criterion 6846:Highest averages method 6371:electoral-reform.org.uk 5979:electoral-reform.org.uk 5724:electoral-reform.org.uk 5247:18 January 2018 at the 4972:electoral-reform.org.uk 4737:Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). 3344:(alternating elections) 2418:single-member districts 2008:as well as in Japan in 1552:Condorcet loser paradox 1199:single-member districts 1171:majority-rule principle 1163:social choice theorists 1113:gambling on horse races 898:Tyranny of the majority 675:Fusion (majority bonus) 492:Quota-remainder methods 27:Plurality voting system 8018:General Assembly House 7893:Speech from the throne 7756:Chairman of Committees 7722:Chairman of Committees 7460:Advocating a "No" vote 7379:British National Party 7106:First-preference votes 7045:Monotonicity criterion 7015:Independence of clones 6718:Simple majoritarianism 5066:Andy Williams (1998). 3580:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3453:plurality block voting 3424:plurality block voting 3408:plurality block voting 3392:plurality block voting 3342:plurality block voting 2693: 2557:block plurality voting 2115: 1945: 1490:pathological behaviors 1483:Properties and effects 1248: 1073: 1032:Mathematics portal 938:Majority impossibility 927:Impossibility theorems 723:Negative vote transfer 544:Method of equal shares 165: 110:Single-member district 8081:Parliamentary Debates 8043:Parliamentary Library 7424:Ulster Unionist Party 7010:Consistency criterion 6931:Alternative vote plus 6696:Instant-runoff voting 6446:Instant-runoff voting 5824:"First Past the Post" 5720:"First Past the Post" 5691:. CQ Press. pp. 5335:. 15 September 2022. 4968:"First Past the Post" 4683:"First Past the Post" 4257:"First past the post" 3942:in 1918 for both the 3055:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2691: 2660:Adelaide City Council 2640:Jean-Charles de Borda 2501:just 1.5% of seats." 2495:2015 general election 2487:2017 general election 2426:instant runoff voting 2404:, and since 2015 the 2301:, some supporters of 2259:1948 general election 2193:instant runoff voting 2096: 2066:spoiling the election 2064:, resulting in Nader 1940: 1740:Best-is-worst paradox 1457:instant-runoff voting 1242: 1179:electoral competition 1071: 835:Best-is-worst paradox 824:Pathological response 559:Direct representation 212:Single-winner methods 164: 8002:Caretaker government 7650:(represented by the 7451:YES! To Fairer Votes 7080:Seats-to-votes ratio 6851:Webster/Sainte-Laguë 6454:District of Columbia 6045:on 11 September 2021 5475:. 19 November 2017. 4655:Miller, Nicholas R. 4323:. 26 September 2016. 4297:. 6 September 2010. 3883:adding missing items 2636:Marquis de Condorcet 2372:as opposed to votes 2326:results from Florida 1951:majority governments 1612:confusing or unclear 1501:Explanation/details 1467:. By contrast, both 1205:with rules based on 1159:political scientists 1019:Economics portal 966:Median voter theorem 185:Comparative politics 7969:First-past-the-post 7821:Legislative Council 7769:Leader of the House 7707:Legislative Council 7666:Legislative Council 7658:Legislative Council 7562:The Daily Telegraph 7399:England First Party 7222:Referendum question 7060:Plurality criterion 6659:Kemeny–Young method 6436:, the US states of 6125:"Electoral Systems" 5975:"What We Stand For" 5834:on 15 November 2017 5333:European Parliament 5150:on 24 December 2019 4912:democraticaudit.com 4454:first-past-the-post 4267:. 13 January 2016. 3907:Chamber of Deputies 3127:Trinidad and Tobago 2706:Antigua and Barbuda 2676:Countries using FPP 2225:On the other hand, 2163:electoral threshold 2056:, the left-leaning 1982:electoral inversion 1620:clarify the article 1518:Frustrated majority 1492: 1155:electoral reformers 1109:first-past-the-post 1007:Politics portal 718:Vote linkage system 689:Seat linkage system 276:Ranked-choice (RCV) 18:First pass the post 7389:Conservative Party 7101:Election threshold 7035:Majority criterion 6711:Supplementary vote 6487:International IDEA 5919:thecommentator.com 5658:The New York Times 4819:Dickson, Eric S.; 4355:10.1007/bf00127534 3881:; you can help by 3372:party block voting 3213:Dominican Republic 3032:(lower house only) 2694: 2652:Thomas Wright Hill 2517:Conservative Party 2386:Conservative Party 2339:voters to support 1946: 1842:electoral district 1767:Lesser-evil voting 1487: 1249: 1222:partisan primaries 1195:rated voting rules 1074: 903:Discursive dilemma 862:Lesser evil voting 737:Supermixed systems 440:Largest remainders 298:Round-robin voting 166: 8114:Electoral systems 8096: 8095: 7903:Readings of bills 7881: 7880: 7873:Baby of the House 7809: 7808: 7600: 7599: 7585: 7584: 7475: 7474: 7432: 7431: 7337:Libertarian Party 7287:Liberal Democrats 7277:English Democrats 7172: 7171: 7070:Reversal symmetry 6979:Cumulative voting 6961:Semi-proportional 6936:Mixed single vote 6902: 6901: 6778:Mixed single vote 6686:Exhaustive ballot 6649:Copeland's method 6644:Condorcet methods 6584:Electoral systems 6462:Electoral College 6347:on 4 January 2005 6301:978-81-7835-774-4 6261:. 