481:: in this ultra-precision grinding technology, the grinding wheel is dressed electrochemically and in-process to maintain the accuracy of the grinding. An ELID cell consists of a metal-bonded grinding wheel, a cathode electrode, a pulsed DC power supply, and electrolyte. The wheel is connected to the positive terminal of the DC power supply through a carbon brush, and the electrode is connected to the negative pole of the power supply. Usually, alkaline liquids are used as both electrolytes and coolant for grinding. A nozzle is used to inject the electrolyte into the gap between wheel and electrode. The gap is usually maintained to be approximately 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm. During the grinding operation one side of the wheel takes part in the grinding operation whereas the other side of the wheel is being dressed by an electrochemical reaction. The dissolution of the metallic bond material is caused by the dressing which in turns results the continuous protrusion of new sharp grits.
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295:(CFG) was a grinding process which was invented in Germany in the late 1950s by Edmund and Gerhard Lang. Normal grinding is used primarily to finish surfaces, but CFG is used for high rates of material removal, competing with milling and turning as a manufacturing process choice. CFG has grinding depth up to 6 mm (0.236 inches) and workpiece speed is low. Surfaces with a softer-grade resin bond are used to keep workpiece temperature low and an improved surface finish up to 1.6 μm Rmax.
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310:(CDCF) was developed in 1970s. The wheel is dressed constantly during machining in CDCF process and keeps the wheel in a state of specified sharpness. It takes only 17 s to remove 1 in (16 cm) of material, a huge gain in productivity. 38 hp (28 kW) spindle power is required, with low-to-conventional spindle speeds. The limit on part length was erased.
316:(HEDG) is another type of grinding. This process uses plated superabrasive wheels. These wheels never need dressing and last longer than other wheels. This reduces capital equipment investment costs. HEDG can be used on long part lengths and removes material at a rate of 1 in (16 cm) in 83 s. HEDG requires high spindle power and high spindle speeds.
451:: the workpiece is supported by a blade instead of by centers or chucks. Two wheels are used; the larger one is used to grind the surface of the workpiece, and the smaller wheel is used to regulate the axial movement of the workpiece. Types of centerless grinding include through-feed grinding, in-feed/plunge grinding, and internal centerless grinding.
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to 4 m) in length, although pieces from 0.25 in to 60 in (6 mm to 1.5 m) in diameter and 0.30 in to 100 in (8 mm to 2.5 m) in length can be ground. The resulting shapes can be straight cylinders, straight-edged conical shapes, or even crankshafts for engines that experience relatively low torque.
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The use of fluids in a grinding process is often necessary to cool and lubricate the wheel and workpiece as well as remove the chips produced in the grinding process. The most common grinding fluids are water-soluble chemical fluids, water-soluble oils, synthetic oils, and petroleum-based oils. It is
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A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel used for various grinding and abrasive machining operations. It is generally made from a matrix of coarse abrasive particles pressed and bonded together to form a solid, circular shape; various profiles and cross-sections are available depending on the intended
363:
or center driver. The abrasive wheel and the workpiece are rotated by separate motors and at different speeds. The table can be adjusted to produce tapers. The wheel head can be swiveled. The five types of cylindrical grinding are: outside diameter (OD) grinding, inside diameter (ID) grinding, plunge
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The final shape of a workpiece is the mirror image of the grinding wheel, with cylindrical wheels creating cylindrical pieces and formed wheels creating formed pieces. Typical sizes on workpieces range from 0.75 in to 20 in (18 mm to 1 m) and 0.80 in to 75 in (2 cm
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has a grinding (abrasive) wheel, two centers that hold the workpiece, and a chuck, grinding dog, or other mechanism to drive the work. Most cylindrical grinding machines include a swivel to allow the forming of tapered pieces. The wheel and workpiece move parallel to one another in both the radial
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Typical workpiece materials include aluminum, brass, plastics, cast iron, mild steel, and stainless steel. Aluminum, brass, and plastics can have poor-to-fair machinability characteristics for cylindrical grinding. Cast Iron and mild steel have very good characteristics for cylindrical grinding.
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The workpiece is manually clamped to a lathe dog, powered by the faceplate, that holds the piece in between two centers and rotates the piece. The piece and the grinding wheel rotate in opposite directions and small bits of the piece are removed as it passes along the grinding wheel. In some
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and longitudinal directions. The abrasive wheel can have many shapes. Standard disk-shaped wheels can be used to create a tapered or straight workpiece geometry, while formed wheels are used to create more elaborate shapes and produces less vibration than using a regular disk-shaped wheel.
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to remove 1 in (16 cm) of material. Precision grinding would take more than 200 s to do the same. CFG has the disadvantage of a wheel that is constantly degrading, requires high spindle power (51 hp or 38 kW), and is limited in the length of part it can machine.
