328:. Bauer was tormented by the SA guards at Heuberg who found various ways to humiliate him and often beat him. As a "third-class" prisoner (i.e. one considered especially dangerous to the German state), Bauer was singled out for abuse such as being forced to stand for hours facing a wall while SA men struck him in the knees with their nightsticks and banged his head against the wall. Other than mentioning that he was forced to clean the camp's latrine on a daily basis, Bauer never mentioned his own experiences at Heuberg, which was too painful for him. The man whom Bauer consistently praised in his recollections of Heuberg was Schumacher, who despite missing one of his arms and being in constant pain because of his war wounds, was unyielding in his principles, taking abuse from the guards without complaint. The more prominent and older Schumacher, who had been an outspoken opponent of the Nazis as an SPD deputy in the
572:, which opened in 1963. Bauer pressed for replacing the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 of the German penal code, which made the "expression of homosexuality" illegal, thus meaning that for gay people even to come out of the closet and declare their sexuality was a criminal offense. In West Germany, the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 stayed in effect until 1969, making the lives of gay people almost unbearable. Perhaps reflecting concerns about drawing attention to his own sexuality, Bauer did not demand the abolition of Paragraph 175, and instead suggest merely reverting back to the 1871 version of Paragraph 175 that made homosexual sex a criminal offense.
277:, about the need to drum up an anti-Nazi movement. Schumacher told Bauer: "We don't need intellectuals. Workers don't like intellectuals". Finally, Schumacher agreed to send Bauer to speak at a SPD rally, where Bauer gave what he called "a talk which went down rather well, I must admit". Bauer had a "deep, roaring voice" that electrified audiences and even a hostile Nazi account admitted he had "an accessible and very appealing style of expression". Schumacher in turn was, despite his atypical appearance owing to his war wounds, one of the most popular Social Democrats in Württemberg, as one lawyer recalled: "He was like
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was much an outsider in the Württemberg judiciary. Bauer recalled later about the other judges in Württemberg: "They came from the highly elitist student fraternities and members of the reserve officers' corps. Their entire outlook was conservative and authoritarian in spirit. The Kaiser had gone, but the generals, public officials and judges remained". Bauer found himself appalled by the way that the other judges in Württemberg flagrantly favored the Nazis, always imposing the most lenient sentences on Nazis who engaged in violence and the harshest possible sentences on
Communists and Social Democrats who did the same.
269:. At the hearing in response to Gerlach's complaint, Bauer argued the details of the case involving a local con-man on trial for cheating others of their money had already been discussed in court, so he had not violated any rules by speaking to a journalist and the case was not political. At the hearing, the judges ruled that Bauer had failed to "comply with existing regulations", thereby implying that Gerlach's accusations were partly justified and only declined to dismiss him because it could not be proved that Bauer's actions were "politically motivated".Following the demotion, Bauer contacted
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535:, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. Bauer trusted neither Germany's police nor the country's legal system, as he feared that if he had informed them, they would likely have tipped off Eichmann. Thus he decided to turn directly to Israel authorities. Moreover, when Bauer called on the German government in order to make efforts to get Eichmann extradited from Argentina, the German government immediately responded negatively.
546:, who provided Bauer with Eichmann's exact address and a photograph of Eichmann alongside Klammer. Klammer was in contact with the German priest Giselher Pohl and bishop Hermann Kunst, to whom he sent the information with the photograph, from which Klammer's face was ripped. Kunst, in turn, passed the evidences to Bauer. Bauer's sources remained secret, and along with Klammer's recomposed picture were not revealed before 2021.
281:, chain-smoking cigarettes and puffing on cigars. You could sense his resolve and unwavering belief in the absolute righteousness of his cause". Schumacher and Bauer travelled across Württemberg giving speeches as Bauer recalled: "He and I spoke every weekend, sometimes three, four or five times. We were urging people to defend the
347:, located in former Army barracks in Ulm, where the guards were professional policemen instead of the SA, and conditions were better. In 1933, it was possible for lesser political prisoners to be released if they signed a public declaration of loyalty to the Nazi regime. On 13 November 1933, a letter appeared in the
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in April 1940 and interned him in a camp for three months. On 1 December 1941, Bauer's first cousin, Erich Hirsch, and his aunt, Paula Hirsch, both of whom had remained in
Stuttgart, were arrested by the Stuttgart police and were placed on a train together with 1,013 Stuttgart Jews. The train went to
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sexual activities before or after, and that none of Bauer's friends could ever confirm the assumption (Wojak 2015; Rautenberg 2014; Nelhiebel 2014a), others maintain that there is evidence enough and that those who fulminate at Bauer's homosexuality are homophobic (Boll 2017; Renz 2017; Kramer 2014).
