Charter of the French Language

1003:, up to 244,000 English-speaking people have emigrated from Quebec to other provinces since the 1970s; those in Quebec whose sole native language was English dropped from 789,000 in 1971 to 575,555 in 2006 when they accounted for 7.6% of the population. Altogether, in 2006, 744,430 (10%) used mostly English as their home language, and 918,955 (12.2%) comprised the Official Language Minority, having English as their First Official language spoken. When many anglophones relocated outside of Quebec after the introduction of the Charter in the 1970s, several English-language schools in Montreal closed their doors. These school closures may also have been brought about by restrictions on who can attend English schools, which has been another ongoing drain on the English school system. Of the Anglophones between 25 and 44 years old who left the province between 1981 and 1986, 15,000 individuals, which was half of this group, had university degrees. The province's unemployment rate rose from 8.7 per cent in 1976 to 10.4 per cent in 1977, remaining above 10 per cent for 19 of the last 23 years of the 20th century. The language barrier has also been regarded as a "soft cap" for population growth; for instance from 2013 to 2014 while Montreal gained around 43,000 immigrants from other parts of the world it lost 10,000 residents to other provinces. 1018:(which even considered removing "Montreal" from its name), moved their major operations to Toronto as a consequence of the adoption of the Charter. This concerted fleeing of business and subsequent loss of thousands of jobs is believed to have hindered Quebec's economy and allowed Toronto to overtake Montreal as Canada's business centre. On the other hand, Toronto's advantage had been growing since the 1930s and had become apparent in the 1950s, and is also related to the greater importance of the United States, rather than Britain, in Canada's economy. This action may have simply accelerated, rather than allowed, this change of status between the two cities. 1166:

English. For them, language and culture are two separate elements, they do not see how the protection of Quebec culture also includes the protection of the French language, even though 35 American States have adopted declarations proclaiming English the official language. Thus, must be developed the perception that Quebec culture is a part of the North-American heritage and that it is necessary to preserve it. It is also important to correct the erroneous perceptions regarding the Quebec language policy and its application.

1318: 1250:(which have large, if often officially unrecognized, Russophone minorities) and that of Quebec. All policies aiming "to prevent language shifts and to modify the hierarchy of languages in the public life. The principal sectors of intervention were the language used in the government agencies and the administration, in meetings and office spaces in particular, in corporate names, information and education. The principle of territorial linguistic rights was instituted." 1332: 580:(Quebec Office of the French Language) (OQLF), informally known by some Anglophones as the "language police", is the commission responsible for administering policies pertaining to linguistic officialization, toponymy and francization of civil administration and businesses. It also has the mission of "monitoring the linguistic situation in Quebec", promoting the official language and conducting research. In 2016–17, the budget of the OQLF was 420:(Employment Standards, Equity, Health and Safety Commission) arbitrates in case of disagreement over the necessity of knowing a non-official language to perform a given work. The burden of the proof is on the employer, who must satiety each the following criteria in order to meet the requirement of having taken all reasonable means to avoid requiring knowledge or a specific level of knowledge of a language other than the official language: 1106:

same cannot be said of the private sector. Despite over 40 years of the Charter, it has never been applied as rigorously as intended because to do so would violate civil liberties. English is still often made a requirement by employers in Montreal, including many French-Canadian owned ones, and, to a lesser extent, in Gatineau and Quebec City, with the workforce in Montreal remaining largely bilingual.

1033:(OQLF) provides several warnings before resorting to legal sanctions, allegations that it has abused its powers has led to charges of racism and harassment. The OQLF took action against stores retailing imported kosher goods that did not meet its labelling requirements, an action perceived in the Jewish community as an unfair targeting that coincided with a high-profile case against the well-known 2367: 407:(i.e., a contract whose main provisions are not negotiable). It is only after the parties have examined the contract's French version that they may choose to be bound by its version in another language. Freely negotiated employment contracts may be drawn up in another language than French at the parties' express wish. 488:", the local indigenous languages are still subject to it off-reserve. For example, indigenous languages are not exempted from the application of article 58, whereby "public signs, advertising and posters must be in French", but may be in the local indigenous language "provided that French is markedly predominant". 1295:

Periodically, Israeli politicians present bills to proclaim Hebrew the sole official language of the country. Presently, Hebrew shares this title with Arabic only, because a measure was taken soon after the foundation of the State, in 1948, to modify the British policy, which imposed three languages,

1216:

One proclaimed a policy of bilingualism which was expressed only by the obligation made to Lithuanians to learn Russian while Russians did not bother to learn Lithuanian. If the written Lithuanian language were more or less protected by writers through newspapers and publishers, the spoken Lithuanian

1174:

As part of the effort to improve how its policies are perceived, the OQLF conducted an inquiry on the influence of Quebec's language policy abroad in countries where the fragility of certain languages prompted the use of legislative measures. It requested and published the opinions of various experts

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who alleged that there was a "totalitarian mindset in the bureaucracy". The columnist complained of sections of the report which described the continued prevalence of languages other than French in two-thirds of Montreal's households as an "alarming" trend that would present a formidable challenge to

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a child whose father or mother is a Canadian citizen and who has received or is receiving elementary or secondary instruction in English in Canada, and the brothers and sisters of that child, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary or secondary instruction received

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In some parts of Quebec, like Montreal, bilingual signs with French and English text of equal sizes can be seen (such as in historically English educational institutions, and in federally regulated businesses), although French is sometimes predominant on these signs. For example, French is located to

