Shiva - Knowledge

3557: 4830: 5157: 2875: 2899: 4677: 4005: 5176: 3548: 4939: 2891: 17945: 1972:, for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account". Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate. Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far". 2671: 3771: 2005: 3384: 4071:. As forms of God, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography: These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch, 4950: 3393: 2595: 2152: 16059: 1698: 3000:= "crest, crown") refers to this feature. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra-Shiva. The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma, and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored, and in later literature, Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another, as were Soma and the moon. 19535: 4182: 19950: 19251: 16583: 19974: 19986: 19261: 16593: 19240: 5135: 19962: 1859: 17691: 17310: 19938: 19271: 4502: 2443: 808: 19926: 1399: 124: 17683: 4513: 2804: 2434:

all non-living being, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and Shiva. The various dualistic and monist Shiva-related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia, inspiring numerous Shiva-related temples, artwork and texts in Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies.

2496:. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. He is not only the creator in Shaivism, but he is also the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal Self, the pure consciousness and 2847:. Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga, by stating that "people, occupied as they are with their own affairs, normally do nothing for others", and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond, understand interconnectedness, and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence. 3882:, "wandering about for alms, mendicancy" ) depicts Shiva as a divine medicant. He is depicted as a nude four-armed man adorned with ornaments who holds a begging bowl in his hand and is followed by demonic attendants. He is associated with his penance for committing brahmicide as Bhirava and with his encounters with the sages and their wives in the Deodar forest. 1996:. Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward. Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins. 9250:, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, 4745:, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. The medieval-era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu). This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. 3471:, where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys". Kramrisch translates it as "the ravisher". Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as 3435:) forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that "all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here". In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as "the standard of invincibility, might, and terror", as well as a figure of honor, delight, and brilliance. 2353:(30–375 CE) that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva. The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire. 2261:– a German Indologist and professor of philosophy, describes the self-realized man as who "feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all", who feels identity of his and everyone's consciousness with Shiva (highest Atman), who has found this highest Atman within, in the depths of his heart. 4574:

is a festival observed in Kerala dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that on this day, Parvati met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as his wife. On this day Hindu women performs the Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance

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Maha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world, and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind. It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems,

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Shiva is often depicted as embodying attributes of ambiguity and paradox. His depictions are marked by the opposing themes including fierceness and innocence. This duality can be seen in the diverse epithets attributed to him and the rich tapestry of narratives that delineate his persona within Hindu

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The theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts. These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries

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Both traditions include legends about who is superior, about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu, and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity. The Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality (Brahman) to

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from the birth-rebirth cycle. The Svetasvatara Upanishad set the tone for early Shaivite thought, especially in chapter 3 verse 2 where Shiva is equated with Brahman: "Rudra is truly one; for the knowers of Brahman do not admit the existence of a second". The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the

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in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early

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The term Shiva also appears simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities. While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as

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Shiva is known by many names such as Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo, Mahasu, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms), and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion). The

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books, Batara Guru is the king of the gods who regulates and creates the world system. In the classic book that is used as a reference for the puppeteers, it is said that Sanghyang Manikmaya or Batara Guru was created from a sparkling light by Sang Hyang Tunggal, along with the blackish light which

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dance, the mulavam (dumru), the aspect of holding fire, and restraining the proud flow of the Ganga upon his braid. The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness, that is Shiva is within every man and woman, Shiva is within every living being, Shiva is present everywhere in the world including

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The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this

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shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam. Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances. According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival

3922:, "the lord who is half woman") is conjunct form of Shiva with Parvati. Adhanarishvara is depicted with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and illustrates how 1843:

have been interpreted by some authors as depictions of Shiva. However, Howard Morphy states that these prehistoric rock paintings of India, when seen in their context, are likely those of hunting party with animals, and that the figures in a group dance can be interpreted in many different ways.

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the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer. These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Triple deity". However, the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses, some of which do not include

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consists of only Shiva and Parvati together, but in more elaborate forms they are accompanied by other persons, sometimes including Parvati's parents, as well as deities (often with Vishnu and Lakshmi standing as Parvati's parents, Brahma as the officiating priest, and various other deities as

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Shiva aspect of him. This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.

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to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, Parvati squeezed his neck and stopped it in his neck to prevent it from spreading all over the universe, supposed to be in Shiva's stomach. However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue. This attribute

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Vishnu and Siva began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. Siva became

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states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless". The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever changing nature. The

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states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure. He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva

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are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash. They are often referred to as the bhutaganas, or ghostly hosts, on account of their nature. Generally benign, except when their lord is transgressed against, they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee. His son

2537:(literally, the 'skull-men') co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls, begged with empty skulls, and sometimes used meat as a part of ritual. In contrast, the esoteric tradition within 3745:

is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with "vaguely Chinese" style rituals, states Saletore. In some traditions, Shiva has daughters like the serpent-goddess

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sub-traditions. The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva-Kali pair. The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva, combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self-liberation.

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The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts. The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist

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and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva. The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to

3022:, "the one with matted hair", and Kapardin, "endowed with matted hair" or "wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell-like (kaparda) fashion". A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or, more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly. 4725:, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. In contrast to Hindu religious texts, whether Vedas or Puranas, in 2054:. The Rigveda has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text. Hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva). 2678:

depicting a Shiva-centric Panchayatana. A bearded Shiva sits in the centre with his wife Parvati and their infant son Ganesha; surrounded by (clockwise from left upper corner) Ganesha, Devi, Vishnu, and Surya. Shiva's mount is the bull Nandi below

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Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam. These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the

2726:) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons, on the path to realizing the 4428:. The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars, however such mention is unusual and the avatars of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avatars in 1548:

means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.

2413:), and that Shiva is the Self, the perfection and truth within each living being. In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty-four monism Agama texts. 15612: 4733:

The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivite traditions found in the Indian subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of

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literally means 'mark, sign or emblem', and also refers to a "mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva.

1746:. Shiva has pre-Vedic tribal roots, having "his origins in primitive tribes, signs and symbols." The figure of Shiva as he is known today is an amalgamation of various older deities into a single figure, due to the process of 12692: 9466:

This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of

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as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality. The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu. The Skanda Purana, for example, states:

1992:, as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life. The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva "Indian Dionysus", or alternatively call Dionysus 3825:, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava, and 10913:

Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin (1989) as "half-man, half-woman", and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as "the lord who is half woman" as given in Marglin (1989, 216).

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as "the wild one" or "the fierce god". R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible". Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the

1961:. John Keay writes that "he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu-pati", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra. Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what 12259: 8638:

is an independent deity, great in her own right, and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities. And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate, it is Visnu rather than

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For quotation "An important factor in the process of Rudra's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as

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Shiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century, particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions. Shaivism gained immense popularity in

2251:, and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible. The 2084:

have a close relationship. The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual transformation into Rudra-Shiva. The identification of

11960: 13411: 7885:"Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important". 13381: 7668: 5156: 1988:

link for Shiva, or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures. His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god

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is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice. According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg,

1802:" existed that portrayed Shiva with many differences than how he is thought of now, and these mythical portrayals of Shiva were incorporated into later versions of him. For instance, he and the other 5175: 5104:, is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune. The name is the Japanese equivalent of 2360:

are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century. These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality

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This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See

3809:) of Shiva as "Lord of Dance". The names Nartaka ("dancer") and Nityanarta ("eternal dancer") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama. His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the 1509:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one"; this adjectival usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic literature. The term evolved from the Vedic 6335:, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), 5211:

In contemporary culture, Shiva is depicted in art, films, and books. He has been referred to as "the god of cool things" and a "bonafide rock hero". One popular film was the 1967 Kannada movie

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The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names. The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name

2174:. Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the 15214:

This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa (A Dictionary of Names). The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.

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in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult. According to

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show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras. For example, in the Jain caves at

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beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period. Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the

3868:. Dakshinamurti is depicted as a figure seated upon a deer-throne surrounded by sages receiving instruction. Dakshinamurti's depiction in Indian art is mostly restricted to Tamil Nadu. 2533:") tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices. For example, historical records suggest the tantric 2958:. Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess 1787:. Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself, in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam. Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with 1754:

in post-Vedic times. How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented, a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation. According to Vijay Nath:

3010:). The ashes represent a reminder that all of material existence is impermanent, comes to an end becoming ash, and the pursuit of eternal Self and spiritual liberation is important. 12688: 5351:. Sati is generally regarded as the first wife of Shiva, who reincarnated as Parvati after her death. Out of these forms of Shakti, Parvati is considered the main consort of Shiva. 4590:(Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva. 3583:), roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society. When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mahāyogi ("the great Yogi: 3932:-murti (Sanskrit कल्याणसुन्दर-मूर्ति, literally "icon of beautiful marriage") is the depiction of Shiva's marriage to Parvati. The divine couple are often depicted performing the 12285: 11776: 2656:

concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half-man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.

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as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu (along with Devi), their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the

2095:, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra." The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch: 3360:(Benares) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva, and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India. It is referred to, in religious contexts, as Kashi. 2270:(400–200 BCE), according to Gavin Flood, presenting the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva. Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and 19300: 4805:

says: "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi." In the same chapter, it also says: "Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen." In

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festival. This festival cycles every 12 years, in four pilgrimage sites within India, with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years. The biggest is in

1984:, and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion. The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an 13275: 3690:. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe. His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout 12255: 17108: 5059:, there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings. In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of 13305: 2558:

The Vaishnava (Vishnu-oriented) literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents

15281: 12830: 11867: 11717: 11466: 13347: 8726: 2205:, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the 2035:

Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins. Nevertheless, both Rudra and Shiva are akin to

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is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season, in honor of goddess Parvati, with group singing, dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati-Shiva temples.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102–122.

6969:, Quote: "The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva, Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness". 3273:(Sanskrit: पशुपति), translated by Sharma as "lord of cattle" and by Kramrisch as "lord of animals", who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra. 2952:

means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "three mothers". These three mother-goddesses who are collectively called the

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For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes, and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms, see:

7658: 4829: 4225:, means sign. It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of 10414: 7632: 4717:. However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in 4341:, westerners who are curiously passionate and have impure understanding or intelligence, incorrectly assume Siva Linga as a phallus or sex organ. Later on, 15057: 19842: 9242:, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of 3926:, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa. 3607:, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts. 2028:. He is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity. In RV 2.33, he is described as the "Father of the 3063:

indicates that one can become Shiva by swallowing the worldly poisons in terms of abuses and insults with equanimity while blessing those who give them.

5314:, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, 4386:

gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the

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in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19. Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the

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are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity. There are at least eight different versions of the

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For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period, when it was used to enhance Shiva's increasing influence, see: Chakravarti, p. 46.

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as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (

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is the origin of Ismaya. Shiva has been called Sadāśiva, Paramasiva, Mahādeva in benevolent forms, and Kāla, Bhairava, Mahākāla in his fierce forms.

2520:. Shiva temples feature items such as linga, Shiva-Parvati iconography, bull Nandi within the premises, and relief artwork showing aspects of Shiva. 15372: 2233:

in a manner similar to Shiva Nataraja. The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva.

19817: 19802: 17118: 3829:, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati. 19666: 12689:

https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf

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contain occasional references to "ansh" – literally 'portion, or avatars of Shiva', but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in

4398:, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva. 7462:

For translation of RV 6.45.17 as "Thou who hast been the singers' Friend, a Friend auspicious with thine aid, As such, O Indra, favour us" see:

3821:) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular. The two most common forms of the dance are the 19827: 4163:) to be one," while "an earlier hymn to Nataraja by Manikkavachakar identifies him with the unitary supreme consciousness, by using Tamil word 2820:– a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History – states have had "a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism". 2186:

is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3, 6.45.17, and 8.93.3.) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull. In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the

11583: 2861:

The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of

19752: 19747: 19732: 19618: 10936: 5926: 2586:

be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu, that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva, and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu.

746:

Shiva has pre-Vedic roots, and the figure of Shiva evolved as an amalgamation of various older non-Vedic and Vedic deities, including the

6857: 6099: 4903: 4593:

Some Shaktism-related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme. These include festivals dedicated to

4535:

in every lunar month on its 13th night/14th day, but once a year in late winter (February/March) and before the arrival of spring, marks

2194: 14834: 12281: 11768: 7449:, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: 15921: 9652: 2936:, Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "having three eyes". However, in Vedic Sanskrit, the word 11257: 9014:

The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh

5728: 4628:(renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era), where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers 13555:

A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text). Anushasana Parva, Volume 13

1585:

to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", and "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)".

8275:, pp. 10–12, Quote: "(...) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too" 4568:. Across India, various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night. Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places. 3256: 646:. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe. In the goddess-oriented 17054: 16629: 15869: 12366:

Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal".

12060: 12034: 11517: 7357: 3149:

represents Shiva's three aspects of "creator, preserver and destroyer", or alternatively it represents the equilibrium of three

2065:) of Rudra or other deities. However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian 20021: 19307: 13271: 4075:

Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.

2625:

The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture

2127:("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities. Agni is said to be a bull, and Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle, 9035:

The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya

3721:

Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of

3031: 1934:

posture" with the knees out and feet joined. Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns. Scholars such as

285: 17672: 17149: 16806: 16521: 16397: 13671: 13062: 13023: 12949: 6616: 5495: 5302: 15716: 15586: 15037: 14973: 14921: 14867: 14772: 14513: 14448: 14412: 13958: 13727: 13627: 13537: 13029: 10070: 9519: 8558: 8357: 8214: 8145: 7109: 6622: 6128: 2898: 2618:

tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (

1889:

Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either

13297: 5250:

channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity. Another popular film was the 2022 Gujarati language movie

4867:. In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as 8927: 16796: 16402: 13150: 12990: 11678: 10007: 8139: 8112: 7795: 7683: 6935: 5134: 4089:

One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of

3908:. He is depicted with four arms, the upper pair holding an axe and a deer, and the lower pair wielding a bow and arrow. 3813:

period. In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit:

2874: 756:

who may also have non-Vedic origins, into a single major deity. Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity, revered widely by Hindus in

15767: 15743: 15710: 15686: 15519: 15500: 15458: 15427: 15336: 15308: 15275: 15242: 15180: 15142: 15121: 15031: 15001: 14967: 14946: 14915: 14894: 14861: 14828: 14766: 14745: 14715: 14696: 14637: 14562: 14541: 14507: 14486: 14406: 14385: 14345: 14268: 14132: 14106: 14025: 14004: 13985: 13952: 13845: 13824: 13784: 13763: 13721: 13621: 13593: 13531: 13341: 13252: 13225: 13183: 12915: 12880: 12816: 12763: 12425: 12214: 12140: 12110: 11993: 11954: 11861: 11809: 11748: 11711: 11657: 11632: 11460: 11433: 11408: 11358: 11214: 11162: 10598: 10571: 10533: 10524: 10472: 10445: 10408: 10064: 9888: 9861: 9513: 9489: 9255: 9191: 9170: 9124: 9097: 9070: 9043: 9022: 8984: 8963: 8907: 8835: 8808: 8765: 8720: 8687: 8660: 8627: 8552: 8390: 8351: 8323: 8306: 8289: 8272: 8208: 8181: 7916: 7899: 7103: 6990: 6962: 6890: 6851: 6824: 6340: 6171: 6093: 5523: 2746:

era (pre-300 CE). The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.

18336: 14737:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

10957: 4785:

depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls. It is also noted that the

4676: 2754:

Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself – the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of

20061: 14658: 14303: 13871:(Third edition). The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata. 11321: 8875: 8859: 4479: 1427: 19168: 11944: 8327: 1533:, which means "to injure" or "to kill", interpreting the name to connote "one who can kill the forces of darkness". 17142: 8774: 8251: 5226: 3782: 12512: 10398: 7009: 5483: 4930:. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes"). 2217:) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers. 19156: 18687: 15267:Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta 12753: 12404: 11983: 10692: 7075: 14788:

Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".

6514:, pp. 180–198: "Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva." 5381:

and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".

5365:

The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "

2105:

plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.

20046: 19274: 18985: 16996: 16638: 16496: 15853: 15828: 15805: 15786: 15658: 15622: 15580: 15477: 15411: 15207: 15161: 15102: 15067: 14677: 14585: 14442: 14364: 14249: 14230: 14189: 14140: 14081: 14055: 13931: 13907: 13886: 13864: 13803: 13683: 13655: 13575: 13136: 12976: 12582: 12555: 12463: 12239: 11927: 11893: 11834: 11563: 11383: 10958:

Rao, (1916). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House, T.A. Gopinatha (1916).

10015: 8063: 7142: 5016: 5002: 4475: 15540:; Singh, Jaideva (1991). "Review: A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana of Abhinavagupta". 10790: 9246:, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: 7485:, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: 4004: 3938:(Sanskrit "accepting the hand") ritual from traditional Hindu wedding ceremonies. The most basic form of this 19114: 16966: 15914: 14650:

Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka (Chapter: "Mahāśivaratri: the Saiva festival of repentance")

11888:

James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing,

1962: 1927: 12082: 5301:. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain 19163: 16986: 16811: 16763: 16382: 16349: 13613:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

10559:

Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature

For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see:

4112: 1985: 1981: 14322: 10462: 9271:

For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see:

2393:

literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as

1806:, from the highest gods to the least powerful gods, were thought of as somewhat human in nature, creating 20086: 19178: 17493: 17079: 16976: 16622: 15350: 15077: 46: 12724: 8619:

The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology

3971:, is a form of Shiva depicting him as having five faces which correspond to his five divine activities ( 3634:") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, 2691:. This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent, set in a 696:. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi (the first 20036: 19916: 19205: 18697: 18274: 17730: 17703: 16908: 16758: 16465: 16344: 14047: 13586:Śrī Viṣṇu sahasranāma : with text, transliteration, translation and commentary of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya 12968:

A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index

12031:"Footnote 70:1 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter IX" 11012:

For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see:

4432:. Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its Puranas. For example, in the 3534:

swam-on its own; bhu-burn/shine) "self-shining/ shining on its own", also reflects this benign aspect.

450: 17: 15880: 15320:

Biroba, Mhaskoba und Khandoba: Ursprung, Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra

12057:"Footnote 83:4 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter X" 9331:

For Vedic Sanskrit meaning Lord has three mother eyes which symbolize eyes are the Sun, Moon and Fire.

8200:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism

3503:, "beneficent" or "conferring happiness" reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great 1810:

they had limited control over and having the ability to get in touch with their inner natures through

1083: 19225: 18151: 17665: 17039: 16991: 16882: 16816: 16440: 16387: 16097: 10999:

It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see:

5310:. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", 4860: 4383: 4258:, thus the original meaning as "sign". Furthermore, it says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga", 3596: 2670: 1867: 1517:

in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".

937: 418: 42: 17804: 16142: 10039:

For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see:

3864:

represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the

2890: 669:

Shiva has many aspects, benevolent as well as fearsome. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an

19019: 18677: 18601: 18307: 18089: 18064: 17613: 17449: 16435: 16076: 15907: 15053: 11598: 8008: 4322: 4234: 2429:

composing rich poetry that is replete with present features associated with the deity, such as his

2398: 2266: 1822:

sent by the other gods, who were jealous of Shiva's ascetic lifestyle he had lived for 1000 years.

952: 17839: 12083:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 – English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada" 4081: 3698:

as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in

3547: 2170:, the Saivite fertility myths and some of the phallic characteristics of Shiva are inherited from 2069:, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same. 1980:

The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised

1473:) means "auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly". The root words of 20031: 19892: 18855: 18715: 18386: 17926: 17869: 17122: 16902: 16475: 15949: 10928: 10757: 10563: 9183:

Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation

4409:

from 3rd-century BCE. In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called

4281:) meaning Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic and, specifically the sign of gender. 2243: 1840: 1050: 18750: 6181: 5869: 4981: 4938: 4887: 3235:: he is garlanded with or carries a string of rosary beads in his right hand, typically made of 3207:-hand") is used to hold the drum. This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the 3095:(Ganga), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair. 19488: 19198: 19151: 18361: 18084: 16918: 16801: 16615: 16470: 16445: 16392: 12577:. Oriental documents. Vol. 10. Oxford University Press, for British Academy. p. 525. 10543: 8784: 5923: 5840: 5838: 5265: 5242: 4869: 3497:"terrible" or "frightful" is a fierce form associated with annihilation. In contrast, the name 3123:). According to a legend, Vasuki was blessed by Shiva and worn by him as an ornament after the 2832: 1452: 1385: 821: 765: 658:) and the equal complementary partner of Shiva. Shiva is one of the five equivalent deities in 247: 35: 17650: 15265: 14015: 13878:

Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation

13242: 13215: 12792: 12130: 11851: 11701: 11450: 11348: 11206: 11154: 9851: 9087: 8757: 8650: 8464: 8407: 8380: 7132: 6880: 6841: 6083: 5511: 4781:

shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh. Another site in the

4356:, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless 1930:

and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a "

20091: 20051: 20026: 19320: 19293: 19220: 19173: 19146: 19109: 18366: 16981: 16923: 16526: 16455: 14818: 14735: 14375: 13774: 13331: 12905: 12856: 12204: 11799: 10588: 10514: 9340:

For discussion of the problems in translation of this name, and the hypothesis regarding the

9318:

For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see:

9181: 8885: 8869: 8710: 8267:

Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin,

7787: 5319: 4709:

which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all

4696: 1943: 1420: 1269: 905: 773: 769: 19285: 18682: 15488: 15232: 14595:

Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad".

9903:

For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull (Nandin) as Shiva's mount, see:

9453:

For discussion of the linkages between Soma, Moon, and Rudra, and citation to RV 7.74, see:

6143: 5835: 5343:, the embodiment of power; who is known under various manifestations as Uma, Sati, Parvati, 4309:

as merely a phallic symbol, although this interpretation is criticized by others, including

3995:). Five is a sacred number for Shiva. One of his most important mantras has five syllables ( 20096: 20081: 20066: 19897: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19104: 18581: 18074: 18059: 17711: 17658: 17620: 17428: 17064: 16946: 16788: 16374: 16177: 16149: 16014: 14073: 4326: 3405:

icon of the fierce form of Shiva, 16th century Nepal; right: Shiva as a meditating yogi in

2401:

which consider Self within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism,

2155: 2110: 1238: 957: 872: 727:

on his forehead (the eye that turns everything in front of it into ashes when opened), the

410: 15173:

The philosophy of sādhanā : with special reference to the Trika philosophy of Kashmir

9644: 9471:

origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See:

4616:

The ascetic, Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva, such as those that became

4586:

around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of

8: 20056: 20041: 19857: 19463: 19243: 19210: 19089: 18980: 18915: 18765: 18624: 18504: 18376: 18204: 18141: 18094: 17543: 17298: 17044: 16951: 16928: 16897: 16849: 16834: 16712: 16425: 16420: 16083: 15940: 15114:

The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā

12872: 11243: 10776: 10557: 8056: 4777:). He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. A panel from 4714: 4652: 4594: 4521:

Maha Shivaratri festival is observed in the night, usually in lighted temples or special

4342: 4338: 4314: 3934: 3901: 2817: 2622:), but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner. This partner is Shiva. 2331: 2050:

attributes of the Buddha were transferred by Brahmins to Shiva, who was also linked with

1727: 1710: 1537: 1322: 900: 582: 503: 19338: 17893: 17753: 8706: 5034:

that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma. Statues of him are often enshrined in the

3770: 2264:

Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the

985: 20016: 19623: 19483: 19390: 19045: 19004: 18296: 18109: 18054: 17112: 16887: 16844: 16773: 16450: 16359: 16206: 16184: 15696: 15557: 15364: 15346: 14805: 14626: 14612: 14529: 14475: 14204: 14163: 14040: 13700: 13643: 13564: 13491:

Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.

13465: 13107: 12420:

William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press,

12383: 12348: 11287: 10967: 10500: 9484:

Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,

7980: 7945: 7663: 7051: 6802: 6710: 5071: 4911: 4895: 4758: 4579: 4128: 3600: 3263:

that serves as Shiva's mount. Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name

3185:. This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as 3169: 2529: 2316: 2253: 2135:, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned. In medieval sculpture, both 1635: 1577: 1332: 1136: 932: 18269: 18244: 12550:(in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Sekretariat Nasional Pewayangan Indonesia. p. 259. 12105:. Translated by Mayeda, Sengaku. State University of New York Press. 1979. p. 4. 12056: 12030: 11509: 7353: 6678: 6430: 5625:"Shiva | Definition, Forms, God, Symbols, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica" 5324:, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23). 3714:) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in 3073:

pose, meditating, sometimes on a symbolic Himalayan Mount Kailasa as the Lord of Yoga.