17 April 2019. 6195:978-987-02-8472-7 6156:National Archives 6131:on 26 August 2014 6105:on 6 October 2014 6075:on 11 August 2021 5801:10.4000/rfcb.5456 5757:Make Votes Matter 5702:978-0-87289-343-6 5596:Left Foot Forward 5443:Make Votes Matter 5439:"PR and Conflict" 5424:: 56-24: 385–400. 5331:(Press release). 5223:978-1-4426-0533-6 5196:978-0-230-59415-9 5079:978-0-435-33158-0 4748:978-1-4000-6841-8 4687:Make Votes Matter 4547:978-0-387-09720-6 4507:978-0-19-153151-4 4436:Protect Democracy 4261:nzhistory.govt.nz 3926:elections of 1951 3915:elections of 1904 3899: 3898: 3617:Equatorial Guinea 3281:US Virgin Islands 2485:said that in the 2483:Make Votes Matter 2438:Condorcet methods 2428:, as well as the 2257:system after the 2199:Extremist parties 2184:Winston Churchill 2088:two-party systems 2084:political science 2070:Make Votes Matter 2040:Two-party systems 2034:arbitrarily small 2028:and in Belize in 1988:, New Zealand in 1978:majority reversal 1924: 1923: 1865:Perverse response 1846:positional voting 1652: 1651: 1644: 1469:Condorcet methods 1447: 1446: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1309:The options are: 1129:choose-one ballot 1066: 1065: 953:Gibbard's theorem 893:Dominance paradox 830:Perverse response 534:Phragmen's method 400:Majority judgment 328:Positional voting 286:Condorcet methods 154:electoral systems 131: 130: 86: 85: 78: 16:(Redirected from 8121: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 7998: 7973: 7965: 7956:Electoral system 7859: 7818: 7817: 7760: 7734: 7726: 7718: 7704: 7703: 7692: 7686: 7670: 7662: 7652:Governor-General 7627: 7620: 7613: 7604: 7603: 7576:Evening Standard 7487:For a "Yes" vote 7484: 7483: 7441: 7440: 7255:For a "Yes" vote 7252: 7251: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7111:Liquid democracy 6763: 6762: 6743:Two-round system 6654:Dodgson's method 6577: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6539: 6495: 6470: 6430: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6101:. Archived from 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6071:. Archived from 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6041:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6009:Fair Vote Canada 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5925:on 15 April 2021 5921:. Archived from 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5890:. 7 April 2010. 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5690: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5262: 5256: 5253:Daily Telegraph. 5234: 5228: 5227: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5143:. Archived from 5142: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5026: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4939:justsolutions.eu 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4840: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4623: 4591: 4585: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4470:alternative vote 4449: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4099:Papua New Guinea 3923: 3894: 3891: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3788: 3787: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3728: 3727: 3716: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3639: 3638: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3603: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3578: 3577: 3561: 3560: 3543:(United Kingdom) 3539: 3538: 3521: 3520: 3509: 3508: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3484: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3433: 3418: 3417: 3404:Marshall Islands 3402: 3401: 3382: 3381: 3366: 3365: 3353: 3352: 3332: 3331: 3303: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3279: 3278: 3266: 3265: 3244: 3243: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3198: 3187:Upper house only 3178: 3177: 3166: 3165: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3125: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3028: 3027: 3015: 3014: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2917: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2841: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2817: 2816: 2800: 2799: 2788: 2787: 2776: 2775: 2764: 2763: 2752: 2751: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2704: 2703: 2614: 2603: 2585:two-round system 2565:House of Commons 2561:electoral reform 2541:expenses scandal 2430:two-round system 2394:Liberal Democrat 2276:Strategic voting 2247:two-round system 2231:extreme politics 2216:strategic voting 2188:alternative vote 2113: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1493: 1486: 1477:return Nashville 1367: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1294: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1230:two-round system 1226:two-party system 1169:, violating the 1111:in reference to 1093:first-preference 1058: 1051: 1044: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 960:Positive