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The preamble of the Charter states that the National Assembly resolves "to make French the language of Government and the Law, as well as the normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce and business". It also states that the National Assembly shall pursue this objective

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in the 1976 election, but despite that short resurgence of support, the party collapsed in the subsequent election. Court challenges have been more successful: Many of the key provisions of the initial language legislation having been rewritten to comply with rulings. Despite compliance since 1993

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In particular, an employer cannot dismiss, lay off, demote, transfer or take reprisals against, or impose any other penalty on, a staff member on the sole account of he or she being exclusively French-speaking or of possessing insufficient knowledge of a non-official language, or because that member

1105:

Aside from the civil rights infringement, the Charter has faced legal challenges because the restricted education opportunities have hindered not only unilingual but bilingual anglophones' employment. Although the Charter made French the official language of government and civil administration, the

1092:

was a series of symbolic but divisive resolutions by some municipalities outside Quebec declaring their towns unilingually English in protest of what they saw as an infringement on the rights embodied in the charter. It is often believed that the controversy over the Charter was what influenced the

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The passage on page 13 of the report translates: "The number of persons who use French at home is, therefore, more important than the number of persons of French mother tongue. However, English as a home language continues to make gains in the order of 2%, while those made by French are of no more

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A judge temporarily suspended two articles of Bill 96. The articles mandated companies to pay for the translation into French of legal documentation. Quebec Superior Court Justice Chantal Corriveau decided that requiring companies to pay for certified translation might delay some anglophone bodies

402:

Employers are to draw up written communications to all or part of their staff, including after termination of the employment relationship, in French. They are also required to publish offers of employment, transfer or promotion in the official language. An employment contract must be provided in

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In Canada and abroad, the linguistic policy of Quebec is too often negatively perceived. The business community and the media, in particular, know it very little. For their part, the Americans remain opposed to legislation that appears to them to reduce individual liberties and limit the use of

491:

Though article 58 does allow the provincial government to "determine by regulation the places, cases, conditions or circumstances ... where French need not be predominant or where such signs, posters and advertising may be in another language only", it imposes no obligation on the government to

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Recommendation 147 of the report suggested the creation of an institutional television and radio campaign targeting both Quebec citizens and certain groups abroad to inform on the state of French in North America and the language policy of Quebec. Recommendation 148 suggested the creation of a

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Public utilities and professional orders must provide service in the official language and use it for their internal and general communications. Professional orders may issue permits only to persons who have a knowledge of the official language appropriate to the practice of their profession.

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The government departments and agencies are designated by their French name alone, and all administrative documents are drafted and published in that official language. All communications by the administration with other governments and legal persons, between departments and internally inside

506:

The language of instruction from kindergarten to secondary school is French. (The instruction language is the language in which the classes are taught. Learning of English as a second language is mandatory for all children attending French school beginning in elementary school.)

588:", in which it cited an Italian restaurant was cited for having on its menu Italian words like "pasta", "antipasti" and "calamari" rather than using their French equivalents. The OQLF has also objected to use of the term "grilled cheese sandwich", insisting that they be called " 298:

The right to have the civil administration, the health services and social services, the public utility enterprises, the professional corporations, the associations of employees and all enterprises doing business in Quebec communicate with the public in French. (article

212:

define the status of French in the parliament and the courts (chapter III), the civil administration (chapter IV), the semipublic agencies (chapter V), labour relations (chapter VI), commerce and business (chapter VII) and language of instruction (chapter

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than 1.7%. These gains are all the more alarming since in 2001, English was used alone or with other languages in at least one household out of three on the Island of Montreal (35.7%), French being for its part used in two out of three households (66.6%).

1125:(an anglophone who had once lived in Montreal) former U.S. President Jimmy Carter's National Security adviser, the essay compared the language of instruction provisions of the charter with South African apartheid statutes and jurisprudence. However, the 1253:

In Wales, the language policy of Quebec had a great influence, but a similar policy could not be implemented as it was in the Baltic States, because Welsh speakers do not form a majority in this constituent country of the United Kingdom. According to

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may appear exclusively in a language other than French unless a French version has been registered. Where a trademark is displayed outside a building exclusively in a language other than French, a sufficient presence of French must also be ensured.

746:

to shield the articles on business signage from judicial review. Because the law could not be challenged in Canadian courts due the invocation of the notwithstanding clause, a group of English-rights activists instead filled a claim at the

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French or English may be used by any person before the courts of Quebec. Parties may request the translation in French or English of the judgments by the courts or decisions rendered by any "body discharging quasi-judicial functions".

716:, an anglophone rights lobby group, was founded in May 1982 and operated until 2005. It was mainly through this civil association that a number of lawyers have challenged the constitutionality of Quebec's territorial language policy. 881:

Removing a municipality's bilingual status if census data shows that English is the first language for less than 50 per cent of its population, unless the municipality decides to maintain its status by passing a resolution to keep

525:

a child whose father or mother is a Canadian citizen and received elementary instruction in English anywhere in Canada, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary instruction he or she received in

978:

Political opposition to the Charter and earlier such language legislation has had limited success, given the support of the laws by the Parti Québécois and Quebec Liberal Party. Legislative initiatives prior to Bill 101 such as

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Catalogues, brochures, folders, commercial directories and other such publications must be in French. All software (for example, video games and operating systems) must be available in French unless no such version exists.

