2552:
3976:
2157:
2115:
3193:
580:, who was the third-generation head of a hereditary line of referees. The Shikimori, however, descend from a different lineage, founded by a former wrestler who became an elder under the name Isenoumi Godaiyū. He later changed his name to Shikimori Godaiyū and launched his own line of referees. Between 1765 and 1774, one of his descendants, named Shikimori Inosuke, established himself as a prominent figure and was appointed as one of the highest referee, second only to Kimura Shōnosuke; thus de facto taking the lead in his line.
2759:
2725:
214:
3173:
178:
2139:
1254:
4126:
1230:
3642:
1385:
4112:
1403:
3633:
22:
3624:. He later became an elder of the association under the name Negishi, thus giving the name to the style he used when writing. The characters are written thickly and without gaps, which is meant to represent the hope that the tournament venue will be filled to capacity. Another interpretation of the size of the characters is that they imitate the imposing physique of the wrestlers.
2409:
907:
and are only applicable starting the following
January. Promotions were mainly based on seniority, but from 1972 onwards, greater consideration was given to the personal qualities of referees, such as their ability to judge, the tone and power of their voice and also their work ethic. Other qualities
3020:, is made for good weather throughout the tournament. This practice is inherited from a time when tournaments were held outdoors. The deities are also asked to bless all the wrestlers who will participate in the matches and keep them safe. The assistants in turn step into the ring and distribute the
602:
traditions. The two families are not equal; their heads, for example, do not have quite the same rank, a Kimura still being considered a senior compared to a
Shikimori. The Kimura family is also much larger, with almost twice as many members as the Shikimori. At one time, there was still a blood tie
609:
switching between families as they are promoted through the ranks, particularly when they reach the top of the hierarchy. Thus, the referee named
Shikimori Inosuke, head of the Shikimori, will take the name Kimura Shōnosuke, and will therefore change family, if the latter retires. Other examples of
431:
began a long period of domination of the national sumo scene. Yoshida
Tsukasa, the clan controlling the observance of etiquette in Edo, took advantage of this gain in popularity to consolidate its authority over the other hereditary lines of referees, leading to the sole recognition of the referee
728:
began their training at the age of six or seven, before becoming referees in real-life situations between the ages of thirteen and fourteen, while at the same time receiving a normal education. Recruits now begin their career around the age of fifteen or sixteen, after graduating from junior high
1732:
if they make a mistake. Another rumor has it that the referee carries this dagger to defend his verdict against any wrestler or spectator who comes to threaten him or question his decision. This was notably the case during an Osaka-based sumo association match during the Edo period, when a local
659:, thus taking on a more prestigious name, often part of a long tradition. For example, the name Shikimori Kandayū has been passed down for more than two hundred years. Other traditions may, on the contrary, encourage the referee to keep his name or to be given a unique one linked to his stable.
4080:) submitted his retirement papers to the Sumo Association, ending a 47-year career. The day before, he did not appear on the list of referees promoted, even though he was the second most senior referee at the time and only two years away from retirement. Sasaki Ichirō, a sumo journalist at
1493:. In May 1910, the Tokyo-sumo association made the decision to change the costume of professional referees to the one currently in use. However, the tradition of wearing the costumes used during the Edo period is still preserved in traditional regional tournaments, particularly on the
908:
are also taken into account, such as calligraphic skills, speed and agility in the ring and leadership shown when facing a difficult decision. On the other hand, too many invalidated refereeing decisions can hinder promotion. This penalty, however, is the highest consequence a
2414:
2413:
2410:
2415:
2269:(rematch) are not counted as refereeing errors. If a referee in the highest ranks has too many of his decisions overturned, he is expected to submit his resignation to the JSA Board of Directors. However, these resignations are regularly rejected. At
1145:, like wrestlers, are deprived of certain freedoms unless they reach a certain rank, and are required, for example, to live in their own stable. However, unlike wrestlers, who have the option of living elsewhere once they reach the rank of
583:
Today, the lineage of referees is mostly extinct, with the exception of the Kimura and
Shikimori families which are the names of the two most powerful lines of referees to have made their mark since the middle of the 18th century. Today's
2412:
4063:, the 40th Shikimori Inosuke (whose real name is Itsuo Nōchi) was suspended for three tournaments for sexually harassing a junior referee. The Japan Sumo Association accepted his resignation in May 2018 when the suspension concluded.
1509:, and one of the reasons for adopting the new costume would have been to make it easier to conceal the referee's hair to hide his lack of topknot with a hat. This hat, worn in addition to the richly decorated kimonos, is called an
2398:
will notify them that they should wait before going ahead until both are ready or that the charge was a false start. If a false start has been ruled, the wrestlers must return to their starting positions and try another
1724:(a dagger) visible in the left side of the belt of the outfit. This is supposed to represent the seriousness of the decisions they must make in determining the outcome of a bout, and a symbolic preparedness to commit
1185:(personal attendants) just as top wrestlers are. These may be junior referees or lower-ranked wrestlers, the latter being considered unlucky because there is a superstition in the sumo world that a wrestler serving a
244:, the role of match referee was not yet defined, and besides the wrestlers, there were a number of officials responsible for supervising matches. These roles were given to imperial guards bearing the title of
2260:
are expected to give a decision on the spot, whatever the conditions at the end of a match. Too many overturned decisions lead to stagnation in the promotion order or a salary cut. The only exception is that
3972:. If the referee making the announcement did not see the technique used, he may contact the video referee to confirm it. The third department is entirely dedicated to the publication of wrestlers' results.
2219:
launched a protest movement forcing the association to adopt measures aimed at improving their image, in particular by ending the possession of the final judgement of a match, which was changed from
3749: in). The assistant draws the frame of the future banzuke on a blank sheet of paper, an operation that alone takes two days as everything is done by hand. In the lower left-hand section of the
2215:, Japan underwent a series of changes which also had an impact on the traditional way in which sumo tournaments were held and on the organisation of the sumo association. During the same period,
2466:
then notifies the wrestlers to get out of the ring. He then records the exact positions of both wrestlers' hands and feet, and puts them back in this position once the break has concluded. The
282:, who were dressed in the same way and were responsible for keeping the scorebook. An official, Shiga-no-Seirin (sometimes spelled Shigano Seirin or called Shiga Seirin), was appointed by
3213:
2536:
to cover an exposed wrestler. Sometimes, during a particularly hectic match, the referee falls out of the ring or is accidentally knocked down by the wrestlers. If, following a fall, the
2411:
1605:
1221:(a pseudonym under which a person may become an executive of the Japan Sumo Association) could remain in the Japan Sumo Association as elders, but the practice is no longer permitted.
297:
5724:
3776:, a prayer for the wrestlers' safety in the ring. The writing then begins from bottom to top and from left to right, so as to start with the lowest ranks and end with the rank of
415:
Before the national standardization of sumo organizations, the sporting landscape was divided between several associations scattered around the country, the largest developing in
499:
as their professional name, depending on the tradition recruits are joining. Within these two families, the names of the two highest-ranking members never change and the two top
2488:
referee Kimura
Hisanosuke, consisting of using salt to mark the positions of the wrestlers' feet, was reused because it was considered elegant and effective. Additionally, the
1526:. It is a lacquered black hat inspired by the hats worn by courtiers in feudal Japan and fashioned after the hats worn by Shinto priests. To add color to this headdress, some
668:
when the latter is pointed in one direction to determine a winner: Kimura referees keep the back of their fist upward, while
Shikimori referees have their palm facing upward.
365:, and in order to eliminate conflicts that would lead to the shogunate's ban on sumo, referee families taught sumo etiquette, rules and techniques to professional wrestlers (
391:. As a result, requiring licenses to exercise the role of referee became extremely valuable, and by the early 18th century two families stood out in the legal control of
2032:, a wooden war fan similar to the Japanese command staff used by generals at the head of their troops. There are no rules about the materials to be used or the shape a
3224:
3026:
from the center of the ring to its four corners. Sake is then poured by the assistants into the four outer corners of the ring, following the shape of the wrestlers'
1004:
611:
32:
4018:
also make the plaques displayed on the electronic scoreboards in the arenas, on a thin rectangular sheet of plastic. Plaques are changed when a wrestler changes his
568:
sought patronage from the
Yoshida and began working as referees in the Edo-based association. According to a genealogy tree produced by the 6th Shōnosuke during the
2296:
follows a very specific protocol before the fight begins. The referee always supervises the proceedings from the north corner of the ring, facing south. After the
3944:
scroll, to prepare for the work of the judging department, which will decide on future wrestler matchups for upcoming matches. The second department to which the
85:, responsible for a variety of activities which concern the organisation of the sport in general and the refereeing of matches, as well as the preservation of
3569:
is considered so important that the people responsible for writing it never accompany the JSA on tour, so as to devote themselves entirely to their task.
300:
courtiers, was confined to administrative organization and various tasks linked to the court ceremony alongside the sumo tournaments. At the start of the
6555:
5334:
3504:
are responsible for recording decisions on promotions and demotions, and their work is then used as the basis for the calligraphy known to the public.