results 855:Strategic voting 752:Majority jackpot 709: 698: 569:Liquid democracy 445:National remnant 435:Highest averages 372: 357: 342: 274: 265:Alternative vote 263: 247:Partisan primary 239: 180:Mechanism design 133: 132: 126: 123: 96: 95: 88: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8058: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8006: 7996: 7971: 7963: 7927: 7877: 7853: 7844:Representatives 7843: 7837: 7805: 7791:Shadow Ministry 7758: 7744:Representatives 7743: 7737: 7732: 7724: 7716: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7678: 7668: 7660: 7636: 7631: 7601: 7596: 7593:Politics Portal 7581: 7526:For a "No" vote 7521: 7509:Financial Times 7502:The Independent 7471: 7455: 7437:Advocacy groups 7428: 7414:Socialist Party 7384:Communist Party 7372:For a "No" vote 7367: 7341: 7312:Scottish Greens 7302:Pirate Party UK 7267:Christian Party 7243: 7227: 7217: 7208: 7203: 7173: 7168: 7151: 7130: 7084: 7075:Smith criterion 6988: 6955: 6916:Parallel voting 6898: 6894:Imperiali quota 6867: 6834: 6752: 6706:Contingent vote 6669:Nanson's method 6627:Unified primary 6617:Approval voting 6603: 6586: 6581: 6537: 6493: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6268: 6266: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6159:. 6 July 2023. 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913:Wickham, Alex. 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5718: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5395:Huffington Post 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5263: 5259: 5249:Wayback Machine 5235: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4821:Scheve, Kenneth 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4663:on 18 July 2021 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4592: 4588: 4582:Wayback Machine 4572: 4565: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4490: 4486: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4424: 4398:10.2307/2110786 4378: 4374: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4201:Approval voting 4178:Politics portal 4176: 4169: 4166: 4157:parallel voting 4113:parallel voting 4073:parallel voting 4063:parallel voting 4016:parallel voting 3917: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3572: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3533: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3470: 3457: 3441: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3376: 3360: 3347: 3326: 3314: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3232:Varies by state 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3103:Solomon Islands 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3022: 3009: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2683: 2678: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2549: 2454: 2434:approval voting 2337:Independentista 2278: 2272: 2270:Tactical voting 2201: 2186:criticized the 2124: 2114: 2107: 2042: 1935: 1929: 1898:no-show paradox 1891:No-show paradox 1884: 1880: 1858: 1854: 1824: 1820: 1805: 1801: 1782: 1778: 1760: 1756: 1733: 1729: 1720:cloning paradox 1712:Cloning paradox 1705: 1701: 1663: 1659: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1617: 1604: 1600: 1581: 1577: 1560:Condorcet loser 1545: 1541: 1511: 1507: 1485: 1461:elect Knoxville 1449: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1288: 1287: 1259: 1254: 1177:, and reducing 1167:spoiler effects 1062: 1024: 1023: 1011: 999: 991: 990: 957: 933:Arrow's theorem 923: 913: 912: 881: 851: 840:No-show paradox 821: 807:Cloning paradox 797:Spoiler effects 794: 784: 783: 758: 645: 628: 618: 617: 590: 581:Maximal lottery 548: 529:Thiele's method 518: 488: 420: 410: 409: 395:Approval voting 383:Cardinal voting 379: 324: 318:Maximal lottery 282: 214: 204: 127: 121: 118: 97: 93: 82: 71: 65: 62: 51: 45:has an unclear 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8127: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7918:King's Consent 7915: 7910: 7908:Members' bills 7905: 7900: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7779:Prime Minister 7771: 7766: 7761: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7710: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7488: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6974:Limited voting 6971: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6701:Coombs' method 6693: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6679:Schulze method 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6641: 6639:Bucklin voting 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6489: 6478: 6477:External links 6475: 6472: 6471: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6388: 6358: 6328: 6319: 6300: 6280: 6246: 6231: 6201: 6194: 6174: 6142: 6116: 6086: 6056: 6026: 5996: 5966: 5936: 5905: 5875: 5845: 5815: 5774: 5741: 5708: 5701: 5675: 5644: 5627:Policy Interns 5613: 5582: 5565:Labourlist.org 5551: 5520: 5505:. 3 May 2010. 5490: 5473:Fair Voting BC 5460: 5427: 5412: 5381: 5350: 5320: 5290: 5257: 5229: 5222: 5202: 5195: 5175: 5128: 5105:Ilan, Shahar. 