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Companies (usually multinational corporations) that sign an agreement with the OQLF permitting an exemption from the francization requirement. (However, the rules regarding the right of a worker to work in French still

411:

demanded the respect of his or her right to work in French. As a job requirement, knowledge or a specific level of knowledge of a language other than French is prohibited, unless the nature of the duties require it.

903:, said he supported aspects of the bill, but felt it did not go far enough, saying, "Unfortunately, the CAQ gave us the absolute minimum." A few days later PQ announced their plan if elected, which would include 145:

government to make French the official language of Quebec. Prior to 1974, Quebec had no official language and was subject only to the requirements on the use of English and French contained in article 133 of the

439:

Product labels, their instructions, manuals, warranty certificates as well as restaurant menus and wine lists must be in French. Other languages may be used, provided French's prominence is at least equivalent.

256:

In order to achieve the goal of making French the "normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce and business" and ensure the respect of francophone Quebecers' language rights, the

1101:

to fail. The Supreme Court in their ruling regarding the signs case which led to the use of the notwithstanding clause, ruled that in fact any sign law was a violation of the freedom of expression right.

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The employer restricted as much as possible the number of positions involving duties whose performance requires knowledge or a specific level of knowledge of a language other than the official language.

1306:

and former chief executive officer of the Catalan language policy, Quebec's legislation constituted a "reference model" and the OQLF and the equivalent body in Catalonia were in close collaboration.

1053:. They won the ruling by appeal by proving that if they didn't advertise "Smoked Meat" they would confuse and anger customers. Due to the work of Myer Dunn, under the new ruling, enacted in 1987, 476:

the left of other languages so that it is read before the non-French text when reading left to right. (Formerly, the size and colour of text in other languages were tightly regulated as well.)

860:. The invocation expires five years after its use, or earlier if legislation is passed to repeal it sooner. At the point it expires, it may be renewed again by the Quebec National Assembly. 1217:

language was degraded. Often, in the institutions, it was only a language of oral communication, the greatest part of technical documentation and correspondence being written in Russian.

707: 553: 1232:, in Estonia, recalled the influence of Quebec's expertise in the field of linguistic human rights and language planning which helped countries that have gained independence from the 2722: 2685: 2621: 2756: 2651: 1243: 1225:

movement, during which the government of Lithuania declared their language the sole official language and began working on a language policy modelled on the experience of Quebec.

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in Montreal. In reality, the report judged alarming the fact that adoption of English as a home language by allophones grew faster than the adoption of French as a home language.

2790: 324:, still in effect, nonetheless requires that bills be printed, published, passed and assented to in French and English in the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec. 447:

Signs and posters must be in French, and if they include any additional language, the French must be markedly predominant. A recognized trademark within the meaning of the

1037:

delicatessen, the owner of which was subjected to failed legal action by the OQLF due to the apostrophe in his sign, which remains. In the mid-1980s, another delicatessen

2391: 594:", which literally translates to "melted cheese sandwich". Likewise, the OQLF objects to "on/off" switches and to the sale of "steaks", insisting that they be called " 2473: 2452: 2410: 2431: 851: 1145:. The criteria used by Quebec to determine if parents are entitled to have their children instructed in English are the same as those found under section 23 of the 2154: 1412: 847: 843: 806:

Marois eventually withdrew the legislation in the face of criticism from Anglophone and Allophone Quebecers and the Quebec Liberal Party, and shifted focus to the

518:

as the language of instruction. The rate of introduction of French and English as languages of instruction is left to school committees and parents' committees.

2246: 2932: 1916: 613: 238: 2074: 2889:

The Position of the French language in Québec: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Position of the French Language and on Language Rights in Québec

2519: 2032: 1973: 628:

on any question relative to the French language in Quebec". It works in close collaboration with equivalent bodies in France, Belgium and Switzerland.

921:

According to a poll by Léger published on May 22, among Francophones the approval rate for the various proposals was fluctuating between 72% and 95%.

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The employer made sure that the language knowledge already required from other staff members was insufficient for the performance of those duties; and

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himself ordered the sandwich by its name. Dunn's also fought a ruling to change the name of "Smoked Meat" to "Boeuf Mariné" in order to conform to

342:

provided that laws be enacted only in French. In 1979, the related provisions (articles 7 through 13) were rendered inoperative by a ruling of the

2860:, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11 (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute, updated December 10, 2002) 2060: 2102: 1844: 981: 670: 1955: 1724: 1028: 569: 227: 637: 624:(Superior Council of the French language) is an advisory body whose mission is "to advise the Minister responsible for the application of the 2004: 1161:

identified the negative perception of Quebec's language policy in the rest of Canada and the United States as a problem to solve. It stated:

679: 348: 1823: 1804: 1704: 1674: 1648: 1612: 1571: 959:, who called Bourassa's Bill 22 as a "slap in the face", in his memoirs, as he saw it as contrary to the federal government's initiative to 2199: 1764: 2715: 2678: 2614: 2131: 1296:

and gave up English. The last attempt at giving a judicial protection to Hebrew goes back to December 2000: two bills were then rejected.

2749: 86: 2736: 2648: 2833: 2783: 1471: 2912: 1454: 710:

introduced the notion of "minority-language education rights". This opened another door to a constitutional dispute of the Charter.