3218:
1610:
402:
4689:
542:. Around 1770, several lineages existed simultaneously and officiated throughout Japan under the influence of the Yoshida, such as the Iwai Sauma in
1296:), real name: Yūji Horasawa, since September 2024. In January 2025 he will be promoted to become the 39th Kimura Shōnosuke, the senior of the two
4626:
3287:
who presides over ring-entering ceremonies takes charge of only three or four per tournament, rotating with their colleagues of equivalent rank.
946:
usually served until death, illness or senility. The promotion chain was hence blocked to the point where a persistent rumour had it that junior
3145:, or 'god sending ceremony', is held the last day of a tournament to return the gods who had descended to the ring to heaven. One junior-ranked
93:
traditions. Subject to the same strict hierarchy and traditional appearance as the other professions gravitating around professional sumo, the
3697:
2830:, in the presence of the stablemaster and the wrestlers. A simplified version of the ceremony also takes place during regional tours (called
361:, in an effort to moralize society, banned traditional tournaments organized as part of festivals. As the sport began to be sponsored by the
2514:
cord in his mouth and swings it over his shoulder to dangle from his back. He then reties the loincloth. In the extremely rare event that a
5713:
3492:
act as clerks at the ranking meetings, which take place three days after the end of each tournament. During the preparatory meeting, the
2386:
deems acceptable, he will begin to referee the match. Although it is the wrestlers who ultimately determine the exact point at which the
183:
2392:
is initiated, if the two wrestlers' breathing is not synchronized or if one wrestler charges before they both put their hands down, the
1451:
is usually a gift from patrons. It imitates either the one worn by samurai-ranked officials during hunting parties organized during the
973:
have no training school for their initial training, and learn everything from the master under whom they are placed. It usually takes a
6669:
5307:
412:, both originating from the long tradition of local lords appointing their own officials to train wrestlers sponsored by their domain.
138:
have been entrusted with religious functions, which they perform during the consecration of combat areas, before tournaments or in the
4662:
1374:
2777:
have a number of other duties, among them are their religious responsibilities in the sport. When a new ring is built, it is the
3958:(winning technique) have been used by the wrestlers. Since all referees are also expected to referee in the ring, a team of ten
3857: in) high and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) wide wooden board traditionally hung at the entrance to tournament venues.
3229:
1658:
will change into more elaborate outfits and small changes in dress continue as the referee moves up the hierarchy. Since 1960,
1009:
616:
37:
3486:, the traditional ranking sheet for professional sumo, and their task begins long before a definitive ranking is decided. The
6770:
4694:
952:
rejoiced at the death of their elders as much as they lamented it. Today's promotions are slow but almost certain and some
739:
until their retirement at 65. The current ranking system consists of the following eight ranks, listed in descending order:
407:
332:, the term began to be applied to samurai-ranked referees, involved in the temporary judging of matches between wrestlers.
286:
and founded one of the first hereditary lines of referees, and is also credited with establishing the original forty-eight
3117:
then pours sake into the four inner corners of the ring. The remaining sake is then offered to the Japan Sumo
Association
6956:
6372:
4519:
2816:, the Japan Sumo Association holds a religious ceremony in the presence of all the association's higher-ups and all the
6839:
6584:
6071:
2808:), or ring-consecration ceremony, a ritual to bless the space in which the wrestlers fight and train. The day before a
722:
are former wrestlers who could not rise in the professional world and decided to change their path. Prior to 1972, the
3296:
enters the ring first, circles it and then settles in the center. The wrestlers, in ascending rank, follow him, and a
2593:'s decision as to the winner of the bout is not immediately final and can be called into question by one of the five
1026:
can referee up to ten matches in a day, while their seniors can referee two at most. At the top of the hierarchy, the
603:
between the members of these families, but nowadays the relationship between families is primarily hierarchical, with
6747:
4051:
throughout their career, they also have individual duties related to the stables such as performing clerical work.
3535:, which will later be reproduced and actually used. This team is usually composed of one senior (usually ranked in
3450:
710:
like wrestlers. New recruits do not have to meet height or weight requirements and it is even implied that a small
1020:
in the history of the sport. As referees are promoted, the number of matches they can officiate is reduced. Young
716:
is preferable, for aesthetic reasons, as it creates a greater contrast with the taller and bigger wrestlers. Many
653:
rise through the ranks and begin officiating higher divisions, they can change their first name to that of a past
6158:
3950:
belong is that of the referees who stand close to the ring during matches and announce over the microphone which
1652:'s costume reflects the rank he holds and has specific features depending on the rank reached. On promotion, the
6501:
5000:
3802:
is sent to the printing works for photoengraving and printing on a format four times smaller than the original.
3446:
6888:
6862:
6816:
6793:
6724:
6186:
4448:
4413:
4154:
2822:-ranked wrestlers who take their seats around the ring. The same day, a more discreet ceremony is held in the
1330:), real name: Yoshimitsu Morita, since May 2015. In January 2025 he will be promoted to the junior of the two
432:
traditions inherited from this family, which continues to the present. During the mid-Edo period, the role of
6961:
4038:). This takes place a year and a half in advance, and includes preparation of itineraries and accommodation.
3998:
5673:
2967:. He then recites a prayer and walks around the four corners of the ring waving a tree branch serving as an
2150:
is in a side position, indicating to the wrestlers that this is their last preparation before time runs out.
6314:
3872:
2327:
2316:'s responsibility to watch over the wrestlers as they go through the initial prebout staring contests (the
1123:
156:, the document defining the promotion or demotion of wrestlers, and supervise match selections made by the
2694:
2448:
If the match time exceeds four minutes with little movement, the time-keeper will usually indicate to the
2264:
745:
267:. These officials, dressed as archers and carrying bows and quivers, were accompanied by substitutes, the
4087:
3618:, is derived from the name of a printer called Mikawa Jiemon who, in 1757, was in charge of printing the
3608:. This style of writing is similar to that developed in the mid-18th century to write advertisements for
3264:
736:
3338:, steps into the ring, the wrestlers turn to perform ritual gestures facing the center of the ring. The
3029:
129:
6931:
3523:
of the association or by the professionals responsible for printing it. Only two or three high-ranking
2827:
2558:
2319:
428:
5392:
5267:
4684:
4615:
4033:
3796:
who taught him. In total, around 830 names are handwritten. After being written up and proofread, the
3368:
3209:
2833:
621:
who changed from the Kimura family to the
Shikimori family when he gave up his name of Kimura Waichirō
6971:
6640:
6612:
6458:
5774:
5746:
5647:
5588:
5447:
5127:
5100:
4922:
4610:
3930:
2197:
is regarded as an unquestionable authority figure in the ring, and is never booed or hissed at. The
6851:
3964:
rotate with each other at the microphone for one day. In addition, the announcers are all from the
3927:. This department is responsible for recording the results of matches held the previous day on the
2478:. Although there are no strict rules on what to do when a match is paused, it was noted during the
539:
398:
5198:
3306:
of origin (or country, in the case of foreign wrestlers), the stable to which they belong and the
2935:
2747:
940:
and above) is between 20 and 22. Until 1960, there was no mandatory retirement age and top-ranked
662:
Each lineage of referee has its own traditions, one of the most visible being the handling of the
6432:
3034:(first left, then right, then center). After the assistants have stepped down from the ring, the
1361:
1088:
were the only profession of sumo unrelated to wrestler (retired or active) to be featured in the
1073:
is between 42,000 yen ($ 281, or €258) to 100,000 yen ($ 669, or €615). Like wrestlers, however,
190:
6805:
6736:
4270:
3159:
will stand in the center of the ring and will be tossed into the air by lower-ranked wrestlers.
1600:
1343:
4139:
2625:) in the center of the ring, and correspond through an earpiece to a further two judges in the
2338:
raised and in profile. When the preparation time is up, the referee receives a signal from the
2240:
referees matches taking place in the division that corresponds to the referee's rank. Only the
683:
82:
6709:
1595:
6877:
4149:
3975:
2838:). This practice, inherited from the Heian period, was restored by the Yoshida in the 1790s.
1035:
Compared to other professions outside professional sumo, or compared to wrestlers' salaries,
1003:) usually have anywhere from 40 to 50 years of experience. There are exceptions, notably the
6782:
5296:
5224:
2874:
act as Shinto priests and perform the ceremony taking the shape of a Shinto rite. The three
2174:
flat against him, facing the center of the ring, announcing the imminent start of the fight.
6966:
6673:
4652:
4144:
3303:
2360:
flat against him, a gesture that signifies to the wrestlers that the fight must begin. The
1054:
6670:"三役格行司の木村玉治郎さんが退職。 定年まであ と2年と少しにもかかわらず決断したのは、なぜ か。 28日に発表された人事で立行司への昇格が ならず、 不満を募らせたようです。"
3924:
3784:. There is a tradition that for the smallest ranks, written in an extremely fine way, the
2551:
538:, many hereditary lines of referees became codified, and some sought the patronage of the
224:
8:
6935:
4131:
2216:
1462:
The costume has undergone a series of changes to arrive at its current form. During the
1211:(banner) at the entrance to the arenas where tournaments are held. In the past, retired
1197:
may have a maximum of two assistants, when the referees ranked below him have only one.