5097: 5078: 5058: 4989: 4956: 4925: 4898: 4868: 4831:(2): 349–375. 4811: 4777:(6): 855–886. 4771:Party Politics 4754: 4747: 4729: 4704: 4674: 4647: 4612:10.3386/w26247 4606:(1): 327–357. 4586: 4563: 4546: 4516: 4506: 4484: 4458:United Kingdom 4422: 4372: 4349:(2): 389–403. 4326: 4312: 4282: 4248: 4237:. 31 July 2018 4221: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4140: 4130: 4120: 4106: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4033: 4023: 4009: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3973: 3964:in 1899)— the 3955: 3933: 3897: 3896: 3876: 3874: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3570: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3527: 3526: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3455: 3439: 3426: 3410: 3394: 3374: 3358: 3345: 3338:Federal Senate 3323: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3305:Cayman Islands 3295: 3283: 3271: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3151:United Kingdom 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3020: 3007: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2548: 2545: 2463:gerrymandering 2453: 2450: 2422:spoiler effect 2414: 2413: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2314:George W. Bush 2274:Main article: 2271: 2268: 2264:Peter Tatchell 2200: 2197: 2129:marginal seats 2123: 2120: 2105: 2101:Duverger's Law 2082:is an idea in 2080:Duverger's law 2041: 2038: 1933:Duverger's law 1931:Main article: 1928: 1927:Two-party rule 1925: 1922: 1921: 1894: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1850: 1849: 1834: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1748:anti-plurality 1743: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1708: 1697: 1696: 1677:spoiler effect 1673: 1670:Spoiler effect 1666: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1632:September 2024 1607: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1588:Center squeeze 1584: 1573: 1572: 1555: 1548: 1537: 1536: 1521: 1514: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1484: 1481: 1465:center squeeze 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1191:majority-rules 1183:Duverger's law 1175:center squeeze 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1022: 1021: 1009: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 924: 919: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 880: 879: 877:Turkey-raising 874: 869: 864: 850: 849: 848: 847: 837: 832: 820: 819: 817:Center squeeze 814: 809: 804: 802:Spoiler effect 795: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 775: 774: 761:By ballot type 757: 756: 755: 754: 749: 744: 734: 733: 732: 731: 730: 725: 715: 714: 713: 702: 679: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 644: 643: 638: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 613:Limited voting 610: 609: 608: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 566: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 487: 486: 485: 484: 482:Localized list 479: 474: 469: 464: 454: 453: 452: 450:Biproportional 447: 442: 437: 421: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 378: 377: 362: 347: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 295: 281: 280: 279: 278: 267: 254:Instant-runoff 251: 250: 249: 241:Jungle primary 228: 217:Single vote - 215: 210: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 168: 167: 157: 156: 146: 145: 129: 128: 122:September 2024 100: 98: 91: 84: 83: 47:citation style 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8126: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063:Miscellaneous 8061: 8052: 8049: 8044: 8041: 8036: 8033: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7970: 7967: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7898:Question Time 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7740: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7698:Parliamentary 7696: 7691: 7685: 7675: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7595: 7594: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7569:The Economist 7566: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7555:Daily Express 7552: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7409:Respect Party 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346:Neutral/split 7344: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Mebyon Kernow 7295: 7293: 7292:Liberal Party 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6609:Single-winner 6606: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6434:2020 election 6432:Prior to the 6429: 6425: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6277: 6264: 6260: 6259:Flanders News 6256: 6250: 6242: 6235: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5954: 5951:. Channel 4. 