156:

has been amended more than six times since 1977, each of which has been met with controversy in Quebec. Most recently, in 2022, the

885:

Creating the French Language Ministry and the position of French-Language Commissioner, as well as bolstering the role of the OQLF.

399:

provide for the general goal of making French the language of labour relations and ensuring each worker's right to work in French.

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per offence, Charter enforcers were widely labelled in the English media as the "language police" or "tongue troopers". While the

1141: 1081: 856: 703: 557: 17: 3054: 758:

the Quebec language law was found to have violated the rights of the complainants. In response, the Quebec Liberals introduced

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that could be challenged constitutionally was that of the language of legislation and the courts. It was challenged in 1979 by

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A non-official language may be used on signs and posters of the administration, but only for health or public safety reasons.

2699: 2088: 996:

of the Charter with the Canadian Constitution, opposition to the Charter and the government body enforcing it has continued.

967:, most other provinces that accepted Trudeau's bilingualism initiative never fully implemented it. The most notable case was 748: 3024: 1283:

In Israel, while the "penetration of English in the sociolinguistic organization of the country" is perceived, according to

878:

Forcing all commercial signage that includes non-French trademarks to include a "predominant" amount of French on all signs.

1087: 2852:, (U.K.), 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3. (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute, updated December 10, 2002) 1437: 975:

did not grant full official status to the French language, despite the fact that the infrastructure was already in place.

791:

Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language, the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and Other Legislative Provisions

331:

The French text prevails over the English one, in case of any discrepancy, for any regulation to which section 133 of the

1393: 467:

Cultural and ideological companies, groups, signs, and literature (including non-French broadcasters and newspapers); and

363:'s provisions related to the language of the legislature and courts were made compliant with the Supreme Court's ruling. 57: 2876: 3064: 1882: 1930: 1041:

got in trouble for having the English word, "Smoked Meat" on the sign out front. The manager at the time stated that

2962: 1959: 1386: 1291:, as a threat to Hebrew, the language policy has thus far only influenced linguists and some politicians. He writes: 738: 1990: 1906: 654:

since 1982. Parts of the Charter have been amended in response to rulings by Quebec Courts which were upheld by the

2635: 584:. The OQLF has seen, from time to time, criticism over some of its decisions, such as the 2013 controversy dubbed " 3049: 2046: 1425:

Environmental Scan: Access to Justice in Both Official Languages: Chapter 1: History of Language Rights in Canada

1375: 1345: 1117:

published "The Doctrine of 'Preponderance of Blood' in South Africa, the Soviet Union and Quebec" in its journal

960: 644: 375:

A person must have knowledge of the official language appropriate to the office for which he or she is applying.

538:

provided for the English instruction not on the basis of a parent having received his instruction in English in

2516: 2343:"Marketing : 'Bee-mo' and Montreal: The Bank of Montreal/BMO's complicated relationship with its hometown" 1991:"Quebec seeks to change Canadian Constitution, make sweeping changes to language laws with new bill | CBC News" 987: 278: 133: 2177: 3059: 3044: 2061:"French in Quebec: 'It's nothing against the English Quebecers,' Legault says of new bill | Montreal Gazette" 2018: 1212:

in Lithuania described the state of the Lithuanian language after a prolonged Russian rule over his country:

2262: 2278: 2116: 1861: 1058: 142: 101: 311:

The right of persons eligible for instruction in Quebec to receive that instruction in French. (article 6)

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in 1974. Quebec is constitutionally obliged nonetheless to provide English services in the courts and the

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The French language was previously declared the sole official language of Quebec with the adoption of the

3039: 1741: 799: 283: 120: 2581: 1266:

The acquisition of detailed census data and explanatory facts aiming at clarifying the public discussion

1054: 2884:

Commission d'enquête sur la situation de la langue française et sur les droits linguistiques au Québec

2718:

L'influence de l'aménagement linguistique au Québec au-delà de ses frontières : Le Pays de Galles

2047:"With Bill 101 reforms, François Legault risks upending Quebec's hard-won linguistic peace | CBC News" 928: 2950: 2328: 1721: 1365: 65: 907:

cutting off funding to companies that do not respect their obligations when it comes to using French

187:, the first inhabitants of this land, to preserve and develop their original language and culture". 2388: 992: 900: 808: 247:

Title V and VI define penal provisions and sanctions and transitional and miscellaneous provisions.

1424: 888:

Giving access to French training for those who are not obligated by law to go to school in French.

3069: 2372: 1974:"On Bill 101 anniversary, Jolin-Barrette pledges to strengthen role of French | Montreal Gazette" 1820: 1801: 1701: 1671: 1645: 1609: 1568: 1496: 1126: 655: 343: 180: 1761: 1544: 924:

Protests against the bill included "several thousand" people in Montreal and Indigenous youth.

2568: 1520: 839: 743: 698: 650: 148: 1532: 1508: 552:, which defined the educational right of French and English minorities in all provinces under 1783: 1587: 1269:

The linguistic legislation (official language status, right to speak Welsh before the court,

1229: 548: 404: 457:

A number of exceptions to the general rules for commercial products, signs and advertising:

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French is the declared language of the legislature and courts in Quebec. Section 133 of the

2117:"Réforme de la loi 101: Une majorité de Québécois approuve le plan du gouvernement Legault" 2019:"Quebec tables sweeping bill to reinforce and protect French language | Globalnews.ca" 1370: 1270: 1098: 1042: 1011: 940: 936: 896: 821: 511: 424:

The employer assessed the actual language needs associated with the duties to be performed;

112: 92: 2804: 985:(Bill 63) were often perceived by francophones as insufficient. After Bourassa passed the 8: 2907: 1690: 1627: 1483: 1288: 1122: 1050: 753: 501: 72:

of the provincial government. It is the central piece of legislation that forms Quebec's

3018: 2665: 2155:"A reluctant Bill 96 rally in Montreal, the language of love & missed opportunities" 1556: 932: 832: 766:

compliant with the Canadian court rulings without the need for the override provisions.