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Fritz Bauer's work contributed to the creation of an independent, democratic justice system in West
Germany, as well as to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the reform of the criminal law and penal systems. Within the postwar German justice system, Bauer was a controversial figure due to his
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On 8 March 1933, Jagow was appointed police commissioner for Württemberg. On 23 March 1933, while Bauer was at work in his office, a group of policemen arrived to arrest him without charges. In March 1933, soon after the Nazi seizure of power, a plan to organize a general strike against the Nazis in
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flourished. The city council of
Stuttgart was dominated by the Social Democrats while the Nazis won only 1.1% of the vote in the Stuttgart municipal election of 1928. However, Bauer was the only judge in Württemberg who was a member of the SPD and one of the only two Jewish judges in Württemberg. He
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he was removed from office. Schumacher was also offered release if he signed such a declaration, which he refused, saying that he rather would stay in the concentration camps forever than betray his beliefs; much of the praise that Bauer was later to offer
Schumacher as a man who was always true to
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by 1930 (for comparison, the annual income of a typical doctor in
Germany in 1930 was 12,500 ℛ︁ℳ︁). His sister Margot called their childhood a "liberally Jewish one". Though his family was assimilated into the German culture, his parents did not celebrate Christmas as a secular
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What links Bauer to homosexuality is a report by the Danish police from 1936, according to which Bauer was seen with homosexual men and admitted homosexual proclivities. While some critics stress that this is the only indication of a homosexual orientation, that there is no evidence of any other
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after the Danish government resigned and the Nazis declared martial law, which endangered the Jewish population in
Denmark. Bauer spent 8 days in hiding in a cellar and on the night of 13 October 1943 left Denmark in a Danish fishing boat that took him his parents, sister, brother in law and two
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of 1918 committed by "godless and unpatriotic scoundrels. The judges weren't at all fond of the republic and they used the guise of judicial independence to sabotage the new state". Bauer felt the political biases of the judiciary—who had an unwritten rule under the Weimar republic that violence
583:, a human-rights organization. After Bauer's death, the Union donated money to endow the Fritz Bauer Prize. Another organization, the Fritz Bauer Institute, founded in 1995, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to civil rights that focuses on history and the effects of the Holocaust.
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Mossad's Isser Harel acknowledged the important role Fritz Bauer played in
Eichmann's capture, and claimed that he pressed insistently the Israeli authorities to organize an operation to apprehend and deport him to Israel. Shlomo J. Shpiro, in the introduction to Harel's book
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newspaper from eight imprisoned Social
Democrats declaring their loyalty to the new regime, which led to their release; one of the signatories was Bauer, who felt so humiliated that he never allowed discussion of this chapter of his life. In accordance with the
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the services of a prostitute of the same sex was not. Bauer admitted to the police that he did have sex with the prostitute in question, but denied vehemently that he paid the man for sex. After the German occupation, the Danish authorities revoked his
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In this article there was just a hint to Zinn ("Eine hochstehende Persönlichkeit von großer
Integrität" - a very important person of great integrity), whose name and role were not clearly revealed before the aforementioned 1997 Shpiro's
528:. Hermann then tasked his daughter with investigating her new friend's family; she met with Eichmann himself at his house, who said that he was Klaus's uncle. Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as "Father".
1113:"Fritz Bauer's biography does not justify other than a little suspect that his main sexual orientation was of a homosexual type, which at that time could not be openly expressed, unless he wanted to put his political life at stake".
378:, to plead with him to get a visa for his parents so that they could leave Germany and come to Denmark. Steincke not thinking the situation was so dire changed his mind after Bauer requested that his parents be given a visa to
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Bauer was active in the postwar efforts to obtain justice and compensation for victims of the Nazi regime. In 1958, he succeeded in getting a class action lawsuit certified, consolidating numerous individual claims in the
382:. Steincke realizing the severity of the station anyone would be in to want to go there as it was a cold and inhospitable place granted the Bauers visa to come to Denmark. The Bauers arrived in Denmark on 1 January 1940.