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5358:Cowen, Doug. 5354: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5303:consoc.org.uk 5300: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5255:30 April 2011 5254: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5238:David Cameron 5233: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4933:Galvin, Ray. 4929: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4838:10.1.1.75.155 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343:Public Choice 4340: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4168: 4158: 4155:(replaced by 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147:party list PR 4145:(replaced by 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137:party list PR 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127:party list PR 4125:(replaced by 4124: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111:(replaced by 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101:(replaced by 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091:(replaced by 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083:party list PR 4081:(replaced by 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071:(replaced by 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061:(replaced by 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051:(replaced by 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038:(replaced by 4037: 4034: 4032:in June 2017) 4031: 4028:(replaced by 4027: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014:(replaced by 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 4000:party list PR 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988:(replaced by 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978:(replaced by 3977: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962:party list PR 3959: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3938:(replaced by 3937: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3911:party list PR 3908: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3877:This list is 3875: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3270:(New Zealand) 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3248:(both houses) 3247: 3246:United States 3242: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3019:(both houses) 3018: 3013: 3008: 3006:(both houses) 3005: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2613: 2602: 2588: 2587:in practice. 2586: 2582: 2581:party primary 2578: 2573: 2572:United States 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2529:Conservatives 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378:Great Britain 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2209:David Cameron 2206: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2119: 2111: 2108:from Sachs's 2104: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2092:Jeffrey Sachs 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812:Later-no-help 1809: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1789:Later-no-harm 1786: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1646: 1643: 1635: 1625: 1624:the talk page 1621: 1615: 1613: 1608:This article 1606: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:. Similarly, 1454: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1365:17% of voters 1358:15% of voters 1351:26% of voters 1344:42% of voters 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297:Suppose that 1295: 1293: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125:ranked voting 1122: 1118: 1117:social choice 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1089:single-winner 1086: 1082: 1078: 1070: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 995: 994: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 976:May's theorem 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 922: 917: 916: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886:majority rule 884:Paradoxes of 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 856: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 825: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 787: 780: 777: 773: 770: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 735: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 719: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 696: 692: 691: 690: 687: 686: 685: 684: 680: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 650: 649: 648: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 627: 626:Mixed systems 622: 621: 614: 611: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 587: 586:Random ballot 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 553: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 523: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 495: 494: 493: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430:Apportionment 428: 427: 426: 425: 419: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 384: 375: 371: 366: 365:Antiplurality 363: 360: 356: 351: 348: 345: 341: 336: 333: 332: 331: 330: 329: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 294: 293:Condorcet-IRV 291: 290: 289: 288: 287: 277: 272: 268: 266: 261: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 