231:(Quebec Office of the French language) and defines its mission, powers and organization. 2969:“The Doctrine of ‘Preponderance of Blood’ in South Africa, the Soviet Union and Quebec” 2934:

A legal opinion on international law, language and the future of French-speaking Canada

2825: 1259: 1062: 868: 203:

Title I includes nine chapters pertaining to the status of the French language, which:

116: 2844:, (online through the Canadian Legal Information Institute, updated on March 14, 2008) 2033:"Bill 101 'constitutional curveball' puts Ottawa on the spot politically, experts say" 1084:

with regards to signage also resulted in reactions from other Canadian provinces; the

2958: 2711: 2075:"Quebec's Bill 96 could make French the only language needed to get a job | CBC News" 1355: 1255: 1094: 1000: 872: 81: 69: 2005:"French in Quebec: Here are the main changes proposed in Bill 96 | Montreal Gazette" 484:

Though article 97 clarifies that while "the Indian reserves are not subject to this

1337: 1262:

particular lessons followed in Wales which stem from the experience of Quebec are:

1015: 2968: 2909:

Laws and languages in Québec: the principles and means of Québec's language policy

2550: 600:", despite the fact that "steak" is the more commonly used term by Francophones." 3004: 2993: 2916: 2794: 2760: 2726: 2689: 2655: 2625: 2523: 2395: 2342: 1886: 1827: 1808: 1768: 1748: 1728: 1708: 1678: 1652: 1616: 1575: 1360: 1350: 1284: 1171:

watchdog to correct errors made "both in good faith and bad faith" in the media.

944: 914:

to the charter, imposing a uniform French exam on English-speaking CEGEP students

775: 713: 692: 674: 448: 138: 73: 2292: 1046: 2681:

La Charte de la langue française et les lois linguistiques dans les Pays baltes

1907:"Setback for Quebec's new language law as judge suspends 2 articles of Bill 96" 1784:"Regulation respecting the language of commerce and business, CQLR c C-11, r 9" 956: 891:

Applying the charter to businesses with 25−49 employees and federal workplaces.

783: 179:"in a spirit of fairness and open-mindedness" and recognizes "the right of the 108: 3033: 2972: 2226:"Bill 96 gains royal assent: Legault to monitor stats on French use in homes" 1931:"Marois drops Bill 14 in favour of values charter - Montreal | Globalnews.ca" 1472:

Bill 96, An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec

1323: 1247: 1114: 1034: 964: 666: 521:

At the request of parents, the following may receive instruction in English:

77: 2590:

Estates-General on the Situation and Future of the French Language in Quebec

1879: 1159:

Estates-General on the Situation and Future of the French Language in Quebec

1110: 417:

Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail

2946: 2928: 1239: 1233: 1222: 690:

of the Canadian Constitution occurred as the British Parliament passed the

124: 1236:

and concluded that "Bill 101 indirectly touched one-sixth of the planet".

218:

Title II includes five chapters pertaining to linguistic officialization,

1228:

Mart Rannut, vice-dean of research at the Department of Philology of the

1074: 3025:

Educaloi – La Loi vos droits – Citizens – Charter of the French Language

2502:

Macpherson, Don. (November 25, 2004). "OQLF report borders on bigotry",

352:; however, Quebec responded by re-enacting in French and in English the 305:

The right of workers to carry on their activities in French. (article 4)

1380: 1300:

In Catalonia, according to Miquel Reniu i Tresserras, president of the

1129:

disagreed with the discrimination-based-on-ancestry argument under the

972: 687: 308:

The right of consumers to be informed and served in French. (article 5)

2103:"PQ unveils roadmap to stem decline of French, especially in Montreal" 927:

Bill 96 was adopted on May 24, 2022, with 78 MNAs in favour (from the

820:

On August 26, 2020, Quebec's Minister of Justice and French Language,

464:

Educational products for the teaching of a language other than French;

2200:"Language law Bill 96 adopted, promising sweeping changes for Quebec" 1845:"Quebec's Language Police Don't Want You to Order a 'Grilled Cheese'" 1188: 1080:

The use of the notwithstanding clause in the 1990s to circumvent the

1038: 585: 515: 1246:, noted the similarities between the language policies in all three 1068:

The 2004 annual report of the OQLF was criticized by a columnist of

812:. However, most of the details formed basis of the 2021 amendments. 1911: 1331: 1196: 1007: 733: 219: 209:

define the fundamental language rights of persons (chapter II), and

2569:"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – Constitution Act, 1982" 160:

was amended (also covered in this article) by the adoption of the

2752:

L’aménagement linguistique au Québec : regard d'un Israélien

1180: 968: 759: 302:

The right to speak French in deliberative assemblies. (article 3)

184: 163:

Act respecting French, the Official and Common Language of Quebec

2329:"Quebec's Fateful Day: Embracing Decline in the Name of Culture" 1242:, at the time dean of the department of sociolinguistics at the 403:

French first to a candidate if it falls under the definition of

2835:

29 regulations adopted under the Charter of the French language

1184: 1176: 61: 728: 1956:"Quebec anglophone supporters protest proposed language laws" 1192: 911: 261:

contains a number of key provisions and various regulations.