1014:
who was promoted to Shikimori Inosuke at the age of 48 in 1973, making him the youngest
6677:
2915:
2156:
350:
301:
3111:
nuts which are then poured into a hole in the center of the ring along some sake. The
2691:, or ring name, in a clear voice. If the match had received corporate sponsorship and
2275:
level, referees suffer a penalty if they make more than nine mistakes in a year while
1408:
The 37th Shikimori Inosuke with his distinctive top rank white-and-purple tassels and
6884:
6858:
6835:
6812:
6789:
6766:
6759:
6743:
6720:
6367:
6319:
5008:
4514:
3969:
3192:
2963:'s two assistants first steps into the ring and behaves as if in a shrine, following
1512:
115:(wrestling ring) and sometimes defined as "an essential part of the sumo spectacle."
6916:
6250:
6215:
4203:
3908:, there are three departments with very specific tasks. The first department is the
3275:
is absent, the wrestlers are normally expected to wait to be led into the ring. The
2479:
6104:
5302:
4271:"The First Yokozuna (Akashi Shiganosuke) – and the history of sumo's ultimate rank"
4077:
3106:
3005:
2964:
2090:, which has been passed down to successors for over 160 years. Shikimori Kandayū's
1452:
329:
6904:
4884:
4719:
4094:
account expressing Tamajirō VI's displeasure at not being promoted to the rank of
2203:'s verdicts can, however, be overturned by the judges seated around the ring (the
2114:
2084:
who holds a particular ring name. This is notably the case for Kimura Shōnosuke's
558:. Between 1726 and 1729, the referees named Kimura Shōnosuke and Shikimori Godaiyū
349:
and gave them the task of organizing the shogunate's sumo tournaments. During the
283:
5719:
4621:
3205:
2758:
2724:
2542:
is no longer able to give a verdict or hand out prize envelopes, it is up to the
1558:
worn by wrestlers of equivalent rank during their ring entering ceremonies. Each
1339:
Kimura Kōnosuke (Kokonoe stable), real name: Toshiaki Kojima, since January 2019.
1327:
3965:
3130:
bring the tournament to an end with a religious ceremony. This ceremony, called
2912:
distinguishes himself by wearing a color variation under his white kimono and a
2472:
starts the fighting again by simultaneously hitting the backs of the wrestlers'
2281:-ranked are permitted up to ten. As for the other ranks in the hierarchy (below
2078:
are handed down from generation to generation, sometimes to be used only by the
706:
are employed directly by the Japan Sumo Association but are affiliated with the
6872:
5913:
5272:
3013:
2626:
2287:), there are no financial penalties, but promotions are nevertheless affected.
1553:
1293:
6927:
6362:
5329:
4509:
3172:
3063:. That which is heavy and muddy is the yin and is below; and is called defeat
1580:
tend to wear darker colors than those worn during the summer months. Although
6950:
6645:
6617:
6589:
6463:
6397:
6191:
6163:
6076:
5909:
5779:
5751:
5593:
5452:
5397:
5339:
4927:
4588:
4082:
3009:
2332:, the white starting lines in the centre of the ring, then sideways with the
1498:
551:
220:
86:
5062:
4851:
1445:, making them a "flamboyant part of the sumo scene." The kimono worn by the
213:
6099:
5225:"The Classical Sumo of Oki: A Unique Tradition of Cultural and Ritual Sumo"
4117:
4073:
4060:
3548:
3060:
3017:
2596:
2339:
2206:
1589:
1456:
1117:
438:
asserted itself and began to take on its current form, with the use of the
340:
241:
177:
119:
3684:. Each kanji is written with a brush without the help of word processors.
3541:) and one or two assistants. The senior writer is usually also one of the
2601:(judges) who sit around the ring. If they dispute the result, they hold a
1622:
5202:
4048:
3333:
2823:
2138:
1494:
1253:
763:
707:
599:
577:
459:
Like wrestlers and most other professions involved in professional sumo,
381:
elements into sumo traditions during the Tokugawa shogunate, the role of
336:
139:
3059:
From the beginning of the heavens and the earth, they were divided into
2187:'s principal and most obvious task is to referee bouts between two sumo
1594:, in October 2021, the Japan Sumo Association formed a partnership with
465:
do not work under their real name, but under a pseudonym similar to the
6716:
6559:
5346:
3380:
3377:
is also responsible for leading the wrestlers into the ring before the
3247:
also officially lead the ring-entering ceremonies. More precisely, the
3096:
2954:(a Shinto ritual wand) are also placed in wooden stands at the center.
2566:
1571:
1463:
1417:
1229:
801:
535:
374:
2581:
considers that a wrestler has lost, he ends the match by pointing his
3838:
3520:
3118:
2310:
will also call out each wrestler's name from east to west. It is the
2299:
2212:
2057:
1750:
1676:
per tournament. These socks, originally designed only for walking on
1475:
1218:
1180:
1099:
877:
820:
695:
573:
159:
5950:
4030:
are also responsible for the material organization of tours (called
3875:
within the Sumo Association, as are the elders. The distribution of
3087:, symbolic offerings are brought to the ring. They consist of dried
2374:) between the wrestlers. Immediately after the wrestlers initiate a
1640:. These ornaments change color to indicate the gyoji's rank. Unlike
1282:
As of the conclusion of the September 2024 tournament, there is one
6517:
4464:
4429:
4219:
3953:
3790:
use an old brush whose bristles have all fallen off and given by a
3779:
3675:
3362:
3256:
3200:
3088:
2883:
2853:
and two other senior-ranked referees, serving as attendants called
2811:
2733:
2533:
2422:
2369:
2249:
1504:
1160:
923:
904:
839:
782:
555:
388:
296:" also appeared, but the role of the staff bearing this title, all
287:
262:
102:
3641:
2970:
2800:
1843:
1719:
1586:
kimono are often embroidered with very traditional motifs such as
1411:
314:
110:
6689:
4091:
3887:
and on a committee of three senior referees (currently ranked as
3481:
3467:
2826:' training rings by junior-ranked referees belonging to the same
2686:
2604:
2497:
2440:
2188:
1727:
1096:, the traditional rankings of sumo. Since then, the upper-ranked
1091:
898:
858:
468:
368:
195:, or combat training sumo, practiced by samurai. On the left the
151:
78:
3721:. It is a large sheet of paper measuring 1.10 m (3 ft
1833:
1384:
1116:
are listed in the center vertical column above the names of the
3609:
2997:
2027:
1762:
incorporate elements such as the following into their outfits:
1753:
who was unhappy that his wrestler had been declared the loser.
1679:
1206:
985:
ranks. It takes another 15 years to be promoted to officiating
441:
378:
362:
356:
90:
3968:, so as to maintain a standard of intelligibility by avoiding
3281:'s rank is equivalent to that of the wrestlers he leads. Each
2764:
Sake is poured on all four sides of the ring for purification.
2699:
banners had been displayed before the start of the fight, the
1628:
The outfits used all incorporate a number of rosettes, called
1402:
967:
evolve under the tutelage of their seniors. Unlike wrestlers,
572:, the name Kimura Shōnosuke was originally adopted during the
534:
With the rise in importance and popularity of sumo during the
3154:
3100:
3082:
2949:
569:
547:
543:
424:
420:
132:
in the late 16th century. Since the end of the 18th century,
6556:"Sumo: Top referee to resign over sexual harassment scandal"
3498:
serve only as observers and are not invited to speak. Three
2671:
unless asked to do so. When a final verdict is reached, the
118:
Inherited from a tradition of refereeing dating back to the
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5824:
5822:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
3632:
3519:
until 1944; prior to this date it was often written by the
3092:
3001:
2494:
may call for a short break if he needs to fix a wrestler's
1851:
1825:
1705:
1058:
610:
promotion in the other family included notably that of the
21:
6040:
5989:
5987:
4966:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
3162:
219:
A sumo match performed in the presence of Oda Nobunaga at
6484:
6482:
6402:
5692:
5361:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5081:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4856:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
1480:, a sleeveless kimono with exaggerated shoulders, called
903:(rankings) organization meeting held after the September
416:
5890:
5861:
5834:
5819:
5795:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5413:
5250:
5248:
5142:
5035:
4734:
4569:
4557:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
3269:, the two paths from east and west, to the ring. If the
2665:
is not expected to take part in the discussion during a
473:, or ring name, used by wrestlers. In modern times, all
223:
in 1578 (ceramic board painting in the entrance hall of
99:
are one of the most visible professions at tournaments (
6052:
5984:
5807:
5566:
4796:
4396:
4394:
4362:
3678:, it takes between seven and ten days to handwrite the
2096:
is also a legacy handed down since Kandayū II in 1866.