1195: 20076: 20071: 20011: 19954: 19807: 19468: 19260: 19254: 19134: 19124: 18990: 18925: 18318: 18259: 18114: 18104: 17481: 17084: 17049: 17034: 16913: 16839: 16646: 16592: 16586: 16568: 16506: 16156: 16048: 15849: 15801: 15782: 15763: 15753: 15739: 15706: 15682: 15654: 15618: 15576: 15525: 15515: 15496: 15489: 15473: 15454: 15423: 15407: 15388: 15332: 15304: 15271: 15238: 15203: 15176: 15157: 15138: 15117: 15098: 15063: 15027: 14997: 14963: 14942: 14911: 14890: 14857: 14824: 14762: 14741: 14711: 14692: 14673: 14654: 14633: 14616: 14581: 14574: 14558: 14552: 14537: 14503: 14482: 14438: 14402: 14381: 14360: 14341: 14309: 14299: 14295: 14264: 14245: 14226: 14185: 14155: 14136: 14102: 14077: 14051: 14021: 14000: 13981: 13948: 13927: 13903: 13882: 13860: 13841: 13820: 13799: 13780: 13759: 13717: 13679: 13651: 13617: 13589: 13571: 13527: 13469: 13337: 13248: 13221: 13179: 13142: 13132: 13099: 13058: 13019: 12982: 12972: 12945: 12911: 12886: 12876: 12822: 12812: 12793:"Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom" 12759: 12711: 12626: 12578: 12551: 12421: 12235: 12210: 12136: 12106: 11989: 11950: 11923: 11889: 11857: 11830: 11805: 11744: 11707: 11653: 11628: 11559: 11456: 11429: 11404: 11379: 11354: 11210: 11199: 11158: 11147: 10594: 10567: 10520: 10468: 10441: 10404: 10060: 10011: 9884: 9857: 9509: 9485: 9251: 9187: 9166: 9120: 9093: 9066: 9039: 9018: 8990: 8980: 8959: 8903: 8831: 8804: 8761: 8750: 8716: 8683: 8656: 8623: 8548: 8386: 8347: 8319: 8302: 8285: 8268: 8204: 8177: 8135: 8108: 8043: 7985: 7967: 7912: 7895: 7791: 7780: 7138: 7099: 7043: 6986: 6958: 6931: 6886: 6847: 6820: 6806: 6794: 6612: 6336: 6089: 5519: 5491: 5390:

For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see:

5075: 4891: 4883: 4810: 4802: 4782: 4770: 4406: 4310: 4263: 3964: 3915: 3889: 3467: 2779: 2688: 2665: 2575:

Vishnu is no one but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu.

2385: 2357: 2004: 1721: 1446: 1025: 791: 761: 757: 659: 600: 573: 521: 494: 276: 19812: 18725: 17775: 15875: 15368: 14337:

Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs

5060: 4617: 4222: 3569:) and as a householder with his wife Parvati and sons Ganesha and Kartikeya (right). 2738:

period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from

19978: 19887: 19877: 19503: 19473: 19365: 18995: 18905: 18796: 18396: 18391: 18356: 18331: 18217: 18174: 17861: 17721: 17413: 17074: 17019: 16961: 16854: 16826: 16768: 16516: 16511: 16501: 16430: 16354: 16306: 16248: 16238: 16228: 16221: 16201: 16128: 15549: 15360: 15356: 15252: 15190: 14797: 14604: 13457: 13091: 12852: 12804: 12800: 12458: 12375: 12340: 11249: 7975: 7957: 7840: 7035: 6786: 6048:

For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of

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interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.

1502: 1413: 1365: 1342: 1204: 1200: 1180: 1168: 1078: 928: 663: 532: 470: 392: 372: 354: 242: 18179: 15329:

Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art

3383: 19990: 19930: 19847: 19832: 19546: 19395: 19264: 19129: 19082: 19064: 19014: 18948: 18930: 18873: 18823: 18642: 18546: 18419: 18381: 18351: 18189: 18079: 17918: 17911: 17758: 17639: 17368: 17353: 17177: 16956: 16697: 16596: 16491: 16321: 16269: 16009: 15757: 15733: 15700: 15570: 15448: 15298: 15132: 15021: 14957: 14905: 14884: 14851: 14756: 14648: 14497: 14432: 14396: 14335: 14179: 14117: 13975: 13942: 13897: 13876: 13835: 13814: 13776:

The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary

13753: 13711: 13611: 13521: 13173: 13052: 13013: 12939: 12635: 12572: 12545: 12516: 12408: 12100: 11577: 11575: 11325: 10054: 9878: 9577:

For Kapardin as a name of Shiva, and description of the kaparda hair style, see,

9503: 9160: 9114: 9060: 9033: 9012: 8974: 8953: 8825: 8798: 8677: 8617: 8542: 8492: 8341: 8255: 8198: 8171: 8129: 8102: 7520:

For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra, see:

7093: 7079: 7013: 6980: 6952: 6925: 6837: 6606: 6122: 5930: 5252: 5186: 5118: 5047: 5042: 4491: 4459: 4434: 4229:, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less. 4148: 3954: 3911: 3671: 3145:. The trident is a weapon or a symbol in different Hindu texts. As a symbol, the 3059: 2843:, and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century scholar 2792: 2727: 2675: 2047: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1702: 1403: 1088: 1012: 947: 616: 367: 31: 17844: 15349:(2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze". 14689:

The Shiva Samhita, A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson

14499:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

14477:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

12454:"The thriving Shiva festival in Umarkot is a reminder of Sindh's Hindu heritage" 11584:"Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies" 11449:

Rohit Dasgupta (2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.).

4066: 2372: 705: 677: 20006: 19458: 19437: 19370: 19099: 19035: 18878: 18222: 18099: 18069: 17904: 17267: 17029: 16872: 16460: 16067: 13650:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 10225: 8923: 7594: 5298: 5231: 4786: 4718: 4557: 4175: 4104: 3960: 3929: 3900:, "ender of Tripura") is associated with his destruction of the three cities ( 3848: 3726: 2734:, many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the 2653: 2636: 2607: 2383:, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage ( 2021: 1898: 1863: 1853: 1739: 1553: 1312: 747: 377: 17768: 14608: 13500:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp. 162–184.

12808: 11674: 11572: 11065: 9967:कैलासिगिरवासी), "With his abode on Mount Kailāsa", as a name appearing in the 9116:

The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika

6819:

Asko Parpola(2009), Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press,

6790: 4713:

in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the

3725:, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, 3493:, where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as "(the Supreme Lord of) Time". 3419:, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying (Sanskrit: 2762:

to sages. As Shiva Dakshinamurthi, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme

2271: 20000: 19822: 19777: 19513: 19427: 19380: 19215: 19119: 18898: 18672: 18410: 18301: 18212: 18146: 17604: 17165: 17059: 16971: 16778: 16750: 16364: 16336: 16243: 15967: 14534:

Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India

14159: 14129:

The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective

14090: 13461: 13146: 13103: 12986: 12890: 12826: 11625:

Academic Hinduphobia: A critique of Wendy Doniger's erotic school of Indology

7971: 7962: 7563: 7410: 7047: 6798: 5236: 5105: 5035: 4852: 4762: 4681: 4450: 4345:

mentions that, this is not only a serious mistake, but also a grave blunder.

4302: 4120: 4040: 3774: 3762:

as the children of Shiva who war with him, and are later destroyed by Shiva.

3751: 3392: 2844: 2743: 2648: 2642: 2350: 2167: 1923: 1874:

and showing a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure as

1803: 1337: 1292: 608: 266: 17014: 15886: 15200:: Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva 14313: 13857:

Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering

11055: 9880:

Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India

9853:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

9162:

Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness

8994: 7151: 5370: 5144: 2928:), which occurs in many scriptural sources. In classical Sanskrit, the word 2594: 2151: 2061:

The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (

1767:

to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."

1726:

The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the

19966: 19942: 19741: 19737: 19716: 19508: 19478: 19453: 19432: 19422: 19406: 19385: 18770: 18735: 18632: 18249: 17089: 16289: 16264: 16163: 16135: 16090: 16058: 15529: 15195: 15090: 14219: 13919: 12478: 11072: 11063: 11053: 10859: 10840: 10808: 10679: 10628: 10352: 10333: 10327: 10308: 10302: 10296: 9985: 9917: 9816: 9712: 9693: 9674: 9409: 9389: 9356: 9341: 9207: 9140: 7989: 6665: 6536:

For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, see:

6313: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6001: 5956: 5462:, ever be the friend, the benefactor, and protector of us, his worshipper". 5434: 5428: 5409: 5083: 4949: 4806: 4778: 4754: 4571: 4561: 4549: 4463: 4217: 4152: 4136: 4108: 4090: 4064: 4050: 4041: 4027: 4018: 3996: 3894: 3885: 3857: 3815: 3803: 3657: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3585: 3523: 3508: 3498: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3429: 3421: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3317: 3308: 3293: 3278: 3264: 3252: 3245: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3089: 3048: 3029: 3017: 2994: 2985: 2971: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2915: 2735: 2731: 2716: 2646:, a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the 2380: 2376: 2258: 2226: 2202: 2180: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2100: 1954: 1916: 1902: 1890: 1871: 1819: 1799: 1697: 1660: 1636: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1599: 1591: 1542: 1526: 1474: 1456: 1216: 1185: 1155: 1035: 101: 17309: 17134: 15218:

Singh, S. P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro".

13217:

Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures

12966: 12149: 11985:

Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa

11318: 10161: 8480: 8382:

Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism

4922:. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of 4275: 2453:(an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the 2368:(Self), and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva. 1565: 1557: 708:

and the arts. The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent king

593: 514: 19882: 19852: 19837: 19534: 19498: 19442: 19349: 19316: 19077: 18910: 18838: 18828: 18740: 18730: 18705: 18346: 18341: 18232: 18026: 18010: 17953: 17888: 17824: 17597: 17572: 17513: 17287: 17169: 17098: 17024: 16864: 16730: 16725: 16674: 16664: 16654: 16412: 16298: 16233: 16170: 15537: 14989: 14289: 14065: 14035: 12630: 11205:. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 7894:

Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,

7203: 7026:

Long, J. Bruce (1971). "Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss".

6456:

For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see

5624: 5374: 5366: 5221: 5213: 5191: 5079: 5064: 5052: 4959: 4919: 4701: 4660: 4621: 4565: 4429: 4410: 3871: 3715: 3699: 3566: 2831:) ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of 2517: 2485: 2446: 2346: 2337: 2230: 2017: 1949: 1935: 1894: 1772: 1669: 1646: 1380: 1249: 1245: 1208: 670: 339: 200: 14907:

Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess

14208: 14167: 12180: 11253: 9305:

in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction, see:

8248: 7082:, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (Aug. – Nov., 1980), pp. 81–111 7006: 5747: 5297:

Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years

4181: 2500:

in the Shaiva traditions. Shiva is also Part of 'Om' (ॐ) as a 'U' (उ).

19660: 19639: 19612: 19584: 19417: 19400: 19375: 19360: 19354: 18975: 18943: 18888: 18745: 18454: 18291: 18264: 18046: 17819: 17579: 17508: 17222: 17094: 16735: 16702: 16551: 16326: 16279: 15992: 15735:

The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination

15561: 14809: 13675: 13111: 13080:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia" 13079: 12509: 12387: 12352: 10104:

For summary of Shiva's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata, see:

9468: 8385:. State University of New York Press. pp. 120–125 with footnotes. 7816: 7072: 7055: 5787: 5394:, p. 11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: 5140: 5114: 5093: 5030: 4923: 4814: 4160: 3946: 3759: 3742: 3703: 3595:= "one who practices Yoga") refers to his association with yoga. While 2824: 2284: 1836: 1811: 1792: 1462: 1302: 1045: 1040: 853: 717: 205: 88: 73: 13240: 12401: 10282:

For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences, see:

9112: 6730: 2812:

of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the

2190:, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra. 1901:, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of 19797: 19757: 19589: 19523: 19493: 19447: 19334: 19094: 18883: 18833: 18806: 18755: 18720: 18710: 18662: 18561: 18529: 18474: 18371: 18326: 18000: 17567: 17498: 17388: 17331: 17247: 17069: 16892: 16877: 16720: 16692: 16682: 16659: 16316: 16104: 16031: 15987: 14428: 14175: 13997:

Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India

13678:(Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: 13126: 11337:

Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary, लिङ्ग, p. 901

10826:

For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see:

10400:

Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India

9748: 9239: 7130: 5122: 4856: 4818: 4790: 4689: 4625: 4609:, as well as in northern, central and western India, the festival of 4602: 4189: 4017: 3950: 3711: 3619: 3416: 3406: 3289: 3270: 3237: 2911: 2883: 2882:

flowing through his matted hair, wearing ornaments of serpents and a

2712: 2599: 2426: 2418: 2326: 2280: 2040: 1969: 1939: 1907: 1875: 1814:

like humans. In that era, Shiva was widely viewed as both the god of

1735: 1589:

highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets

1317: 1297: 1287: 1190: 1141: 1073: 990: 980: 942: 895: 724: 693: 437: 318: 303: 226: 163: 133: 129: 19782: 15816: 15553: 14801: 13095: 12453: 12379: 12344: 7378:

For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull, and Rudra, see:

7039: 4458:

to be a portion of Shiva. Some medieval era writers have called the

4413:, which means "linga of light", and these are located across India. 4123:

including ether. Nataraja is a significant visual interpretation of

1259: 19985: 19867: 19862: 19792: 19787: 19543: 19344: 19139: 18958: 18953: 18843: 18780: 18760: 18591: 18427: 18254: 18227: 18194: 18136: 18036: 18031: 18005: 17930: 17814: 17686: 17634: 17590: 17562: 17532: 17518: 17438: 17398: 17383: 17242: 17185: 16740: 16687: 16311: 16274: 16211: 16036: 15997: 15982: 15972: 15962: 15930: 14093:. 2015. Shiva: the lord of yoga. Twin Lakes, WI : Lotus Press. 12799:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Leiden and Boston: 11038:

For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see:

10794: 10651:नर्तक) and Nityanarta (Sanskrit नित्यनर्त) as names of Shiva, see: 5307: 5195: 5068: 5056: 4963: 4915: 4833: 4648: 4587: 4425: 4168: 4132: 4035: 4026: 3875: 3852: 3794: 3790: 3778: 3730: 3687: 3683: 3580: 3494: 3402: 3357: 3186: 3151: 3141: 3112: 3055: 2917: 2856: 2790:

which includes transcendence of human misery by the dissolution of

2692: 2534: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2449:

is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the

2140: 2012:

Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god

1989: 1912: 1776: 1521: 1491: 1307: 1146: 843: 838: 799: 750: 736: 728: 713: 647: 635: 631: 620: 612: 382: 298: 261: 190: 155: 147: 115: 105: 78: 17968: 12941:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

12591: 12490: 12331:

Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan".

10243:

For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see:

9440:

For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra-Shiva, see:

8898:

Ramaswamy, Krishnan; de Nicolas, Antonio; Banerjee, Aditi (2007).

8107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 48–49, 65–67, 155–161. 7421: 5981: 4382:

plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the

3845:

dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.

1858: 1783:. The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in 19872: 19578: 19564: 19518: 19412: 19040: 18893: 18811: 18801: 18576: 18566: 18539: 18534: 18524: 18479: 18464: 18459: 18239: 18184: 18169: 18161: 18128: 17995: 17898: 17873: 17849: 17748: 17738: 17584: 17557: 17418: 17393: 17373: 17341: 17336: 17326: 17252: 17232: 17227: 17217: 17212: 17102: 16563: 16026: 16019: 14647:

Long, Bruce (1982). Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum (ed.).

14199:

Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God".

14181:

Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions

12086: 8622:. University of California Press. pp. 102 with footnote 42. 7828: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5247: 4583: 4455: 4439: 4421: 4371: 4358: 4348:

The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the

4255: 4247: 4243: 4226: 4124: 3822: 3810: 3755: 3734: 3615: 3611: 3504: 3326: 3285: 3221: 3136: 3007: 2984: 2722:

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (

2708: 2700: 2627: 2603: 2567: 2497: 2454: 2430: 2361: 2303: 2222: 2193:

Indra himself may have been adopted by the Vedic Aryans from the

2091: 2016:, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in 1807: 1659:) listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 ( 1655: 1347: 1254: 1212: 1068: 890: 867: 689: 685: 681: 443: 414: 271: 221: 195: 17834: 17690: 16607: 15859:; original text, transliteration, English translation and notes. 15670:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

10886: 9615:

For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see:

8428: 7804: 7400:

For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.

6387: 6124:

Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300

5893: 4663:

celebration at the temple is attended by around 250,000 people.

3656:

in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign

2807:

Adiyogi Shiva (the first Yogi) statue in Coimbatore, south India

2695:

pattern. Shiva is one of the five deities, others being Vishnu,

2442: 2409:. Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism, 1759:

identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of

68: 19569: 19559: 19554: 19072: 19050: 18863: 18816: 18775: 18657: 18647: 18586: 18494: 18437: 18432: 18286: 17973: 17809: 17795: 17780: 17680: 17528: 17523: 17488: 17476: 17466: 17433: 17423: 17358: 17277: 17257: 17195: 17190: 16558: 16546: 16216: 16119: 16115: 16004: 15977: 15604:

Shaman, Saiva and Sufi: A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic

15355:. Vol. 36. The Journal of Modern Craft. pp. 432–450. 12740:

Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions

11650:

Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America

10189: 9552:

For translation of Kapardin as "Endowed with matted hair" see:

9038:. State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4. 8412:. Vol. CXII. Riverside Press, Cambridge. pp. 835–836. 8134:. University of California Press. pp. 2–5, 15–17, 38, 80. 6562: 5340: 5025: 5011: 4997: 4989: 4977: 4899: 4766: 4726: 4633: 4629: 4501: 4201: 4185: 4049: 3923: 3747: 3738: 3722: 3707: 3667: 3450:

notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form

3181: 3157: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3087:" (Ganges). The Ganga flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The 3006:: Shiva iconography shows his body covered with ashes (bhasma, 2879: 2862: 2730:

identity of one's Atman (Self) and the Brahman. Popularized by

2615: 2559: 2524: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2390: 2187: 2029: 1784: 1375: 1370: 1327: 1264: 1110: 1106: 1097: 860: 740: 732: 709: 655: 643: 639: 422: 349: 334: 313: 308: 293: 235: 123: 41:"Nilkanth" and "Manjunatha" redirect here. For other uses, see 14708:

The Yoga of Truth: Jnana: The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge

11804:. Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government. p. 25. 11223: 9736: 9673:

For alternate stories about this feature, and use of the name

9225:

For the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti see:

9139:

For quotation defining the Trimurti see Matchett, Freda. "The

6954:

Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

6380:

For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see:

5775: 5662: 4666: 3599:

was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the

2229:, extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of 807: 19315: 18968: 18963: 18667: 18637: 18571: 18551: 18489: 18469: 18281: 17983: 17883: 17829: 17785: 17763: 17552: 17471: 17403: 17363: 17348: 17272: 17237: 16041: 13431: 13429: 13015:

India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought

12857:"Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as 12312: 12300: 11423: 11398: 11373: 11277: 11275: 9534: 8635: 6505: 5593: 5344: 5166: 5162: 5148: 5101: 5087: 4973: 4875: 4722: 4636:. In the Hindu tradition, the Shiva-linked ascetic warriors ( 4606: 4375: 4116: 3905: 3826: 3695: 3691: 3675: 3483:"great time", which ultimately destroys all things. The name 3460: 3300: 3229:

are held in Shiva's hands in Odisha & south Indian icons.

3190: 3163: 3084: 2803: 2766:

who "teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (

2739: 2723: 2704: 2422: 2394: 2248: 2171: 2159: 2077: 2051: 2025: 2013: 1798:

Myths about Shiva that were "roughly contemporary with early

1788: 1780: 1731: 1506: 1093: 1007: 1002: 923: 877: 848: 753: 720: 547: 168: 15781:. Asian Educational Services; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition. 15062:, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint), 13941:

Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008).

12435: 12433: 12256:"Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira" 12170: 12168: 11849: 11699: 11537: 11535: 11242:

K.V, Anantharaman. "Chapter X – Omnipotence of Siva Linga".

10664:

For prominence of these associations in puranic times, see:

10438:

Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history

9627: 9625: 9206:

For definition of Trimurti as "the unified form" of Brahmā,

8229: 8082: 7927: 7925: 7615: 7613: 7305: 7016:, East and West, Vol. 55, No. 1/4 (December 2005), pp. 71–80 6777:

McEvilley, Thomas (1 March 1981). "An Archaeology of Yoga".

6482: 6480: 6478: 6248: 6246: 6244: 5969: 4966:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image 4512: 4238:

states one of the three significations, the primary one, of

4063:

Shiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the

2201:

Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory,

19009: 18938: 18920: 18868: 18652: 18596: 18556: 18516: 18499: 18484: 18449: 17878: 17790: 17503: 17443: 17408: 17378: 17318: 17292: 17282: 17262: 17207: 15899: 13899:

Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition

10464:

The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore

9724: 8897: 8849: 8847: 8452: 8284:

Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,

7747: 7707: 7527: 7293: 7281: 7257: 6420: 6418: 5583: 5581: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5348: 4742: 4710: 4685: 4610: 4544: 4270: 4156: 3754:. According to Doniger, two regional stories depict demons 3679: 3663: 3576: 3329:

was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title

3316: 3070: 2797: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2696: 2619: 2136: 2132: 2086: 2081: 2066: 2036: 1958: 1957:

themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a

1931: 1815: 1689:, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names. 1233: 1102: 1030: 882: 781: 777: 701: 697: 673: 651: 588: 564: 558: 538: 509: 485: 387: 92: 84: 13426: 13011: 12527: 12525: 11272: 11171: 11126: 11097: 10056:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms

9089:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

8509: 8507: 8440: 7584: 7582: 7354:"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 6: HYMN XLVIII. Agni and Others" 7073:

Dionysus and Siva: Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths

4289:, symbolism for the goddess Shakti. In Shiva temples, the 3949:

is the depiction of Shiva, Parvati, and their son Skanda (

3016:: Shiva's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets 2610:

concept, the icon is presented as half-man and half woman.

476: 17682: 14291:

A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity

13054:

India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods

12623:

Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods

12603: 12430: 12165: 11899: 11532: 10403:. London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–265. 10201: 9941: 9622: 8585: 8173:

The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy

7922: 7856: 7610: 7478:स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ 7334: 7095:

Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding

6904: 6902: 6758: 6552: 6550: 6475: 6299:

For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see:

6281: 6241: 6229: 5518:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. 445–448. 2970:: Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The epithet 1968:

The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed.

1571:, "the Red one", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called 479: 30:

This article is about the Hindu god. For other uses, see

14628:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2

14099:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India

12411:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75 12135:. State University of New York Press. pp. 152–153. 11553: 11346: 9760: 9017:. State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi. 8844: 8416: 8070: 7996: 7719: 7659:"Speaking Tree: The Trika Tradition of Kashmir Shaivism" 7442:यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ 7269: 6415: 6403: 6020: 6018: 5799: 5711: 5709: 5578: 5532: 3565:

Shiva is depicted both as an ascetic mendicant (left as

2465:

on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.

1692: 1483:

which means "in whom all things lie, pervasiveness" and

17743: 14068:(2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). 13798:(Second Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 12522: 12229: 11582:

Balagangadhara, S. N.; Claerhout, Sarah (Spring 2008).

11581: 10771:

Radha, Sivananda (1992). "Mantra of Muladhara Chakra".

