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the network can continue to follow the blockchain, but they will be unable to validate that new blocks follow the updated rules. Because a soft fork is backward-compatible, it does not result in the creation of a new blockchain or the splitting of the network. Instead, it allows the network to gradually transition to the new rules while still maintaining compatibility with the old rules.
274:
is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of
Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the
229:
is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
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is a change to the blockchain protocol that is not backward compatible and requires all users to upgrade their software in order to continue participating in the network. In a hard fork, the network splits into two separate versions: one that follows the new rules and one that follows the old rules.
45:
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast
282:
will follow the residence of the beneficial owner. So, if you live in the UK and trade cryptoassets, no matter where these assets are “held”, you will be liable to UK taxes. However, there is a growing belief that this guidance may well be challenged in the courts. This could impact future HMRC tax
254:
does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original
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is a backward-compatible change to the blockchain protocol that allows new rules to be introduced without requiring all users to upgrade their software. In a soft fork, a majority of the network’s miners implement the new rules and begin following the updated version of the blockchain. The rest of
298:(IRS) classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxable events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in possession of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
74:
fork on 6 August 2010. The concept of blockchain technology was first introduced in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the pseudonym “Satoshi
Nakamoto” in a white paper describing the design of a decentralized digital currency called Bitcoin. Blockchain forks have been widely
193:. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
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find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called
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As of
September 2021, it is believed that more than 2.3 million people in the UK own a cryptoasset. As these assets don't physically exist, HMRC has been forced to issue guidance stating that
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community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major
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204:. The network split was mainly due to a disagreement in how to increase the transactions per second to accommodate for demand.
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in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new
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528:"A Bitcoin civil war is threatening to tear the digital currency in 2 — here's what you need to know"
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does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new
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cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
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power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
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586:"Bitcoin price RIVAL: Cryptocurrency 'faster than bitcoin' will CHALLENGE market leaders"
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is when developers take a copy of source code from one cryptocurrency project and start
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development on it, creating a separate and new piece of blockchain. Such examples are;
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Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
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559:"Major glitch in Bitcoin network sparks sell-off; price temporarily falls 23%"
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386:"Bitcoin Has Split Into Two Cryptocurrencies. What, Exactly, Does That Mean?"
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A situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height".
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451:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. pp. 106–125.
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to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of
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The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from
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income from those not domiciled in the UK for tax purposes. "
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808:"Cryptocurrency Investors Get New IRS Income-Reporting Rules"
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363:(2 ed.). USA: O' Reilly media, inc. p. Glossary.
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was hard forked in 2016 to "make whole" the investors in
497:"'Bitcoin Unlimited' Hopes to Save Bitcoin from Itself"
806:
Davison, Laura; Versprille, Allyson (9 October 2019).
519:
526:Oscar Williams-Grut and Rob Price (26 March 2017).
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361:Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain
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805:
679:
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1924:
419:. Birmingham: Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 21.
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639:
616:"Bitcoin split in two, here's what that means"
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494:
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691:. Australian Taxation Office. Archived from
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334:. If permanent, it is also referred to as a
200:in 2017, which resulted in a split creating
35:diverges into two potential paths forward",
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326:Alternatively, this situation is called a
70:on a blockchain as was the case with the
720:. HM Revenue & Customs. 2018-12-19.
449:Financial Cryptography and Data Security
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1925:
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442:"On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains"
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196:A more recent hard-fork example is of
1823:Decentralized autonomous organization
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583:
415:Wu, Xun (Brian); Sun, Weimin (2018).
414:
1893:
863:
818:from the original on 11 October 2019
507:from the original on 18 January 2017
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242:to state. A few examples include:
114:
13:
781:. Internal Revenue Service. 2019.
749:. Wilkins Southworth. 2021-09-01.
596:from the original on 28 March 2019
577:
565:from the original on 20 April 2013
495:Jordan Pearson (14 October 2016).
440:Croman, Kyle; Eyal, Ittay (2016).
14:
1944:
1833:Distributed ledger technology law
685:"Transacting with cryptocurrency"
396:from the original on 8 March 2018
82:
1904:
1892:
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1880:
538:from the original on 2 July 2017
246:Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
75:discussed in the context of the
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788:from the original on 2019-10-11
764:
753:from the original on 2022-03-02
724:from the original on 2018-12-19
659:from the original on 2022-12-25
647:"What is Fork? Fork in 3 Title"
628:from the original on 2018-02-27
476:from the original on 1 May 2019
259:HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC)
714:"Cryptoassets for individuals"
584:Smith, Oli (21 January 2018).
557:Lee, Timothy (12 March 2013).
408:
384:Thieme, Nick (4 August 2017).
377:
359:Antonopoulos, Andreas (2017).
320:
287:Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
1:
772:"26 CFR 1.61-1: Gross income"
345:
743:"Taxing Cryptoasset Profits"
417:Blockchain Quick Start Guide
207:
156:
7:
894:Cryptographic hash function
747:www.wilkinssouthworth.co.uk
457:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8
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121:Fork (software development)
87:Forks can be classified as
77:bitcoin scalability problem
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38:"A change in protocol", or
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1853:Initial exchange offering
1828:Decentralized application
1808:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
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99:happens when two or more
27:is defined variously as:
1858:List of cryptocurrencies
1745:Crypto service companies
1536:Cryptocurrency exchanges
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296:Internal Revenue Service
66:, or avert catastrophic
191:cryptocurrency exchange
1793:Complementary currency
899:Decentralized exchange
884:Cryptocurrency tumbler
141:a source code fork of
58:such as the case with
1848:Initial coin offering
1803:Cryptocurrency bubble
1334:Basic Attention Token
904:Decentralized finance
889:Cryptocurrency wallet
332:blockchain divergence
308:List of bitcoin forks
227:permanent chain split
221:Cryptocurrency splits
149:fork of Bytecoin and
31:"What happens when a
16:Event in a blockchain
1843:Environmental impact
1813:Cryptocurrency scams
336:cryptocurrency split
185:chains. In 2014 the
1498:Inactive currencies
958:Proof of authority
929:Non-fungible token
909:Distributed ledger
652:CryptocurrencyTick
503:. Vice Media LLC.