1710:
on the rear-right side of their belt. Both the top two
1203:
are also entitled to have their names displayed on the
387:
took on even greater importance, emerging as surrogate
343:
appointed two warriors from his retinue to the role of
6938:
6918:
6906:
6761:
The Big Book of Sumo: History, Practice, Ritual, Fight
6479:
6030:
6028:
6026:
5974:
5972:
5468:
5167:
5023:
4976:
4943:
4775:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4343:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4226:
4095:
4067:
4042:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3980:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3928:
3909:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3866:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3707:
3701:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3198:
3179:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3112:
3104:
3080:
3069:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3021:
2991:
2976:
2968:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2831:
2817:
2809:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2706:
2705:
brings over the envelopes containing the money on his
2700:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2564:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2169:
2163:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1954:
1934:
1921:
1903:
1894:
1876:
1849:
1841:
1831:
1823:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1646:, whose uniform is identical regardless of rank, each
1641:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1564:
chooses the color and pattern of his kimono, but only
1559:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1538:'s dark cords with colored ones. Each costume worn by
1533:
1527:
1510:
1502:
1473:
1467:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1433:
wear elaborate ceremonial costumes, either called the
1428:
1409:
1391:
1390:
An annotated diagram showing the different parts of a
1351:
1331:
1317:
1308:
1297:
1283:
1274:
1260:
1242:
1236:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
921:
915:
909:
896:
875:
856:
837:
818:
799:
780:
761:
743:
730:
723:
717:
711:
701:
693:
687:
677:
663:
654:
648:
642:
604:
593:
585:
516:
500:
474:
466:
460:
439:
433:
392:
382:
366:
354:
344:
311:
305:
291:
268:
260:
245:
235:
202:
196:
157:
149:
143:
133:
123:
108:
100:
94:
26:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6120:
5999:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5609:
5542:
5519:
5507:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5430:
5428:
5373:
5245:
4471:
4076:
grand sumo tournament, the 6th Kimura Tamajirō (from
6011:
5928:
4763:
4391:
4173:
4107:
3989:
Once the matches have been decided, it is up to the
2072:, lacquered with gold or silver ornamentation. Some
1316:
As of the September 2024 tournament there are three
1104:
also have their names automatically included on the
446:(war fan) and the wearing of the ceremonial kimono.
310:
still did not referee matches, this role falling to
6536:
6524:
6023:
5969:
4534:
4331:
4308:
4289:
4250:
4238:
3318:. When the last wrestler, ranked at the top of the
2548:waiting at the foot of the ring to take his place.
427:. At the end of the 18th century, around 1780, the
259:, a rank bearing the same kanji as the spelling of
6876:
6850:
6804:
6781:
6758:
6735:
6708:
6265:
6230:
6132:
5712:
5621:
5554:
5480:
5425:
5295:
4903:
4614:
4047:are also associated with one of the sumo training
3899:) who are elected every two years by their peers.
1061:2487 as of November 2023). The basic salary for a
234:The role of referee in sumo began long before the
6100:"NHK総合テレビが「神送りの儀式」まで完全生中継！！ 無観客の大相撲春場所で…「これは激レア」"
3397:presides over this ceremony. In the absence of a
2445:, and are codified with no ad-libbing tolerated.
1346:), real name: Toshikazu Hata, since January 2024.
590:must choose to belong to one of these two lines.
6948:
6641:"立行司の41代式守伊之助が38代木村庄之助に昇進 庄之助空位9年で終了、在位は９カ月の見通し"
6072:"東大生力士・須山が神送りの儀式に参加 緊張の面持ちで御神酒を捧げ三拍子で手打ちをして場所締め"
5101:"木村容堂が立行司「式守伊之助」に昇進内定 15年春場所以来９年半ぶりに庄之助と立行司が２人に"
1690:, wear out very quickly after a day of matches.
1684:mats and not on the hard and sandy surface of a
1191:will not go on to have a successful career. The
6579:
6577:
5130:(in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 26 September 2024
4510:"「大相撲の行司さんを目指したきっかけは？」「どうすればなれる？」現役の行司さんに聞いてみた"
3578:, the ranking is handwritten in a style called
1985:Bare feet with the kimono tied above the knees
6807:The Book of Sumo: Sport, Spectacle, and Ritual
6459:"番付の書き手が木村要之助に春場所から代わっていた 木村容堂から16年ぶり戦後８人目の交代"
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
5589:"【珍事】舞の海氏「行司の大失態と言われても仕方ない」まわし待ったに厳しい言葉「前代未聞」"
5122:
5120:
5118:
3937:
3916:
3769:
3714:
3601:
3586:
3138:
3048:
2983:
2861:
2427:-ranked Mankajō (left) and Gōtenyū in May 2007
1742:
1519:
1486:
1130:
885:
866:
847:
828:
809:
790:
771:
752:
634:
624:
561:
524:
508:
492:
482:
321:
275:
252:
148:'s responsibilities also include drafting the
54:
6667:
6613:"三役格行司の木村玉治郎が相撲協会に退職届を提出 師匠の立浪親方「本人の意志が固かった」"
5060:
4646:
4644:
2683:at the victorious wrestler and announces his
2132:preparations in his initial neutral position.
686:is 45. As of January 2024, there are 43
128:did not take on their current role until the
6834:] (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Kobunkan Co.
6574:
6548:
5128:"来年初場所から再び木村庄之助、式守伊之助の立行司２人体制 現伊之助と庄太郞の昇進決定"
4443:
4441:
4439:
3572:In line with the calligraphic skills of the
3253:'s responsibility is to head the columns of
2066:has his own and those handled by top-ranked
1749:had to defend himself against an aggressive
1259:The 15th Kimura Shōtarō will be promoted to
6418:
5747:"豊昇龍2人なぎ倒す!? 立行司の木村庄之助は平戸海の足が直撃→倒れて再度直撃の悲劇"
5393:"【ベテラン記者コラム（２２７）】木村玉治郎の３度の「待った」に行司の「陶冶」を思う"
5115:
5103:(in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 1 August 2024
4995:
4993:
4991:
4418:Shogakukan Nippon Encyclopaedia (Nipponica)
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
3843:gather to write on the 2 m (6 ft
2790:
2653:, 'wrong indication'), or order a rematch (
2629:room. They can confirm the decision of the
2610:
2520:falls and exposes a wrestler's nudity, the
2324:), during which he first stands facing the
2246:are allowed to referee a match involving a
60:
6848:
6706:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
5896:
5884:
5855:
5828:
5801:
5698:
5367:
5161:
5087:
5048:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4757:
4641:
4575:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4208:Shogakukan Nippon Encyclopedia (Nipponica)
4009:ring entry ceremonies on tournament days.
3979:Scoreboard plaques are handwritten by the
3865:In line with their refereeing duties, the
3735: in) metres by 80 cm (2 ft
895:Promotions are decided once a year at the
735:then work up a career ladder based on the
6871:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6248:
6213:
6046:
5813:
5572:
5448:"157年前の軍配で式守勘太夫が裁いた 慶応2年からの譲り団扇に込められたロマン"
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
4815:
4677:
4563:
4436:
4385:
3829:has been unveiled, between two and three
3261:-ranked wrestlers, leading them from the
2587:to the side of the winning wrestler. The
1375:List of items traditionally worn in Japan
1306:
1041:pay is low but still higher than that of
920:cannot be demoted. The maximum number of
6585:"式守伊之助が退職 昨年若手行司にセクハラ 名古屋場所は24年ぶり立行司不在に"
6392:
6390:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
5945:
5943:
5583:
5581:
4988:
4185:
3974:
3823:is written by young referees. After the
3478:are also responsible for writing up the
2550:
2407:
2366:then coordinates the initial charge (or
2060:of the stable to which he belongs. Each
631:to become the eleventh Shikimori Kandayū
20:
6917:List of expressions and shouts used by
6849:Newton, Clyde; Toff, Gerald J. (2000).
6802:
6335:
6005:
5710:
5474:
5419:
5178:
5029:
4982:
4970:
4872:
4846:
4844:
4790:
4654:Sumopedia: What are the duties of gyoji
4609:
4490:
4356:
4179:
3612:plays. The official name of the style,
3163:Presiding over ring-entering ceremonies
1079:receive bonuses after each tournament.
479:will take either the family name Kimura
6949:
6779:
6733:
6488:
6360:
6017:
5934:
5727:from the original on 16 September 2021
5714:"Referee injured in fall; Hakuho wins"
5648:"水入りの一番で行司の木村寿之介が好判断 足の位置を塩でマーク、混乱避けた"
5615:
5548:
5536:
5513:
5501:
5379:
5254:
5184:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4769:
4507:
4484:
4400:
4337:
4325:
4302:
4256:
4244:
4232:
3557:have been responsible for editing the
3456:
3302:at the foot of the ring announces the
1501:, referees could no longer keep their
1053:earn between 400,000 and 500,000 yen (
692:within the Sumo Association. Like the
671:
576:by Nakadachi Uzaemon, a vassal of the
16:Referee in professional sumo wrestling
6506:International Encyclopedia Britannica
6387:
6282:
5940:
5578:
5330:"ポケモン紋様の装束も！ 木村容堂さんに聞く、大相撲「行司」の世界・後編"
4665:from the original on 2 September 2021
4591:(in Japanese). Japan Sumo Association
3547:attending the ranking meeting. Since
2104:
1598:to celebrate the 25th anniversary of
1272:
1157:can move once they reach the rank of
958:may be as popular as some wrestlers.