9508:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 775–776, 789–790, 551. 8634:, Quote: "In the Devi Mahatmya, it is quite clear that 8524: 8522: 8504: 7911:

JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,

7579: 7539: 7163: 6930:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 60–67, 79–80. 6586: 5936: 5859: 5857: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 4620:

during the Islamic rule period of India, celebrate the

4008:

The 10th century five headed Shiva, Sadashiva, Cambodia

3241:. This symbolises grace, mendicant life and meditation. 2175: 1563:

meaning "red", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (

15759:

Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India

14597:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

14377:

World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India

13812: 13584: 13404:"Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR" 12365: 10177: 10149: 9754: 9212:

and Śiva and use of the phrase "the Hindu triad" see:

8597: 7759: 7551: 6899: 6698: 6574: 6547: 6149: 5556: 5554: 5552: 4640:) get the honor of starting the event by entering the 4378:(sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the 3179:: A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a 2878:

Shiva with Parvati. Shiva is depicted three-eyed, the

2046:

According to Sadasivan, during the development of the

1847: 19914: 15617:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15079:

Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries

14580:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 14119:

Saivism in Indonesia During the Hindu-Javanese Period

14101:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13999:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 12519:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 12282:"Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth" 12075: 12049: 12023: 9797: 9785: 8196: 8169: 8100: 7633:"Svetasvatara Upanishad - Chap 3 the Highest Reality" 7245: 6015: 5706: 5631: 5605: 5566: 2349:

research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient

1818:

and of asceticism. In one story, he was seduced by a

14225:(New Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 13374:

had 52 songs by top singers: Director Dheeraj Kumar"

13018:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. 11314: 11312: 11310: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 10435: 10213: 10121:

meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see:

9427:

For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see:

9119:. State University of New York Press. pp. 7–8. 9065:. State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2. 8701: 8699: 8573: 8519: 8330:

Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)

8131:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

8036:"Devi bhagwat Purana Skandh 5 Chapter 1 Verse 22-23" 6957:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 49–50. 6159: 5854: 5679: 5643: 5246:(2011–2014), a television serial about Shiva on the 4543:

chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing

4119:

period, an abstract or 'cosmic' symbolism linked to

3292:

is his traditional abode. In Hindu mythology, Mount

561: 555: 482: 17944: 12102:

A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara

11922:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. 11149:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

10364: 10313:as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature, see: 10269:For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga, see, 10021: 9876: 9856:. State University of New York Press. p. 257. 9058: 8752:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

8682:. State University of New York Press. p. xix. 8301:EO James (1997), The Tree of Life, Brill Academic, 8258:, University of Manitoba, Canada, IEP, Section 1(d) 7498:For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see: 7175: 6030: 5549: 4442:is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva. The 2902:

Siva with Moustache from Archaeological Museum GOA.

