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form droplets and act as a source of energy, both through the release of latent heat and by descending deeper into the center of the planet. This phase separation leads to helium droplets that fall as rain through the liquid metallic hydrogen until they reach a warmer region where they dissolve in the hydrogen. Since
Jupiter and Saturn have different total masses, the thermodynamic conditions in the planetary interior could be such that this condensation process is more prevalent in Saturn than in Jupiter. Helium condensation could be responsible for Saturn's excess luminosity as well as the helium depletion in the atmosphere of both Jupiter and Saturn.
361:(GRS) is a high-pressure system located in Jupiter's southern hemisphere. The GRS is a powerful anticyclone, swirling at about 430 to 680 kilometers per hour counterclockwise around the center. The Spot has become known for its ferocity, even feeding on smaller Jovian storms. Tholins are brown organic compounds found within the surface of various planets that are formed by exposure to UV irradiation. The tholins that exist on Jupiter's surface get sucked up into the atmosphere by storms and circulation; it is hypothesized that those tholins that become ejected from the regolith get stuck in Jupiter's GRS, causing it to be red.
349:
Jupiter. On Earth and
Jupiter, lightning and the hydrologic cycle are intimately linked together to create intense thunderstorms. During a terrestrial thunderstorm, condensation releases heat that pushes rising air upward. This "moist convection" engine can segregate electrical charges into different parts of a cloud; the reuniting of those charges is lightning. Therefore, we can use lightning to signal to us where convection is happening. Although Jupiter has no ocean or wet ground, moist convection seems to function similarly compared to Earth.
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140:. The layer of metallic hydrogen located in the mid-interior makes up the bulk of every gas giant and is referred to as "metallic" because the very large atmospheric pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The gas giants' cores are thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000
369:
Condensation of helium creates liquid helium rain on gas giants. On Saturn, this helium condensation occurs at certain pressures and temperatures when helium does not mix in with the liquid metallic hydrogen present on the planet. Regions on Saturn where helium is insoluble allow the denser helium to
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Theoretically, gas giants can be divided into five distinct classes according to their modeled physical atmospheric properties, and hence their appearance: ammonia clouds (I), water clouds (II), cloudless (III), alkali-metal clouds (IV), and silicate clouds (V). Jupiter and Saturn are both class I.
348:
Heat that is funneled upward by local storms is a major driver of the weather on gas giants. Much, if not all, of the deep heat escaping the interior flows up through towering thunderstorms. These disturbances develop into small eddies that eventually form storms such as the Great Red Spot on
187:
the matter may appear in. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rocks". In this terminology, since Uranus and
Neptune are primarily composed of ices, not gas, they are more commonly called
183:, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. The term has nevertheless caught on, because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of what
155:(which can have a mass as low as roughly 13 times that of Jupiter) and a gas giant are debated. One school of thought is based on formation; the other, on the physics of the interior. Part of the debate concerns whether brown dwarfs must, by definition, have experienced
136:, with probably a molten rocky core inside. The outermost portion of their hydrogen atmosphere contains many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water (despite earlier certainty that there was no water anywhere else in the Solar System) and
179:. It is, arguably, something of a misnomer because throughout most of the volume of all giant planets, the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than solids in the core and the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is above the
316:
Although the words "gas" and "giant" are often combined, hydrogen planets need not be as large as the familiar gas giants from the Solar System. However, smaller gas planets and planets closer to their star will lose atmospheric mass more quickly via
510:
Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; Lissauer, Jack J.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (2013). "Deuterium
Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion".
127:
Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly of elements such as hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. They are thought to consist of an outer layer of compressed
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A gas dwarf could be defined as a planet with a rocky core that has accumulated a thick envelope of hydrogen, helium and other volatiles, having as result a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii.
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Swift, D. C.; Eggert, J. H.; Hicks, D. G.; Hamel, S.; Caspersen, K.; Schwegler, E.; Collins, G. W.; Nettelmann, N.; Ackland, G. J. (2012). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Exoplanets".