153:fork of Litecoin.
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561:. Arstechnica.
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655:. 2022-12-24.
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695:on 2018-09-10
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1762:Initiative Q
1120:Bitcoin Gold
1012:Counterparty
1007:Bitcoin Cash
913:
820:. Retrieved
811:
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790:. Retrieved
778:
766:
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746:
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693:the original
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280:cryptoassets
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272:cryptoassets
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202:Bitcoin Cash
195:
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134:
131:project fork
130:
126:
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44:
24:
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1933:Blockchains
1863:Token money
1752:Hyperledger
1624:EDX Markets
1488:WhopperCoin
1384:Stablecoins
779:www.irs.gov
569:25 February
501:Motherboard
135:independent
93:intentional
1783:BitLicense
1727:QuadrigaCX
1710:bankruptcy
1674:ShapeShift
1619:Crypto.com
1506:BitConnect
1458:MobileCoin
1227:currencies
1086:Bitconnect
1081:Auroracoin
985:currencies
951:mechanisms
879:Blockchain
872:Technology
822:11 October
792:2019-10-11
757:2021-09-01
728:2019-10-11
718:www.gov.uk
699:2019-10-11
689:ato.gov.au
663:2022-12-24
632:2021-04-07
511:17 January
346:References
119:See also:
89:accidental
33:blockchain
21:blockchain
1614:Coincheck
1516:KodakCoin
1364:Shiba Inu
1349:KodakCoin
1339:Chainlink
1265:Injective
1239:Avalanche
1201:Primecoin
949:Consensus
812:Bloomberg
214:soft fork
208:Soft fork
163:hard fork
157:Hard fork
108:blocks).
48:consensus
1927:Category
1887:Category
1609:Coinbase
1589:Bitstamp
1569:Bitpanda
1559:bitFlyer
1554:Bitfinex
1478:SafeMoon
1438:Filecoin
1417:USD Coin
1285:Polkadot
1280:Peercoin
1260:Gridcoin
1254:Ethereum
1234:Algorand
1211:Vertcoin
1181:AmbaCoin
1111:Equihash
1101:Litecoin
1096:Dogecoin
1056:Ethereum
1032:Peercoin
1027:Namecoin
1022:MazaCoin
924:MetaMask
816:Archived
783:Archived
751:Archived
722:Archived
657:Archived
626:Archived
594:Archived
563:Archived
536:Archived
505:Archived
480:28 March
471:Archived
394:Archived
302:See also
234:Taxation
179:Ethereum
171:Ethereum
151:Dogecoin
139:Litecoin
106:orphaned
60:Ethereum
52:features
1899:Commons
1778:Airdrop
1757:IQ.Wiki
1722:Mt. Gox
1693:Defunct
1679:Uniswap
1639:Genesis
1574:Bithumb
1549:Binance
1521:OneCoin
1483:Stellar
1369:The DAO
1359:Polygon
1329:Aventus
1244:Cardano
1037:Titcoin
1002:Bitcoin
993:SHA-256
600:6 April
590:Express
400:8 March
198:Bitcoin
175:The DAO
143:Bitcoin
72:bitcoin
56:hacking
1732:Thodex
1659:Kucoin
1654:Kraken
1634:Gemini
1604:Circle
1579:BitMEX
1564:Bitkub
1511:Coinye
1473:Ripple
1448:Helium
1412:Tether
1317:tokens
1315:ERC-20
1290:Solana
1249:EOS.IO
1153:-based
1141:Monero
1113:-based
1091:Coinye
1074:-based
1072:Scrypt
1049:-based
1047:Ethash
995:-based
542:2 July
463:
423:
367:
147:Monero
101:miners
1700:BTC-e
1684:Upbit
1644:Huobi
1629:eToro
1584:Bitso
1526:Petro
1407:Terra
1354:Minds
1324:Augur
1300:Tezos
1295:Steem
1256:(2.0)
1206:Verge
1174:Other
1165:Petro
1125:Zcash
1058:(1.0)
786:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
474:(PDF)
445:(PDF)
390:Slate
330:or a
314:Notes
240:state
1911:List
1664:Kuna
1594:BTCC
1544:Abra
1463:Nano
1453:Luna
1433:Chia
1397:Diem
1374:TRON
1191:IOTA
1186:Firo
1160:Dash
1017:LBRY
939:Web3
914:Fork
824:2019
602:2021
571:2018
544:2017
513:2017
482:2019
461:ISBN
421:ISBN
402:2018
365:ISBN
291:The
268:HMRC
263:The
250:The
181:and
68:bugs
62:and
25:fork
23:, a
1705:FTX
1669:OKX
1599:BUX
1468:NEO
1402:Pax
1392:Dai
1344:Kin
1305:TON
1275:Nxt
1270:Kin
1151:X11
621:CNN
453:doi
252:ATO
187:Nxt
129:or
91:or
19:In
1929::
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672:^
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293:US
265:UK
225:A
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