2421:as early as the 7th century CE, with poets such as 2209:. He was associated more than any other deity with 552: 544: 541: 535: 473: 15406:First Indian Edition: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003, 14625: 14573: 14474: 14039: 13667:Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation 13563: 12574:The British in Java, 1811–1816: a Javanese account 12132:Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia 12020:Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985) "Hanuman Chalisa" p. 5 11762: 11760: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11198: 11146: 11071:, both of which mean "five faces", as epithets of 8749: 7943: 7779: 7233: 7221: 6843:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 6746: 6498:For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: 6463: 4578:Regional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the 4556:Another major festival involving Shiva worship is 4553:which probably originated around the 5th-century. 3107:: Shiva is often shown garlanded with the serpent 2894:A seated Shiva holds an axe and deer in his hands. 2178:sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term 15572:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 13241:Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). 11739:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 11591:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 11307: 11183: 10839:For the deer-throne and the audience of sages as 10593:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 72, 206. 9113:Jaideva Vasugupta; Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992). 9010: 8696: 8675: 8648: 8203:. State University of New York Press. p. 9. 8127: 5763: 5490:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. p. 115. 5455:स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता । 5086:("Non-returners") who are already on the path to 4254:as "sign", a mark that provides the existence of 3522:), who is also known as Shankaracharya. The name 2287:, rather than being a text just on Shiva theism. 2024:with fearsome powers, was the god of the roaring 19998: 15634:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization 15614:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization 14359:. Havelte, Holland: Binkey Kok Publications BV. 13940: 13203:. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 180. 12965:Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004). 12845: 11981: 11769:"The Paris congress of the history of religions" 11672: 11090:For variation in attributions among texts, see: 9834: 9284:For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of 9092:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239. 9031: 8951: 8705: 8615: 8405: 8379:Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman (ed.). 8378: 8318:Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, 7944:Somasundaram, Ottilingam; Murthy, Tejus (2017). 7777: 7131:Walter Friedrich Otto; Robert B. Palmer (1965). 6927:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 6923: 6882:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 6878: 5599: 5427:For "Note Agni-Rudra concept fused" in epithets 4738:(locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta). 3610:As a family man and householder, he has a wife, 3401:Shiva is represented in his many aspects. Left: 3101:: Shiva is often shown seated upon a tiger skin. 2020:. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, a 654:) is regarded as the energy and creative power ( 15795: 15679:The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths 15402:The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography 15156:(Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 14466:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 12330: 12124: 12122: 11946:Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey 11829:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 88. 11757: 11706:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 543 footnote 4. 11496: 11488:Sen, Amiya P. (2006). "Editor's Introduction". 10962:. Madras: Law Printing House. pp. 338–343. 10877: 10059:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–26. 8972: 8823: 8540: 7067: 7065: 6885:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 242–. 5318:, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, 4741:During the pre-Islamic period on the island of 4221:texts builds on this foundation. Linga, states 2886:, covered in ashes, and seated on a tiger skin. 1975: 623:, one of the major traditions within Hinduism. 15798:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism, in three volumes 15653:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 15175:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 14886:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition 14672:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 13854: 13833: 13124: 12964: 12903: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12663: 12570: 12234:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 95–96. 12209:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. 12128: 11850:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). 11700:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). 11622: 11448: 11196: 11144: 10791:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23" 10379:For regional name variants of Karttikeya see: 10052: 9849: 9742: 9603: 9540: 9006: 9004: 8947: 8945: 8796: 8747: 8741: 7476: 7440: 6978: 6950: 6265: 6219: 5729:"Shiva In Mythology: Let's Reimagine The Lord" 5453: 5285: 4793:took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva. 4174:." This may point to an "osmosis" of ideas in 4095:is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. ( 3529: 3037: 2977: 2923: 2325:Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in 2162:, dedicated to Shiva as the lord of all beings 1490:The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the 19301: 17666: 17150: 16623: 15915: 15891: 15296: 15251: 15052: 13755:The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972 13742: 13519: 12683: 12681: 12510:The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period 10960:Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I 10892: 10814: 10586: 9699: 9415: 9179: 9158: 8830:. Oxford University Press. pp. 313–314. 8679:The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment 8339: 7810: 7604: 7569: 7417:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 84–89. 7204:"Rudra | Hinduism, Shiva, Vedas | Britannica" 7091: 7007:A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India 6919: 6917: 6688: 6604: 6381: 6153: 5924:Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology 5440: 5391: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5090:and who will attain enlightenment are born. 4651:, major Shivaratri celebration occurs at the 2715:or any personal god of devotee's preference ( 2039:, the Germanic God of rage ("wütte") and the 1946:have expressed doubts about this suggestion. 1715: 1421: 15695: 15472:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 15010: 14853:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora 14528: 13743:Bongard-Levin, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich (1985). 13447: 13333:Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema 13213: 12737: 12119: 11988:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. 11732: 10732: 10730: 10702: 9501: 8800:Outline of the Religious Literature of India 8712:Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions 8165: 8163: 7946:"Siva - The Mad Lord: A Puranic perspective" 7834: 7062: 6692: 6650:. For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in 6081: 5962:as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: 5458:and translation as "May that young adorable 5000:: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the 3718:by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya. 2008:Three-headed Shiva, Gandhara, 2nd century AD 1440: 17164: 15536: 15439:Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship 15436: 15300:Satarudriya: Vibhuti Or Shiva's Iconography 13793: 13456:(2). Sociological Bulletin, 1(2): 162–184. 12660: 12647: 12644:, pp. 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253. 12202: 12129:Karen Pechilis (2012). Selva J. Raj (ed.). 11797: 11301: 10972:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10921: 10865: 10846: 10686: 10665: 10562:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 10555: 10512: 10339: 10332:as the oldest name, and variants including 10283: 10270: 10257: 10256:For Shiva's representation as a yogi, see: 10231: 10092: 9904: 9730: 9680: 9454: 9441: 9375: 9362: 9306: 9289: 9085: 9001: 8942: 8541:Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). 7786:. University of California Press. pp. 7521: 7499: 7379: 7299: 7287: 7263: 6872: 6325: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5415: 4667:Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism 4139:or "Being, Consciousness and Bliss" in the 3373: 2922:) to ashes, called "Tryambakam" (Sanskrit: 2823:Other famed Shiva-related texts influenced 2480:Shaivism is one of the four major sects of 2437: 1893:or wearing a horned headdress and possibly 1520:Sharma presents another etymology with the 19308: 19294: 17673: 17659: 17157: 17143: 16630: 16616: 15922: 15908: 15817:"Vṛṣabhavāhanamūrti in Literature and Art" 15345: 15326: 15317: 15257:Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography 15011:Rosen, Steven; Schweig, Graham M. (2006). 14623: 14571: 14333: 13916: 13796:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages 13435: 13325: 13323: 12944:. Columbia University Press. p. 151. 12851: 12678: 12543: 12452:Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (27 February 2018). 11949:. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. 11942: 11641: 11541: 11281: 11229: 11177: 11132: 11103: 10721:India's Kathak Dance, Past Present, Future 10719:Massey, Reginald. "India's Kathak Dance". 10698: 10613:For description of the nataraja form see: 10370:Search for Meaning By Antonio R. Gualtieri 10167: 9637: 8501:, pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232. 8446: 7740:, p. 205 For date of Mahabhasya see: 7701: 7340: 7311: 7275: 6914: 6764: 6724: 6511: 6486: 6287: 6252: 6235: 5673: 5354: 3670:(divine energy) as well as goddesses like 3537: 3304:, representing the center of the universe. 1428: 1414: 122: 15814: 15648: 15450:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture 15263: 15019: 14903: 14882: 14686: 14667: 14550: 14395:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). 14394: 14258: 14244:. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd. 13837:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses 13665:Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). 13664: 13441: 13220:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. 12439: 12318: 12306: 12186: 12174: 12159: 11917: 11905: 11856:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. 11824: 11743:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 11507: 11455:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. 11120: 11091: 11039: 11026: 11013: 11000: 10987: 10827: 10727: 10590:The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade 10580: 10506: 10460: 10429: 10358: 10207: 10171: 10143: 10122: 9947: 9718: 9631: 9578: 9565: 9428: 9319: 8881: 8865: 8534: 8486: 8474: 8422: 8176:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 125–126. 8160: 7979: 7961: 7782:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700 7693: 7486: 7450: 7427: 7137:. Indiana University Press. p. 164. 6776: 6424: 6368: 6319: 5844: 5821: 5793: 5757: 5395: 3833:is regarded as the female counterpart of 2389:) associated with him. The Shiva-related 2213:, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from 1897:, seated in a posture reminiscent of the 1835:Prehistoric rock paintings dating to the 1779:is a patron deity of farming and herding 1771:An example of assimilation took place in 1552:Some authors associate the name with the 15843: 15776: 15705:. State University of University Press. 15667: 15601: 15568: 15491:The Making of India: A Historical Survey 15393:Shiva: The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy 15134:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction 14955: 14816: 14754: 14733: 14705: 14334:Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014). 14215: 14150:Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". 14126: 13698: 13689: 13476: 13448:Ghurye, G.S. (1952). "Ascetic Origins". 12938:Davidson, Ronald M. (18 December 2002). 12937: 12795:. In Bentor, Yael; Shahar, Meir (eds.). 11853:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 11703:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 11293: 10915: 10539: 10136:Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary 9766: 8853: 8513: 8235: 8088: 8076: 7463: 7251: 7169: 6908: 6672: 6592: 6213: 6187: 6177: 5942: 5933:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1074–1076 5909: 5829: 5611: 4828: 4675: 4539:which means "the Great Night of Shiva". 4180: 4003: 3769: 3737:– is born. In outskirts of Ernakulam in 2897: 2889: 2873: 2802: 2796:, which is why Shiva is associated with 2669: 2593: 2441: 2150: 2143:have flaming hair as a special feature. 2003: 1857: 1696: 17085:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 15779:Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization 15752: 15676: 15509: 15467: 15399: 14495: 14472: 14463: 14287: 14277: 14198: 14013: 13924:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings 13709: 13609: 13566:Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa 13561: 13485: 13320: 13171: 12451: 11773:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 11766: 11741:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 11738: 11616: 11547: 11350:Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions 10751: 10736: 10396: 9995: 9923: 9916:For spelling of alternate proper names 8958:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx. 8652:I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa 8591: 8470: 8458: 8343:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings 7822: 7765: 7753: 7713: 7600: 7588: 7545: 7533: 7409: 6836: 6647: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6444: 6207: 5883: 5825: 5781: 5637: 5321:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4902:, a deva residing in the 6th heaven of 4753:The worship of Shiva became popular in 4474:For list of the temples by nation, see 3364: 3069:: his iconography often shows him in a 1673:provides one such list. Shiva also has 684:as well as a householder with his wife 14: 19999: 15738:. State University of New York Press. 15731: 15631: 15610: 15446: 15417: 15230: 15189: 15170: 15151: 15130: 15111: 15075: 14988: 14936: 14910:. State University of New York Press. 14889:. State University of New York Press. 14837:from the original on 28 September 2018 14354: 14096: 13895: 13881:. State University of New York Press. 13874: 13588:. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 1986. 13298:"Shiva, the brand God who never fails" 13266: 13264: 13050: 12790: 12414: 12394: 10652: 10635: 10614: 10357:identified as the wife of Shiva, see: 10314: 10183: 10155: 10105: 9972: 9935: 9803: 9791: 9590: 9553: 9238:The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states 9226: 8891: 8655:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 117–118. 8603: 8498: 8434: 8022: 8002: 7874: 7850: 7741: 7725: 7227: 7160:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. 7157: 7098:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–60. 6351: 6300: 6275: 6200: 6165: 6024: 5851:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. 5848: 5715: 5656: 5560: 5543: 5028:: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of 3427:) and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit: 2293:Self-realization and Shaiva Upanishads 2121:("Of golden red hue as of flame") and 2089:with Rudra is explicitly noted in the 19289: 17654: 17138: 16611: 15903: 15890: 15821:Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples 15514:. Adyar Library and Research Center. 15486: 15387: 15217: 15154:Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata 15086: 14870:from the original on 10 November 2023 14594: 14373: 14239: 14174: 14149: 14115: 14064: 14034: 13994: 13973: 13926:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13772: 13329: 13012:John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013). 12797:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism 12675:Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia 12641: 12609: 12597: 12531: 12496: 12487:, pp. 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552. 12484: 12155: 12037:from the original on 9 September 2006 11779:from the original on 24 February 2021 11520:from the original on 18 February 2018 11297: 11260:from the original on 30 December 2021 10770: 10549: 10436:Vanita, Ruth; Kidwai, Saleem (2001). 10380: 10244: 10219: 10040: 9655:from the original on 27 November 2020 9616: 9472: 9272: 9260: 9247: 9146: 8976:The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition 8780: 8579: 8528: 8018: 8014: 7931: 7878: 7862: 7846: 7737: 7697: 7671:from the original on 2 September 2022 7619: 7328: 7239: 7181: 6846:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 140–144. 6740: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6704: 6684: 6651: 6643: 6537: 6436: 6393: 6120: 6069: 5903: 5875: 5863: 5805: 5769: 5753: 5700: 5587: 5572: 5206: 5165:is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both 3765: 3575:Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic 1825: 1701:An ancient sculpture of Shiva at the 1693:Historical development and literature 1677:(10,000 names) that are found in the 520: 15719:from the original on 19 October 2023 15589:from the original on 16 January 2024 14849: 14787: 14724: 14646: 14536:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14516:from the original on 11 January 2023 14427: 14415:from the original on 20 October 2022 14320: 13751: 13730:from the original on 15 January 2023 13642: 13552: 13384:from the original on 2 December 2021 12698:from the original on 28 October 2016 12288:from the original on 7 February 2017 12262:from the original on 10 January 2020 12190: 11870:from the original on 19 October 2023 11720:from the original on 19 October 2023 11469:from the original on 19 October 2023 11078: 10864:as a mostly south Indian form, see: 10807:For iconographic description of the 10685:and prevalence in South India, see: 10519:. Abhinav Publications. p. 93. 10454: 10195: 10027: 9822: 9779: 9396: 9213: 8803:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 180. 8729:from the original on 16 January 2024 8561:from the original on 10 October 2023 7689: 7573: 7557: 7025: 6860:from the original on 20 January 2023 6752: 6524: 6499: 6469: 6457: 6440: 6409: 6397: 6194: 6036: 6009: 5899: 5887: 5879: 5735:from the original on 30 October 2022 5339:In scriptures, Shiva is paired with 5230:was also based on legends of Shiva. 4813:has mentioned two avatars of Rudra: 4699:the popular name for Shiva has been 4155:, "which holds the individual Self ( 2687:of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its 1866:discovered during excavation of the 1575:(brown, or red) in the Rigveda. The 19270: 15569:Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981). 14468:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 14261:The Essentials of Indian Philosophy 14070:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 13570:. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. 13261: 13178:. Infobase Publishing. p. 28. 13077: 12910:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 43. 11918:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). 11825:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). 11648:"The Hindu Goddess Reinterpreted". 11492:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 25–26. 11487: 11403:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11378:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10882:. Universität zu Köln. p. 756. 10741:. Abhinav Publications. p. 96. 10234:, pp. 28 (note 7), and p. 177. 10073:from the original on 13 August 2023 10008:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 8930:from the original on 12 August 2021 8346:. Mittal Publications. p. 94. 7639:from the original on 1 October 2022 6127:. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 81. 4851:and worshipped as the fierce deity 3729:– identified with regional deities 3054:= "throat"). Since Shiva drank the 2816:(literally, 'Shiva's song'), which 2774:)." Shiva is also an archetype for 2659: 2631:, in a hymn called the Devi Sukta. 1848:Indus Valley and the Pashupati seal 1487:which means "embodiment of grace". 24: 15642: 15441:. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. 15318:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1976). 15284:from the original on 31 March 2024 15116:. American Philosophical Society. 15040:from the original on 31 March 2024 14976:from the original on 31 March 2024 14924:from the original on 31 March 2024 14775:from the original on 31 March 2024 14727:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra 14668:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996). 14481:. University of California Press. 14133:State University of New York Press 13961:from the original on 21 April 2023 13630:from the original on 31 March 2024 13540:from the original on 31 March 2024 13526:. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. 13350:from the original on 31 March 2024 13308:from the original on 23 March 2016 13278:from the original on 11 April 2017 13153:from the original on 31 March 2024 13032:from the original on 29 March 2017 12993:from the original on 31 March 2024 12833:from the original on 31 March 2024 12772:from the original on 31 March 2024 12742:. InterVarsiry Press. p. 377. 12402:Warrior Ascetics in Indian History 12063:from the original on 5 August 2012 12002:from the original on 31 March 2024 11963:from the original on 31 March 2024 11681:from the original on 10 April 2021 11452:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis 11426:The Hindus: An Alternative History 11424:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2009). 11399:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2013). 11374:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981). 11153:. Yale University Press. pp. 10986:For five as a sacred number, see: 10793:. 23 November 2010. Archived from 10723:. Abhinav Publications. p. 8. 10718: 10481:from the original on 31 March 2024 10440:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. 10417:from the original on 31 March 2024 9522:from the original on 31 March 2024 9374:For the moon on the forehead see: 8924:"Samhara, Saṃhāra: 18 definitions" 8756:. Yale University Press. pp. 8360:from the original on 31 March 2024 8217:from the original on 31 March 2024 8148:from the original on 31 March 2024 7360:from the original on 25 March 2010 7112:from the original on 31 March 2024 6625:from the original on 31 March 2024 6131:from the original on 31 March 2024 6102:from the original on 31 March 2024 4958:Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in 3777:statue depicting Shiva dancing as 2742:) has been dated to belong to the 2405:), are the foundational texts for 2345:art suggests it was likely Shiva. 2298:He who sees himself in all beings, 2115:, some epithets of Rudra, such as 1830: 731:or trident as his weapon, and the 723:flowing from his matted hair, the 25: 20108: 16637: 15863: 15848:. Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 15831:from the original on 13 June 2022 15702:A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition 15636:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 15375:from the original on 13 June 2022 14956:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (2000). 14729:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 14327:The Thirteen Principal Upanishads 14097:Fuller, Christopher John (2004). 13773:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). 13705:. University of California Press. 13690:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 13648:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 13414:from the original on 6 April 2017 12547:Ensiklopedi wayang Indonesia: A-B 11558:. Red Wheel/Weiser. p. 294. 11554:Swami Agehananda Bharati (1970). 11516:. The Divine Life Trust Society. 11347:Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). 10939:from the original on 8 March 2011 10878:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008) . 9839:. Lalit Kalā Akademi. p. 41. 9062:Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita 7413:(1973). "The Vedic Antecedents". 7071:Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1980), 6985:. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. 4705:, which is derived from Sanskrit 4480:List of Shiva Temples in Pakistan 3458:nature", and translates the name 2982:"Having the moon as his crest" – 2910:: Shiva is often depicted with a 735:. He is usually worshiped in the 700:), regarded as the patron god of 19984: 19972: 19960: 19948: 19936: 19924: 19533: 19269: 19259: 19250: 19249: 19238: 17943: 17689: 17681: 17308: 17055:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 16759:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 16591: 16582: 16581: 16057: 14710:. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. 14451:from the original on 3 July 2023 13557:. Calcutta: Dass, Elysium Press. 13494: 13396: 13362: 13290: 13234: 13207: 13192: 13165: 13118: 13071: 13044: 13005: 12958: 12931: 12897: 12784: 12746: 12731: 12615: 12564: 12537: 12502: 12466:from the original on 16 May 2020 12445: 12359: 12324: 12274: 12248: 12230:Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). 12223: 12196: 12093: 12014: 11975: 11936: 11911: 11882: 11843: 11818: 11791: 11693: 11666: 11481: 11442: 11417: 11392: 11367: 11340: 11331: 11235: 11138: 11109: 11084: 11045: 11032: 11019: 11006: 10993: 10980: 10951: 10907: 10898: 10871: 10852: 10833: 10820: 10801: 10783: 10764: 10745: 10712: 10671: 10658: 10641: 10620: 10607: 10493: 10390: 10373: 10345: 10320: 10289: 10276: 10263: 10250: 10237: 10128: 10111: 10098: 10085: 10046: 10033: 10001: 9978: 9953: 9929: 9910: 9897: 9870: 9843: 9828: 9809: 9772: 9705: 9686: 9667: 9609: 9596: 9584: 9571: 9559: 9546: 9495: 9478: 9460: 9447: 9434: 9421: 9402: 9381: 9368: 9349: 9334: 9325: 9312: 9295: 9278: 9265: 9232: 9219: 9200: 9152: 9133: 9106: 9079: 9052: 8916: 8902:. Rupa Publication. p. 59. 8817: 8790: 8669: 8642: 8609: 8489:, pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171. 8399: 8372: 8333: 8312: 8295: 8278: 8261: 8241: 8190: 8121: 8094: 8028: 7937: 7905: 7888: 7868: 7771: 7731: 7651: 7625: 7514: 7505: 7492: 7469: 7456: 7433: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7372: 7346: 7317: 6779:Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 5446: 5421: 5401: 5384: 5240:has sold over a million copies. 5174: 5155: 5133: 4948: 4937: 4511: 4500: 4401:The oldest known archaeological 4366:, and it is shown that the said 3783:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 3555: 3546: 3391: 3382: 1397: 806: 650:tradition, the Supreme Goddess ( 531: 469: 19239: 17090:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 15800:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 15796:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2004). 15327:Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). 14670:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 14464:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). 14203:. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114. 13977:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 13813:Sitansu S. Chakravarti (1991). 13699:Berreman, Gerald Duane (1963). 13272:"Shiva, the god of cool things" 13244:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities 13198: 11428:. United States: Viking Press. 11241: 10754:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology 9883:. Routledge. pp. 114–115. 9778:For definition and shape, see: 8021:, pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51; 7196: 7187: 7124: 7085: 7019: 7005:Pierfrancesco Callieri (2005), 6999: 6972: 6944: 6830: 6813: 6770: 6657: 6637: 6611:. Routledge. pp. 364–366. 6598: 6530: 6517: 6492: 6450: 6374: 6357: 6345: 6306: 6293: 6258: 6114: 6075: 6062:) and which focus on the deity 6042: 5993: 5948: 5922:Monier Monier-Williams (1899), 5811: 5721: 5516:Encyclopedia of World Religions 5488:Indian Civilization and Culture 5333: 5291: 5278: 5108:, the Buddhist name for Shiva. 4980:, Shiva, better known there as 4765:. Shaivism was also popular in 4748: 4644:first for bathing and prayers. 4601:and those related to Durga. In 4564:over the three demons known as 4370:is put in place of the eternal 2914:, with which he burned Desire ( 2602:, depicting Shiva with goddess 2139:and the form of Shiva known as 1775:, where a regional deity named 1455:Sanskrit dictionary, the word " 19164:Relations with other religions 15361:10.1080/1468936042000282726821 15259:. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 15171:Sharma, Debabrata Sen (1990). 14761:. Princeton University Press. 14557:. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 13855:Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). 13758:. Cambridge University Press. 13669:. Delhi: Parimal Publications. 13616:. Princeton University Press. 13562:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004). 13057:. Concept Publishing Company. 11353:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 572–573. 11025:For distinct iconography, see 10933:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10501:Mohini#Relationship with Shiva 9414:as an iconographic form, see: 8715:. Brill Academic. p. 60. 8477:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. 8197:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). 8170:Narendranath B. Patil (2003). 8104:A History of Indian Philosophy 8101:Surendranath Dasgupta (1973). 7825:, p. 556, 769 footnote 1. 6121:Tyagi, Ishvar Chandra (1982). 5796:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. 5617: 5600:Cush, Robinson & York 2008 5504: 5476: 5181:Statue of Shiva depicted as a 5078:, highest of the Śuddhāvāsa (" 4476:List of Shiva temples in India 4127:and a dance posture of Shiva. 3446:, which means "to cry, howl". 3259:(nandin)), is the name of the 2553: 2236: 712:around his neck, the adorning 508:'The Auspicious One', 13: 1: 20022:Characters in the Mahabharata 15231:Sircar, Dineschandra (1998). 15015:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 14820:Prehistoric Rock Art of India 14284:Originally published in 1915. 14282:. New York: Biblo and Tannen. 14278:Hopkins, E. Washburn (1969). 14201:Rivista degli studi orientali 13859:. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam. 13794:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986). 13694:. Princeton University Press. 13520:Chinmayananda, Swami (2002). 13051:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). 