245: 244: 242: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 220: 213: 208: 207: 200: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Social choice 173: 172: 170: 169: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150:Social choice 148: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 125: 116: 112: 111: 106: 105: 99: 90: 89: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 8088:Waka-jumping 8080: 8022:(demolished) 8020:, Auckland 7989:Appointments 7984:By-elections 7972:(previously) 7968: 7923:Royal assent 7591: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7516:Daily Mirror 7514: 7507: 7500: 7495:The Guardian 7493: 7353:Labour Party 7163: 7157: 6773:Mixed-member 6758:Proportional 6733:Score voting 6690: 6674:Ranked pairs 6593:Part of the 6592: 6428: 6410:. Retrieved 6401: 6391: 6379:. Retrieved 6370: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6345:the original 6331: 6322: 6310:. Retrieved 6290: 6283: 6274: 6267:. Retrieved 6258: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6222:. Retrieved 6213: 6210:"Law 14,032" 6204: 6184: 6177: 6165:. Retrieved 6154: 6145: 6133:. Retrieved 6129:the original 6119: 6107:. Retrieved 6103:the original 6098: 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6073:the original 6068: 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6043:the original 6039:FairVote.org 6038: 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5978: 5969: 5957:. Retrieved 5949:channel4.com 5948: 5939: 5927:. Retrieved 5923:the original 5918: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5888:The Guardian 5887: 5878: 5866:. Retrieved 5857: 5848: 5836:. Retrieved 5832:the original 5827: 5818: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5756: 5732:. Retrieved 5723: 5686: 5678: 5666:. Retrieved 5657: 5647: 5635:. Retrieved 5626: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5595: 5585: 5573:. Retrieved 5564: 5554: 5542:. Retrieved 5534:The Guardian 5533: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5503:The Guardian 5502: 5493: 5481:. Retrieved 5472: 5463: 5451:. Retrieved 5442: 5421: 5415: 5403:. Retrieved 5394: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5363: 5353: 5341:. Retrieved 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5302: 5293: 5281:. Retrieved 5272:The Guardian 5270: 5260: 5252: 5232: 5212: 5205: 5185: 5178: 5152:. Retrieved 5145:the original 5131: 5119:. Retrieved 5110: 5100: 5088:. Retrieved 5068: 5061: 5049:. Retrieved 5006: 5002: 4992: 4980:. Retrieved 4971: 4947:. Retrieved 4938: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4911: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4880: 4871: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4802:. Retrieved 4774: 4770: 4757: 4738: 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4716: 4707: 4695:. Retrieved 4686: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4661:the original 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4603: 4599: 4589: 4558: 4551:, retrieved 4529: 4519: 4511: 4497: 4487: 4479:California). 4477: 4451: 4444:. Retrieved 4435: 4425: 4417: 4392:(1): 23–48. 4389: 4385: 4375: 4366: 4346: 4342: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4294: 4285: 4273:. Retrieved 4260: 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4235:On Elections 4234: 4225: 4143:South Africa 3887: 3528: 3472: 3471: 3390:, alongside 3340:, alongside 3319: 3318: 3315: 3268:Cook Islands 2684: 2671: 2664: 2625: 2576: 2569: 2550: 2534: 2526: 2521:Labour Party 2514: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2490: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2468:The British 2467: 2459:wasted votes 2455: 2442:Wasted votes 2415: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2350: 2330: 2295: 2279: 2251:South Africa 2224: 2213: 2202: 2181: 2166: 2134: 2132:more value. 2125: 2116: 2109: 2097: 2078: 2049: 2045: 2043: 1975: 1947: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1890: 1871: 1863: 1829: 1811: 1787: 1766: 1738: 1719: 1711: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1638: 1629: 1618:Please help 1609: 1587: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1532: 1528: 1517: 1473:score voting 1448: 1435:Chattanooga 1430: 1412: 1399:Chattanooga 1394: 1384:Chattanooga 1376: 1337: 1296: 1289: 1260: 1211: 1203:legislatures 1152: 1133: 1128: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 959: 958: 925: 883: 882: 867:Exaggeration 853: 852: 823: 822: 796: 760: 759: 728:Mixed ballot 683:Compensatory 681: 654:compensatory 651: 646: 630: 592: 591: 550: 549: 520: 519: 490: 489: 477:List-free PR 422: 390:Score voting 381: 380: 326: 325: 313:Ranked pairs 284: 283: 225: 216: 119: 108: 102: 72: 63: 44: 8051:Bowen House 7979:Electorates 7669:(1853–1950) 7661:(1841–1853) 7480:Print media 7307:Plaid Cymru 7232:Legislation 7116:Spoilt vote 6879:Droop quota 6818:Schulze STV 6793:Rural–urban 6738:STAR voting 6634:Borda count 5959:15 November 5929:15 November 5898:15 November 5838:15 November 5767:16 December 5734:16 December 5024:10419/53209 5009:(1): 1–18. 