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Bauer believed that this favoritism towards the Nazis encouraged their violence. Bauer remembered that the judges of Württemberg almost down to a man loathed the Weimar Republic, which they believed was born of the
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516:. Hermann's daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, at the time prosecutor-general of the
149:, to a Jewish family. His parents were Ella (Hirsch) and Ludwig Bauer. Bauer's father was a successful businessman who ran a textile mill that provided him with an annual income of 40,000
474:(West Germany) was being established, and once more entered the civil service in the justice system. At first he became director of the district courts, and later the equivalent of a U.S.
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leader for Southwestern Germany. In late 1931, Bauer was demoted from a judge handling criminal cases to a judge handling civil cases following accusations from the Nazi journalist
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Further reading: Bernhard Valentinitsch,Der Staat gegen Fritz Bauer. In: Journal for Intelligence,Propaganda and Security Studies(=JIPSS). Vol. 10 (Graz 2016), pp. 236–237.
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Erst 18 Jahre nach Kriegsende begann in Frankfurt am Main der Prozess gegen die Täter von Auschwitz. Zu verdanken war dies dem hartnäckigen Juristen Fritz Bauer
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221:(SPD). Bauer found himself feeling at home in Stuttgart, a city with a left-wing working class majority that had a reputation as a "progressive" city where
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that Bauer was biased because he was a Jew and a Social Democrat who discussed details of the trial with a journalist from the Social Democratic newspaper
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418:. To protect himself, he formally married the Danish kindergarten teacher Anna Maria Petersen, in June 1943. Although some authors, such as biographer
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committed by the right was acceptable—was the "judicial overture" to their actions under the Nazi regime. In the early 1930s, Bauer was together with
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After a wake by his friends on the 6th of July, his body was cremated and the ashes taken to Sweden and interred in his parents' grave in
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While in Denmark Bauer after the deportation of his relatives managed to get in contact with the Danish minister of justice.
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618:("War Criminals in Court"), with a postscript by Hans Felix Pfenninger. Neue Internationale Bibliothek, Europa, Zürich 1945.
197:– Free Academic Union) in Heidelberg, to which he devoted much of his time. The only other major Jewish fraternity were the
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influence refused to accept Jews as members. Accordingly, Bauer found himself joining the liberal Jewish fraternity FWV (
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Learning to speak swedish (albeit with a strong German accent) Bauer supported himself by teaching law students at
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nephews to Sweden. Living for a time in Gothenburg before departing to Stockholm where Bauer founded, along with
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homosexual, that would have placed him in even further peril should he remain in Germany or Nazi-occupied Denmark
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judge and prosecutor. He played an instrumental role in the post-war capture of former Holocaust planner
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Die neue Gewalt. Die Notwendigkeit der Einführung eines Kontrollorgans in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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1302:(BND) knew by 1958 that Eichmann was living in Argentina and knew an approximation of his cover name.
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285:, but also combat the extremism of the Weimar era". The rallies usually ended with people shouting
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In 2021, it became known that much more instrumental to the capture of Eichmann was the geologist
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holiday (a common practice in Jewish homes in Stuttgart at the time), and insisted on celebrating
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Mediating War and Identity: Figures of Transgression in 20th- and 21st-century War Representation
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Wölfel, Ute (2022). "The End of Transgression: Fritz Bauer as Traitor on the German Screen".
542:, who had worked with Eichmann in the early 1950s in a construction company in the Argentine
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the Stuttgart region failed, and Schumacher and Bauer were arrested with others and taken to
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was founded in October 1931, Bauer was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the
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defense league in Stuttgart. Bauer served as the chairman of the Stuttgart chapter of the
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political engagements. He once said, "In the justice system, I live as I were in exile."
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and archival work. In his spare time he wrote books, ranging in topics from economics to
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himself seemed to have reflected guilt about his own actions in signing the declaration.
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Shortly after , Bauer was arrested by the Danish police on charges of having sex with a
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prisoner, Bauer relayed information about the whereabouts in Argentina of fugitive
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In November 1933, Bauer was transferred from Heuberg to a newly founded prison,
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648:("The Human Values of Legal Process; Selected Documents"). Joachim Perels and
403:, where all of the Jews were taken out to a field outside of Riga and shot by
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1356:"Der Mann der Adolf Eichmann enttarnte (The man who unmasked Adolf Eichmann)"
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Fritz Bauer The Jewish Prosecutor Who Brought Eichmann and Auschwitz to Trial
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422:, argue that Bauer was probably homosexual, others consider this unproven.