11597:(19): 118–143. Archived from 11490:The Indispensable Vivekananda 11081:, p. 578, middle column. 10752:Leeming, David Adams (2001). 6088:. Weiser Books. p. 213. 5469: 5220:A 1990s television series of 4837: 4757:through the influence of the 4121:five elements (Pancha Bhoota) 4011: 3512: 3298:is conceived as resembling a 2932:denotes "an eye", and in the 2869: 2770:) with the ultimate reality ( 2508:) and devotional traditions ( 2335:(2nd-century BCE) and in the 1879: 1705:, Maharashtra. 6th century CE 1501:), as an epithet for several 1495: 97:Master of Poison and Medicine 17040:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 15929: 15681:. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. 15668:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 15510:Warrier, AG Krishna (1967). 15470:Yoga and the Hindu Tradition 14996:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 14502:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 14288:Hopkins, Keith (July 2001). 14242:Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva 14017:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 13917:Courtright, Paul B. (1985). 13716:. Harvard University Press. 13710:Blurton, T. Richard (1993). 13603: 13553:Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1905). 13131:. Sri Satguru Publications. 12625:, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; 12600:, pp. 155–157, 462–463. 12571:P. B. R. Carey, ed. (1992). 12499:, pp. 130–131, 550–552. 11675:"The interpretation of gods" 9984:For identification of Mount 9877:Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014). 9346:see: Hopkins (1968), p. 220. 9165:. J.P. Tarcher. p. 61. 9059:Andrew J. Nicholson (2014). 8326:, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see: 7950:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 7853:, pp. 187–188, 222–228. 6331:Sir Monier Monier-Williams, 6085:Tantra: Cult of the Feminine 6082:van Lysebeth, Andre (2002). 4671: 4485: 4113:Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram 3967:: पञ्चानन), also called the 3135:: Shiva typically carries a 1982:Proto-Indo-European religion 1976:Proto-Indo-European elements 638:trinity which also includes 7: 15732:Mahony, William K. (1998). 15437:Tattwananda, Swami (1984). 15420:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy 15322:(in German). Franz Steiner. 15196: 15137:. Oxford University Press. 15091: 15076:Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898). 14962:. Oxford University Press. 14740:. Oxford University Press. 14691:. Woodstock, NY: YogVidya. 14572:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). 14220: 14042:An Introduction to Hinduism 13920: 13745:Ancient Indian Civilization 12971:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 12869:Buddhist Thought and Ritual 11943:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). 11201:The Myths and Gods of India 11073: 11064: 11054: 10880:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 10860: 10841: 10809: 10680: 10629: 10461:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). 10353: 10334: 10328: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10198:, p. 727, left column. 9986: 9918: 9817: 9755:Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991 9713: 9694: 9675: 9505:Sechzig Upaniṣad's des Veda 9410: 9390: 9357: 9342: 9208: 9141: 9032:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980). 8979:. Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv. 8952:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979). 8547:. Oxford University Press. 6666: 6314: 6264:For appearance of the name 6150:Sri Vishnu Sahasranama 1986 6064: 6057: 6050: 6002: 5957: 5435: 5429: 5410: 5259: 4824: 4405:as an icon of Shiva is the 4329:, and others. According to 4276: 4151:, or "abstract monism," of 4091: 4065: 4051: 4042: 4028: 4019: 3997: 3957:Dynasty in southern India. 3895: 3858: 3816: 3804: 3658: 3652: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3586: 3524: 3499: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3430: 3422: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3318: 3309: 3294: 3279: 3265: 3246: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3189:. A specific hand gesture ( 3090: 3058:poison churned up from the 3049: 3030: 3018: 2995: 2986: 2972: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2916: 2850: 2598:Ardhanarishvara sculpture, 2589: 2469: 2181: 2123: 2117: 2101: 1922:), an epithet of the later 1917: 1661: 1637: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1600: 1592: 1566: 1558: 1543: 1527: 1475: 1457: 594: 515: 47:Manjunatha (disambiguation) 10: 20113: 15844:Tulsidas, Goswami (1985). 15815:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1996). 15611:Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) . 15602:Winstedt, Richard (2020). 15400:Stutley, Margaret (1985). 15297:Sivaramamurti, C. (2004). 15152:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). 14758:Hinduism: Past and Present 14624:Lochtefeld, James (2002). 14551:Kramrisch, Stella (1981). 14329:. Oxford University Press. 14323:"Shvetashvatara Upanishad" 14122:. University of Hong Kong. 14116:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1966). 14048:Cambridge University Press 13995:Davis, Richard H. (1992). 13896:Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). 13875:Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). 13610:Anthony, David W. (2007). 13512: 13507: 13247:. Routledge. p. 182. 13201:Indian Sculpture: 700–1800 12400:David N. Lorenzen (1978), 11245:Siva Gita A Critical Study 10626:For interpretation of the 10134:Citation to M. Mayrhofer, 9011:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). 8676:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). 8649:Gupteshwar Prasad (1994). 8249:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 8128:David N. Lorenzen (1972). 7704:, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. 7439:For text of RV 6.45.17 as 6671:as "Lord of Animals" see: 6210:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13. 6197:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13. 5452:For text of RV 2.20.3a as 5312:Journal of Human Evolution 4847:Shiva is mentioned in the 4796: 4727:Javanese puppetry (wayang) 4489: 4473: 4416: 4390:gave place in time to the 4199: 3789:The depiction of Shiva as 2854: 2663: 2606:as his equal half. In the 2473: 2032:", a group of storm gods. 1851: 1719: 1716:Assimilation of traditions 1708: 1444: 40: 29: 19770: 19725: 19698: 19675: 19653: 19632: 19605: 19598: 19542: 19531: 19327: 19236: 19063: 19028: 18854: 18789: 18696: 18623: 18616: 18515: 18418: 18409: 18317: 18203: 18160: 18127: 18045: 18019: 17991: 17982: 17961: 17952: 17941: 17860: 17729: 17720: 17699: 17630: 17541: 17459: 17317: 17306: 17176: 17005: 16947:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 16937: 16863: 16825: 16787: 16779:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 16749: 16711: 16673: 16645: 16577: 16539: 16484: 16411: 16373: 16335: 16297: 16288: 16258:Festivals and observances 16257: 16194: 16114: 16098:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 16066: 16055: 15948: 15937: 15897: 15892:Links to related articles 15632:Zimmer, Heinrich (2000). 15202:. Delhi: Nag Publishers. 15112:Scharf, Peter M. (1996). 15087:Sarup, Lakshman (1998) . 15054:Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli 15023:A Social History of India 15020:Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). 14904:Pintchman, Tracy (2014). 14883:Pintchman, Tracy (2015). 14687:Mallinson, James (2007). 14609:10.1017/S0041977X00146531 14437:. New York: Grove Press. 14357:The Book of Hindu Imagery 14355:Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). 14240:Gupta, Shakti M. (1988). 13175:Japanese Mythology A to Z 12907:What Is Tantric Practice? 12809:10.1163/9789004340503_019 11982:Catherine Ludvík (1994). 11801:Omkareshwar and Maheshwar 11677:. University of Chicago. 11673:Amy M. Braverman (2004). 11514:Lord Siva and His Worship 11508:Sivananda, Swami (1996). 10467:. Routledge. p. 71. 10142:"rudra", is provided in: 10018:) by Anna L. Dallapiccola 9835:C. Sivaramamurti (1963). 8616:David R. Kinsley (1975). 8437:, pp. 1, 53–56, 280. 8406:Charles Johnston (1913). 7778:Pratapaditya Pal (1986). 7477: 7475:For text of RV 8.93.3 as 7441: 6924:Roger D. Woodard (2010). 6879:Roger D. Woodard (2006). 6791:10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655 6266: 5454: 4469: 4466:an incarnation of Shiva. 4267: 4195: 3662:. She is identified with 3530: 3442:is derived from the root 3038: 2978: 2924: 2783: 2221:The texts and artwork of 1750:and the emergence of the 1469:, also transliterated as 1466: 1441:Etymology and other names 587:'The Great God', 577: 498: 428: 406: 401: 360: 348: 327: 284: 255: 234: 215: 183: 140: 121: 113: 61: 56: 43:Nilkanth (disambiguation) 20062:Names of God in Hinduism 18308:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 17614:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 17123:Kamphaeng Phet province 17109:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 17075:Sivan temple (Singapore) 17045:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 17020:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 16517:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 16077:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 15762:. Abhinav Publications. 15677:Debnath, Sailen (2009). 15649:Chatterji, J.C. (1986). 15606:. Library of Alexandria. 15542:Philosophy East and West 15453:. Abhinav Publications. 15447:Thakur, Upendra (1986). 15303:. Abhinav Publications. 15059:The Principal Upanishads 14959:The Embodiment of Bhakti 14941:. Taylor & Francis. 14817:Neumayer, Erwin (2013). 14706:Marchand, Peter (2007). 14398:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 14216:Griffith, T. H. (1973). 14154:. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. 14127:Goldberg, Ellen (2002). 13944:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 13692:Empires of the Silk Road 13462:10.1177/0038022919520206 13172:Roberts, Jeremy (2009). 12544:Sena Wangi, ed. (1999). 12508:Hariani Santiko (1997), 12232:The Hindu Religious Year 11376:Śiva, the erotic ascetic 10858:For characterization of 10737:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). 9395:as crest or crown, see: 8973:James Mallinson (2007). 8824:Edwin F. Bryant (2007). 8473:, pp. 50, 103–104; 7963:10.4103/0019-5545.204441 7481:and translation as "May 7415:Śiva, the erotic ascetic 7078:20 December 2016 at the 7012:20 December 2016 at the 6693:Rosen & Schweig 2006 6571:, pp. 243–244, 261. 6224:Siva Sahasranama Stotram 5929:27 February 2017 at the 5271: 5194:Guanyin Dharma Realm in 5014:: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the 4801:The Japuji Sahib of the 4721:is the same Hindu deity 4575:for Shiva's affection). 4323:Swami Agehananda Bharati 4244:the imperishable Purusha 4235:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 3991:), and revealing grace ( 3454:, which means "wild, of 3374:Destroyer and Benefactor 2580:Skanda Purana, 1.8.20–21 2438:Position within Hinduism 2308:not by any other means. 2277:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2267:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2197:. According to Anthony, 2195:Bactria–Margiana Culture 2146: 1999: 19893:Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama 19717:Shwesitthin Myinbyushin 18387:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 17070:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 17050:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 17025:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 17015:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 16807:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 16774:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 15881:Encyclopædia Britannica 15777:Marshall, John (1996). 15422:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15270:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15237:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15131:Sharma, Arvind (2000). 15097:. Motilal Banarsidass. 14937:Powell, Robert (2016). 14755:Michaels, Axel (2004). 14734:McDaniel, June (2004). 14554:Manifestations of Shiva 14496:Kinsley, David (1998). 14473:Kinsley, David (1988). 14263:. Motilal Banarsidass. 14020:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13834:Suresh Chandra (1998). 13819:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13816:Hinduism, a Way of Life 13752:Boon, James A. (1977). 13702:Hindus of the Himalayas 13125:Watson, Burton (1999). 12904:Barnaby B. Dhs (2006). 12657:By Mariasusai Dhavamony 12407:5 November 2020 at the 11652:. Rupa & Co. 2007. 11623:Rajiv Malhotra (2016). 11510:"Worship of Siva Linga" 11328:Encyclopædia Britannica 11324:11 October 2016 at the 11197:Alain Daniélou (1991). 11145:James C. Harle (1994). 10758:Oxford University Press 10397:Doniger, Wendy (1999). 10273:, pp. 23, 32, 150. 10053:George Michell (1977). 9850:John A. Grimes (1996). 9731:Wayman & Singh 1991 9692:For description of the 8797:J. N. Farquhar (1984). 8748:James C. Harle (1994). 8062:CS1 maint: url-status ( 7744:, page 1 with footnote. 7489:, p. 48, volume 2. 7453:, p. 91, volume 3. 7430:, p. 48, volume 2. 7134:Dionysus: Myth and Cult 6979:Namita Gokhale (2009). 6951:Alain Daniélou (1992). 6363:For an overview of the 6318:as "Supreme Lord" see: 5990:, pp. 1, 7, 21–23. 5784:, pp. 50, 103–104. 5074:, Maheśvara resides in 4914:, Shiva is depicted as 4898:, Shiva is depicted as 4886:, Shiva is depicted as 4301:Some scholars, such as 3943:attendants or guests). 3538:Ascetic and householder 3083:, "Bearer of the river 2827:, integrated monistic ( 2749: 2244:Atharvashiras Upanishad 2072: 1870:archaeological site of 1841:Bhimbetka rock shelters 666:tradition of Hinduism. 27:Major deity in Hinduism 19489:Pareinma Shin Mingaung 19396:Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin 18362:Eighteen Greater Texts 16398:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 15697:Klostermaier, Klaus K. 15672:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15487:Vohra, Ranbir (2000). 15468:Varenne, Jean (1976). 15443:First revised edition. 15418:Tagare, G. V. (2002). 15264:Sivaraman, K. (1973). 14530:Klostermaier, Klaus K. 14259:Hiriyanna, M. (2000). 14014:Deussen, Paul (1997). 13974:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 13380:. IANS. 16 June 2020. 13330:Dwyer, Rachel (2006). 12791:Bryson, Megan (2017). 12515:22 August 2018 at the 12368:Asian Folklore Studies 12333:Asian Folklore Studies 11920:Avatar and incarnation 11827:Avatar and incarnation 10677:For popularity of the 10587:Wendy Doniger (2005). 9683:, pp. 59 and 109. 9301:For usage of the word 9180:David Frawley (2009). 9159:Ralph Metzner (1986). 8340:Saroj Panthey (1987). 8292:, p. 23 with footnotes 7092:Patrick Laude (2005). 6605:Howard Morphy (2014). 5674:Issitt & Main 2014 5377:) and illustration of 5243:Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev 4918:, a dharma protecting 4844: 4692: 4352:sung in praise of the 4192: 4101: 4077: 4009: 3953:), popular during the 3786: 3579:and as a householder ( 3111:.Vasuki is the second 2903: 2895: 2887: 2833:Indian classical dance 2808: 2680: 2611: 2583: 2466: 2311: 2300:And all beings in him, 2219: 2163: 2107: 2009: 1886: 1878:(Lord of the Animals" 1769: 1706: 1479:in folk etymology are 688:and his two children, 248:Mahamrityunjaya Mantra 36:Shiva (disambiguation) 20047:Hindu tantric deities 19633:Ayeyarwady Delta nats 19321:Burmese folk religion 19115:Hindu gurus and sants 18367:Eighteen Lesser Texts 17095:Thewasathan Bot Phram 17065:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 16802:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 16769:Silver/Velli, Madurai 16393:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 15395:. Simon and Schuster. 15197:Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam 14380:. Algora Publishing. 14321:Hume, Robert (1921). 13450:Sociological Bulletin 13378:www.outlookindia.com/ 13214:Ronald Morse (2015). 13078:Lee, Junghee (1993). 12440:Jones & Ryan 2006 12319:Jones & Ryan 2006 12307:Jones & Ryan 2006 12187:Jones & Ryan 2006 12175:Jones & Ryan 2006 12160:Jones & Ryan 2006 12158:, pp. 137, 186; 11906:Jones & Ryan 2006 11556:The Tantric Tradition 11117:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 9711:For Shiva supporting 9502:Paul Deussen (1980). 9186:. Lotus. p. 25. 8827:Krishna: A Sourcebook 8423:Jones & Ryan 2006 8254:12 March 2017 at the 7692:, pp. 399, 403; 7487:Arya & Joshi 2001 7451:Arya & Joshi 2001 7428:Arya & Joshi 2001 7323:For translation from 7193:Doniger, pp. 221–223. 6206:For translation see: 6193:For translation see: 5045:along with the other 4832: 4679: 4184: 4178:, states Srinivasan. 4097:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 4087: 4082:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 4073: 4007: 3987:), concealing grace ( 3773: 3666:, the Divine Mother; 3646:, also appear in the 3603:that the concepts of 2901: 2893: 2877: 2806: 2758:, and the teacher of 2673: 2614:The goddess-oriented 2597: 2573: 2445: 2290: 2199: 2154: 2097: 2007: 1944:Doris Meth Srinivasan 1861: 1756: 1700: 128:A statue of Shiva in 19898:Pyelepyin Maunghnama 19713:Shwepyay Myinbyushin 19685:Pale Yin (Amay Pale) 19105:Anti-Hindu sentiment 17080:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 17035:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 17030:Iraivan temple (USA) 16812:Chidambaram (Ether) 16789:Panchabhuta Sthalams 16375:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 14725:Mate, M. S. (1988). 14632:. Rosen Publishing. 14576:The Presence of Śiva 14074:Blackwell Publishing 13902:. South Asia Books. 13840:. Sarup & Sons. 12853:Kalupahana, David J. 12803:. pp. 402–428. 12203:Cath Senker (2007). 11798:Swati Mitra (2011). 11767:Vivekananda, Swami. 11319:Lingam: Hindu symbol 10797:on 23 November 2010. 10556:Vettam Mani (1975). 10513:RN Saletore (1981). 9837:South Indian Bronzes 9717:upon his head, see: 9086:David Smith (2003). 8760:–142, 191, 201–203. 8409:The Atlantic Monthly 8017:, pp. 208–212; 7849:, pp. 205–206; 7837:, pp. 134, 371. 7603:, pp. 792–793; 7445:and translation as " 7356:. Sacred-texts.com. 6723:, pp. 204–205; 6439:, pp. 148–149; 6412:, pp. 143, 205. 6152:, pp. 47, 122; 5954:For use of the term 5878:, pp. 148–149; 5756:, pp. 17, 153; 5676:, pp. 147, 168. 5590:, pp. 137, 186. 4350:Atharva-Veda Samhitâ 4327:S. N. Balagangadhara 4248:the absolute reality 4159:) and supream Self ( 4111:, he testifies that 3365:Forms and depictions 2835:. These include the 2302:attains the highest 2279:presents pluralism, 2241:A few texts such as 2156:Pashupatinath Temple 1685:, also known as the 1683:Shri Rudram Chamakam 1653:, devotional hymns ( 1499: 1700–1100 BCE 958:Siddhanta Shikhamani 918:Scriptures and texts 19858:Four Heavenly Kings 19464:Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw 19211:Hinduism by country 18377:Iraiyanar Akapporul 18337:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 17060:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 16865:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 16817:Srikalahasthi (Air) 16797:Kanchipuram (Earth) 16713:Pancharama Kshetras 16403:Kanchipuram (Earth) 16388:Tirukalahasti (Air) 16383:Chidambaram (Ether) 16084:Shivarahasya Purana 15347:Srinivasan, Sharada 15082:. Thomson & Co. 14850:Owen, Lisa (2012). 14374:Javid, Ali (2008). 13747:. Arnold-Heinemann. 13644:Apte, Vaman Shivram 13302:Economic Times Blog 13199:Pal, Pratapaditya. 12873:Motilal Banarsidass 12621:J.L. Moens (1974), 12612:, pp. 160–165. 12321:, pp. 39, 140. 12309:, pp. 112–113. 12193:, pp. 189–217. 11232:, pp. 171–185. 11016:, pp. 182–189. 10777:Motilal Banarsidass 10739:Romance of the Raga 10647:For names Nartaka ( 10638:, pp. 151–157. 10617:, pp. 110–111. 9743:Suresh Chandra 1998 9649:www.dadabhagwan.org 9604:Chidbhavananda 1997 9541:Chidbhavananda 1997 8900:Invading the Sacred 8461:, pp. 101–105. 8238:, pp. 215–216. 8091:, pp. 216–218. 7934:, pp. 162–169. 7865:, pp. 208–212. 7756:, pp. 84, 103. 7716:, pp. 792–793. 7622:, pp. 204–205. 7572:, pp. 41, 59; 7536:, pp. 454–455. 6838:Possehl, Gregory L. 6743:, pp. 204–205. 6663:For translation of 6220:Chidbhavananda 1997 5886:, pp. 95–114; 5808:, pp. 17, 153. 5731:. 28 October 2022. 5546:, pp. 124–126. 5286:Chidbhavananda 1997 4890:, a deva living in 4715:Indian subcontinent 4697:Indonesian Shaivism 4653:Umarkot Shiv Mandir 4343:Sivananda Saraswati 4339:Sivananda Saraswati 4315:Sivananda Saraswati 4145:Kunchitangrim Bhaje 2484:, the others being 2375:, particularly the 1994:"god of the Orient" 1728:Indian subcontinent 1711:History of Shaivism 1404:Hinduism portal 63:God of Destruction 20087:Time and fate gods 19663:(Nankaraing Medaw) 19624:Taungdaw Thakhinma 19484:Htibyuhsaung Medaw 17113:Sukhothai province 16502:Kailash Mansarovar 16207:Pashupata Shaivism 16185:Hara Hara Mahadeva 15754:Mathpal, Yashodhar 15575:. Brill Academic. 15389:Storl, Wolf-Dieter 15026:. APH Publishing. 15013:Essential Hinduism 14939:Himalayan Drawings 14856:. Brill Academic. 14184:. Brill Academic. 13408:The Times of India 12738:Winfried Corduan. 12655:Classical Hinduism 12089:on 29 August 2012. 11627:. Voice of India. 10895:, pp. 34, 49. 10893:Sivaramamurti 1976 10815:Sivaramamurti 1976 10247:, pp. 150–151 9907:, pp. 99–105. 9700:Sivaramamurti 1976 9475:, pp. 92, 161 9416:Sivaramamurti 1976 9365:, pp. 17, 37. 8053:|archive-url= 7881:, p. 167 note 21, 7813:, pp. 41, 59. 7811:Sivaramamurti 2004 7696:, pp. 32–36; 7664:The Times of India 7605:Radhakrishnan 1953 7570:Sivaramamurti 2004 7208:www.britannica.com 6739:, pp. 28–29; 6719:, pp. 28–29; 6689:Bongard-Levin 1985 6447:, pp. 95–114. 6382:Sivaramamurti 1976 6354:, pp. viii–ix 6154:Chinmayananda 2002 5441:Sivaramamurti 1976 5392:Sivaramamurti 1976 5207:In popular culture 5072:Buddhist cosmology 4992:: Dàzìzàitiān; or 4912:Vajrayana Buddhism 4896:Theravada Buddhism 4892:Akanishta Devaloka 4845: 4759:Hephthalite Empire 4693: 4580:Chithirai festival 4422:Puranic scriptures 4193: 4129:Sharada Srinivasan 4010: 3787: 3766:Iconographic forms 2904: 2896: 2888: 2809: 2681: 2612: 2467: 2317:Kaivalya Upanishad 2272:liberator of Selfs 2257:similarly, states 2254:Kaivalya Upanishad 2164: 2010: 1911:(Lord of Animals, 1887: 1826:Pre-Vedic elements 1707: 1675:Dasha-Sahasranamas 1643:("Supreme Lord"). 1578:Vishnu sahasranama 1175:Non - Saiddhantika 626:Shiva is known as 451:See list of others 20037:Hindu eschatology 19912: 19911: 19906: 19905: 19843:Pakhan U Min Gyaw 19808:U Din Kyaw Khaung 19766: 19765: 19710:Kanni Myinbyushin 19707:Yamma Myinbyushin 19469:Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw 19328:Official pantheon 19283: 19282: 19059: 19058: 18612: 18611: 18405: 18404: 18319:Sangam literature 18275:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 18123: 18122: 17939: 17938: 17648: 17647: 17132: 17131: 16764:Gold/Pon, Thillai 16647:Trilinga Kshetras 16605: 16604: 16535: 16534: 15352:World Archaeology 15253:Sivaramamurti, C. 15191:Sharma, Ram Karan 14218:The Hymns of the 13980:. Penguin Books. 13523:Vishnusahasranama 13064:978-81-8069-457-8 13025:978-0-8122-4560-8 12951:978-0-231-50102-6 12758:. Hemkunt Press. 12719:Missing or empty 12534:, pp. 15–17. 11604:on 20 August 2009 11304:, pp. 49–52. 11051:For the epithets 10703:Klostermaier 1984 10516:Indian Witchcraft 10108:, pp. 20–21. 9969:Shiva Sahasranama 9602:See: name #93 in 9457:, pp. 57–58. 9309:, pp. 38–39. 9292:, pp. 37–39. 8926:. 3 August 2014. 8594:, pp. 77–84. 8025:, pp. 83–94. 8005:, pp. 16–19. 7877:, pp. 9–14; 7835:Klostermaier 1984 7728:, pp. 80–82. 7576:, pp. 25–29. 7560:, pp. 25–29. 7314:, pp. 14–15. 6982:The Book of Shiva 6707:, pp. 28–29. 6618:978-1-317-59808-4 6443:, p. xxvii; 6371:, pp. 71–74. 6272:Shiva Sahasranama 5978:, pp. 21–22. 5902:, p. xxvii; 5882:, p. xxvii; 5627:. 10 August 2024. 5575:, pp. 20–21. 5497:978-81-7533-083-2 5398:, pp. 15–19. 5367:seminal retention 5017:Twenty-Four Devas 4884:Mahayana Buddhism 4811:Guru Gobind Singh 4803:Guru Granth Sahib 4783:Taklamakan Desert 4771:Kingdom of Yutian 4680:Shiva sculpture, 4603:Himalayan regions 4407:Gudimallam lingam 4311:Swami Vivekananda 4250:, where says the 4147:, resembling the 4079:According to the 4061: 4060: 3979:), preservation ( 3628:("The husband of 3491:Shiva Sahasranama 3468:Shiva sahasranama 3115:(the first being 3113:king of the nāgas 2689:Panchayatana puja 2666:Panchayatana puja 2541:has featured the 2512:), such as Tamil 2358:Shaiva Upanishads 2099:The fire myth of 1928:Sir John Marshall 1926:Shiva and Rudra. 1730:, such as India, 1722:Roots of Hinduism 1651:Shiva Sahasranama 1451:According to the 1447:Shiva Sahasranama 1438: 1437: 660:Panchayatana puja 609:principal deities 586: 525:), also known as 507: 462: 461: 102:The Supreme Being 79:The Cosmic Dancer 16:(Redirected from 20104: 19989: 19988: 19977: 19976: 19975: 19965: 19964: 19963: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19941: 19940: 19939: 19929: 19928: 19927: 19920: 19888:Kayin Maunghnama 19726:Five Mother nats 19701:White Horse nats 19603: 19602: 19537: 19504:Myaukhpet Shinma 19474:Mintha Maungshin 19366:Taungoo Mingaung 19310: 19303: 19296: 19287: 19286: 19273: 19272: 19263: 19253: 19252: 19242: 19241: 19152:Pilgrimage sites 18906:Ganesh Chaturthi 18621: 18620: 18416: 18415: 18397:Vedarthasamgraha 18392:Vinayagar Agaval 18357:Five Great Epics 18332:Divya Prabandham 18245:Minor Upanishads 17989: 17988: 17959: 17958: 17947: 17946: 17727: 17726: 17693: 17685: 17675: 17668: 17661: 17652: 17651: 17312: 17159: 17152: 17145: 17136: 17135: 17119:Hx Phar Ishvaran 16903:Kashi Vishvanath 16632: 16625: 16618: 16609: 16608: 16595: 16585: 16584: 16295: 16294: 16239:Siddha Siddhanta 16202:Shaiva Siddhanta 16129:Om Namah Shivaya 16061: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15900: 15888: 15887: 15872:, Peter Bisschop 15858: 15840: 15838: 15836: 15811: 15792: 15773: 15749: 15728: 15726: 15724: 15692: 15673: 15664: 15651:Kashmir Shaivism 15637: 15628: 15607: 15598: 15596: 15594: 15565: 15533: 15506: 15494: 15483: 15464: 15442: 15433: 15405: 15396: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15342: 15323: 15314: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15260: 15248: 15234:The Śākta Pīṭhas 15227: 15213: 15199: 15186: 15167: 15148: 15127: 15108: 15094: 15083: 15072: 15049: 15047: 15045: 15016: 15007: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14952: 14933: 14931: 14929: 14900: 14879: 14877: 14875: 14846: 14844: 14842: 14813: 14790:Social Scientist 14784: 14782: 14780: 14751: 14730: 14721: 14702: 14683: 14664: 14643: 14631: 14620: 14591: 14579: 14568: 14547: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14492: 14480: 14469: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14434:India: A History 14424: 14422: 14420: 14391: 14370: 14351: 14330: 14317: 14283: 14274: 14255: 14236: 14223: 14212: 14195: 14171: 14146: 14123: 14112: 14087: 14061: 14045: 14031: 14010: 13991: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13937: 13923: 13913: 13892: 13870: 13851: 13830: 13809: 13790: 13769: 13748: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13706: 13695: 13670: 13661: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13599: 13581: 13569: 13558: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13501: 13498: 13492: 13489: 13483: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13445: 13439: 13433: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13355: 13327: 13318: 13317: 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Archived from 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12027: 12021: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11940: 11934: 11933: 11915: 11909: 11903: 11897: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11822: 11816: 11815: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11764: 11755: 11754: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11603: 11588: 11579: 11570: 11569: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11505: 11494: 11493: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11344: 11338: 11335: 11329: 11316: 11305: 11302:Tattwananda 1984 11291: 11285: 11279: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11204: 11194: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11152: 11142: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11113: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11069: 11059: 11049: 11043: 11036: 11030: 11023: 11017: 11010: 11004: 10997: 10991: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10971: 10963: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10929:"Ardhanārīśvara" 10925: 10919: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10875: 10869: 10866:Chakravarti 1986 10863: 10856: 10850: 10847:Chakravarti 1986 10844: 10837: 10831: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10734: 10725: 10724: 10716: 10710: 10707:Shiva the Dancer 10696: 10690: 10687:Chakravarti 1986 10683: 10675: 10669: 10666:Chakravarti 1986 10662: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10632: 10624: 10618: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10553: 10547: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10510: 10504: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10394: 10388: 10377: 10371: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10343: 10340:Chakravarti 1986 10337: 10331: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10293: 10287: 10284:Chakravarti 1986 10280: 10274: 10271:Chakravarti 1986 10267: 10261: 10258:Chakravarti 1986 10254: 10248: 10241: 10235: 10232:Chakravarti 1986 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10132: 10126: 10115: 10109: 10102: 10096: 10093:Chakravarti 1986 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10005: 9999: 9989: 9982: 9976: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9933: 9927: 9922:and Nandin see: 9921: 9914: 9908: 9905:Chakravarti 1986 9901: 9895: 9894: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9681:Chakravarti 1986 9678: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9620: 9613: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9499: 9493: 9482: 9476: 9464: 9458: 9455:Chakravarti 1986 9451: 9445: 9442:Chakravarti 1986 9438: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9400: 9393: 9385: 9379: 9376:Chakravarti 1986 9372: 9366: 9363:Chakravarti 1986 9360: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9323: 9316: 9310: 9307:Chakravarti 1986 9299: 9293: 9290:Chakravarti 1986 9282: 9276: 9269: 9263: 9236: 9230: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9176: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9028: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8969: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8895: 8889: 8879: 8873: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8794: 8788: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8755: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8707:Gudrun Bühnemann 8703: 8694: 8693: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8646: 8640: 8633: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8517: 8511: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8337: 8331: 8316: 8310: 8299: 8293: 8282: 8276: 8265: 8259: 8247:David Lawrence, 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8167: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8060: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7983: 7965: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7920: 7909: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7883:Quote (page 13): 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7785: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7667:. 