546:

only. This came to be amended following the adoption of the

603: 1702:

The Charter of the French Language – Title I – Chapter VII

563: 137:(Bill 22), which was enacted during the tenure of Premier 3003:, Clevedon, Avon, England: Multilingual Matters, 304 p. ( 2527: 2132:"Thousands of Montrealers march in opposition to Bill 96" 1646:

The Charter of the French Language – Title I – Chapter IV

1205:

celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Charter in 2002.

222:

and the francization of the civil service and businesses.

68:, the language of the majority of the population, as the 111:, the Minister of Cultural Development under the first 3019:

Website of the Office québécois de la langue française

2089:"PQ pressuring CAQ government to set language targets" 1813: 1258:, professor and researcher at the Welsh Department of 1139:, believing that it conflicted with section 23 of the 1061:. In 2002, there were reported cases of harassment of 479: 294:

The fundamental French-language rights in Quebec are:

273:, French is declared the official language of Quebec. 206:

declare French the sole official language (chapter I),

1109:

On November 14, 1988, the political and human rights

943:). It received royal assent from Lieutenant Governor 824:, announced plans for 2021 that would strengthen the 769: 372:

departments, are conducted in the official language.

2368:"In Quebec, some take law as sign of discrimination" 2311:"How does Montreal maintain its enviably low rents?" 1313: 867:

Adding clauses to the Canadian Constitution, saying

842:, allowing the law to temporarily override sections 2432:"The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search" 2411:"The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search" 835:announced Bill 96, which strengthened the charter. 736:was passed in direct response to the legal case of 2617:Le problème du bilinguisme en Lituanie aujourd'hui 2515:L'Office québécois de la langue française. (2004) 1279:The progress in the teaching of the Welsh language 2877:All reports of the OQLF and CSL from 1997 to 2007 614:Conseil supérieur de la langue française (Quebec) 3031: 1136:Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) 793:. The bill would have made changes to both the 251: 2377:(Florida), page 1A. Retrieved December 5, 2004. 1722:Selling or distributing your products in Québec 982:An Act to promote the French language in Quebec 642:Language in Canada is defined federally by the 2609: 2607: 1221:This "false bilingualism" was followed by the 510:Articles 87, 88 and 89 provide for the use of 289: 2474:"Ottawa Citizen – Google News Archive Search" 2453:"Ottawa Citizen – Google News Archive Search" 1484:The Charter of the French Language — Preamble 1474:, Assemblée Nationale du Québec, June 1, 2022 1301: 955:The Charter was criticised by Prime Minister 2938: 2920: 2892: 2882: 2870: 2839: 2798: 2784: 2764: 2750: 2730: 2716: 2693: 2679: 2659: 2629: 2615: 2582: 1890: 1865: 1656: 1631: 1200: 1085: 1026: 815: 619: 604: 595: 589: 575: 415: 236: 2604: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1276:The iconography of the linguistic landscape 1131:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 786:of the Parti Québécois introduced Bill 14, 729:1988 and 1993 amendments (Bills 178 and 86) 638:Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy 87:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 2584:Le français, une langue pour tout le monde 2178:"Kahnawà:ke youth protest against Bill 96" 495: 244:(Superior Council of the French language). 199:consists of six titles and two schedules: 2992:, Cambridge University Press, 504 pages ( 2872:L'Office québécois de la langue française 2175: 1985: 1983: 723: 461:Products destined exclusively for export; 3001:Conflict and language planning in Quebec 2601:Charter of the French Language, page 186 2530:), page 13. Retrieved November 26, 2004. 2366:Martin, Susan Taylor. (August 9, 1999). 1892:Conseil supérieur de la langue française 1832: 991:, opponents turned their support to the 947:on June 1, and subsequently became law. 621:Conseil supérieur de la langue française 606:Conseil supérieur de la langue française 434: 356:, leaving intact articles 7 through 13. 315: 239:Conseil supérieur de la langue française 2922:Ministère des relations internationales 2551:"Freedom House article by Tony Kondaks" 2348:. Dannykucharsky.com. September 2, 2002 1919:from the original on December 17, 2022. 1867:Office québécois de la langue française 1658:Office québécois de la langue française 1633:Office québécois de la langue française 1287:, professor emeritus of English at the 1147:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1142:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1082:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1065:merchants who refused to speak French. 1029:Office québécois de la langue française 857:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 831:On May 12, 2021, the CAQ government of 704:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 577:Office québécois de la langue française 570:Office québécois de la langue française 564:Office québécois de la langue française 558:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 381: 366: 228:Office québécois de la langue française 14: 3032: 2129: 1980: 1904: 2408: 1778: 1776: 1455:"Debate on PQ language bill to begin" 749:United Nations Human Rights Committee 680:Attorney General of Quebec v. Blaikie 349:Attorney General of Quebec v. Blaikie 131:'s provisions expanded upon the 1974 2152: 863:Some of the proposed measures were. 264: 2967:Kondaks, Tony. (November 14, 1988) 2517:Rapport annuel de gestion 2003–2004 2389:1996 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 1762:Title I – Chapter VII, Section 52.1 1413:"Les langues autochtones du Québec" 1152: 778:, the Minister responsible for the 480:Application to indigenous languages 390: 24: 1905:Lowrie, Morgan (August 12, 2022). 1773: 1427:, Government of Canada, 2022-08-25 1273:responsible to administer the law) 770:Proposed 2013 amendments (Bill 14) 720:from the right to access justice. 661:Before 1982, the only part of the 25: 3081: 3012: 1960:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1588:"Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982" 1199:in a special issue of the OQLF's 739:Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General) 2999:Richard Y. Bourhis ed., (1984). 2906:Chevrier, Marc (February 1997). 2800:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2766:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2732:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2695:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2661:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2631:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 2293:"Adieu to Official Bilingualism" 2176:Carpenter, Phil (May 22, 2022). 2157:. No. 17 May 2022. Cult MTL 1819:Charter of the French Language, 1800:Charter of the French Language, 1760:Charter of the French Language, 1689:Charter of the French Language, 1670:Charter of the French Language, 1608:Charter of the French Language, 1567:Charter of the French Language, 1555:Charter of the French Language, 1543:Charter of the French Language, 1495:Charter of the French Language, 1330: 1316: 1202:Revue d'aménagement linguistique 917:lowering immigration thresholds. 631: 40:La charte de la langue française 2951:Ethical Reflections on Bill 101 2776: 2742: 2705: 2671: 2641: 2595: 2592:, August 20, 2001, page 184–185 2575: 2561: 2543: 2533: 2509: 2496: 2487: 2466: 2445: 2424: 2402: 2380: 2360: 2335: 2321: 2303: 2285: 2271: 2256: 2240: 2218: 2192: 2169: 2146: 2123: 2109: 2095: 2081: 2067: 2053: 2039: 2025: 2011: 1997: 1966: 1948: 1923: 1898: 1873: 1855: 1794: 1754: 1734: 1714: 1695: 1683: 1664: 1639: 1621: 1602: 1580: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1531:Charter of the French Language, 1525: 1519:Charter of the French Language, 1507:Charter of the French Language, 1438:British North America Act, 1867 1376:Official bilingualism in Canada 1346:Language demographics of Quebec 1208:Jonas Žilinskas, a lecturer at 149:British North America Act, 1867 76:and one of the three principle 2827:Charter of the French Language 2399:. Retrieved November 26, 2004. 2130:Magder, Jason (May 15, 2022). 1513: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1447: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1244:Linguistic Institute of Latvia 875:and common language is French. 795:Charter of the French Language 780:Charter of the French Language 663:Charter of the French Language 648:since 1969 and is part of the 626:Charter of the French Language 354:Charter of the French Language 102:Indigenous languages of Quebec 35:Charter of the French Language 13: 1: 3055:Quebec provincial legislation 2988:John R. Edwards ed., (1998). 2813: 1895:. Retrieved February 18, 2008 1486:. Retrieved December 11, 2022 1006:Many companies, most notably 492:exempt indigenous languages. 