4949:15 November 4918:15 November 4891:15 November 4241:9 September 4109:Philippines 4089:New Zealand 4079:Netherlands 3918: [ 3828:(from 1996 3814:South Korea 3778:Philippines 3523:South Korea 3511:New Zealand 3368:Ivory Coast 3155:lower house 3067:Saint Lucia 2907:lower house 2806:lower house 2632:Borda count 2628:Ramon Llull 2333:Puerto Rico 2322:Green Party 2318:Ralph Nader 2159:legislature 2058:Ralph Nader 1916:to lose to 1838:gerrymander 1413:Chattanooga 1361:Center-East 1326:Chattanooga 1214:U.S. states 1148:New Zealand 1140:Middle Ages 1123:variant of 767:Single vote 670:Conditional 665:Coexistence 514:Quota Borda 504:Schulze STV 462:Closed list 405:STAR voting 350:Borda count 8103:Categories 7913:Committees 7641:Components 7541:Daily Mail 7135:Comparison 6889:Hare quota 6839:Allocation 6825:Spare vote 6813:Hare-Clark 6783:Party-list 6412:13 January 6381:1 December 6312:11 October 6269:2 December 6224:19 October 6167:23 October 6135:3 November 6109:3 December 5868:4 November 5668:7 February 5637:22 October 5090:11 October 4982:5 December 4217:References 4043:Party list 3879:incomplete 3862:Former use 3629:The Gambia 2867:The Gambia 2742:Bangladesh 2718:Azerbaijan 2537:safe seats 2388:by voting 2345:Estadistas 2311:Republican 2305:candidate 2303:Democratic 2177:Tony Blair 2094:explains: 1912:can cause 1614:to readers 1498:Pathology 1438:Nashville 1420:Nashville 1417:Knoxville 1402:Knoxville 1387:Knoxville 1381:Nashville 1218:officially 1138:since the 1121:degenerate 872:Truncation 601:Cumulative 424:Party-list 199:By country 190:Comparison 58:footnoting 8083:(Hansard) 8054:(current) 8046:(current) 8030:(current) 8011:Locations 7997:(defunct) 7964:(current) 7933:Elections 7886:Procedure 7863:30+ years 7774:Ministers 7759:(defunct) 7733:(defunct) 7725:(defunct) 7717:(defunct) 7548:The Times 7327:Sinn Féin 7126:Unseating 7121:Sortition 6723:Plurality 6599:Economics 6456:use FPTP- 5810:198655613 5041:253849669 4833:CiteSeerX 4553:31 August 4406:0092-5853 4363:0048-5829 4186:Cube rule 3996:Hong Kong 3936:Australia 3903:Argentina 3890:July 2016 3855:Venezuela 3802:Singapore 3742:Palestine 3718:Nicaragua 3449:Singapore 3388:Khobregan 3336:– in the 3153:(for the 2905:(for the 2804:(for the 2452:Geography 2341:Populares 2255:apartheid 2138:manifesto 1848:methods. 1488:Table of 1431:Knoxville 1395:Nashville 1332:Knoxville 1320:Nashville 1299:Tennessee 1234:the 1970s 1224:with the 1144:Australia 1098:plurality 1095:marks (a 1085:plurality 779:Dual-vote 472:Panachage 467:Open list 457:List type 335:Plurality 231:Two-round 219:plurality 142:Economics 66:July 2024 7941:Previous 7856:previous 7842:House of 7742:House of 7700:officers 6993:Criteria 6946:Scorporo 6595:politics 6466:Nebraska 6452:and the 6406:Archived 6402:Talas.rs 6375:Archived 6306:Archived 6276:college. 6263:Archived 6218:Archived 6161:Archived 6099:idea.int 6013:Archived 5983:Archived 5953:Archived 5892:Archived 5862:Archived 5761:Archived 5728:Archived 5662:Archived 5631:Archived 5600:Archived 5569:Archived 5538:Archived 5507:Archived 5477:Archived 5447:Archived 5399:Archived 5368:Archived 5343:25 March 5337:Archived 5307:Archived 5277:Archived 5245:Archived 5164:cite web 5115:Archived 5084:Archived 5051:11 March 5045:Archived 5033:42001390 4976:Archived 4943:Archived 4885:Archived 4881:ippr.org 4855:40649446 4795:Archived 4791:18840573 4691:Archived 4634:Archived 4630:38213750 4621:10782436 4578:Archived 4440:Archived 4299:Archived 4269:Archived 4164:See also 4159:in 1995) 4153:Tanzania 4149:in 1994) 4139:in 1992) 4123:Portugal 4105:in 2002) 4095:in 1996) 4085:in 1917) 4065:in 1977) 4055:in 1921) 4045:in 2002) 4002:in 1998) 3992:in 1920) 3982:in 1981) 3968:for the 3946:and the 3843:Tanzania 3766:Paraguay 3682:Kiribati 3658:Honduras 3593:Cameroon 3541:Scotland 3436:Pakistan 2980:Maldives 2956:Malaysia 2855:Ethiopia 2843:Eswatini 2819:Dominica 2790:Botswana 2754:Barbados 2658:for the 2577:de facto 2410:Scotland 2106:— 1902:too many 1693:spoilers 1441:Memphis 1423:Memphis 1405:Memphis 1368:Far-East 1347:Far-West 1245:only one 1104:majority 499:Hare STV 138:Politics 136:A joint 54:citation 8035:Beehive 7851:Current 7814:Members 7648:Monarch 7534:The Sun 7248:Parties 7215:Results 7165:Project 6856:D'Hondt 6808:CPO-STV 6766:Systems 6543:YouTube 6079:25 June 6049:18 July 6019:25 June 5989:25 June 5544:26 June 5513:27 June 5483:27 June 5453:27 June 5313:23 June 5283:23 June 5111:Haaretz 4863:7107526 4804:30 June 4722:25 June 4697:26 June 4667:14 July 4640:14 July 4466:Georgia 4446:16 July 4414:2110786 4368:winning 4305:13 July 4036:Lesotho 4026:Lebanon 3986:Denmark 3958:Belgium 3950:, with 3730:Nigeria 3670:Iceland 3499:Lesotho 3487:Bolivia 3355:Hungary 3293:Bermuda 3017:Nigeria 3004:Myanmar 2944:Liberia 2920:Jamaica 2891:Grenada 2831:Eritrea 2766:Belarus 2730:Bahamas 2656:Rowland 2547:History 2398:England 2382:against 2370:against 2320:of the 2307:Al Gore 2173:Knesset 2168:Haaretz 2062:Al Gore 1750:loser. 