449:
6825:
6756:
6668:Sasaki Ichiro (30 September 2023).
6542:
6530:
6276:
6236:
6145:
6126:
6058:
6034:
5993:
5978:
5674:"１場所で２度目の水入り 行司の木村隆男が寿之介式マーキングを実践した"
5634:
5560:
5489:
5434:
5310:from the original on 11 January 2022
4909:
4712:
4551:
3881:in these departments depends on the
2975:at the attendants, in an act called
2932:carry a wooden instrument (called a
2419:A gyōji calling out a match between
1336:ranks as the 43rd Shikimori Inosuke.
1235:The 42nd Shikimori Inosuke (here in
328:, or 'sumo magistrates'. During the
290:. During the same period, the term "
4923:"27代木村庄之助の熊谷宗吉さんが老衰で死去、97歳 行司生活55年"
4821:
4629:from the original on 5 October 2020
4003:) that will be presented after the
2996:then enters the ring and recites a
2940:) as a symbol of authority. On the
2771:In addition to refereeing matches,
2304:has called them into the ring, the
2254:. In all the matches they referee,
2099:
2050:is given to him either by a senior
1137:and the tournament dates and site.
641:upon his promotion to the ranks of
505:are always called Shikimori Inosuke
13:
6911:at the Japan Sumo Association site
5910:"一宮市浅井宿舎 稽古土俵 - 稽古場ができるまで 後編―土俵祭り"
5222:
5061:Koichi Kitade (17 November 2019).
4268:
4066:Shortly after the announcement of
3312:of the wrestler stepping onto the
3184:ring-entering ceremony in May 2014
2888:, wear formal white robes (called
2482:that a procedure inspired by then-
2342:in charge of keeping time via the
2018:To accompany their costumes, each
240:was entrusted with it. During the
14:
6983:
6898:
5711:Gunning, John (12 January 2012).
5001:"出世するまで裸足・門限10時半…若手行司って超厳しい世界だった"
3403:, the referee presiding over the
3124:After the end of a tournament, a
2714:
1455:, or court dress worn during the
164:(elders) on each tournament day.
107:), being the third person in the
6707:Buckingham, Dorothea M. (1994).
6661:
6649:(in Japanese). 28 September 2023
6633:
6621:(in Japanese). 30 September 2023
6605:
6494:
6451:
6375:from the original on 6 June 2022
6361:Iizuka, Saki (7 November 2020).
6323:(in Japanese). 12 September 2013
4852:"行司なくして大相撲は成り立たない！土俵支える裏方"行司"とは"
4522:from the original on 4 July 2021
4508:Iizuka, Saki (7 November 2020).
4124:
4110:
4054:
3640:
3631:
3191:
3171:
2757:
2723:
2155:
2137:
2113:
1696:who are promoted to the rank of
1497:. With the Dampatsurei Edict of
1401:
1383:
1350:Another will be promoted to the
1265:for the January 2025 tournament.
1252:
1228:
212:
176:
6700:
6676:) (in Japanese). Archived from
6242:
6207:
6179:
6151:
6092:
6064:
5902:
5767:
5739:
5704:
5680:(in Japanese). 23 November 2023
5666:
5654:(in Japanese). 20 November 2023
5640:
5440:
5385:
5322:
5288:
5260:
5216:
5093:
5054:
4915:
4603:
4581:
4406:
3995:to write up the sheets (called
3923:, named after the rooms in the
3690:are also expected to write the
2880:, dressed in the same way as a
2783:'s responsibility to perform a
979:15 years to be promoted to the
5456:(in Japanese). 13 January 2023
5401:(in Japanese). 9 December 2021
4262:
3860:
3761:write vertically the sentence
3445:makes his signature entrance (
3344:in the center waves the rope (
2744:conducts the ceremony using a
1664:who have attained the rank of
1550:or above is as expensive as a
598:surnames may be influenced by
353:, sumo became popular but the
1:
6734:Cuyler, Patricia Lee (1979).
6159:"幕内土俵入りで行司がいない…２分近く"待った"の拍子木"
5297:"大相撲とポケモンが異色タッグ 懸賞旗から行事の装束まで"
5276:(in Japanese). 7 January 2022
4685:"大相撲 行司は8階級、呼出は9階級あり定員は共に45人"
4161:
4157:of the Japan Sumo Association
4024:or is promoted. In addition,
2906:socks and straw sandals. The
1739:by the name of Iwai Dannosuke
1364:), real name Hiroshi Kikuchi.
1217:who had managed to secure an
454:
6803:Kenrick, Douglas M. (1969).
6467:(in Japanese). 30 March 2023
6108:(in Japanese). 22 March 2020
5783:(in Japanese). 28 March 2021
4885:"【大相撲】行司の階級を徹底解説！昇進条件、給料なども"
3529:are authorised to write the
3385:(the wrestler preceding the
377:. With the incorporation of
7:
6939:
6919:
6907:
6711:The Essential Guide to Sumo
6406:(in Japanese). 9 March 2022
5597:(in Japanese). 17 July 2022
4931:(in Japanese). 27 June 2023
4891:(in Japanese). 17 June 2019
4700:(in Japanese). 6 March 2017
4103:
4096:
4068:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3981:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3867:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3708:
3702:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3664:
3662:(right) are written by the
3658:
3652:
3620:
3614:
3595:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3459:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3199:
3180:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3113:
3105:
3081:
3070:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3000:. This prayer to the three
2992:
2977:
2969:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2847:is performed by one of the
2843:
2832:
2818:
2810:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2565:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2439:
2437:use in the ring are called
2433:
2421:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2146:
2128:
2122:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1955:
1935:
1922:
1904:
1895:
1877:
1850:
1842:
1832:
1824:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1758:
1756:As their careers progress,
1735:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1511:
1503:
1474:
1468:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1410:
1392:
1352:
1332:
1318:
1309:
1298:
1284:
1275:
1261:
1243:
1241:rank) is the oldest active
1237:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1016:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
922:
916:
910:
897:
876:
857:
838:
819:
800:
781:
762:
744:
737:professional sumo divisions
731:
724:
718:
712:
702:
694:
688:
678:
664:
655:
649:
643:
605:
594:
586:
517:
501:
475:
467:
461:
440:
434:
393:
383:
367:
355:
345:
312:
306:
292:
269:
261:
246:
236:
203:
197:
158:
150:
144:
134:
124:
109:
101:
95:
42:, in full traditional dress
27:
10:
6988:
6957:Japanese words and phrases
6857:. Kodansha International.
6593:(in Japanese). 31 May 2018
6363:"大相撲の行司さんって土俵裁き以外に何をしている？"
6195:(in Japanese). 16 May 2014
6167:(in Japanese). 17 May 2014
6080:(in Japanese). 22 May 2022
5775:"行司背中から落下、勝ち名乗り行えず／写真リプレー"
5755:(in Japanese). 15 May 2024
4860:(in Japanese). 5 July 2019
3563:. The task of writing the
3513:did not start writing the
3465:
3223:. Behind him presides the
1372:
1368:
429:Edo-based sumo association
167:
142:to which they belong. The
89:culture, deeply rooted in
6811:. New York: Weatherhill.
6742:. New York: Weatherhill.
5957:(in Japanese). 8 May 2017
5951:"大相撲の本場所前に開催される「土俵祭り」を紹介"
3938:
3917:
3770:
3715:
3602:
3587:
3433:, waving the rope of his
3139:
3049:
2984:
2862:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1984:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1902:
1875:
1840:
1822:
1806:
1796:
1769:
1743:
1520:
1487:
1131:
886:
867:
848:
829:
810:
791:
772:
753:
635:
625:
562:
554:and Suminoe Shikikuro in
525:
509:
493:
483:
322:
276:
253:
55:
6780:Kakuma, Tsutomu (1993).
6738:Sumo: From Rite to Sport
5268:"ポケモンの行司装束も 大相撲初場所、９日初日"
4722:. Japan Sumo Association
4166:
3764:Senshū banzai daidaikanō
3121:seated around the ring.
3040:recites a prayer called
2480:November 2023 tournament
1360:12th Shikimori Kandayū (
1292:42nd Shikimori Inosuke (
1082:Prior to July 1993, the
1032:referee just one match.
540:House of Yoshida Tsukasa
399:House of Yoshida Tsukasa
6832:The World of Sumo Gyoji
4889:Dosukoi Sports Magazine
4720:"Gyoji (Referees) List"
4651:Grand Sumo Highlights.