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295:(Hail Victory!). As Schumacher was also a Social Democratic member of the
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in the Stuttgart local district court. By 1920, he already had joined the
636:("The new Oppression"). Verlag der Zeitschrift Ruf und Echo, Munich 1964.
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493:, based in Frankfurt. Bauer held this position until his death in 1968.
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Walther, Rudolf (26 July 2014). "Erinnerung an einen Unvergessenen".
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410:. In October 1943, as Nazis began the deportation of Danish Jews to
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This article is about the jurist. For the German Olympic rower, see
554:, stated that Bauer did not act alone but was discreetly helped by
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1403:"Das haus in der Garibaldi Straße (The house on Garibaldi Street)"
761:"Humanistische Union: Wir über uns: Geschichte: Geschichtedetail"
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Ronen Steinke (2014). "On Fritz Bauer's alleged homosexuality".
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In 1945 his father, Ludwig, died from leukemia while living in
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Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt. Dokumente der Jahrtausende
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642:("Resistance to State Oppression"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1965.
340:, whereas the young and largely unknown Bauer was released.
174:. German universities were traditionally strongholds of the
1134:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 72f.
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289:(Hail Freedom!) which was intended to mock the Nazi slogan
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and from 1931 onward found himself engaged in a feud with
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Sexualität und Verbrechen. Beiträge zur Strafrechtsreform
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In 1957, Bauer passed the information to Mossad director
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Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
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1458:"Germany finally pays tribute to the first Nazi hunter"
1306:"C.I.A. Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show"
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Die Humanität der Rechtsordnung. Ausgewählte Schriften
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624:("Crime and Society"). Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1957.
470:Bauer returned to Germany in 1949, as the postwar
162:in Stuttgart, and studied business and law at the
630:("Sexuality and Crime"). Fischer, Frankfurt 1963.
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315:, whose stated purpose was to defend democracy.
209:In 1928, after receiving his PhD in law (at 25,
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1593:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
1334:(in German). C. H. Beck, Munich. p. 302.
336:(which destroyed his health) until the end of
1613:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
1563:People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
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652:, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York 1998,
389:. Homosexuality was legal in Denmark, but
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23:. For the German computer scientist, see
1510:Fritz Bauer – Tod auf Raten, Documentary
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704:. Bloominton: Indiana University Press.
575:In 1968, working with German journalist
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686:Fritz Bauer: oder Auschwitz vor Gericht
672:Fritz Bauer. Eine Biographie, 1903–1968
482:. Ella Bauer ,his mother died in 1955.
1568:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
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1332:Fritz Bauer 1903-1968. Eine Biographie
1244:. New York: Random House. p. 12.
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1056:Fritz Bauer 1903-1968: Eine Biographie
808:Fritz Bauer 1903–1968: eine Biographie
261:in the local Stuttgart Nazi newspaper
1598:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold members
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1274:. London: Vintage. pp. 223–224.
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414:, he went underground. If Bauer was
622:Das Verbrechen und die Gesellschaft
194:Freie Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung
125:(16 July 1903 – 1 July 1968) was a
13:
241:, one of the leaders of the SPD's
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1475:Matthias Bartsch (26 July 2016).
412:Theresienstadt concentration camp
345:Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp
1583:20th-century German LGBTQ people
811:. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 54.
616:Die Kriegsverbrecher vor Gericht
1477:"Der Mann, der die Nazis jagte"
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1201:"Willy Brandt, Fritz Bauer and
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1130:STEINKE, RONEN (7 April 2020).
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1053:Wojak, Irmtrud (11 June 2013).
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696:, translated into English as:
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485:In 1956, he was appointed the
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1618:University of Tübingen alumni
1379:The House on Garibaldi Street
1271:Eichmann: His Life and Crimes
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552:The House on Garibaldi Street
512:to Israeli Intelligence, the
307:in favor of Bauer. After the
213:in Germany), Bauer became an
205:Career in the Weimar Republic
201:, whose views Bauer opposed.
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1608:Heidelberg University alumni
1304:Shane, Scott (7 June 2006).