1610:may be 1377:Memphis 1314:Memphis 1303:capital 1257:Example 1252:Example 509:CPO-STV 359:Baldwin 308:Schulze 303:Minimax 221:methods 115:discuss 7467:NOtoAV 7159:Portal 7096:Ballot 6872:Quotas 6601:series 6494: 6450:states 6438:Alaska 6351:19 May 6298: 6192: 6005:"Home" 5808: 5699: 5606:5 July 5575:5 July 5405:4 July 5374:4 July 5220: 5193: 5076: 5039: 5031: 4861: 4853: 4835: 4789: 4745: 4628: 4618: 4544: 4504: 4472:(e.g. 4462:Canada 4412: 4404: 4361: 4295:gov.uk 4275:25 May 4133:Serbia 4059:Mexico 3976:Cyprus 3948:Senate 3826:Taiwan 3790:Rwanda 3754:Panama 3706:Mexico 3694:Malawi 3641:Guyana 3563:Angola 3334:Brazil 3225:Poland 3201:Bhutan 3180:Zambia 3139:Uganda 2968:Malawi 2802:Canada 2778:Belize 2499:shared 2491:shared 2390:Labour 2283:wasted 2147:Kadima 2112:, 2011 2024:, and 1567:, but 1475:would 1459:would 1354:Center 1232:since 1216:still 1161:, and 1087:—is a 374:Coombs 144:series 7801:Whips 7764:Clerk 7089:Other 6908:Mixed 6485:from 6442:Maine 5806:S2CID 5794:(2). 5154:8 May 5148:(PDF) 5141:(PDF) 5121:8 May 5037:S2CID 5029:JSTOR 4859:S2CID 4851:JSTOR 4798:(PDF) 4787:S2CID 4767:(PDF) 4474:Maine 4410:JSTOR 4069:Nepal 4049:Malta 4012:Japan 4006:Italy 3922:] 3909:uses 3905:(The 3168:Yemen 3157:only) 3115:Tonga 3091:Samoa 3043:Qatar 3030:Palau 2932:Kenya 2909:only) 2903:India 2879:Ghana 2808:only) 2402:Wales 2151:Likud 1908:over 1569:Alice 1533:Alice 1529:Alice 1212:Most 1193:, or 711:'MMP' 700:'AMS' 104:split 7951:List 7946:Next 7332:UKIP 7322:SDLP 6597:and 6440:and 6414:2024 6383:2019 6353:2015 6314:2016 6296:ISBN 6271:2022 6226:2017 6190:ISBN 6169:2015 6137:2015 6111:2018 6081:2020 6051:2020 6021:2020 5991:2020 5961:2017 5931:2017 5900:2017 5870:2021 5840:2017 5769:2019 5736:2019 5697:ISBN 5670:2017 5639:2019 5608:2020 5577:2020 5546:2020 5515:2020 5485:2020 5455:2020 5407:2020 5376:2020 5345:2023 5315:2020 5285:2020 5218:ISBN 5191:ISBN 5170:link 5156:2010 5123:2010 5092:2016 5074:ISBN 5053:2023 4984:2019 4951:2017 4920:2017 4893:2017 4806:2016 4743:ISBN 4724:2020 4699:2020 4669:2021 4642:2021 4626:PMID 4555:2024 4542:ISBN 4502:ISBN 4460:and 4448:2024 4402:ISSN 4359:ISSN 4307:2024 4277:2022 4243:2024 4020:1993 3930:1954 3928:and 3420:Oman 3384:Iran 2638:and 2570:The 2551:The 2506:UKIP 2436:and 2400:and 2384:the 2291:2015 2289:and 2287:2011 2243:2010 2050:less 2046:more 2030:1993 2026:2020 2022:1998 2018:1966 2010:2003 2006:2021 2004:and 2002:2019 1998:1951 1994:1981 1992:and 1990:1978 1986:2012 1971:1935 1969:and 1967:1931 1963:1984 1961:and 1959:1958 1955:1940 1896:The 1872:much 1717:The 1683:and 1557:The 1523:The 1471:and 1181:via 1146:and 652:Non- 606:SNTV 195:List 152:and 140:and 56:and 6921:MMP 6541:on 5796:doi 5792:XXV 5693:257 5251:." 5240:. " 5019:hdl 5011:doi 4843:doi 4779:doi 4616:PMC 4608:doi 4534:doi 4476:). 4394:doi 4351:doi 4103:IRV 4093:MMP 4053:STV 4040:MMP 4018:in 3952:STV 3940:IRV 3885:. 2408:in 2406:SNP 2396:in 2374:for 2331:In 2016:in 1980:or 1201:in 1081:FPP 370:el. 355:el. 344:IRV 340:el. 117:) 113:. ( 8105:: 7162:— 6458:GT 6404:. 6400:. 6373:. 6369:. 6339:. 6304:. 6273:. 6257:. 6216:. 6212:. 6153:. 6097:. 6067:. 6037:. 6011:. 6007:. 5981:. 5977:. 5947:. 5917:. 5886:. 5856:. 5826:. 5804:. 5790:. 5786:. 5759:. 5755:. 5744:^ 5726:. 5722:. 5711:^ 5695:. 5660:. 5656:. 5629:. 5625:. 5598:. 5594:. 5567:. 5563:. 5536:. 5532:. 5501:. 5471:. 5445:. 5441:. 5430:^ 5397:. 5393:. 5366:. 5362:. 5305:. 5301:. 5275:. 5269:. 5166:}} 5162:{{ 5113:. 5109:. 5082:. 5043:. 5035:. 5027:. 5017:. 5007:41 5005:. 5001:. 4974:. 4970:. 4959:^ 4941:. 4937:. 4910:. 4879:. 4857:. 4849:. 4841:. 4829:40 4827:. 4793:. 4785:. 4775:19 4773:. 4769:. 4715:. 4689:. 4685:. 4632:. 4624:. 4614:. 4604:14 4602:. 4598:. 4566:^ 4557:, 4540:, 4528:, 4510:. 4496:. 4450:. 4438:. 4434:. 4416:. 4408:. 4400:. 4390:28 4388:. 4384:. 4365:. 4357:. 4347:47 4345:. 4341:. 4329:^ 4293:. 4263:. 4259:. 4233:. 3932:.) 3920:es 2440:. 2392:, 2360:do 2036:. 2020:, 1957:, 1695:. 1675:A 1247:). 1209:. 1189:, 1157:, 1150:. 706:NZ 695:UK 271:US 260:UK 243:) 236:US 7858:) 7854:( 7654:) 7626:e 7619:t 7612:v 7198:e 7191:t 7184:v 6576:e 6569:t 6562:v 6416:. 6385:. 6355:. 6316:. 6228:. 6198:. 6171:. 6139:. 6113:. 6083:. 6053:. 6023:. 5993:. 5963:. 5933:. 5902:. 5872:. 5842:. 5812:. 5798:: 5771:. 5738:. 5705:. 5672:. 5641:. 5610:. 5579:. 5548:. 5517:. 5487:. 5457:. 5409:. 5378:. 5347:. 5317:. 5287:. 5236:" 5226:. 5199:. 5172:) 5158:. 5125:. 5094:. 5055:. 5021:: 5013:: 4986:. 4953:. 4922:. 4895:. 4865:. 4845:: 4808:. 4781:: 4751:. 4726:. 4701:. 4671:. 4644:. 4610:: 4536:: 4396:: 4353:: 4309:. 4279:. 4245:. 4129:) 4075:) 4022:) 3892:) 3888:( 3832:) 3643:( 3565:( 1918:B 1914:A 1910:B 1906:A 1885:Y 1859:Y 1825:Y 1806:Y 1783:Y 1761:N 1734:N 1706:N 1689:C 1685:B 1681:A 1664:N 1645:) 1639:( 1634:) 1630:( 1626:. 1616:. 1582:N 1565:A 1546:N 1512:N 1282:e 1275:t 1268:v 1079:( 1057:e 1050:t 1043:v 708:: 697:: 376:) 367:( 361:) 352:( 346:) 337:( 273:: 262:: 238:: 233:( 201:) 197:( 124:) 120:( 79:) 73:( 68:) 64:( 60:. 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index