4453:Heibonsha Encyclopaedia
3324:or, in the case of the
3212:ring-entering style in
2526:is expected to use his
2038:should take. The first
1606:January 2022 tournament
550:, Hattori Shikiemon in
546:, Shakushi Ichigaku in
6788:. Yohan Publications.
6765:. Stone Bridge Press.
6437:Japan Sumo Association
6398:"大相撲の行司っていったい何なの？ その2"
5897:Newton & Toff 2000
5699:Newton & Toff 2000
5368:Newton & Toff 2000
5162:Newton & Toff 2000
5088:Newton & Toff 2000
4758:Newton & Toff 2000
4576:Newton & Toff 2000
4140:Glossary of sumo terms
3986:
3871:are also divided into
3369:ring-entering ceremony
3077:
3018:aspects of the seasons
2572:
2460:, or water break. The
2428:
1670:wear several pairs of
1634:, and tassels, called
1356:rank in January 2025:
676:The maximum number of
521:, and Kimura Shōnosuke
83:Japan Sumo Association
43:
6826:Nema, Hiromi (2011).
6187:"行司不在で土俵入り中断、錦太夫が平謝り"
4589:"行司基本情報 - 木村 庄之助 立行司"
4150:List of years in sumo
3978:
3811:is written by senior
3225:36th Kimura Shōnosuke
3057:
2554:
2418:
1326:15th Kimura Shōtarō (
1247:as of September 2024.
1005:27th Kimura Shōnosuke
612:38th Kimura Shōnosuke
33:33rd Kimura Shōnosuke
24:
6962:Referees and umpires
6680:on 30 September 2023
4613:(20 November 2018).
4145:List of sumo stables
1809:Thin linen (summer)
1621:can be seen wearing
1601:Pokémon Red and Blue
1572:symbol of their rank
1570:may use purple, the
1177:status are assigned
70:administering things
6883:. The Japan Times.
6879:Sumo: A Fan's Guide
6757:Hall, Mina (1997).
6315:"ことば談話室 スポーツ相撲字と番付"
6216:"大相撲見物便覧・十両・幕内土俵入り"
6061:, pp. 137–138.
5996:, pp. 136–137.
5306:. 11 January 2022.
4132:Martial arts portal
4072:promotions for the
3409:ceremony will be a
1807:Thick silk (winter)
1773:Costume and fabric
1766:
1596:The Pokémon Company
1342:Kimura Hisanosuke (
1110:. The names of the
672:System of promotion
5349:. 27 February 2024
5011:. 24 February 2017
3987:
3427:stands behind the
2573:
2429:
2105:Refereeing a match
1979:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1946:
1943:
1915:
1912:
1888:
1885:
1868:
1865:
1860:Shikimori Inosuke
1817:
1814:
1792:Ceremonial object
1765:
1171:who have achieved
450:Career and ranking
351:Tokugawa shogunate
302:Kamakura shogunate
44:
6772:978-1-880656-28-0
6562:. 13 January 2018
6320:The Asahi Shimbun
6129:, pp. 56–59.
6049:, pp. 15–16.
5422:, pp. 44–45.
5223:Kodama, Michiko.
5009:The Asahi Shimbun
4616:"Sumo 101: Gyōji"
4235:, pp. 37–38.
3391:). Normally, the
3068:Extract from the
2677:again points his
2647:'), overturn it (
2416:
2290:In the ring, the
2044:owned by a young
2016:
2015:
1871:Purple and white
1804:Kimura Shōnosuke
225:Ryōgoku Kokugikan
87:professional sumo
6979:
6972:Sumo terminology
6942:
6922:
6910:
6905:List of current
6894:
6882:
6868:
6856:
6845:
6822:
6810:
6799:
6787:
6776:
6764:
6753:
6741:
6730:
6714:
6694:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6429:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6394:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6358:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6311:
6280:
6274:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6251:"大相撲見物便覧・横綱土俵入り"
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5982:
5976:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5859:
5853:
5832:
5826:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5716:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5343:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5303:Mainichi Shimbun
5299:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5195:
5182:
5176:
5165:
5159:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4997:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4848:
4819:
4813:
4794:
4788:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4505:
4488:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4445:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4389:
4383:
4360:
4354:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4306:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4200:
4183:
4177:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4099:
4088:informal comment
4078:Tatsunami stable
4071:
4046:
4041:Finally, as all
4037:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3994:
3984:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3870:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3698:their right hand
3695:
3689:
3683:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3644:
3635:
3623:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3462:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3233:
3222:
3204:
3195:
3183:
3175:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3116:
3110:
3086:
3075:
3073:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3006:Ame-no-Tajikarao
2995:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2965:Shinto etiquette
2962:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2761:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2431:The shouts that
2426:
2417:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2354:then places his
2353:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2217:Takasago Uragorō
2210:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2100:Responsibilities
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1958:
1949:Green and white
1938:
1925:
1907:
1898:
1880:
1855:
1847:
1837:
1829:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1625:-themed kimono.
1620:
1614:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1471:
1453:Muromachi period
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1387:
1362:Asahiyama stable
1355:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1301:
1287:
1278:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
919:
913:
902:
891:
889:
888:
882:
872:
870:
869:
863:
853:
851:
850:
844:
834:
832:
831:
825:
815:
813:
812:
806:
796:
794:
793:
787:
777:
775:
774:
768:
758:
756:
755:
749:
734:
727:
721:
715:
705:
699:
691:
684:Sumo Association
681:
667:
658:
652:
646:
640:
638:
637:
630:
628:
627:
620:
608:
597:
589:
567:
565:
564:
530:
528:
527:
520:
514:
512:
511:
504:
498:
496:
495:
488:
486:
485:
478:
472:
464:
445:
437:
411:
396:
386:
372:
360:
348:
330:Muromachi period
327:
325:
324:
318:
309:
295:
281:
279:
278:
272:
266:
258:
256:
255:
249:
239:
216:
206:
200:
194:
180:
163:
155:
147:
137:
127:
114:
106:
98:
81:employed by the
76:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
58:
57:
41:
30:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6947:
6946:
6936:Sumo Prime Time
6901:
6891:
6873:Schilling, Mark
6865:
6842:
6819:
6796:
6773:
6750:
6727:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6662:
6652:
6650:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6511:
6509:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6371:(in Japanese).
6359:
6336:
6326:
6324:
6313:
6312:
6283:
6275:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6249:Atsuo Tsubota.
6247:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6214:Atsuo Tsubota.
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6133:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6105:Chunichi Sports
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6037:, pp. 137.
6033:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5912:(in Japanese).
5908:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5885:Buckingham 1994
5883:
5862:
5856:Buckingham 1994
5854:
5835:
5829:Buckingham 1994
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5802:Buckingham 1994
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5720:The Japan Times
5709:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5345:(in Japanese).
5337:
5335:Waraku Magazine
5328:
5327:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5201:(in Japanese).
5197:
5196:
5185:
5177:
5168:
5160:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5063:"大相撲 "呼出し"のすべて"
5059:
5055:
5049:Buckingham 1994
5047:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5007:(in Japanese).
4999:
4998:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4883:
4882:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4822:
4814:
4797:
4789:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4690:News Post Seven
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4622:The Japan Times
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4518:(in Japanese).
4506:
4491:
4483:
4472:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4363:
4355:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4309:
4301:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4155:Other personnel
4130:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4057:
3935:
3914:
3863:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3767:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3700:. The original
3676:main tournament
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3656:(left) and the
3647:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3599:
3584:
3470:
3464:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3216:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3165:
3136:
3091:, washed rice,
3076:
3067:
3046:
2981:
2859:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2728:
2717:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2408:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2126:supervises the
2118:
2107:
2102:
2010:Jonokuchi-gyōji
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1956:Makushita-gyōji
1948:
1947:
1944:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1740:
1608:
1517:
1484:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1328:Kasugano stable
1314:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1233:
1128:
1007:
914:can suffer, as
883:
864:
845:
826:
807:
788:
769:
750:
682:allowed in the
674:
632:
622:
614:
559:
522:
506:
490:
480:
457:
452:
405:
319:
288:sumo techniques
273:
250:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
217:
209:
208:
188:
181:
170:
72:
69:
66:
63:
52:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6985:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6945:
6944:
6925:
6914:
6900:
6899:External links
6897:
6896:
6895:
6889:
6869:
6863:
6846:
6841:978-4642057325
6840:
6823:
6817:
6800:
6794:
6777:
6771:
6754:
6748:
6731:
6725:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6660:
6632:
6604:
6573:
6547:
6535:
6533:, pp. 54.
6523:
6493:
6491:, p. 152.
6478:
6450:
6417:
6386:
6334:
6281:
6264:
6241:
6229:
6206:
6178:
6150:
6148:, pp. 56.
6131:
6119:
6091:
6063:
6051:
6047:Schilling 1994
6039:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5983:
5981:, p. 132.