27 July 2009. 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7608: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7577: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7522:Chakravarti 1986 7518: 7512: 7509: 7503: 7500:Chakravarti 1986 7496: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7392: 7391:RV 8.49; 10.155. 7389: 7383: 7380:Chakravarti 1986 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7300:Chakravarti 1986 7297: 7291: 7288:Chakravarti 1986 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7264:Chakravarti 1986 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7089: 7083: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7023: 7017: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6834: 6828: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6734: 6728: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6608:Animals Into Art 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6545: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6400:, p. xxvii. 6391: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6198: 6191: 6185: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5988:Chakravarti 1986 5985: 5979: 5976:Chakravarti 1986 5973: 5967: 5964:Chakravarti 1986 5960: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5920: 5907: 5897: 5891: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5852: 5842: 5833: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5698: 5677: 5671: 5660: 5654: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5530: 5529: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5480: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5416:Chakravarti 1986 5413: 5405: 5399: 5388: 5382: 5363: 5352: 5337: 5325: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5183:Chinese Buddhist 5178: 5159: 5147:fusion deity in 5137: 5119:Buddhist deities 5098:Seven Lucky Gods 5040:Chinese Buddhist 4952: 4941: 4865:Tibetan Buddhism 4861:Chinese Esoteric 4849:Buddhist Tantras 4842: 4839: 4736:Shaiva Siddhanta 4659:. The three-day 4618:ascetic warriors 4560:, commemorating 4515: 4504: 4445:Bhagavata Purana 4331:Moriz Winternitz 4319:Stella Kramrisch 4279: 4269: 4149:Advaita doctrine 4141:Shaiva Siddhanta 4135:is described as 4115:had, by the pre- 4094: 4070: 4054: 4045: 4031: 4022: 4012: 4000: 3983:), destruction ( 3918:: अर्धनारीश्वर; 3898: 3862:, " south form") 3861: 3819: 3807: 3741:, a deity named 3661: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3614:, and two sons, 3589: 3559: 3550: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3502: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3448:Stella Kramrisch 3433: 3425: 3395: 3386: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3321: 3312: 3297: 3282: 3268: 3249: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3125:Samudra Manthana 3093: 3060:Samudra Manthana 3052: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3021: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2818:Andrew Nicholson 2785: 2685:Smarta tradition 2660:Smarta tradition 2581: 2564:Bhagavata Purana 2539:Kashmir Shaivism 2514:Shaiva Siddhanta 2498:Absolute Reality 2494:Smarta Tradition 2461:on the left and 2407:Shaiva Siddhanta 2321: 2184: 2126: 2120: 2104: 2018:Hindu scriptures 1920: 1884: 1881: 1666: 1640: 1631: 1623: 1615: 1603: 1595: 1569: 1561: 1546: 1530: 1503:Rigvedic deities 1500: 1497: 1478: 1468: 1460: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1181:Kashmir Shaivism 975:Three Components 810: 787: 786: 607:, is one of the 597: 581: 579: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 550: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 524: 518: 502: 500: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 393:Bhairava Ashtami 243:Om Namah Shivaya 126: 54: 53: 21: 20112: 20111: 20107: 20106: 20105: 20103: 20102: 20101: 19997: 19996: 19995: 19983: 19973: 19971: 19961: 19959: 19949: 19947: 19937: 19935: 19925: 19923: 19915: 19913: 19908: 19907: 19902: 19848:Shinma Aungphyu 19833:Mogaung Kyawzwa 19762: 19721: 19700: 19694: 19676:Nine Towns nats 19671: 19649: 19645:Kwin Paing Ahpo 19628: 19594: 19538: 19529: 19323: 19319:and spirits of 19314: 19284: 19279: 19246: 19232: 19055: 19024: 19015:Vasant Panchami 18949:Pahela Baishakh 18931:Makar Sankranti 18850: 18785: 18692: 18608: 18511: 18401: 18382:Abhirami Antati 18352:Kamba Ramayanam 18313: 18199: 18156: 18119: 18041: 18015: 17978: 17948: 17935: 17919:Vishishtadvaita 17856: 17716: 17695: 17679: 17649: 17644: 17640:Hindu mythology 17626: 17537: 17455: 17313: 17304: 17172: 17163: 17133: 17128: 17001: 16933: 16905: 16859: 16821: 16783: 16745: 16707: 16698:Madhyamaheshwar 16669: 16641: 16636: 16606: 16601: 16573: 16531: 16527:Vadakkum Nathan 16480: 16407: 16369: 16331: 16322:Madhyamaheshwar 16284: 16270:Maha Shivaratri 16253: 16190: 16143:Mahāmrityunjaya 16110: 16062: 16053: 16010:Ardhanarishvara 15944: 15933: 15928: 15893: 15866: 15856: 15846:Hanuman Chalisa 15834: 15832: 15808: 15789: 15770: 15746: 15722: 15720: 15713: 15689: 15661: 15645: 15643:Further reading 15640: 15625: 15592: 15590: 15583: 15554:10.2307/1399778 15522: 15512:Śākta Upaniṣads 15503: 15495:. M.E. Sharpe. 15480: 15461: 15430: 15378: 15376: 15339: 15311: 15287: 15285: 15278: 15245: 15210: 15183: 15164: 15145: 15124: 15105: 15095:and The Nirukta 15070: 15043: 15041: 15034: 15004: 14979: 14977: 14970: 14949: 14927: 14925: 14918: 14897: 14873: 14871: 14864: 14840: 14838: 14831: 14802:10.2307/3518337 14778: 14776: 14769: 14748: 14718: 14699: 14680: 14661: 14640: 14588: 14565: 14544: 14519: 14517: 14510: 14489: 14454: 14452: 14445: 14418: 14416: 14409: 14388: 14367: 14348: 14306: 14271: 14252: 14233: 14192: 14143: 14109: 14084: 14058: 14028: 14007: 13988: 13964: 13962: 13955: 13934: 13910: 13889: 13867: 13848: 13827: 13806: 13787: 13766: 13733: 13731: 13724: 13658: 13633: 13631: 13624: 13606: 13596: 13578: 13543: 13541: 13534: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13495: 13490: 13486: 13481: 13477: 13446: 13442: 13436:Kramrisch 1994a 13434: 13427: 13417: 13415: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13387: 13385: 13372:Om Namah Shivay 13368: 13367: 13363: 13353: 13351: 13344: 13328: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13296: 13295: 13291: 13281: 13279: 13270: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13170: 13166: 13156: 13154: 13139: 13128:The lotus sutra 13123: 13119: 13096:10.2307/3250524 13076: 13072: 13065: 13049: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13026: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12979: 12963: 12959: 12952: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12902: 12898: 12883: 12850: 12846: 12836: 12834: 12819: 12789: 12785: 12775: 12773: 12766: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12736: 12732: 12720: 12718: 12709: 12708: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12687: 12686: 12679: 12674: 12661: 12652: 12648: 12640: 12636: 12620: 12616: 12608: 12604: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12569: 12565: 12558: 12542: 12538: 12530: 12523: 12517:Wayback Machine 12507: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12450: 12446: 12438: 12431: 12419: 12415: 12409:Wayback Machine 12399: 12395: 12380:10.2307/1178647 12364: 12360: 12345:10.2307/1178252 12329: 12325: 12317: 12313: 12305: 12301: 12291: 12289: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12265: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12249: 12242: 12228: 12224: 12217: 12201: 12197: 12189:, p. 269; 12185: 12181: 12173: 12166: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12055: 12054: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12029: 12028: 12024: 12019: 12015: 12005: 12003: 11996: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11957: 11941: 11937: 11930: 11916: 11912: 11904: 11900: 11887: 11883: 11873: 11871: 11864: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11796: 11792: 11782: 11780: 11775:. Vol. 4. 11765: 11758: 11751: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11714: 11698: 11694: 11684: 11682: 11671: 11667: 11660: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11635: 11621: 11617: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11586: 11580: 11573: 11566: 11552: 11548: 11542:Kramrisch 1994a 11540: 11533: 11523: 11521: 11506: 11497: 11486: 11482: 11472: 11470: 11463: 11447: 11443: 11436: 11422: 11418: 11411: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11372: 11368: 11361: 11345: 11341: 11336: 11332: 11326:Wayback Machine 11317: 11308: 11296:, p. 216; 11292: 11288: 11282:Kramrisch 1994a 11280: 11273: 11263: 11261: 11240: 11236: 11230:Kramrisch 1994a 11228: 11224: 11217: 11195: 11184: 11180:, pp. 447. 11178:Srinivasan 2004 11176: 11172: 11165: 11143: 11139: 11133:Srinivasan 2004 11131: 11127: 11115:Quotation from 11114: 11110: 11104:Kramrisch 1994a 11102: 11098: 11089: 11085: 11050: 11046: 11037: 11033: 11024: 11020: 11011: 11007: 10998: 10994: 10985: 10981: 10965: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10927: 10926: 10922: 10916:Goldberg (2002) 10912: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10891: 10887: 10876: 10872: 10857: 10853: 10838: 10834: 10825: 10821: 10806: 10802: 10789: 10788: 10784: 10769: 10765: 10750: 10746: 10735: 10728: 10717: 10713: 10705:, p. 151, 10701:, p. 439; 10699:Kramrisch 1994a 10697: 10693: 10676: 10672: 10663: 10659: 10646: 10642: 10625: 10621: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10554: 10550: 10538: 10534: 10527: 10511: 10507: 10498: 10494: 10484: 10482: 10475: 10459: 10455: 10448: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10350: 10346: 10325: 10321: 10294: 10290: 10281: 10277: 10268: 10264: 10255: 10251: 10242: 10238: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10206: 10202: 10194: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170:, p. 476; 10168:Kramrisch 1994a 10166: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10133: 10129: 10116: 10112: 10103: 10099: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10038: 10034: 10026: 10022: 10006: 10002: 9990:as the central 9983: 9979: 9961:Kailāsagirivāsī 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9915: 9911: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9848: 9844: 9833: 9829: 9814: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9710: 9706: 9691: 9687: 9672: 9668: 9658: 9656: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9623: 9614: 9610: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9525: 9523: 9516: 9500: 9496: 9483: 9479: 9465: 9461: 9452: 9448: 9439: 9435: 9426: 9422: 9407: 9403: 9386: 9382: 9373: 9369: 9354: 9350: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9317: 9313: 9300: 9296: 9283: 9279: 9270: 9266: 9259: 9237: 9233: 9224: 9220: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9178: 9173: 9157: 9153: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9030: 9025: 9009: 9002: 8987: 8971: 8966: 8950: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8896: 8892: 8880: 8876: 8864: 8860: 8856:, pp. 1–4. 8852: 8845: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8795: 8791: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8730: 8723: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8647: 8643: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8520: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8447:Lochtefeld 2002 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8363: 8361: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8317: 8313: 8300: 8296: 8283: 8279: 8266: 8262: 8256:Wayback Machine 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8168: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8142: 8141:978-0520-018426 8126: 8122: 8115: 8114:978-81208-04166 8099: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8052: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7910: 7906: 7893: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7797:978-0520-059917 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7702:Srinivasan 1997 7688: 7684: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7611: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7580: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7493: 7474: 7470: 7461: 7457: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7341:Kramrisch 1994a 7339: 7335: 7322: 7318: 7312:Kramrisch 1994a 7310: 7306: 7302:, pp. 1–9. 7298: 7294: 7290:, pp. 2–3. 7286: 7282: 7276:Kramrisch 1994a 7274: 7270: 7266:, pp. 1–2. 7262: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7080:Wayback Machine 7070: 7063: 7040:10.2307/3269768 7024: 7020: 7014:Wayback Machine 7004: 7000: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6937:978-0252-092954 6922: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6854: 6835: 6831: 6818: 6814: 6775: 6771: 6765:Srinivasan 1997 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6735: 6731: 6725:Srinivasan 1997 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6662: 6658: 6642: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6548: 6535: 6531: 6522: 6518: 6512:Sontheimer 1976 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6487:Courtright 1985 6485: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6392: 6388: 6379: 6375: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6288:Kramrisch 1994a 6286: 6282: 6263: 6259: 6253:Kramrisch 1994a 6251: 6242: 6236:Lochtefeld 2002 6234: 6230: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6201: 6192: 6188: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6016: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5931:Wayback Machine 5921: 5910: 5898: 5894: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5855: 5847:, p. 148; 5843: 5836: 5832:for Jnana Yoga. 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5707: 5699: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5655: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5426: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5389: 5385: 5369:", practice of 5364: 5355: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5262: 5253:Har Har Mahadev 5227:Om Namah Shivay 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5179: 5170: 5160: 5151: 5138: 5127: 5126: 5113:Shiva has been 4970: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4843:Tibetan Thangka 4840: 4827: 4799: 4751: 4674: 4669: 4562:Shiva's victory 4537:Maha Shivaratri 4529: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4494: 4492:Maha Shivaratri 4488: 4483: 4472: 4460:Advaita Vedanta 4435:Hanuman Chalisa 4419: 4384:Vedic sacrifice 4204: 4198: 4103:In the hymn of 3912:Ardhanarishvara 3855:दक्षिणामूर्ति; 3768: 3702:(especially in 3672:Tripura Sundari 3573: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3551: 3540: 3519: 3515: 3489:appears in the 3413: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3376: 3367: 3345:, "lord of the 3201:(Sanskrit for " 3067:Meditating yogi 2872: 2859: 2853: 2829:Advaita Vedanta 2752: 2676:Raja Ravi Varma 2668: 2662: 2592: 2582: 2579: 2566:while praising 2556: 2478: 2472: 2440: 2323: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2239: 2149: 2131:. The horns of 2075: 2048:Hindu synthesis 2002: 1978: 1882: 1856: 1850: 1833: 1831:Prehistoric art 1828: 1752:Hindu synthesis 1748:Sanskritization 1744:Bali, Indonesia 1724: 1718: 1713: 1703:Elephanta Caves 1695: 1663:Anuśāsanaparvan 1617:("Great Lord"; 1498: 1453:Monier-Williams 1449: 1443: 1434: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1361: 1353: 1352: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1223: 1151: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1089:Maha Shivaratri 1064: 1056: 1055: 1015: 971: 963: 962: 919: 911: 910: 887: 827:(Supreme being) 825: 818: 776:(especially in 551: 534: 530: 472: 468: 458: 397: 368:Maha Shivaratri 344: 323: 211: 179: 136: 109: 100: 50: 39: 32:Shiva (Judaism) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20110: 20100: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20032:Destroyer gods 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 19994: 19993: 19981: 19969: 19957: 19945: 19933: 19910: 19909: 19904: 19903: 19901: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19818:Lay Kyun Maung 19815: 19810: 19805: 19803:Koe Thein Shin 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19774: 19772: 19768: 19767: 19764: 19763: 19761: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19735: 19729: 19727: 19723: 19722: 19720: 19719: 19714: 19711: 19708: 19704: 19702: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19692: 19689: 19686: 19683: 19679: 19677: 19673: 19672: 19670: 19669: 19664: 19657: 19655: 19651: 19650: 19648: 19647: 19642: 19636: 19634: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19609: 19607: 19600: 19596: 19595: 19593: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19551: 19549: 19540: 19539: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19527: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19459:Mandalay Bodaw 19456: 19451: 19445: 19440: 19438:Medaw Shwezaga 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19404: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19331: 19329: 19325: 19324: 19313: 19312: 19305: 19298: 19290: 19281: 19280: 19278: 19277: 19267: 19257: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19231: 19230: 19229: 19228: 19223: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19202: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19161: 19160: 19159: 19149: 19144: 19143: 19142: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19086: 19085: 19080: 19069: 19067: 19061: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19032: 19030: 19026: 19025: 19023: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19001: 19000: 18999: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18973: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18941: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18881: 18879:Raksha Bandhan 18876: 18871: 18866: 18860: 18858: 18852: 18851: 18849: 18848: 18847: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18793: 18791: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18702: 18700: 18694: 18693: 18691: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18629: 18627: 18618: 18614: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18607: 18606: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18521: 18519: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18509: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18446: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18424: 18422: 18413: 18407: 18406: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18323: 18321: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18311: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18236: 18235: 18230: 18220: 18215: 18209: 18207: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18166: 18164: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18133: 18131: 18125: 18124: 18121: 18120: 18118: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18090:Shvetashvatara 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18065:Brihadaranyaka 18062: 18057: 18051: 18049: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18023: 18021: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17992: 17986: 17980: 17979: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17965: 17963: 17962:Classification 17956: 17950: 17949: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17933: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17866: 17864: 17858: 17857: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17801: 17800: 17799: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17772: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17735: 17733: 17724: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17714: 17709: 17706: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17678: 17677: 17670: 17663: 17655: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17637: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17617: 17610: 17609: 17608: 17594: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17549: 17547: 17539: 17538: 17536: 17535: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17485: 17484: 17479: 17469: 17463: 17461: 17457: 17456: 17454: 17453: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17345: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17323: 17321: 17315: 17314: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17302: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17182: 17180: 17174: 17173: 17162: 17161: 17154: 17147: 17139: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17126: 17116: 17106: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17011: 17009: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16952:Brihadeeswaram 16949: 16943: 16941: 16935: 16934: 16932: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16869: 16867: 16861: 16860: 16858: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16831: 16829: 16827:Pancheshwarams 16823: 16822: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16793: 16791: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16755: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16717: 16715: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16679: 16677: 16675:Pancha Kedaras 16671: 16670: 16668: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16651: 16649: 16643: 16642: 16635: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16612: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16599: 16589: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16543: 16541: 16540:Related topics 16537: 16536: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16497:Brihadeeswarar 16494: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16456:Ramanathaswamy 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16417: 16415: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16379: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16341: 16339: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16292: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16261: 16259: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16251: 16249:Shaiva Smartas 16246: 16241: 16236: 16234:Veera Shaivism 16231: 16229:Trika Shaivism 16226: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16124: 16122: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16108: 16101: 16094: 16087: 16080: 16072: 16070: 16064: 16063: 16056: 16054: 16052: 16051: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16029: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15954: 15952: 15946: 15945: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15926: 15919: 15912: 15904: 15898: 15895: 15894: 15885: 15884: 15873: 15865: 15864:External links 15862: 15861: 15860: 15854: 15841: 15827:(3): 305–310. 15812: 15806: 15793: 15787: 15774: 15769:978-8170171935 15768: 15750: 15745:978-0791435793 15744: 15729: 15712:978-0791470824 15711: 15693: 15688:978-8129114815 15687: 15674: 15665: 15659: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15638: 15629: 15623: 15608: 15599: 15581: 15566: 15548:(2): 266–268. 15534: 15521:978-0835673181 15520: 15507: 15502:978-0765607119 15501: 15484: 15478: 15465: 15460:978-8170172079 15459: 15444: 15434: 15429:978-8120818927 15428: 15415: 15397: 15385: 15343: 15338:978-9004107588 15337: 15324: 15315: 15310:978-8170170389 15309: 15294: 15277:978-8120817715 15276: 15261: 15249: 15244:978-8120808799 15243: 15228: 15215: 15208: 15187: 15182:978-0791403471 15181: 15168: 15162: 15149: 15144:978-0195644418 15143: 15128: 15123:978-0871698636 15122: 15109: 15103: 15084: 15073: 15068: 15050: 15033:978-8176481700 15032: 15017: 15008: 15003:978-3447025225 15002: 14986: 14969:978-0195351903 14968: 14953: 14948:978-1317709091 14947: 14934: 14917:978-0791490495 14916: 14901: 14896:978-1438416182 14895: 14880: 14863:978-9004206298 14862: 14847: 14830:978-0198060987 14829: 14814: 14796:(3/4): 19–50. 14785: 14768:978-0691089522 14767: 14752: 14747:978-0195347135 14746: 14731: 14722: 14717:978-1594771651 14716: 14703: 14698:978-0971646650 14697: 14684: 14678: 14665: 14659: 14644: 14639:978-0823931798 14638: 14621: 14603:(2): 309–314. 14592: 14586: 14569: 14564:978-0876330395 14563: 14548: 14543:978-0889201583 14542: 14526: 14509:978-8120803947 14508: 14493: 14488:978-0520908833 14487: 14470: 14461: 14443: 14425: 14408:978-0816075645 14407: 14392: 14387:978-0875864846 14386: 14371: 14365: 14352: 14347:978-1610694780 14346: 14331: 14318: 14304: 14285: 14280:Epic Mythology 14275: 14270:978-8120813304 14269: 14256: 14250: 14237: 14231: 14213: 14196: 14190: 14172: 14147: 14141: 14124: 14113: 14108:978-0691120485 14107: 14094: 14091:Frawley, David 14088: 14082: 14072:. Malden, MA: 14062: 14056: 14032: 14027:978-8120814677 14026: 14011: 14006:978-0691073866 14005: 13992: 13987:978-0143414216 13986: 13971: 13954:978-0700712670 13953: 13938: 13932: 13914: 13908: 13893: 13887: 13872: 13865: 13852: 13847:978-8176250399 13846: 13831: 13826:978-8120808997 13825: 13810: 13804: 13791: 13786:978-0791439395 13785: 13779:. SUNY Press. 13770: 13765:978-0521213981 13764: 13749: 13740: 13723:978-0674391895 13722: 13707: 13696: 13687: 13662: 13656: 13640: 13623:978-0691058870 13622: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13595:978-8171204205 13594: 13582: 13576: 13559: 13550: 13533:978-8175972452 13532: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13493: 13484: 13475: 13440: 13438:, p. 218. 13425: 13395: 13361: 13343:978-1134380701 13342: 13319: 13289: 13260: 13254:978-1135963903 13253: 13233: 13227:978-1442248236 13226: 13206: 13191: 13185:978-1438128023 13184: 13164: 13137: 13117: 13070: 13063: 13043: 13024: 13004: 12977: 12957: 12950: 12930: 12917:978-1465330093 12916: 12896: 12882:978-8120817739 12881: 12875:. p. 95. 12844: 12818:978-9004340497 12817: 12783: 12765:978-8170103257 12764: 12745: 12730: 12677: 12659: 12646: 12634: 12614: 12602: 12590: 12583: 12563: 12556: 12536: 12521: 12501: 12489: 12477: 12444: 12442:, p. 301. 12429: 12426:978-1107406377 12413: 12393: 12374:(2): 259–305. 12358: 12323: 12311: 12299: 12273: 12247: 12240: 12222: 12216:978-1404237315 12215: 12195: 12179: 12177:, p. 269. 12164: 12162:, p. 269. 12148: 12142:978-0791482001 12141: 12118: 12112:978-0791409435 12111: 12092: 12074: 12048: 12022: 12013: 11995:978-8120811225 11994: 11974: 11956:978-0195309218 11955: 11935: 11928: 11910: 11908:, p. 474. 11898: 11881: 11863:978-8120802643 11862: 11842: 11835: 11817: 11811:978-9380262246 11810: 11790: 11756: 11750:978-8120814509 11749: 11731: 11713:978-8120802643 11712: 11692: 11665: 11659:978-8129111821 11658: 11640: 11634:978-9385485015 11633: 11615: 11571: 11564: 11546: 11531: 11495: 11480: 11462:978-0759123144 11461: 11441: 11435:978-0143116691 11434: 11416: 11410:978-0199360079 11409: 11391: 11384: 11366: 11360:978-1851099801 11359: 11339: 11330: 11306: 11300:, p. 29; 11286: 11284:, p. 221. 11271: 11234: 11222: 11216:978-0892813544 11215: 11182: 11170: 11164:978-0300062175 11163: 11137: 11135:, p. 446. 11125: 11123:, p. 182. 11121:Kramrisch 1981 11108: 11106:, p. 184. 11096: 11094:, p. 187. 11092:Kramrisch 1981 11083: 11044: 11042:, p. 182. 11040:Kramrisch 1981 11031: 11029:, p. 185. 11027:Kramrisch 1981 11018: 11014:Kramrisch 1981 11005: 11003:, p. 182. 11001:Kramrisch 1981 10992: 10990:, p. 182. 10988:Kramrisch 1981 10979: 10950: 10920: 10906: 10897: 10885: 10870: 10851: 10849:, p. 155. 10832: 10830:, p. 472. 10828:Kramrisch 1981 10819: 10800: 10782: 10779:. p. 304. 10773:Kuṇḍalinī Yoga 10763: 10744: 10726: 10711: 10691: 10670: 10657: 10655:, p. 289. 10640: 10619: 10606: 10600:978-0226156439 10599: 10579: 10573:978-0842608220 10572: 10548: 10532: 10526:978-0391024809 10525: 10505: 10492: 10474:978-1560231813 10473: 10453: 10447:978-0312293246 10446: 10428: 10410:978-0226156415 10409: 10389: 10372: 10363: 10359:Kramrisch 1981 10344: 10319: 10317:, p. 278. 10288: 10275: 10262: 10249: 10236: 10224: 10212: 10210:, p. 481. 10208:Kramrisch 1981 10200: 10188: 10186:, p. 280. 10176: 10174:, p. 474. 10172:Kramrisch 1981 10160: 10158:, p. 301. 10148: 10144:Kramrisch 1981 10127: 10123:Kramrisch 1981 10110: 10097: 10084: 10066:978-0226532301 10065: 10045: 10032: 10020: 10000: 9977: 9975:, p. 281. 9952: 9950:, p. 479. 9948:Kramrisch 1981 9940: 9928: 9909: 9896: 9890:978-1317806318 9889: 9869: 9863:978-0791430675 9862: 9842: 9827: 9825:, p. 461. 9808: 9796: 9784: 9782:, p. 461. 9771: 9769:, p. 218. 9759: 9747: 9745:, p. 309. 9735: 9733:, p. 266. 9723: 9721:, p. 473. 9719:Kramrisch 1981 9704: 9685: 9666: 9636: 9634:, p. 473. 9632:Kramrisch 1981 9621: 9608: 9595: 9583: 9579:Macdonell 1996 9570: 9568:, p. 475. 9566:Kramrisch 1981 9558: 9556:, p. 279. 9545: 9533: 9515:978-8120814677 9514: 9494: 9490:978-9004178960 9477: 9459: 9446: 9433: 9431:, p. 472. 9429:Kramrisch 1981 9420: 9401: 9399:, p. 926. 9380: 9378:, p. 109. 9367: 9361:variant, see: 9348: 9333: 9324: 9322:, p. 483. 9320:Kramrisch 1981 9311: 9294: 9277: 9275:, p. 151. 9264: 9256:978-0226894843 9231: 9218: 9216:, p. 485. 9199: 9193:978-0940676503 9192: 9172:978-0874773538 9171: 9151: 9132: 9126:978-0791412640 9125: 9105: 9099:978-0521528658 9098: 9078: 9072:978-1438451022 9071: 9051: 9045:978-0791411797 9044: 9024:978-0791410738 9023: 9000: 8986:978-0971646650 8985: 8965:978-8120804074 8964: 8941: 8915: 8909:978-8129111821 8908: 8890: 8882:Kramrisch 1981 8874: 8866:Kramrisch 1981 8858: 8843: 8837:978-0199724314 8836: 8816: 8810:978-8120820869 8809: 8789: 8773: 8767:978-0300062175 8766: 8740: 8722:978-9004129023 8721: 8695: 8689:978-0791410738 8688: 8668: 8662:978-8185431376 8661: 8641: 8629:978-0520026759 8628: 8608: 8606:, p. 193. 8596: 8584: 8572: 8554:978-0190633394 8553: 8533: 8518: 8503: 8491: 8487:Pintchman 2014 8479: 8475:Pintchman 2015 8463: 8451: 8449:, p. 426. 8439: 8427: 8415: 8398: 8392:978-1438404370 8391: 8371: 8353:978-8170990161 8352: 8332: 8324:978-1577316695 8311: 8307:978-9004016125 8294: 8290:978-3447025225 8277: 8273:978-0141913377 8260: 8240: 8228: 8210:978-0887064319 8209: 8189: 8183:978-8120819535 8182: 8159: 8140: 8120: 8113: 8093: 8081: 8079:, p. 216. 8069: 8027: 8007: 7995: 7956:(1): 119–122. 7936: 7921: 7919:, pp. 252, 259 7917:978-8120804074 7904: 7900:978-8120805958 7887: 7867: 7855: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7796: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7694:Hiriyanna 2000 7682: 7650: 7624: 7609: 7607:, p. 929. 7593: 7591:, p. 769. 7578: 7562: 7550: 7548:, p. 454. 7538: 7526: 7513: 7504: 7491: 7468: 7466:, p. 310. 7455: 7432: 7420: 7411:Doniger, Wendy 7402: 7393: 7384: 7371: 7345: 7333: 7331:, p. 155. 7316: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7195: 7186: 7174: 7172:, p. 316. 7162: 7150: 7143: 7123: 7105:978-1403980588 7104: 7084: 7061: 7034:(3): 180–209. 