1300:Federal Intelligence Service
425:In October 1943, he fled to
367:In 1936, Bauer emigrated to
319:Imprisonment in Nazi Germany
7:
1628:German emigrants to Denmark
1588:20th-century German jurists
1522:Im Labyrinth des Schweigens
1358:(in German). 20 August 2021
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674:, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2009,
434:and others, the periodical
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765:www.humanistische-union.de
732:The People vs. Fritz Bauer
570:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
326:Heuberg concentration camp
164:Universities of Heidelberg
160:Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium
135:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
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133:and the beginning of the
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1409:(in German). 6 July 1975
1042:(in German). p. 17.
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16:German judge (1903–1968)
1330:Wojak, Irmtrud (2011).
1059:(in German). C.H.Beck.
805:Wojak, Irmtrud (2009).
700:Steinke, Ronen (2020).
219:Social Democratic Party
111:Social Democratic Party
1603:Jurists from Stuttgart
1203:Sozialistische Tribüne
489:(state prosecutor) in
436:Sozialistische Tribüne
193:
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73:Kingdom of Württemberg
1504:Fritz Bauer Institute
1381:. London: Routledge.
1377:Harel, Isser (1997).
233:stab-in-the-back myth
1548:German anti-fascists
1238:Lipstadt, Deborah E.
743:, a 2014 German film
735:, a 2015 German film
604:Örgryte Old Cemetery
579:, Bauer founded the
449:Stockholm university
275:Schwäbische Tagwacht
183:student fraternities
21:Fritz Bauer (rowing)
1464:. 28 February 2016.
1140:10.2307/j.ctvzgb8h5
496:In 1957, thanks to
487:Generalstaatsanwalt
334:concentration camps
283:Weimar Constitution
1633:Deaths by drowning
1310:The New York Times
1242:The Eichmann Trial
559:minister-president
251:Dietrich von Jagow
151:ℛ︁ℳ︁
145:Bauer was born in
25:Friedrich L. Bauer
1553:German socialists
1517:Labyrinth of Lies
1281:978-0-09-944844-0
1251:978-0-8052-4260-7
1182:978-1-4744-4628-0
1149:978-0-253-04689-5
1119:(in German): 515.
1066:978-3-406-62867-2
1039:Neues Deutschland
818:978-3-406-58154-0
740:Labyrinth of Lies
597:Frankfurt am Main
562:Georg-August Zinn
476:district attorney
466:Return to Germany
441:Socialist Tribune
408:collaborationists
211:Doktor der Rechte
185:in Germany under
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332:, remained in
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223:Weimar culture
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1220:
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101:West Germany
88:(1968-07-01)
66:16 July 1903
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1543:1968 deaths
1538:1903 births
1407:Der Spiegel
1298:and German
1132:Fritz Bauer
1117:Neue Justiz
665:Biographies
533:Isser Harel
500:, a former
123:Fritz Bauer
86:1 July 1968
36:Fritz Bauer
1532:Categories
1486:8 December
1210:10 October
748:References
502:Nazi camps
391:soliciting
313:Iron Front
292:Sieg Heil!
287:Frei-Heil!
141:Early life
62:1903-07-16
1413:28 August
1362:25 August
1315:26 August
1268:(2005) .
1158:216447426
506:Holocaust
460:Sävedalen
380:Greenland
330:Reichstag
301:Reichstag
297:Reichstag
279:Churchill
263:NS-Kurier
147:Stuttgart
69:Stuttgart
1573:Gay Jews
1519:(German)
1506:(German)
1240:(2011).
725:See also
508:planner
453:Napoleon
376:Steincke
267:Tagwacht
199:Zionists
188:völkisch
179:movement
177:völkisch
172:Tübingen
405:Latvian
369:Denmark
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427:Sweden
253:, the
168:Munich
1154:S2CID
610:Works
591:Death
556:Hesse
522:Hesse
478:, in
363:Exile
97:Hesse
1488:2019
1415:2021
1383:ISBN
1364:2021
1336:ISBN
1317:2021
1294:The
1276:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1212:2021
1177:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1061:ISBN
813:ISBN
706:ISBN
690:ISBN
676:ISBN
654:ISBN
518:Land
401:Riga
170:and
83:Died
56:Born
1296:CIA
1136:doi
524:in
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