5968:
5939:
5927:
5916:. 26 June 2008
5914:Arashio stable
5901:
5889:
5860:
5833:
5818:
5814:Schilling 1994
5806:
5794:
5766:
5738:
5703:
5701:, p. 107.
5691:
5665:
5639:
5620:
5618:, p. 176.
5608:
5577:
5573:Schilling 1994
5565:
5553:
5551:, p. 174.
5541:
5539:, p. 175.
5518:
5516:, p. 172.
5506:
5504:, p. 173.
5494:
5479:
5477:, p. 106.
5467:
5439:
5424:
5412:
5384:
5382:, p. 123.
5372:
5370:, p. 134.
5360:
5321:
5287:
5273:Sankei Shimbun
5259:
5257:, p. 166.
5244:
5215:
5199:"過去の展示 - 行司装束"
5183:
5181:, p. 108.
5166:
5141:
5114:
5092:
5090:, p. 112.
5080:
5053:
5034:
5032:, p. 126.
5022:
4987:
4985:, p. 125.
4975:
4973:, p. 109.
4942:
4914:
4902:
4871:
4820:
4816:Schilling 1994
4795:
4793:, p. 107.
4774:
4762:
4733:
4711:
4676:
4640:
4602:
4580:
4568:
4566:, p. 124.
4564:Schilling 1994
4556:
4554:, p. 101.
4533:
4489:
4487:, p. 167.
4470:
4435:
4405:
4390:
4386:Schilling 1994
4361:
4359:, p. 110.
4342:
4330:
4307:
4288:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4184:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4121:
4105:
4102:
4056:
4053:
3862:
3859:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3463:
3455:
3330:division, the
3197:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3065:
3014:Nomi no Sukune
2920:instead of an
2763:
2756:
2755:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:Religious role
2713:
2641:, 'way of the
2620:talk of things
2454:to call for a
2211:). During the
2161:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1992:Sandanme-gyōji
1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1918:Red and white
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1905:Makuuchi-gyōji
1900:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:San'yaku-gyōji
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1774:
1771:
1604:and since the
1407:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1353:san'yaku-gyōji
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1319:san'yaku-gyōji
1313:
1310:san'yaku-gyōji
1305:
1304:
1303:
1294:Kokonoe stable
1279:
1271:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1120:and below the
893:
892:
873:
854:
835:
816:
797:
778:
759:
673:
670:
531:, his senior.
456:
453:
451:
448:
218:
211:
210:
182:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
169:
166:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6984:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6915:
6913:(in Japanese)
6912:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6892:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6786:
6785:
6784:Sumo Watching
6778:
6774:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6755:
6751:
6749:9780834801455
6745:
6740:
6739:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6705:
6704:
6691:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6648:
6647:
6646:Nikkan Sports
6642:
6636:
6620:
6619:
6618:Nikkan Sports
6614:
6608:
6592:
6591:
6590:Sports Nippon
6586:
6580:
6578:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6545:, p. 56.
6544:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6519:
6508:(in Japanese)
6507:
6503:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6465:
6464:Nikkan Sports
6460:
6454:
6439:(in Japanese)
6438:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6279:, p. 46.
6278:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6253:(in Japanese)
6252:
6245:
6239:, p. 48.
6238:
6233:
6218:(in Japanese)
6217:
6210:
6194:
6193:
6192:Nikkan Sports
6188:
6182:
6166:
6165:
6164:Sports Nippon
6160:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6128:
6123:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6079:
6078:
6077:Sports Nippon
6073:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6048:
6043:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6020:, p. 13.
6019:
6014:
6008:, p. 97.
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5937:, p. 81.
5936:
5931:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5899:, p. 18.
5898:
5893:
5887:, p. 61.
5886:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5858:, p. 60.
5857:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5831:, p. 72.
5830:
5825:
5823:
5816:, p. 44.
5815:
5810:
5804:, p. 71.
5803:
5798:
5782:
5781:
5780:Nikkan Sports
5776:
5770:
5754:
5753:
5752:Nikkan Sports
5748:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5679:
5678:Nikkan Sports
5675:
5669:
5653:
5652:Nikkan Sports
5649:
5643:
5637:, p. 75.
5636:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5596:
5595:
5594:Nikkan Sports
5590:
5584:
5582:
5575:, p. 43.
5574:
5569:
5563:, p. 71.
5562:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5492:, p. 14.
5491:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5455:
5454:
5453:Nikkan Sports
5449:
5443:
5437:, p. 49.
5436:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5400:
5399:
5398:Sankei Sports
5394:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5291:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5180:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5164:, p. 46.
5163:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5084:
5069:(in Japanese)
5068:
5064:
5057:
5051:, p. 74.
5050:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4930:
4929:
4928:Nikkan Sports
4924:
4918:
4912:, p. 99.
4911:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4818:, p. 45.
4817:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4772:, p. 44.
4771:
4766:
4760:, p. 22.
4759:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4721:
4715:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4612:
4611:Gunning, John
4606:
4590:
4584:
4578:, p. 23.
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4466:
4455:(in Japanese)
4454:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4420:(in Japanese)
4419:
4415:
4409:
4403:, p. 75.
4402:
4397:
4395:
4388:, p. 46.
4387:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4340:, p. 72.
4339:
4334:
4328:, p. 74.
4327:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4305:, p. 73.
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4276:
4272:
4269:Kuroda, Joe.
4265:
4259:, p. 78.
4258:
4253:
4247:, p. 37.
4246:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4210:(in Japanese)
4209:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4182:, p. 95.
4181:
4176:
4172:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4122:
4119:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4083:Nikkan Sports
4079:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4055:Controversies
4052:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3999:kaobure gonjō
3993:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3858:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3765:
3759:
3755:, the senior
3753:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3597:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3551:, only eight
3550:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3356:in a circle.
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3208:performs his
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3182:
3174:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3016:) and to the
3015:
3011:
3010:Takemikazuchi
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2926:. All of the
2924:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:dohyō-matsuri
2839:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2787:
2786:dohyō-matsuri
2781:
2775:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:Jonidan-gyōji
1997:
1993:
1988:
1957:
1952:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1574:. In winter,
1573:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1554:keshō-mawashi
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:wore a linen
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1427:In the ring,
1419:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1344:Ōshima stable
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:. Top-ranked
1045:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
991:matches. The
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
925:
918:
912:
906:
901:
900:
881:
879:
874:
862:
860:
855:
843:
841:
836:
824:
822:
817:
805:
803:
798:
786:
784:
779:
767:
765:
760:
748:
747:
742:
741:
740:
738:
733:
726:
720:
714:
709:
704:
698:
697:
690:
685:
680:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
645:
618:
613:
607:
601:
596:
591:
588:
581:
579:
575:
571:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
519:
515:, the junior
503:
477:
471:
470:
463:
447:
444:
443:
436:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
404:
403:House of Gojō
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
376:
373:) in various
371:
370:
364:
359:
358:
352:
347:
342:
338:
333:
331:
317:
316:
308:
303:
299:
294:
289:
285:
284:Emperor Shōmu
271:
265:
264:
248:
243:
238:
226:
222:
221:Azuchi Castle
215:
205:
199:
192:
187:
186:
179:
165:
162:
161:
154:
153:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
113:
112:
105:
104:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
51:
50:
39:
34:
29:
23:
19:
6878:
6853:Dynamic Sumo
6852:
6831:
6827:
6806:
6783:
6760:
6737:
6710:
6701:Bibliography
6688:– via
6682:. Retrieved
6678:the original
6663:
6653:28 September
6651:. Retrieved
6644:
6635:
6625:30 September
6623:. Retrieved
6616:
6607:
6595:. Retrieved
6588:
6564:. Retrieved
6550:
6538:
6526:
6516:– via
6510:. Retrieved
6505:
6496:
6469:. Retrieved
6462:
6453:
6441:. Retrieved
6436:
6433:"相撲用語集 - 番付"
6408:. Retrieved
6401:
6377:. Retrieved
6366:
6325:. Retrieved
6318:
6255:. Retrieved
6244:
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6190:
6181:
6169:. Retrieved
6162:
6153:
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6103:
6094:
6082:. Retrieved
6075:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6013:
6006:Kenrick 1969
6001:
5959:. Retrieved
5955:Spaia Sports
5954:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5904:
5892:
5809:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5778:
5769:
5757:. Retrieved
5750:
5741:
5729:. Retrieved
5718:
5706:
5694:
5682:. Retrieved
5677:
5668:
5656:. Retrieved
5651:
5642:
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5592:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5509:
5497:
5475:Kenrick 1969
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5451:
5442:
5420:Kenrick 1969
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5396:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5351:. Retrieved
5333:
5324:
5312:. Retrieved
5301:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5271:
5262:
5235:. Retrieved
5231:
5218:
5206:. Retrieved
5179:Kenrick 1969
5134:26 September
5132:. Retrieved
5105:. Retrieved
5095:
5083:
5071:. Retrieved
5066:
5056:
5030:Kenrick 1969
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
5004:
4983:Kenrick 1969
4978:
4971:Kenrick 1969
4933:. Retrieved
4926:
4917:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4888:
4862:. Retrieved
4855:
4791:Kenrick 1969
4765:
4724:. Retrieved
4714:
4702:. Retrieved
4688:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4658:
4653:
4631:. Retrieved
4620:
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4583:
4571:
4559:
4524:. Retrieved
4513:
4463:– via
4457:. Retrieved
4452:
4428:– via
4422:. Retrieved
4417:
4408:
4357:Kenrick 1969
4333:
4279:. Retrieved
4274:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4218:– via
4212:. Retrieved
4207:
4180:Kenrick 1969
4175:
4118:Japan portal
4086:, shared an
4081:
4074:January 2024
4065:
4061:January 2018
4058:
4040:
4011:
3988:
3966:Kantō region
3901:
3864:
3804:
3706:is called a
3674:Before each
3673:
3571:
3549:World War II
3506:
3471:
3457:Writing the
3358:
3289:
3240:
3214:January 2012
3123:
3079:Placed on a
3078:
3071:kojitsugonjō
3061:yin and yang
3058:
3043:kojitsugonjō
2956:
2840:
2770:
2627:video review
2574:
2571:bout in 2008
2447:
2430:
2289:
2233:
2180:
2058:stablemaster
2017:
1755:
1702:may wear an
1627:
1599:
1532:replace the
1482:asagamishimo
1481:
1461:
1457:Heian period
1426:
1349:
1315:
1281:
1139:
1081:
1034:
960:
894:
675:
661:
647:in 2012. As
592:
582:
533:
489:or Shikimori
458:
414:
341:Oda Nobunaga
339:), however,
334:
242:Heian period
233:
184:
120:Heian period
117:
48:
47:
45:
18:
6967:Sumo people
6923:in the ring
6597:11 November
6512:13 November
6489:Cuyler 1979
6471:13 November
6443:14 November
6410:14 November
6379:13 November
6327:13 November
6257:13 November
6222:13 November
6199:13 November
6171:13 November
6112:13 November
6084:13 November
6018:Cuyler 1979
5961:13 November
5935:Cuyler 1979
5920:13 November
5787:13 November
5731:13 November
5684:23 November
5658:23 November
5616:Cuyler 1979
5601:10 November
5549:Cuyler 1979
5537:Cuyler 1979
5514:Cuyler 1979
5502:Cuyler 1979
5460:11 November
5405:10 November
5380:Cuyler 1979
5338: [
5314:30 November
5255:Cuyler 1979
5232:Sumo FanMag
5203:Sumo Museum
5015:11 November
4935:11 November
4770:Kakuma 1993
4693: [
4669:11 November
4633:10 November
4595:11 November
4526:13 November
4485:Cuyler 1979
4401:Cuyler 1979
4338:Cuyler 1979
4326:Cuyler 1979
4303:Cuyler 1979
4277:. p. 2
4275:Sumo FanMag
4257:Cuyler 1979
4245:Cuyler 1979
4233:Cuyler 1979
3873:departments
3861:Other tasks
3820:ita-banzuke
3659:ita-banzuke
3615:negishi-ryū
3581:negishi-ryū
3359:During the
3228: [
3217: [
2957:One of the
2650:sashichigae
2638:gunbai-dōri
2328:shikiri-sen
1936:Jūryō-gyōji
1848:dagger and
1609: [
1495:Oki Islands
1396:'s costume.
1219:elder-share
1124:gomenkōmuru
1008: [
615: [
578:Sanada clan
406: [
363:local lords
189: [
36: [
6951:Categories
6890:4789007251
6864:4770025084
6818:083480039X
6795:4896842367
6726:1880188805
6717:Bess Press
6684:4 November
6566:13 January
6560:Kyodo News
5347:Shogakukan
5280:9 November
5237:9 November
5208:9 November
4895:7 November
4864:7 November
4726:7 November
4704:7 November
4459:6 November
4424:6 November
4281:3 November
4214:6 November
4162:References
4097:tate-gyōji
3884:tate-gyōji
3835:ranked in
3805:While the
3466:See also:
3400:tate-gyōji
3394:tate-gyōji
3381:tsuyuharai
3304:prefecture
3151:holding a
3133:kami okuri
3119:executives
3114:tate-gyōji
3097:cuttlefish
3037:tate-gyōji
2993:tate-gyōji
2960:tate-gyōji
2909:tate-gyōji
2894:), larger
2850:tate-gyōji
2656:torinaoshi
2265:torinaoshi
2243:tate-gyōji
2024:carries a
1891:Vermillon
1830:socks and
1799:Tate-gyōji
1736:tate-gyōji
1567:tate-gyōji
1544:ranked in
1464:Edo period
1373:See also:
1333:tate-gyōji
1299:tate-gyōji
1285:tate-gyōji
1276:tate-gyōji
1262:tate-gyōji
1200:Tate-gyōji
1194:tate-gyōji
1029:tate-gyōji
1017:tate-gyōji
994:tate-gyōji
905:tournament
746:tate-gyōji
574:Kan'ei era
536:Edo period
518:tate-gyōji
455:Ring names
298:sixth-tier
247:tachiawase
198:tachiawase
130:Tenshō era
6543:Nema 2011
6531:Hall 1997
6277:Hall 1997
6237:Nema 2011
6146:Hall 1997
6127:Hall 1997
6059:Nema 2011
6035:Nema 2011
5994:Nema 2011
5979:Nema 2011
5635:Hall 1997
5561:Hall 1997
5490:Hall 1997
5435:Nema 2011
4910:Hall 1997
4552:Hall 1997
3925:Kokugikan
3839:makushita
3650:Both the
3596:sumōmo-ji
3350:) of his
3265:hanamichi
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3004:of sumo (
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2575:When the
2563:during a
2508:puts the
2380:that the
2345:yobidashi
2300:yobidashi
2213:Meiji era
2189:wrestlers
2168:with his
1789:Footwear
1643:yobidashi
1623:Poké Ball
1476:kamishimo
1181:tsukebito
1100:yobidashi
1064:makushita
1057:3320, or
1044:yobidashi
997:(top two
878:jonokuchi
821:makushita
696:yobidashi
570:Meiwa era
337:Genki era
335:In 1570 (
270:kazusashi
204:kazusashi
185:Buke-sumo
160:toshiyori
6875:(1994).
6828:大相撲行司の世界
6518:Kotobank
6373:Archived
5725:Archived
5308:Archived
5107:2 August
5005:Withnews
4663:Archived
4627:Archived
4520:Archived
4465:Kotobank
4430:Kotobank
4220:Kotobank
4104:See also
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3954:kimarite
3902:For the
3896:san'yaku
3890:makuuchi
3799:motogaki
3780:yokozuna
3752:motogaki
3709:motogaki
3538:san'yaku
3447:shiranui
3442:yokozuna
3430:yokozuna
3415:-ranked
3412:san'yaku
3406:yokozuna
3388:yokozuna
3363:yokozuna
3327:makuuchi
3257:sekitori
3210:shiranui
3201:Yokozuna
3181:makuuchi
3095:, dried
3066:—
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2884:kannushi
2819:san'yaku
2812:honbasho
2803:festival
2738:-ranked
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2534:fig leaf
2485:makuuchi
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2423:sandanme
2402:tachi-ai
2389:tachi-ai
2377:tachi-ai
2370:tachi-ai
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2250:yokozuna
1838:sandals
1778:Kikutoji
1716:carry a
1699:san'yaku
1631:kikutoji
1505:chonmage
1442:hitatare
1307:Current
1273:Current
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1174:sekitori
1161:sandanme
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988:makuuchi
928:-ranked
924:sekitori
840:sandanme
783:makuuchi
764:san'yaku
729:school.
644:san'yaku
556:Nagasaki
401:and the
263:tachi-ai
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6943:episode
6932:YouTube
6690:Twitter
6502:"顔ぶれ言上"
5073:23 June
4449:"式守伊之助"
4414:"木村庄之助"
4092:Twitter
4090:on his
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4049:stables
4021:shikona
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3808:banzuke
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2056:or the
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1439:or the
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1092:banzuke
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375:domains
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168:History
152:banzuke
140:stables
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5759:17 May
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3371:, the
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2998:prayer
2990:. The
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2897:eboshi
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1207:nobori
1118:judges
880:-gyōji
861:-gyōji
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700:, the
665:gunbai
636:式守 勘太夫
626:木村 和一郎
600:stable
563:式守 五大夫
526:木村 庄之助
510:式守 伊之助
442:gunbai
397:: the
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6940:gyōji
6928:Video
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5342:]
5228:(PDF)
4697:]
4167:Notes
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4027:gyōji
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3992:gyōji
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6885:ISBN
6859:ISBN
6836:ISBN
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6790:ISBN
6767:ISBN
6744:ISBN
6721:ISBN
6686:2023
6655:2023
6627:2023
6599:2023
6568:2018
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