7018: 6998: 6992:978-0143067610 6991: 6971: 6964:978-0892813742 6963: 6943: 6936: 6913: 6898: 6892:978-0252092954 6891: 6871: 6853:978-0759116429 6852: 6829: 6825:978-0521795661 6812: 6769: 6767:, p. 181. 6757: 6745: 6729: 6727:, p. 181. 6709: 6697: 6691:, p. 45; 6677: 6675:, p. 312. 6656: 6636: 6617: 6597: 6595:, p. 104. 6585: 6583:, p. 244. 6573: 6561: 6559:, p. 243. 6546: 6529: 6527:, p. 176. 6516: 6504: 6502:, p. 162. 6491: 6489:, p. 205. 6474: 6462: 6449: 6429: 6427:, p. 148. 6425:Sadasivan 2000 6414: 6402: 6396:, p. 17; 6386: 6373: 6369:Kramrisch 1981 6356: 6344: 6341:978-8120831056 6324: 6322:, p. 479. 6320:Kramrisch 1981 6305: 6292: 6290:, p. 477. 6280: 6257: 6255:, p. 476. 6240: 6238:, p. 247. 6228: 6212: 6199: 6186: 6170: 6158: 6142: 6113: 6095:978-0877288459 6094: 6074: 6041: 6039:, p. 927. 6029: 6027:, p. 306. 6014: 6012:, p. 910. 5992: 5980: 5968: 5947: 5945:, p. 199. 5935: 5908: 5892: 5868: 5866:, p. 152. 5853: 5845:Sadasivan 2000 5834: 5828:, p. 82; 5822:Mallinson 2007 5810: 5798: 5794:Pintchman 2015 5786: 5774: 5762: 5760:, p. 131. 5758:Sivaraman 1973 5746: 5720: 5718:, p. 314. 5705: 5703:, p. 151. 5678: 5661: 5642: 5630: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5577: 5565: 5548: 5531: 5525:978-1593394912 5524: 5503: 5496: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5445: 5420: 5400: 5396:Kramrisch 1981 5383: 5353: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5299:before present 5290: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5232:Amish Tripathi 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5139: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5061:Avalokitesvara 5036:Mahavira Halls 4957: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4873:and Shakti as 4841: 1500 CE 4826: 4823: 4798: 4795: 4750: 4747: 4719:Southeast Asia 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4558:Kartik Purnima 4520: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4471: 4468: 4418: 4415: 4394:. In the text 4374:. Just as the 4223:Alain Daniélou 4200:Main article: 4197: 4194: 4176:medieval India 4167:, rather than 4105:Manikkavacakar 4059: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4033: 4024: 3930:Kalyanasundara 3920:Ardhanārīśvara 3767: 3764: 3716:Northern India 3700:Southern India 3622:. His epithet 3597:Vedic religion 3564: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3400: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3305: 3274: 3242: 3230: 3214: 3174: 3130: 3128: 3102: 3096: 3079:: The epithet 3074: 3064: 3028:: The epithet 3023: 3011: 3001: 2965: 2871: 2868: 2855:Main article: 2852: 2849: 2751: 2748: 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2654:Ardhanarisvara 2637:Devi Upanishad 2608:Ardhanarisvara 2591: 2588: 2577: 2555: 2552: 2474:Main article: 2471: 2468: 2439: 2436: 2373:Shaiva Puranas 2296: 2289: 2238: 2235: 2148: 2145: 2074: 2071: 2022:Rigvedic deity 2001: 1998: 1977: 1974: 1899:Lotus position 1864:Pashupati seal 1854:Pashupati seal 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1740:Southeast Asia 1717: 1714: 1694: 1691: 1597:("Great god"; 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1313:Manikkavacakar 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1172: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1100: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1005: 999: 998: 997:Three bondages 994: 993: 988: 983: 977: 976: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 926: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 903: 901:Forms of Shiva 898: 893: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 864: 863: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 835: 834: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 803: 802: 796: 795: 522:[ɕɪʋɐ] 460: 459: 457: 456: 455: 454: 447: 441: 432: 430: 426: 425: 408: 404: 403: 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 378:Kartik Purnima 375: 370: 364: 362: 358: 357: 352: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 331: 329: 325: 324: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 288: 282: 281: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 238: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 217: 213: 212: 210: 209: 203: 198: 193: 187: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 174: 171: 166: 161: 158: 153: 150: 144: 142: 138: 137: 127: 119: 118: 111: 110: 99: 98: 95: 81: 76: 71: 64: 62: 59: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20109: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20004: 20002: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19980: 19970: 19968: 19958: 19956: 19946: 19944: 19934: 19932: 19922: 19921: 19918: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19883:Mani Maykhala 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19823:Ma Ngwe Taung 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19788:Beikthano Nat 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19778:Shin Upagutta 19776: 19775: 19773: 19771:Miscellaneous 19769: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19743: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19718: 19715: 19712: 19709: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19697: 19690: 19687: 19684: 19681: 19680: 19678: 19674: 19668: 19667:Ko Aung Naing 19665: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19656: 19652: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19637: 19635: 19631: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19614: 19611: 19610: 19608: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19580: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19552: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19541: 19536: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19428:Minye Aungdin 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19408: 19405: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19381:Shwe Nawrahta 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19340: 19336: 19333: 19332: 19330: 19326: 19322: 19318: 19311: 19306: 19304: 19299: 19297: 19292: 19291: 19288: 19276: 19268: 19266: 19262: 19258: 19256: 19248: 19247: 19245: 19235: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19218: 19217: 19216:Hindu temples 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19166: 19165: 19162: 19158: 19155: 19154: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19137: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19120:Hindu studies 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19090:Denominations 19088: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19071: 19070: 19068: 19066: 19062: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19027: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19002: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18978: 18977: 18974: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18899:Vijayadashami 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18857: 18853: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18825: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18799: 18798: 18795: 18794: 18792: 18788: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18716:Simantonayana 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18703: 18701: 18699: 18695: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18626: 18622: 18619: 18615: 18605: 18604: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18523: 18522: 18520: 18518: 18514: 18508: 18507: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18430: 18429: 18426: 18425: 18423: 18421: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18316: 18310: 18309: 18305: 18303: 18302:Yoga Vasistha 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18262: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18225: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18213:Bhagavad Gita 18211: 18210: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18165: 18163: 18159: 18153: 18152:Sthapatyaveda 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18050: 18048: 18044: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18024: 18022: 18018: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17981: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17951: 17932: 17928: 17925: 17921: 17920: 17916: 17914: 17913: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17867: 17865: 17863: 17859: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17778: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17736: 17734: 17732: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17719: 17713: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17701: 17698: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17676: 17671: 17669: 17664: 17662: 17657: 17656: 17653: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17632: 17629: 17623: 17622: 17618: 17616: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17606: 17605:Bhagavad Gita 17602: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17595: 17593: 17592: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17554: 17551: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17540: 17534: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17460:Other deities 17458: 17452: 17451: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17311: 17301: 17300: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17166:Hindu deities 17160: 17155: 17153: 17148: 17146: 17141: 17140: 17137: 17124: 17120: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17099:sao ching cha 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17008: 17004: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16972:Kudalasangama 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16936: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16909:Trimbakeshwar 16907: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16883:Mahakaleshwar 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16866: 16862: 16856: 16855:Thondeshwaram 16853: 16851: 16850:Naguleshwaram 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16828: 16824: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16792: 16790: 16786: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16752: 16751:Pancha Sabhas 16748: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16639:Shiva temples 16633: 16628: 16626: 16621: 16619: 16614: 16613: 16610: 16598: 16594: 16590: 16588: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16466:Trimbakeshwar 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16441:Mahakaleshwar 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16414: 16410: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16376: 16372: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16337:Pancha Sabhai 16334: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16290:Shiva temples 16287: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16244:Shiva Advaita 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16187: 16186: 16182: 16180: 16179: 16178:Shiva Mahimna 16175: 16173: 16172: 16168: 16166: 16165: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16154: 16152: 16151: 16150:Shiva Tandava 16147: 16145: 16144: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16095: 16093: 16092: 16088: 16086: 16085: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16069: 16065: 16060: 16050: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15968:Dakshinamurti 15966: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15942: 15936: 15932: 15925: 15920: 15918: 15913: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15896: 15889: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15874: 15871: 15868: 15867: 15857: 15851: 15847: 15842: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15818: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15799: 15794: 15790: 15784: 15780: 15775: 15771: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15741: 15737: 15736: 15730: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15704: 15703: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15680: 15675: 15671: 15666: 15662: 15656: 15652: 15647: 15646: 15635: 15630: 15626: 15620: 15616: 15615: 15609: 15605: 15600: 15588: 15584: 15578: 15574: 15573: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15517: 15513: 15508: 15504: 15498: 15493: 15492: 15485: 15481: 15475: 15471: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15452: 15451: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15431: 15425: 15421: 15416: 15413: 15409: 15403: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15353: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15334: 15330: 15325: 15321: 15316: 15312: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15295: 15283: 15279: 15273: 15269: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15240: 15236: 15235: 15229: 15225: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15178: 15174: 15169: 15165: 15159: 15155: 15150: 15146: 15140: 15136: 15135: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15115: 15110: 15106: 15100: 15096: 15093: 15085: 15081: 15080: 15074: 15071: 15065: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15051: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15018: 15014: 15009: 15005: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14961: 14960: 14954: 14950: 14944: 14940: 14935: 14923: 14919: 14913: 14909: 14908: 14902: 14898: 14892: 14888: 14887: 14881: 14869: 14865: 14859: 14855: 14854: 14848: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14823:. OUP India. 14822: 14821: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14786: 14774: 14770: 14764: 14760: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14719: 14713: 14709: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14690: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14671: 14666: 14662: 14660:9780836409000 14656: 14652: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14635: 14630: 14629: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14578: 14577: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14556: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14515: 14511: 14505: 14501: 14500: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14479: 14478: 14471: 14467: 14462: 14450: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14426: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14379: 14378: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14358: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14339: 14338: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14305:0-452-28261-6 14301: 14297: 14293: 14292: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14272: 14266: 14262: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14238: 14234: 14228: 14224: 14222: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14197: 14193: 14187: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14148: 14144: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14120: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14100: 14095: 14092: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14053: 14049: 14046:. Cambridge: 14044: 14043: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14012: 14008: 14002: 13998: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13972: 13960: 13956: 13950: 13947:. Routledge. 13946: 13945: 13939: 13935: 13929: 13925: 13922: 13915: 13911: 13905: 13901: 13900: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13873: 13868: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13839: 13838: 13832: 13828: 13822: 13818: 13817: 13811: 13807: 13801: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13750: 13746: 13741: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13715: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13703: 13697: 13693: 13688: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13629: 13625: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13597: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13560: 13556: 13551: 13539: 13535: 13529: 13525: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13497: 13488: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13432: 13430: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13373: 13365: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13336:. Routledge. 13335: 13334: 13326: 13324: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13265: 13256: 13250: 13246: 13245: 13237: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13210: 13202: 13195: 13187: 13181: 13177: 13176: 13168: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13121: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13084:Artibus Asiae 13081: 13074: 13066: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13047: 13031: 13027: 13021: 13017: 13016: 13008: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12974: 12970: 12969: 12961: 12953: 12947: 12943: 12942: 12934: 12919: 12913: 12909: 12908: 12900: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12874: 12871:. New Delhi: 12870: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12848: 12832: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12749: 12741: 12734: 12726: 12713: 12694: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12656: 12650: 12643: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12611: 12606: 12599: 12594: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12567: 12559: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12540: 12533: 12528: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12505: 12498: 12493: 12486: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12436: 12434: 12427: 12423: 12417: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12315: 12308: 12303: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12243: 12237: 12233: 12226: 12218: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12206:My Hindu Year 12199: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12171: 12169: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12144: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12125: 12123: 12114: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12017: 12001: 11997: 11991: 11987: 11986: 11978: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11939: 11931: 11925: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11902: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11846: 11838: 11832: 11828: 11821: 11813: 11807: 11803: 11802: 11794: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11761: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11719: 11715: 11709: 11705: 11704: 11696: 11680: 11676: 11669: 11661: 11655: 11651: 11644: 11636: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11576: 11567: 11561: 11557: 11550: 11544:, p. 26. 11543: 11538: 11536: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11491: 11484: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11445: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11406: 11402: 11395: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11343: 11334: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11294:Michaels 2004 11290: 11283: 11278: 11276: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11238: 11231: 11226: 11218: 11212: 11208: 11203: 11202: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11179: 11174: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11141: 11134: 11129: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11105: 11100: 11093: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11048: 11041: 11035: 11028: 11022: 11015: 11009: 11002: 10996: 10989: 10983: 10975: 10969: 10961: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10901: 10894: 10889: 10881: 10874: 10868:, p. 62. 10867: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10843: 10836: 10829: 10823: 10817:, p. 47. 10816: 10811: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10767: 10760:. p. 45. 10759: 10755: 10748: 10740: 10733: 10731: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10689:, p. 63. 10688: 10684: 10682: 10674: 10668:, p. 62. 10667: 10661: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10637: 10633: 10631: 10623: 10616: 10610: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10583: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10552: 10545: 10541: 10540:McDaniel 2004 10536: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10509: 10502: 10496: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10457: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10367: 10361:, p. 479 10360: 10355: 10348: 10342:, p. 40. 10341: 10336: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10292: 10286:, p. 32. 10285: 10279: 10272: 10266: 10260:, p. 32. 10259: 10253: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10228: 10222:, p. 92. 10221: 10216: 10209: 10204: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10088: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10049: 10043:, p. 150 10042: 10036: 10030:, p. 33. 10029: 10024: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9959:For the name 9956: 9949: 9944: 9938:, p. 291 9937: 9932: 9926:, p. 98. 9925: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9873: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9846: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9819: 9812: 9806:, p. 25. 9805: 9800: 9794:, p. 44. 9793: 9788: 9781: 9775: 9768: 9767:Michaels 2004 9763: 9757:, p. 51. 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9677: 9670: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9626: 9618: 9612: 9606:, p. 31. 9605: 9599: 9593:, p. 290 9592: 9587: 9581:, p. 62. 9580: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9549: 9543:, p. 22. 9542: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9498: 9492:, pp. 182–183 9491: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9444:, p. 58. 9443: 9437: 9430: 9424: 9418:, p. 56. 9417: 9412: 9411:Candraśekhara 9405: 9398: 9394: 9392: 9384: 9377: 9371: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9337: 9328: 9321: 9315: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9229:, p. 83. 9228: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9155: 9149:, p. 139 9148: 9143: 9136: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9055: 9047: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9026: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9007: 9005: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8946: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8911: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8854:Williams 1981 8850: 8848: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8793: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8744: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8700: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8672: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8645: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8582:, p. 77. 8581: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8537: 8531:, p. 26. 8530: 8525: 8523: 8516:, p. 90. 8515: 8514:McDaniel 2004 8510: 8508: 8500: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8425:, p. 43. 8424: 8419: 8411: 8410: 8402: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8375: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8336: 8329: 8328:Skanda Purana 8325: 8321: 8315: 8309:, pp. 150–153 8308: 8304: 8298: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8244: 8237: 8236:Michaels 2004 8232: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8164: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8097: 8090: 8089:Michaels 2004 8085: 8078: 8077:Michaels 2004 8073: 8065: 8058: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7783: 7774: 7768:, p. 84. 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7508: 7502:, p. 89. 7501: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7472: 7465: 7464:Griffith 1973 7459: 7452: 7448: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7382:, p. 89. 7381: 7375: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7343:, p. 18. 7342: 7337: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7252:Winstedt 2020 7248: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7190: 7184:, p. 73. 7183: 7178: 7171: 7170:Michaels 2004 7166: 7159: 7154: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7088: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7002: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6920: 6918: 6911:, p. 32. 6910: 6909:Beckwith 2009 6905: 6903: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6827:, pp. 240–250 6826: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6755:, p. 14. 6754: 6749: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6695:, p. 45. 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6673:Michaels 2004 6670: 6668: 6660: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6593:Neumayer 2013 6589: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6472:, p. 31. 6471: 6466: 6460:, p. 147 6459: 6453: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6303:, p. 299 6302: 6296: 6289: 6284: 6278:, p. 297 6277: 6273: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6179: 6178:Berreman 1963 6174: 6168:, p. 27. 6167: 6162: 6156:, p. 24. 6155: 6151: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6125: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6072:, p. 149 6071: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6004: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5966:, p. 28. 5965: 5961: 5959: 5951: 5944: 5943:Prentiss 2000 5939: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5906:, p. 17. 5905: 5901: 5896: 5890:, p. 31. 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830:Marchand 2007 5827: 5823: 5819: 5818:Shiva Samhita 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5659:, p. 65. 5658: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5640:, p. 35. 5639: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5614:, p. 62. 5613: 5612:Williams 1981 5608: 5602:, p. 78. 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5569: 5563:, p. 58. 5562: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5461: 5449: 5443:, p. 45. 5442: 5437: 5431: 5424: 5418:, p. 17. 5417: 5412: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306:Neolithic at 5304: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5266:Shiva temples 5264: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237:Shiva Trilogy 5234:'s 2010 book 5233: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096:, one of the 5095: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763:Kushan Empire 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682:Dieng Plateau 4678: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4514: 4503: 4493: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451:Vishnu Purana 4447: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Wendy Doniger 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975:): creation ( 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3892:त्रिपुरांतक; 3891: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849:Dakshinamurti 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3801:) is a form ( 3800: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775:Chola dynasty 3772: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752:Ashokasundari 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3558: 3549: 3535: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3418: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3385: 3371: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3255:, (Sanskrit: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2974: 2973:Candraśekhara 2969: 2968:Crescent moon 2966: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2884:skull garland 2881: 2876: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845:Abhinavagupta 2842: 2841:Shiva Samhita 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2744:Kushan Empire 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2674:Oleograph by 2672: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2649:Bhagavad Gita 2645: 2644: 2643:Devi Mahatmya 2639: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2587: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Shaiva Agamas 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2351:Kushan Empire 2348: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Wendy Doniger 2166:According to 2161: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Indo-European 1983: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1963:John Marshall 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:Hindu deities 1921: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1633:"lord"), and 1632: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1386:Shiva Temples 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1293:Abhinavagupta 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020:other aspects 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 974: 973: 967: 966: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 915: 914: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 862: 859: 858: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 829: 828: 824: 823: 814: 813: 809: 805: 804: 801: 798: 797: 793: 789: 788: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 752: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 676:who lives an 675: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628:The Destroyer 624: 622: 618: 617:Supreme Being 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:[mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh 598: 596: 590: 584: 575: 569: 528: 523: 519: 517: 511: 505: 496: 490: 466: 453: 452: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431: 427: 424: 420: 416: 412: 409: 405: 400: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 363: 359: 356: 353: 351: 347: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 330: 326: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Crescent Moon 297: 295: 292: 291: 289: 287: 283: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 267:Pashupatastra 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 237: 233: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 186: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 157: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 125: 120: 117: 112: 107: 103: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 80: 77: 75: 74:Lord of Yogis 72: 70: 66: 65: 60: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 20092:Indian yogis 20052:Justice gods 20027:Creator gods 19828:Medaw Lay Ba 19783:Shin Thiwali 19742:Amay Yay Yin 19574: 19509:Anauk Mibaya 19479:Htibyuhsaung 19454:Maung Minbyu 19433:Shwe Sitthin 19423:Tabinshwehti 19407:Maungminshin 19386:Aungzwamagyi 19357:(Naga Medaw) 19226:Architecture 18829:Brahmacharya 18771:Samavartanam 18736:Annaprashana 18602: 18505: 18442: 18306: 18260:Dharmaśāstra 18250:Arthashastra 18085:Maitrayaniya 17917: 17910: 17903: 17825:Brahmacharya 17619: 17612: 17603: 17596: 17589: 17514:Gramadevatas 17448: 17297: 17200: 17007:Out of India 17006: 16938: 16929:Grishneshwar 16898:Bhimashankar 16845:Munneshwaram 16835:Kethishwaram 16522:Tiruchengode 16426:Grishneshwar 16421:Bhimashankar 16413:Jyotirlingas 16265:Kanwar Yatra 16183: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16141: 16136:Rudrashtakam 16134: 16127: 16103: 16096: 16091:Shiva Purana 16089: 16082: 16075: 15957: 15939: 15879: 15845: 15833:. Retrieved 15824: 15820: 15797: 15778: 15758: 15734: 15721:. Retrieved 15701: 15678: 15669: 15650: 15633: 15613: 15603: 15591:. Retrieved 15571: 15545: 15541: 15538:Wayman, Alex 15511: 15490: 15469: 15449: 15438: 15419: 15401: 15392: 15379:11 September 15377:. Retrieved 15351: 15328: 15319: 15299: 15286:. Retrieved 15266: 15256: 15233: 15223: 15219: 15194: 15172: 15153: 15133: 15113: 15088: 15078: 15058: 15042:. Retrieved 15022: 15012: 14993: 14990:Rocher, Ludo 14980:23 September 14978:. Retrieved 14958: 14938: 14926:. Retrieved 14906: 14885: 14872:. Retrieved 14852: 14839:. Retrieved 14819: 14793: 14789: 14777:. Retrieved 14757: 14736: 14726: 14707: 14688: 14669: 14649: 14627: 14600: 14596: 14575: 14553: 14533: 14520:17 September 14518:. Retrieved 14498: 14476: 14465: 14453:. Retrieved 14433: 14419:26 September 14417:. Retrieved 14401:. Infobase. 