252:Status of the French language 2857:The Constitutional Act, 1982 2849:The Constitutional Act, 1867 2782:Miquel Reniu i Tresserras. " 1628:Repère et jalons historiques 1088:syndrome de Sault Ste. Marie 1059:Official languages of Canada 950: 269:In the first article of the 173: 7: 2279:"Five years after Bill 101" 2247:"French Language in Canada" 1309: 935:) and 29 against (from the 800:Charter of Rights of Quebec 290:Fundamental language rights 284:National Assembly of Quebec 80:upon which the cohesion of 10: 3086: 2937:, a legal opinion for the 2894:Editeur officiel du Québec 2841:Éditeur officiel du Québec 2281:. CBC News. March 2, 1982. 1826:November 29, 2006, at the 1767:September 2, 2009, at the 1692:|date=December 11, 2022 }} 1677:November 29, 2006, at the 1661:. Retrieved April 28, 2008 1651:November 25, 2006, at the 1636:. Retrieved April 28, 2008 1615:November 25, 2006, at the 1610:Title I – Chapter III 1461:. Toronto. March 11, 2013. 1444:. Retrieved April 24, 2008 1366:English-speaking Quebecers 702:for Canada (including the 635: 611: 567: 499: 225:Title III establishes the 27:1977 law in Quebec, Canada 3065:French language in Quebec 2940:Mouvement Québec Français 2939: 2921: 2893: 2883: 2871: 2840: 2830:- Updated to 1 March 2018 2786:Le Québec et la Catalogne 2266:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2251:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1891: 1870:. Retrieved June 22, 2018 1866: 1657: 1655:, on the Web site of the 1632: 1630:, on the Web site of the 1590:. Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 1302: 1027: 816:2021 amendments (Bill 96) 620: 605: 591:sandwich de fromage fondu 395:Nineteen articles of the 338:The first version of the 234:Title IV establishes the 190: 84:is based, along with the 1751:. Retrieved May 10, 2010 1742:Requirements at a glance 1731:. Retrieved May 10, 2010 1711:. Retrieved May 10, 2010 1400: 901:Paul St-Pierre Plamondon 809:Charter of Quebec Values 335:of 1867 does not apply. 127:on August 26, 1977. The 2522:March 24, 2005, at the 2297:www.global-economics.ca 1157:The 2001 report of the 1127:Supreme Court of Canada 1021:Levying fines of up to 696:. This act enacted the 656:Supreme Court of Canada 530:by the child in Canada. 496:Language of instruction 344:Supreme Court of Canada 119:, it was passed by the 18:French Language Charter 3050:Quebec language policy 2799: 2785: 2765: 2759:March 4, 2016, at the 2751: 2731: 2725:March 3, 2016, at the 2717: 2694: 2688:March 3, 2016, at the 2680: 2660: 2654:March 3, 2016, at the 2649:Le Québec et l'Estonie 2630: 2624:March 3, 2016, at the 2616: 2583: 1821:Title I – Chapter VIII 1807:April 2, 2007, at the 1707:April 2, 2007, at the 1574:April 4, 2007, at the 1415:(consulted April 2021) 1298: 1219: 1210:University of Šiauliai 1201: 1168: 1086: 1057:became a word in both 840:notwithstanding clause 744:notwithstanding clause 724:Timeline of amendments 699:Constitution Act, 1982 651:Constitution of Canada 645:Official Languages Act 596: 590: 576: 416: 322:Constitution Act, 1867 237: 115:government of Premier 52: 39: 2915:May 28, 2008, at the 2793:May 28, 2008, at the 2394:June 3, 2012, at the 1889:, on the Web site of 1802:Title I – Chapter VII 1747:June 9, 2011, at the 1727:June 9, 2011, at the 1303:Comissió de Lectorats 1293: 1230:University of Tallinn 1214: 1179:, the United States, 1163: 988:Official Language Act 582:CA$ 24.1 million 549:Constitution Act 1982 500:Further information: 435:Commerce and business 405:contracts of adhesion 316:Parliament and courts 279:Official Language Act 134:Official Language Act 3060:Language legislation 3045:1977 in Canadian law 2955:The Church in Quebec 2506:(Montreal), page A27 1962:. February 17, 2013. 1885:May 3, 2008, at the 1371:Children of Bill 101 1271:Welsh Language Board 1099:Charlottetown Accord 961:mandate bilingualism 838:Bill 96 invoked the 822:Simon Jolin-Barrette 512:Indigenous languages 382:Semi-public agencies 367:Civil administration 166:, commonly known as 107:First introduced by 93:Civil Code of Quebec 2820:Law and regulations 1851:. January 20, 2016. 1672:Title I – Chapter V 1569:Title I – Chapter I 1289:Bar-Ilan University 1123:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1051:Quebec Language Law 754:Ballantyne v Canada 502:Education in Quebec 56:), is a law in the 3040:Quebec nationalism 2990:Language in Canada 2957:, p. 134–157 2748:Bernard Spolsky. " 2613:Jonas Žilinskas. " 2315:The Globe and Mail 2263:"Quebec Language" 2134:. Montreal Gazette 1459:The Globe and Mail 1260:Cardiff University 895:The leader of the 869:Quebec is a nation 534:The original 1977 100:also protects the 3021:(English section) 2943:, New York, 24 p. 2712:Colin H. Williams 2571:. August 7, 2020. 2317:. August 4, 2016. 2153:Drimonis, Toula. 1864:, website of the 1356:Minority language 1256:Colin H. Williams 1095:Meech Lake Accord 1001:Statistics Canada 265:Official language 121:National Assembly 70:official language 58:Canadian province 42:), also known as 16:(Redirected from 3077: 2942: 2941: 2931:(June 14, 1993) 2924: 2923: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2873: 2843: 2842: 2808: 2802: 2788: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2720: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2683: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2619: 2611: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2588:, report of the 2586: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2493:(Gravenor, 2002) 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2384: 2378: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331:. 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Quebec 1340: 1338:Languages portal 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1305: 1304: 1204: 1195:, Australia and 1153:Influence abroad 1121:. Introduced by 1091: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1016:Bank of Montreal 971:, where Premier 933:Québec solidaire 833:François Legault 742:and invoked the 623: 622: 608: 607: 599: 593: 583: 579: 419: 391:Labour relations 333:Constitution Act 242: 82:Quebec's society 21: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3030: 3029: 3015: 3010: 2917:Wayback Machine 2816: 2811: 2795:Wayback Machine 2781: 2777: 2761:Wayback Machine 2747: 2743: 2727:Wayback Machine 2710: 2706: 2690:Wayback Machine 2677:Ina Druviete. 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Michel Doyon 941:Parti Québécois 897:Parti Québécois 818: 776:Diane De Courcy 772: 762:which made the 731: 726: 714:Alliance Quebec 693:Canada Act 1982 675:Yoine Goldstein 640: 634: 616: 610: 581: 572: 566: 504: 498: 482: 437: 393: 384: 369: 318: 292: 267: 254: 193: 185:Inuit in Quebec 176: 139:Robert Bourassa 113:Parti Québécois 74:language policy 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3083: 3073: 3072: 3070:1977 in Quebec 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3014: 3013:External links 3011: 3009: 3008: 3005:online excerpt 2997: 2994:online excerpt 2985: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2965: 2944: 2926: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2880: 2875:. (1997–2007) 2867: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2775: 2741: 2704: 2670: 2647:Mart Rannut. " 2640: 2603: 2594: 2574: 2560: 2542: 2532: 2508: 2495: 2486: 2465: 2444: 2423: 2401: 2386:B'nai B'rith. 2379: 2373:St. Petersburg 2359: 2334: 2320: 2302: 2284: 2270: 2255: 2239: 2228:. June 1, 2022 2217: 2206:. 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