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Tolerances for cylindrical grinding are held within ±0.0005 inches (13 μm) for diameter and ±0.0001 inches (2.5 μm) for roundness. Precision work can reach tolerances as high as ±0.00005 inches (1.3 μm) for diameter and ±0.00001 inches (0.25 μm) for roundness.
414:. These materials lend themselves to grinding because they can be held by the magnetic chuck commonly used on grinding machines and do not melt into the cutting wheel, which clogs it and prevents it from cutting. Materials that are less commonly ground are
503:: when a new tool has been built and has been heat-treated, it is pre-ground before welding or hardfacing commences. This usually involves grinding the outside diameter (OD) slightly higher than the finish grind OD to ensure the correct finish size.
332:(UHSG) can run at speeds higher than 40,000 fpm (200 m/s), taking 41 s to remove 1 in (16 cm) of material, but is still in the research-and-development (R&D) stage. It also requires high spindle power and high spindle speeds.
235:), and until recent decades it was the only practical way to machine such materials as hardened steels. Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually better suited to taking very shallow cuts, such as reducing a shaft's diameter by half a
223:. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production contexts, it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to the machining of very
891:, T. Saleh, M. Sazedur Rahman, H.S. Lim, M. Rahman, Development and performance evaluation of an ultra precision ELID grinding machine, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volumes 192-193, Pages 287-291.
250:), and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.) . However, among people who work in the machining fields, the term
326:
Maschinenfabrik, GmbH in
Nordrach, Germany, uses a thin superabrasive grinding disk oriented almost parallel to a cylindrical workpiece and operates somewhat like a lathe turning tool.
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Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative
459:: a positively-charged workpiece in a conductive fluid is eroded by a negatively-charged grinding wheel. The pieces from the workpiece are dissolved into the conductive fluid.
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is a specialized type of cylindrical grinding where the grinding wheel has the exact shape of the final product. The grinding wheel does not traverse the workpiece.
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Surface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material, creating a flat surface. The tolerances that are normally achieved with surface grinding are ±2
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precision grinding. The objective is neither super precision nor high-luster surface finishes. Abrasive machining first and foremost generates high stock removal.
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Cylindrical grinding (also called center-type grinding) is used to grind the cylindrical surfaces and shoulders of the workpiece. The workpiece is mounted on
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instances special drive centers may be used to allow the edges to be ground. The workholding method affects the production time as it changes set up times.
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imperative that the fluid be applied directly to the cutting area to prevent the fluid being blown away from the piece due to rapid rotation of the wheel.
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can range from 2 microinches (51 nm) to 125 microinches (3.2 μm), with typical finishes ranging from 8 to 32 microinches (0.20 to 0.81 μm).
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is used to grind the internal diameter of the workpiece. Tapered holes can be ground with the use of internal grinders that can swivel on the horizontal.
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Stainless steel is very difficult to grind due to its toughness and ability to work harden, but can be worked with the right grade of grinding wheels.
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usage for the wheel. Grinding wheels may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface.
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is often mentally categorized as a "separate" process. This is why the terms are usually used separately in shop-floor practice.
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Mechanical properties will change due to stresses put on the part during finishing. High grinding temperatures may cause a thin
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The choice of grinding operation is determined by the size, shape, features and the desired production rate.
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Chemical property changes include an increased susceptibility to corrosion because of high surface stress.
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A wide variety of machines are used for grinding, best classified as portable or stationary:
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Water-soluble oil, heavy-duty emulsifiable oil, dry, light-duty chemical oil, synthetic oil
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layer to form on the part, which will lead to reduced material strength from microcracks.
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The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a
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Sketch of how abrasive particles in a grinding wheel remove material from a workpiece.
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Physical property changes include the possible loss of magnetic properties on
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is often understood to refer to the macroscopic cutting operations, and
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10 inches (5.1 μm) for grinding a flat material and ±3
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grinding, creep feed grinding, and centerless grinding.
794:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 52–60.
322:, patented under the name of Quickpoint in 1985 by
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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396:10 inches (7.6 μm) for a parallel surface.
215:Milling practice is a large and diverse area of
790:Stephenson, David A.; Agapiou, John S. (1997).
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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27:Machining process using a grinding wheel
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923:, New Age International Publishers,
308:continuous-dress creep-feed grinding
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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815:Nadolny, Krzysztof (9 April 2012).
530:A machinist dipping workpiece in a
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359:and rotated by a device known as a
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917:Adithan, M.; Gupta, A. B. (2002),
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792:Metal Cutting Theory and Practice
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136:A man grinding on metal using an
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866:"The basics of abrasive cutting"
762:Salmon, Stuart (February 2010).