14397: 14376: 14356: 14340:. ABC-CLIO. 14336: 14326: 14294:. New York: 14290: 14279: 14260: 14241: 14217: 14200: 14180: 14151: 14128: 14118: 14098: 14069: 14066:Flood, Gavin 14041: 14036:Flood, Gavin 14016: 13996: 13976: 13965:12 September 13963:. Retrieved 13943: 13918: 13898: 13877: 13856: 13836: 13815: 13795: 13775: 13754: 13744: 13732:. Retrieved 13712: 13701: 13691: 13666: 13647: 13632:. Retrieved 13612: 13585: 13565: 13554: 13542:. Retrieved 13522: 13496: 13487: 13478: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13416:. Retrieved 13407: 13398: 13386:. Retrieved 13377: 13371: 13364: 13354:11 September 13352:. Retrieved 13332: 13310:. Retrieved 13301: 13292: 13280:. Retrieved 13243: 13236: 13216: 13209: 13200: 13194: 13174: 13167: 13155:. Retrieved 13127: 13120: 13087: 13083: 13073: 13053: 13046: 13034:. Retrieved 13014: 13007: 12995:. Retrieved 12967: 12960: 12940: 12933: 12921:. Retrieved 12906: 12899: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12847: 12835:. Retrieved 12796: 12786: 12774:. Retrieved 12755:Dasam Granth 12754: 12748: 12739: 12733: 12721:|title= 12700:. Retrieved 12654: 12649: 12637: 12622: 12617: 12605: 12593: 12573: 12566: 12546: 12539: 12504: 12492: 12480: 12468:. Retrieved 12457: 12447: 12416: 12396: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12339:(1): 63–72. 12336: 12332: 12326: 12314: 12302: 12290:. Retrieved 12284:. Manorama. 12276: 12264:. Retrieved 12250: 12231: 12225: 12205: 12198: 12182: 12151: 12131: 12101: 12095: 12087:the original 12077: 12065:. Retrieved 12051: 12039:. Retrieved 12025: 12016: 12004:. Retrieved 11984: 11977: 11965:. Retrieved 11945: 11938: 11919: 11913: 11901: 11884: 11872:. Retrieved 11852: 11845: 11826: 11820: 11800: 11793: 11781:. Retrieved 11772: 11740: 11734: 11722:. Retrieved 11702: 11695: 11683:. Retrieved 11668: 11649: 11643: 11624: 11618: 11606:. Retrieved 11599:the original 11594: 11590: 11555: 11549: 11522:. Retrieved 11513: 11489: 11483: 11471:. Retrieved 11451: 11444: 11425: 11419: 11400: 11394: 11375: 11369: 11349: 11342: 11333: 11289: 11262:. Retrieved 11254:10603/295754 11244: 11237: 11225: 11200: 11173: 11148: 11140: 11128: 11119:31 is from: 11116: 11111: 11099: 11086: 11062: 11052: 11047: 11034: 11021: 11008: 10995: 10982: 10959: 10953: 10941:. Retrieved 10932: 10923: 10918:, p. 1. 10909: 10900: 10888: 10879: 10873: 10861:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10854: 10842:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10835: 10822: 10810:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10803: 10795:the original 10785: 10772: 10766: 10753: 10747: 10738: 10720: 10714: 10706: 10694: 10678: 10673: 10660: 10648: 10643: 10627: 10622: 10609: 10589: 10582: 10558: 10551: 10535: 10515: 10508: 10495: 10483:. Retrieved 10463: 10456: 10437: 10431: 10419:. Retrieved 10399: 10392: 10384: 10375: 10366: 10347: 10322: 10291: 10278: 10265: 10252: 10239: 10227: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10179: 10163: 10151: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10125:, p. 5. 10118: 10113: 10100: 10087: 10075:. Retrieved 10055: 10048: 10035: 10023: 10003: 9996:Stutley 1985 9991: 9980: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9943: 9931: 9924:Stutley 1985 9912: 9899: 9879: 9872: 9852: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9811: 9799: 9787: 9774: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9707: 9702:, p. 8. 9688: 9669: 9657:. Retrieved 9648: 9639: 9619:, p. 78 9611: 9598: 9586: 9573: 9561: 9548: 9536: 9524:. Retrieved 9504: 9497: 9480: 9462: 9449: 9436: 9423: 9404: 9388: 9383: 9370: 9351: 9336: 9327: 9314: 9302: 9297: 9285: 9280: 9267: 9243: 9234: 9221: 9202: 9182: 9161: 9154: 9135: 9115: 9108: 9088: 9081: 9061: 9054: 9034: 9013: 8975: 8954: 8932:. Retrieved 8918: 8899: 8893: 8877: 8861: 8826: 8819: 8799: 8792: 8776: 8751: 8743: 8731:. Retrieved 8711: 8678: 8671: 8651: 8644: 8618: 8611: 8599: 8592:Warrier 1967 8587: 8575: 8565:17 September 8563:. Retrieved 8543: 8536: 8494: 8482: 8471:Kinsley 1988 8466: 8459:Kinsley 1988 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8408: 8401: 8381: 8374: 8362:. Retrieved 8342: 8335: 8314: 8297: 8280: 8263: 8243: 8231: 8219:. Retrieved 8199: 8192: 8172: 8150:. Retrieved 8130: 8123: 8103: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8030: 8010: 7998: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7907: 7890: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7842: 7830: 7823:Deussen 1997 7818: 7806: 7781: 7773: 7766:Blurton 1993 7761: 7754:Blurton 1993 7749: 7733: 7721: 7714:Deussen 1997 7709: 7685: 7673:. Retrieved 7662: 7653: 7641:. Retrieved 7627: 7601:Deussen 1997 7596: 7589:Deussen 1997 7565: 7553: 7546:Anthony 2007 7541: 7534:Anthony 2007 7529: 7524:, p. 8. 7516: 7507: 7494: 7482: 7471: 7458: 7446: 7435: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7374: 7362:. Retrieved 7348: 7336: 7324: 7319: 7307: 7295: 7283: 7278:, p. 7. 7271: 7259: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7211:. Retrieved 7207: 7198: 7189: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7133: 7126: 7114:. Retrieved 7094: 7087: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7001: 6981: 6974: 6953: 6946: 6926: 6881: 6874: 6862:. Retrieved 6842: 6832: 6815: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6732: 6712: 6700: 6680: 6664: 6659: 6654:, p. 29 6648:Kenoyer 1998 6639: 6627:. Retrieved 6607: 6600: 6588: 6581:Hopkins 2001 6576: 6569:Hopkins 2001 6564: 6557:Hopkins 2001 6544:, and p. 40. 6541: 6532: 6519: 6507: 6494: 6465: 6452: 6445:Granoff 2003 6432: 6405: 6389: 6376: 6364: 6359: 6347: 6333:sahasranAman 6332: 6327: 6315:Parameśhvara 6308: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6260: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6208:Ganguli 2004 6202: 6189: 6173: 6161: 6145: 6133:. Retrieved 6123: 6116: 6104:. Retrieved 6084: 6077: 6055: 6044: 6032: 6000: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5955: 5950: 5938: 5895: 5884:Granoff 2003 5871: 5826:Varenne 1976 5817: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5782:Kinsley 1988 5777: 5765: 5749: 5737:. Retrieved 5723: 5638:Kinsley 1998 5633: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5568: 5515: 5506: 5487: 5484:"Yogeshvara" 5478: 5459: 5448: 5423: 5403: 5386: 5379:Urdhva Retas 5378: 5335: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5293: 5288:, p. 5. 5280: 5251: 5241: 5235: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5210: 5185: 5092: 5046: 5029: 5015: 5003:Twenty Devas 5001: 4971: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4846: 4807:Dasam Granth 4800: 4779:Dandan Oilik 4774: 4755:Central Asia 4752: 4749:Central Asia 4740: 4732: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4615: 4598: 4592: 4577: 4572:Thiruvathira 4570: 4555: 4550:Jyotirlingam 4541: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4464:Adi Shankara 4462:philosopher 4449: 4443: 4433: 4420: 4402: 4400: 4396:Linga Purana 4395: 4391: 4388:Yupa-Skambha 4387: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354:Yupa-Stambha 4353: 4349: 4347: 4334: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4274: 4259: 4251: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4213:Linga Purana 4212: 4208:Linga Purana 4207: 4205: 4186:Shiva Lingam 4171: 4164: 4153:Adi Shankara 4144: 4137:Satcitananda 4131:notes that, 4109:Thiruvasagam 4102: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4067:pañcabrahman 4062: 3998:namaḥ śivāya 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3896:Tripurāntaka 3893: 3886:Tripurantaka 3884: 3879: 3870: 3865: 3859:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 3856: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3720: 3647: 3609: 3592: 3584: 3574: 3509:Adi Shankara 3507:philosopher 3490: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3370:mythology. 3368: 3354: 3338: 3330: 3307: 3299: 3276: 3244: 3236: 3233:Rosary beads 3232: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3197:ḍamaru-hasta 3194: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3104: 3098: 3088: 3080: 3077:Sacred Ganga 3076: 3066: 3047: 3043: 3025: 3013: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2967: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2907: 2860: 2840: 2837:Shiva Sutras 2836: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2810: 2791: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2753: 2736:Gupta Empire 2732:Adi Shankara 2721: 2717:Ishta Devata 2682: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2613: 2584: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2546: 2542: 2528: 2522: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2479: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2397:. Dualistic 2384: 2381:Linga Purana 2377:Shiva Purana 2370: 2355: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2276: 2265: 2263: 2259:Paul Deussen 2252: 2242: 2240: 2231:Tirthankaras 2220: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203:Verethraghna 2200: 2192: 2179: 2165: 2111: 2108: 2098: 2090: 2076: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2034: 2011: 1993: 1979: 1967: 1955:iconographic 1948: 1915: 1906: 1903:Mohenjo-daro 1888: 1872:Mohenjo-Daro 1868:Indus Valley 1834: 1800:Christianity 1797: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1725: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1634: 1626: 1625:"great" and 1618: 1610: 1606: 1605:"Great" and 1598: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1535: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1513:to the noun 1510: 1505:, including 1489: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1450: 1226: 1186:Pratyabhijna 1174: 1173: 1163:Saiddhantika 1162: 1161: 1156:Mantra marga 1154: 1129: 1079:Panchakshara 1036:Satkaryavada 953:Svetasvatara 831: 826: 822:Parameshvara 820: 745: 678:ascetic life 668: 627: 625: 615:. He is the 604: 592: 526: 513: 464: 463: 449: 51: 20097:Horned gods 20082:Wisdom gods 20067:Savior gods 19853:Ma Phae Wah 19838:Mya Nan Nwe 19753:Myauk Medaw 19748:Taung Medaw 19738:Anauk Medaw 19733:Ashay Medaw 19699:Lord of the 19682:Ko Myo Shin 19619:Koyin Maung 19565:Maha Peinne 19526:(Ma Hnelay) 19499:Min Kyawzwa 19443:Maung Po Tu 19350:Hnamadawgyi 19275:WikiProject 19147:Persecution 19135:Nationalism 19125:Iconography 19005:Ratha Yatra 18916:Janmashtami 18911:Rama Navami 18839:Vanaprastha 18790:Varnashrama 18766:Ritushuddhi 18751:Vidyarambha 18741:Chudakarana 18731:Nishkramana 18706:Garbhadhana 18347:Thirukkural 18342:Thiruppugal 18270:Nāradasmṛti 18233:Mahabharata 18011:Atharvaveda 17889:Vaisheshika 17776:Puruṣārthas 17598:Mahabharata 17509:Kuladevatas 17288:Vishvakarma 16939:Significant 16924:Rameshwaram 16888:Omkareshwar 16840:Koneshwaram 16731:Ksheerarama 16726:Daksharamam 16665:Kaleshwaram 16655:Daksharamam 16569:Other names 16451:Omkareshwar 16436:Mallikarjun 16299:Panch Kedar 16171:Shri Rudram 16157:Sahasranama 15044:25 December 14994:The Puranas 14653:. Manohar. 13370:"TV series 12702:29 December 11401:On Hinduism 11066:pañcavaktra 10813:form, see: 10653:Sharma 1996 10636:Zimmer 1972 10615:Jansen 1993 10566:, 515–516. 10503:for details 10315:Sharma 1996 10184:Sharma 1996 10156:Sharma 1996 10106:Sharma 1988 9973:Sharma 1996 9936:Sharma 1996 9815:For use by 9804:Jansen 1993 9792:Jansen 1993 9698:form, see: 9591:Sharma 1996 9554:Sharma 1996 9258:, pp. 4, 29 9227:Jansen 1993 8955:Śiva Sūtras 8604:Rocher 1986 8544:The Rigveda 8499:Coburn 1991 8435:Coburn 2002 8023:Thakur 1986 8003:Tagare 2002 7902:, pl. 43–44 7875:Sharma 1990 7851:Rocher 1986 7742:Scharf 1996 7726:Sastri 1898 7675:2 September 7643:2 September 7327:10.7, see: 7228:Zimmer 2000 7158:Sircar 1998 6365:Śatarudriya 6352:Sharma 1996 6301:Sharma 1996 6276:Sharma 1996 6166:Powell 2016 6068:... " see: 6025:Sharma 1996 5849:Sircar 1998 5716:Sharma 1996 5657:Sharma 2000 5561:Fuller 2004 5544:Zimmer 1972 5430:Sasipañjara 5375:Brahmacarya 5222:DD National 5214:Gange Gowri 5192:Mount Putuo 5143:is a Shiva- 5082:") wherein 5080:Pure Abodes 5065:Lotus Sutra 5053:Kizil Caves 5031:dharmapalas 4960:Kizil Caves 4928:Sakra Indra 4920:Bodhisattva 4908:Sakra Indra 4906:along with 4817:Avatar and 4787:Zoroastrian 4775:Yajnopavita 4702:Batara Guru 4661:Shivarathri 4622:Kumbha Mela 4566:Tripurasura 4531:There is a 4454:claim sage 4430:Vaishnavism 4411:Jyotirlinga 4392:Shiva-Linga 3969:pañcabrahma 3935:panigrahana 3872:Bhikshatana 3648:sahasranama 3601:Epic period 3591:= "great", 3567:Bhikshatana 3528:(Sanskrit: 3477:"time" and 3026:Blue throat 3014:Matted hair 2976:(Sanskrit: 2934:Mahabharata 2925:त्र्यम्बकम् 2814:Isvara Gita 2788:dissolution 2554:Vaishnavism 2518:Lingayatism 2486:Vaishnavism 2447:Lingodbhava 2347:Numismatics 2338:Mahabharata 2237:Development 2118:Sasipañjara 2112:Śatarudrīya 1950:Gavin Flood 1936:Gavin Flood 1895:ithyphallic 1883: 2350 1773:Maharashtra 1687:Śatarudriya 1670:Mahabharata 1647:Sahasranama 1638:Parameśvara 1581:interprets 1511:Rudra-Shiva 1381:Jyotirlinga 1250:Lingayatism 1246:Veerashaiva 1169:Siddhantism 938:Shivasutras 630:within the 340:Thrayodashi 201:Parabrahman 184:Affiliation 141:Other names 20057:Dance gods 20042:Hindu gods 20001:Categories 19955:Bangladesh 19878:Wathondare 19661:Bago Medaw 19640:U Shin Gyi 19615:(Me Wunna) 19613:Popa Medaw 19599:Other nats 19585:Thuyathadi 19579:Paramethwa 19418:Nyaunggyin 19409:(Shin Byu) 19403:(Shin Nyo) 19401:Taungmagyi 19376:Thandawgan 19361:Thonbanhla 19355:Shwe Nabay 18976:Kumbh Mela 18944:Gudi Padwa 18889:Durga Puja 18874:Shivaratri 18746:Karnavedha 18726:Namakarana 18688:Tirthatana 18455:Dattatreya 18292:Subhashita 18265:Manusmriti 18142:Dhanurveda 18075:Taittiriya 18060:Kaushitaki 18047:Upanishads 17820:Aparigraha 17722:Philosophy 17580:Upanishads 17499:Gandharvas 17223:Dattatreya 16987:Thiruvarur 16919:Nageshvara 16914:Vaidyanath 16736:Kumararama 16703:Kalpeshwar 16552:Rasalingam 16476:Vishwanath 16471:Vaidyanath 16327:Kalpeshwar 16280:Shiva Puja 16195:Traditions 15993:Tatpurusha 15855:8171200869 15807:8176254274 15788:8120611799 15660:8176254274 15624:0691017786 15582:9004064982 15479:0226851168 15412:8121510872 15220:Purātattva 15209:8170813506 15163:8120805445 15104:8120813812 15069:8172231245 14679:8121507154 14587:0691019304 14444:0802137970 14429:Keay, John 14366:9074597076 14251:8170391865 14232:812080046X 14191:9004043306 14176:Gonda, Jan 14142:079145326X 14131:. Albany: 14083:1405132515 14057:0521438780 13933:0195057422 13909:8120805577 13888:0791404463 13866:8120805674 13805:8120800532 13684:8170200709 13676:B008RXWY7O 13657:8120805674 13577:8121505933 13388:2 December 13138:8170306337 12978:0203641868 12923:13 October 12776:7 November 12642:Ghose 1966 12610:Ghose 1966 12598:Ghose 1966 12584:0197260624 12557:9799240018 12532:Ghose 1966 12497:Ghose 1966 12485:Ghose 1966 12241:8120605233 12156:Dalal 2010 12006:7 November 11967:7 November 11929:0195203615 11894:0823922871 11836:0195203615 11783:17 January 11608:18 January 11565:0877282536 11524:18 January 11385:0195202503 11298:Flood 1996 11056:pañcamukha 10943:26 January 10681:nṛtyamūrti 10634:form see: 10542:, p. 10485:7 November 10421:7 November 10381:Gupta 1988 10245:Flood 1996 10220:Flood 1996 10041:Flood 1996 10016:0500510881 9695:Gaṅgādhara 9676:Gaṅgādhara 9659:5 December 9617:Flood 1996 9473:Flood 1996 9273:Flood 1996 9261:Gonda 1969 9248:Gonda 1969 9147:Flood 2003 8884:, p. 8868:, p. 8783:, p. 8781:Flood 1996 8580:Brown 1998 8529:Brown 1998 8019:Gonda 1975 8015:Flood 2003 7932:Flood 1996 7879:Davis 1992 7863:Flood 2003 7847:Flood 2003 7738:Flood 2003 7698:Kunst 1968 7620:Flood 2003 7329:Sarup 1998 7240:Storl 2004 7182:Flood 2003 7144:0253208912 6741:Flood 2003 6737:Flood 1996 6721:Flood 2003 6717:Flood 1996 6705:Flood 1996 6685:Vohra 2000 6652:Flood 1996 6644:Singh 1989 6629:30 January 6538:Gupta 1988 6437:Flood 1996 6394:Flood 1996 6180:, p. 6070:Flood 1996 5904:Flood 1996 5876:Flood 1996 5864:Flood 1996 5806:Flood 1996 5770:Gonda 1969 5754:Flood 1996 5739:30 October 5701:Flood 1996 5588:Dalal 2010 5573:Javid 2008 5512:"Hinduism" 5470:References 5436:Tivaṣīmati 5411:Rudra-Śiva 5145:Ōkuninushi 5141:Daikokuten 5123:East Asian 5094:Daikokuten 4924:Mahabrahma 4888:Maheshvara 4815:Dattatreya 4707:Bhattāraka 4533:Shivaratri 4218:Shiva Gita 3973:pañcakṛtya 3947:Somaskanda 3880:Bhikṣāṭana 3878:भिक्षाटन; 3817:nṛtyamūrti 3760:Jalandhara 3743:Vishnumaya 3704:Tamil Nadu 3520: 820 3518: – c. 3516: 788 3119:'s mount, 3099:Tiger skin 3081:Gangadhara 3046:= "blue", 3036:(Sanskrit 3032:Nīlakaṇtha 2992:= "moon"; 2979:चन्द्रशेखर 2870:Attributes 2825:Hatha Yoga 2332:Mahābhāṣya 2285:henotheism 2124:Tivaṣīmati 2102:Rudra-Śiva 1837:Mesolithic 1820:prostitute 1812:asceticism 1793:Karttikeya 1742:, such as 1720:See also: 1709:See also: 1554:Tamil word 1463:Devanagari 1303:Utpaladeva 1270:Indonesian 1255:Siddharism 1046:Svatantrya 1041:Abhasavada 1026:36 Tattvas 970:Philosophy 854:Virabhadra 766:Bangladesh 718:holy river 716:moon, the 706:meditation 671:omniscient 417:and other 277:Pinaka bow 208:(Shaivism) 206:Paramatman 114:Member of 89:Meditation 83:Patron of 18:Gangadhara 20017:Arts gods 19979:Sri Lanka 19813:Lawka Nat 19798:Bo Bo Gyi 19758:Amay Gyan 19654:Bago nats 19606:Popa nats 19555:Beikthano 19524:Shin Nemi 19494:Min Sithu 19448:Yun Bayin 19391:Ngazishin 19335:Thagyamin 19199:Theosophy 19130:Mythology 19110:Criticism 19078:Etymology 19036:Svādhyāya 18935:New Year 18884:Navaratri 18856:Festivals 18834:Grihastha 18807:Kshatriya 18781:Antyeshti 18756:Upanayana 18721:Jatakarma 18711:Pumsavana 18698:Sanskaras 18663:Naivedhya 18617:Practices 18562:Mahavidya 18530:Saraswati 18517:Goddesses 18475:Kartikeya 18372:Athichudi 18327:Tirumurai 18180:Vyākaraṇa 18147:Natyaveda 18095:Chandogya 18020:Divisions 18001:Yajurveda 17519:Rakshasas 17389:Mahavidya 17332:Saraswati 17319:Goddesses 17248:Kartikeya 16992:Khajuraho 16893:Kedarnath 16878:Srisailam 16721:Amararama 16693:Rudranath 16683:Kedarnath 16660:Srisailam 16512:Lingaraja 16507:Katas Raj 16446:Nageshvar 16431:Kedarnath 16317:Rudranath 16307:Kedarnath 16105:Tirumurai 16032:Kartikeya 15988:Sadyojata 15723:6 October 15593:6 October 15331:. Brill. 14928:6 October 14874:6 October 14779:6 October 14617:179086253 14160:0257-9774 14152:Anthropos 13734:6 October 13713:Hindu Art 13604:Secondary 13470:220049343 13147:247391640 13104:0004-3648 12987:275253538 12891:487199178 12855:(2001) . 12827:2452-0098 12191:Long 1982 11079:Apte 1965 10968:cite book 10196:Apte 1965 10077:6 October 10028:Keay 2000 9823:Apte 1965 9818:Kāpālikas 9780:Apte 1965 9526:6 October 9469:Brahmanic 9397:Apte 1965 9286:tryambaka 9240:Jan Gonda 9214:Apte 1965 8934:12 August 8733:6 October 8364:6 October 8221:6 October 8152:6 October 7972:0019-5545 7690:Hume 1921 7574:Owen 2012 7558:Owen 2012 7116:6 October 7048:0029-5973 6807:192221643 6799:0277-1322 6753:Keay 2000 6525:Mate 1988 6500:Mate 1988 6470:Nath 2001 6458:Keay 2000 6441:Keay 2000 6410:Boon 1977 6398:Keay 2000 6195:Dutt 1905 6037:Apte 1965 6010:Apte 1965 5999:For root 5900:Keay 2000 5888:Nath 2001 5880:Keay 2000 5316:Bhimbetka 5169:and Japan 5088:Arhathood 5076:Akaniṣṭha 5024:: 二十四諸天, 4982:Maheśvara 4904:Kamadhatu 4857:Vajrayana 4819:Parasnath 4791:Vayu-Vata 4789:wind god 4690:Indonesia 4672:Indonesia 4595:Annapurna 4486:Festivals 4190:tripundra 4165:Or Unarve 4161:Paramātmā 4043:Tatpuruṣa 4020:Sadyojāta 3989:tirobhāva 3961:Pañcānana 3951:Kartikeya 3904:) of the 3712:Karnataka 3620:Kartikeya 3417:Yajurveda 3407:Rishikesh 3355:Varanasi: 3341:gaṇa-pati 3290:Himalayas 3271:Pashupati 3238:Rudraksha 3193:) called 2912:third eye 2908:Third eye 2699:(such as 2600:Khajuraho 2535:Kapalikas 2427:Sambandar 2419:Tamilakam 2327:Patanjali 2281:pantheism 2041:wild hunt 1970:McEvilley 1940:John Keay 1908:Pashupati 1885:–2000 BCE 1736:Sri Lanka 1679:Mahanyasa 1667:) of the 1613:Maheśvara 1338:Srikantha 1318:Meykandar 1298:Vasugupta 1288:Lakulisha 1260:Sroutaism 1239:Inchegeri 1142:Kalamukha 1137:Pashupata 1130:Ati marga 1074:Rudraksha 1063:Practices 943:Tirumurai 896:Kartikeya 774:Indonesia 770:Sri Lanka 751:storm god 725:third eye 694:Kartikeya 595:Mahādevaḥ 438:Kartikeya 402:Genealogy 361:Festivals 319:Third eye 304:Tripundra 227:Shmashana 164:Pashupati 160:Maheśvara 134:Karnataka 130:Bengaluru 20077:Trimurti 20072:Shaivism 20012:Ascetics 19991:Religion 19931:Hinduism 19868:Bhummaso 19863:Akathaso 19793:Ponmagyi 19590:Thukanda 19450:(Mekuti) 19345:Mahagiri 19255:Category 19206:Glossary 19174:Buddhism 19140:Hindutva 19100:Calendar 18981:Haridwar 18959:Vaisakhi 18954:Puthandu 18844:Sannyasa 18761:Keshanta 18592:Shashthi 18428:Trimurti 18255:Nitisara 18228:Ramayana 18223:Itihasas 18195:Jyotisha 18137:Ayurveda 18129:Upavedas 18110:Mandukya 18055:Aitareya 18037:Aranyaka 18032:Brahmana 18006:Samaveda 17931:Charvaka 17731:Concepts 17712:Timeline 17704:Glossary 17687:Hinduism 17635:Hinduism 17591:Ramayana 17533:Yakshini 17439:Shashthi 17399:Matrikas 17384:Mahadevi 17186:Trimurti 16982:Thrissur 16962:Lingaraj 16957:Amarnath 16741:Somarama 16688:Tungnath 16587:Category 16492:Amarnath 16365:Chitiram 16360:Thamiram 16345:Rathinam 16312:Tungnath 16275:Pradosha 16212:Kapalika 16037:Devasena 15998:Vamadeva 15983:Nataraja 15973:Harihara 15963:Bhairava 15931:Shaivism 15870:Shaivism 15835:21 March 15829:Archived 15756:(1984). 15717:Archived 15699:(2007). 15587:Archived 15391:(2004). 15373:Archived 15369:26503807 15282:Archived 15255:(1976). 15226:: 19–26. 15193:(1996). 15092:Nighaṇṭu 15056:(1953), 15038:Archived 14992:(1986). 14974:Archived 14922:Archived 14868:Archived 14835:Archived 14773:Archived 14532:(1984). 14514:Archived 14449:Archived 14431:(2000). 14413:Archived 14314:47286228 14209:41913237 14178:(1975). 14168:40457085 14038:(1996). 13959:Archived 13728:Archived 13646:(1965). 13634:18 April 13628:Archived 13544:22 April 13538:Archived 13418:11 April 13412:Archived 13382:Archived 13348:Archived 13312:11 April 13306:Archived 13282:11 April 13276:Archived 13157:26 April 13151:Archived 13036:29 March 13030:Archived 12997:26 April 12991:Archived 12837:8 August 12831:Archived 12770:Archived 12712:cite web 12693:Archived 12631:10404094 12513:Archived 12470:5 August 12464:Archived 12405:Archived 12286:Archived 12260:Archived 12061:Archived 12035:Archived 12000:Archived 11961:Archived 11896:, p. 635 11868:Archived 11777:Archived 11718:Archived 11679:Archived 11518:Archived 11467:Archived 11322:Archived 11258:Archived 10937:Archived 10935:. 2011. 10649:Sanskrit 10630:naṭarāja 10479:Archived 10415:Archived 10310:Umādhava 10304:Umākānta 10071:Archived 9998:, p. 62. 9965:Sanskrit 9653:Archived 9520:Archived 9355:For the 8995:76143968 8928:Archived 8727:Archived 8709:(2003). 8559:Archived 8358:Archived 8252:Archived 8215:Archived 8146:Archived 8044:cite web 7990:28529371 7669:Archived 7637:Archived 7511:RV 7.19. 7358:Archived 7110:Archived 7076:Archived 7010:Archived 6858:Archived 6840:(2002). 6667:paśupati 6623:Archived 6129:Archived 6100:Archived 6058:śivaśāna 5927:Archived 5733:Archived 5414:." see: 5371:celibacy 5308:Mehrgarh 5260:See also 5196:Zhejiang 5125:Buddhism 5106:Mahākāla 5069:Mahayana 5057:Xinjiang 5010:: 二十諸天, 4996:: 摩醯首羅天 4988:: 大自在天; 4964:Xinjiang 4916:Mahakala 4853:Mahākāla 4834:Mahakala 4825:Buddhism 4821:Avatar. 4769:and the 4649:Pakistan 4605:such as 4599:Annakuta 4597:such as 4588:Minakshi 4525:(above). 4448:and the 4426:Shaivism 4264:Sanskrit 4215:and the 4169:Sanskrit 4157:Jīvātman 4133:Nataraja 4029:Vāmadeva 3993:anugraha 3965:Sanskrit 3916:Sanskrit 3890:Sanskrit 3876:Sanskrit 3866:shastras 3853:Sanskrit 3799:Naṭarāja 3795:Sanskrit 3791:Nataraja 3779:Nataraja 3731:Ayyappan 3688:Minakshi 3684:Kamakshi 3643:Umādhava 3637:Umākānta 3581:grihasta 3495:Bhairava 3480:Mahākāla 3403:Bhairava 3358:Varanasi 3333:gaṇa-īśa 3266:Paśupati 3210:Kāpālika 3187:Nataraja 3142:Trishula 3056:Halahala 2857:Trimurti 2851:Trimurti 2780:Sanskrit 2693:quincunx 2590:Shaktism 2578:— 2492:and the 2490:Shaktism 2482:Hinduism 2476:Shaivism 2470:Shaivism 2455:Trimurti 2379:and the 2364:and the 2247:mention 2207:Rig Veda 2141:Bhairava 1990:Dionysus 1918:paśupati 1913:Sanskrit 1876:Paśupati 1808:emotions 1777:Khandoba 1609:"god"), 1593:Mahādeva 1538:Sanskrit 1522:Sanskrit 1492:Rig Veda 1371:Tantrism 1323:Nirartha 1308:Nayanars 1282:Scholars 1196:Dakshina 1147:Kapalika 948:Vachanas 844:Bhairava 839:Sadasiva 800:Shaivism 792:a series 790:Part of 748:Rigvedic 739:form of 737:aniconic 729:trishula 714:crescent 632:Trimurti 621:Shaivism 613:Hinduism 574:Sanskrit 527:Mahadeva 495:Sanskrit 429:Children 383:Pradosha 373:Shravana 262:Trishula 191:Trimurti 176:Shankara 156:Mahakala 152:Mahadeva 148:Bhairava 116:Trimurti 106:Shaivism 19917:Portals 19873:Yokkaso 19691:Hkuntha 19688:Hkuncho 19519:Shingwa 19514:Shingon 19413:Shindaw 19371:Mintara 19244:Outline 19194:Sikhism 19189:Judaism 19184:Jainism 19065:Related 19041:Namaste 18894:Ramlila 18824:Ashrama 18812:Vaishya 18802:Brahmin 18625:Worship 18577:Rukmini 18567:Matrika 18540:Parvati 18535:Lakshmi 18525:Tridevi 18480:Krishna 18465:Hanuman 18460:Ganesha 18411:Deities 18297:Tantras 18287:Stotras 18240:Puranas 18185:Nirukta 18175:Chandas 18170:Shiksha 18162:Vedanga 18115:Prashna 18105:Mundaka 18027:Samhita 17996:Rigveda 17927:Nāstika 17912:Advaita 17899:Vedanta 17894:Mīmāṃsā 17874:Samkhya 17862:Schools 17850:Akrodha 17769:Saṃsāra 17749:Ishvara 17739:Brahman 17585:Puranas 17573:Atharva 17542:Texts ( 17529:Yakshas 17524:Vahanas 17494:Dikpāla 17467:Apsaras 17419:Rukmini 17394:Matangi 17342:Parvati 17337:Lakshmi 17327:Tridevi 17253:Krishna 17233:Hanuman 17228:Ganesha 17218:Chandra 17213:Ashvins 17103:Bangkok 16997:More... 16967:Gokarna 16873:Somnath 16564:Vibhuti 16461:Somnath 16164:Chalisa 16027:Ganesha 16020:Parvati 15950:Deities 15941:History 15878:at the 15562:1399778 15530:2606086 15288:7 April 14841:1 March 14810:3518337 13513:Primary 13508:Sources 13112:3250524 12653:P. 377 12388:1178647 12353:1178252 12292:6 March 12266:6 March 12067:17 July 12041:17 July 11685:19 July 11473:14 July 11264:16 July 11077:, see: 10845:, see: 10385:Preface 10354:Pārvatī 10338:, see: 10335:Pārvatī 10298:Umāpati 10146:, p. 5. 10095:, p. 7. 9994:, see: 9987:Kailāsa 9971:, see: 9821:, see: 9391:śekhara 9343:Ambikās 9288:, see: 9145:", in: 9142:Purāṇas 8055:value ( 7981:5418997 7325:Nirukta 7056:3269768 6542:Preface 6270:in the 5820:, e.g. 5248:Life OK 5224:titled 5198:, China 5084:Anāgāmi 5063:in the 5043:temples 5022:Chinese 5008:Chinese 4994:Chinese 4986:Chinese 4797:Sikhism 4657:Umarkot 4655:in the 4626:Prayaga 4584:Madurai 4456:Durvasa 4440:Hanuman 4417:Avatars 4372:Brahman 4368:Skambha 4364:Skambha 4359:Stambha 4305:, view 4256:Brahman 4227:Brahman 4125:Brahman 3985:saṃhāra 3981:sthithi 3955:Pallava 3902:Tripura 3839:Tandava 3835:Tandava 3823:Tandava 3811:Puranic 3797:नटराज; 3756:Andhaka 3735:Aiyanar 3659:Pārvatī 3625:Umāpati 3616:Ganesha 3612:Parvati 3505:Vedanta 3500:Śaṇkara 3327:Ganesha 3295:Kailāsa 3288:in the 3286:Kailasa 3280:Kailāsa 3257:नन्दिन् 3222:Parashu 3147:Trishul 3139:called 3137:trident 3133:Trident 3039:नीलकण्ठ 3008:vibhuti 2996:śekhara 2955:Ambikās 2866:Shiva. 2776:samhara 2772:brahman 2728:nondual 2709:Ganesha 2701:Parvati 2683:In the 2628:Rigveda 2604:Parvati 2568:Krishna 2527:Shiva ( 2525:Tantric 2506:Advaita 2431:tandava 2411:advaita 2362:Brahman 2304:Brahman 2223:Jainism 2215:Ephedra 2109:In the 2092:Nirukta 1656:stotras 1559:śivappu 1360:Related 1348:Navnath 1343:Appayya 1333:Sharana 1213:Kubjika 1123:Schools 1098:Niyamas 1069:Vibhuti 933:Tantras 891:Ganesha 868:Parvati 817:Deities 690:Ganesha 686:Parvati 682:Kailasa 662:of the 585: 578:महादेव: 506: 444:Ganesha 415:Parvati 407:Consort 286:Symbols 272:Parashu 222:Kailasa 196:Ishvara 173:Shambhu 67:God of 19560:Byamma 19265:Portal 19169:Baháʼí 19073:Hindus 19051:Tilaka 19020:Others 18996:Ujjain 18991:Prayag 18986:Nashik 18926:Pongal 18864:Diwali 18817:Shudra 18776:Vivaha 18683:Dhyāna 18658:Bhajan 18648:Bhakti 18633:Temple 18587:Shakti 18495:Varuna 18438:Vishnu 18433:Brahma 18282:Sutras 18218:Agamas 17974:Smriti 17905:Dvaita 17870:Āstika 17815:Asteya 17810:Ahimsa 17796:Moksha 17781:Dharma 17694:topics 17489:Devata 17482:Danava 17477:Daitya 17472:Asuras 17434:Shakti 17424:Sanjna 17414:Rohini 17374:Shachi 17359:Chhaya 17278:Varuna 17268:Shasta 17258:Kubera 17196:Vishnu 17191:Brahma 16977:Vaikom 16597:Portal 16559:Siddha 16547:Lingam 16485:Others 16217:Aghori 16120:Stotra 16116:Mantra 16005:Shakti 15978:Ishana 15852: 15804: 15785: 15766: 15742: 15709: 15685: 15657: 15621: 15579: 15560: 15528: 15518: 15499: 15476: 15457: 15426: 15410: 15367: 15335: 15307: 15274: 15241: 15206: 15179: 15160: 15141: 15120: 15101: 15066: 15030: 15000: 14966: 14945: 14914: 14893: 14860: 14827: 14808: 14765: 14744: 14714: 14695: 14676: 14657: 14636: 14615: 14584: 14561: 14540: 14506: 14485: 14455:2 July 14441: 14405: 14384: 14363: 14344: 14312: 14302: 14267: 14248: 14229: 14221:Ṛgveda 14207: 14188: 14166: 14158: 14139: 14105: 14080: 14054: 14024: 14003: 13984: 13951: 13930: 13921:Gaṇeśa 13906: 13885: 13863: 13844: 13823: 13802: 13783: 13762: 13720: 13682: 13674: 13654: 13620: 13592: 13574: 13530: 13468: 13340: 13251: 13224: 13182: 13145: 13135: 13110: 13102: 13061: 13022: 12985: 12975: 12948: 12914: 12889: 12879: 12859:Prajña 12825: 12815: 12762: 12629: 12581: 12554: 12424: 12386: 12351: 12238: 12213: 12139: 12109: 11992: 11953: 11926: 11892: 11874:8 June 11860: 11833: 11808: 11747: 11724:8 June 11710: 11656: 11631: 11562: 11459: 11432: 11407: 11382: 11357: 11213: 11209:–224. 11161: 11157:–310. 10597: 10570: 10523: 10471: 10444: 10407: 10063: 10014: 9887: 9860: 9512: 9488: 9358:Ambikā 9303:ambaka 9254: 9190: 9169: 9123: 9096: 9069: 9042: 9021: 8993: 8983: 8962: 8906: 8834: 8807: 8764: 8719: 8686: 8659: 8639:Siva". 8626: 8551: 8389: 8350: 8322: 8305: 8288: 8271: 8207: 8180: 8138: 8111: 8051:Check 7988: 7978: 7970: 7915: 7898: 7794: 7364:6 June 7213:8 June 7141: 7102: 7054: 7046: 6989: 6961: 6934: 6889: 6864:2 July 6850: 6823: 6805: 6797: 6785:: 51. 6615: 6339: 6267:महादेव 6135:2 July 6106:2 July 6092: 5522: 5494: 5347:, and 5341:Shakti 5303:tribes 5115:merged 5026:pinyin 5012:pinyin 4998:pinyin 4990:pinyin 4978:Taiwan 4900:Ishana 4870:Prajña 4863:, and 4767:Sogdia 4642:Sangam 4634:Yamuna 4630:Ganges 4523:prabha 4470:Temple 4333:, the 4240:Lingam 4202:Lingam 4196:Lingam 4036:Aghora 3924:Shakti 3906:Asuras 3837:. 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