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471:Electrolytic in-process dressing
69:"Grinding" abrasive cutting
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45:needs additional citations for
1257:Electrical discharge machining
1046:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
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724:Modelling of particle breakage
655:Effects on workpiece materials
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1:
764:"What is Abrasive Machining?"
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591:Heavy-duty water-soluble oil
406:Grinding is commonly used on
314:High-efficiency deep grinding
694:Diamond grinding of pavement
466:A schematic of ELID grinding
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7:
1104:List of drill and tap sizes
864:Matthew, Sam (2016-12-17).
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842:10.2478/s13531-012-0005-5
768:Manufacturing Engineering
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347:grinding workpieces on a
330:Ultra-high speed grinding
268:are subsets of grinding.
920:Manufacturing Technology
901:Adithan & Gupta 2002
456:Electrochemical grinding
1342:Rotary transfer machine
1327:Photochemical machining
1267:Electron-beam machining
1229:Tool and cutter grinder
772:Abrasive machining is
719:Hydro-erosive grinding
558:Light-duty oil or wax
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298:CFG can take 117
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1538:Tools and terminology
714:Honing (metalworking)
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410:and various types of
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237:thousandth of an inch
154:process which uses a
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1564:Grinding and lapping
1456:Machining vibrations
1362:Ultrasonic machining
336:Cylindrical grinding
54:improve this article
1476:Tool and die making
1164:Cylindrical grinder
870:tungstengrinder.net
833:2012CEJE....2..399N
731:, an old occupation
637:Workpiece materials
628:Workholding methods
448:Centerless grinding
442:Centerless grinding
369:cylindrical grinder
293:Creep-feed grinding
288:Creep-feed grinding
140:, causing a lot of
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709:High stock removal
684:Cryogenic grinding
646:Workpiece geometry
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152:abrasive machining
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930:978-81-224-0817-1
801:978-0-8247-5888-2
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495:Internal grinding
210:sharpening stones
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16:(Redirected from
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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49:
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43:This article
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32:
31:
19:
18:Form grinding
1430:Rotary table
1410:Lathe center
1297:Machine tool
1178:
1129:Grinding and
969:Metalworking
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911:Bibliography
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873:. Retrieved
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207:hand-powered
197:cut-off saws
183:cut-off saws
179:die grinders
164:
160:cutting tool
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107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1508:Fabrication
1444:Terminology
1380:Angle plate
1307:Metal lathe
1199:Jig grinder
1109:Tap and die
1018:engineering
875:17 December
699:Flat honing
673:materials.
664:martensitic
588:Mild Steel
522:Lubrication
201:Stationary
189:power tools
187:Stationary
171:power tools
1569:Sharpening
1558:Categories
1528:Metallurgy
1322:Pantograph
1114:Tap wrench
742:References
577:Cast Iron
532:lubricant.
345:Machinists
248:rake angle
221:toolmaking
110:April 2009
80:newspapers
1523:Machining
1518:Jewellery
1486:Workpiece
1481:Tramp oil
1471:Tolerance
1302:Machining
1292:Jig borer
1277:Engraving
1252:Broaching
1239:Machining
1119:Threading
1084:Drill bit
1066:threading
1007:Machining
851:136037527
610:Plastics
555:Aluminum
408:cast iron
361:lathe dog
272:Processes
229:tool bits
169:Portable
1533:Smithing
1272:End mill
1179:Grinding
1139:Abrasive
1099:Drilling
1074:Die head
1061:Drilling
677:See also
479:grinding
428:plastics
416:aluminum
256:grinding
191:such as
173:such as
148:Grinding
1543:Welding
1513:Forming
1503:Casting
1435:Wiggler
1425:Mandrel
1395:Fixture
1357:Turning
1352:Skiving
1312:Milling
1287:Hobbing
1209:Sanding
1204:Lapping
1131:lapping
829:Bibcode
357:centers
266:sanding
262:Lapping
252:cutting
94:scholar
1390:Collet
1347:Shaper
1337:Reamer
1332:Planer
1282:Facing
1247:Boring
1041:G-code
927:
849:
798:
616:Flood
605:Flood
594:Flood
583:Flood
572:Flood
566:Brass
561:Flood
434:Others
426:, and
203:hydro-
142:sparks
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1466:Swarf
1385:Chuck
1079:Drill
847:S2CID
735:Swarf
424:brass
412:steel
401:chuck
101:JSTOR
87:books
1026:2.5D
925:ISBN
877:2016
796:ISBN
475:ELID
264:and
225:hard
219:and
195:and
181:and
73:news
1405:Jig
1063:and
1036:CAM
1031:CAD
837:doi
775:not
231:or
205:or
158:as
56:by
1560::
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422:,
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108:(
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91:·
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50:.
20:)
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