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D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2021). "Growth of
Jupiter: Formation in disks of gas and solids and evolution to the present epoch".
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Buchhave, Lars A.; Bizzarro, Martin; Latham, David W.; Sasselov, Dimitar; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; Isaacson, Howard; Juncher, Diana; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (2014).
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Feng Tian; Toon, Owen B.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; De Sterck, H. (March 10, 2005). "Transonic hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen from extrasolar planetary atmospheres".
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144:) and pressures that their properties are not yet completely understood. The placement of the solar system's gas giants can be explained by the
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are really a distinct class of giant planets, being composed mainly of heavier volatile substances (which are referred to as "
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Morales, Miguel A.; Schwegler, Eric; Ceperley, David; Pierleoni, Carlo; Hamel, Sebastien; Caspersen, Kyle (2009-02-03).
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Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Solid Exoplanets".
332:, which has the same mass as Earth but is 60% larger and therefore has a density that indicates a thick gas envelope.
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Batygin, Konstantin; Stevenson, David J. (2013). "Mass-Radius
Relationships for Very Low Mass Gaseous Planets".
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A low-mass gas planet can still have a radius resembling that of a gas giant if it has the right temperature.
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D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J. (2018). "Formation of Giant
Planets". In Deeg H., Belmonte J. (ed.).
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120:"). For this reason, Uranus and Neptune are now often classified in the separate category of
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A cold hydrogen-rich gas giant more massive than
Jupiter but less than about 500
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427:. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. pp. 2319–2343.
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can cause a gas giant to radiate more energy than it receives from its host star.
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928:"Three regimes of extrasolar planet radius inferred from host star metallicities"
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281:) will only be slightly larger in volume than Jupiter. For masses above 500
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with the density of a marshmallow has been detected in orbit around a cool red
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Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure
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The smallest known extrasolar planet that is likely a "gas planet" is
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by the NASA-funded NEID radial-velocity instrument on the 3.5-meter
223:
Artist's impression of the formation of a gas giant around the star
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1299:"Phase separation in hydrogen–helium mixtures at Mbar pressures"
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1972:
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1219:"The shape of Jupiter's Great Red Spot is changing. Here's why"
141:
109:
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89:
60:
925:
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626:. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346.
338:
819:
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1608:
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995:"In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets"
992:
500:, Bagenal et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 2004
422:
380:
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
4437:
4358:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
1453:
986:
481:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration website,
104:. The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "
618:
D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011).
4426:
872:
798:. Colorado University, Boulder. 2004. Archived from
364:
763:
4035:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4030:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
498:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
171:was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer
4486:
3654:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1088:
1413:
1303:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
792:"Class 12 – Giant Planets – Heat and Formation"
108:". However, in the 1990s, it became known that
503:
16:Giant planet mainly composed of light elements
3132:
1574:
1385:
562:
560:
321:than larger planets and planets farther out.
706:
704:
569:"Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters"
496:The Interior of Jupiter, Guillot et al., in
3139:
3125:
1392:
1378:
648:
605:Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction,
557:
339:Precipitation and meteorological phenomena
3197:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
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1332:
1314:
1192:
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969:
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524:
492:
490:
432:
4065:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2911:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1244:
1216:
1159:"Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather"
229:
218:
175:and was originally used to refer to all
3107:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
2135:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
1054:"Earth-mass exoplanet is no Earth twin"
784:
4487:
993:D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2016).
611:
487:
4373:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3120:
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1292:
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1138:
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416:
352:
292:will cause the planet to shrink (see
4055:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4045:Habitability of neutron star systems
1156:
4398:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4025:Habitability of binary star systems
1247:"Precipitation in the Solar System"
202:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
151:The defining differences between a
13:
4383:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4040:Habitability of natural satellites
1409:
1285:
1235:
1205:
1201:from the original on Oct 24, 2023.
1135:
254:
192:and distinct from the gas giants.
14:
4516:
4050:Habitability of red dwarf systems
796:3750 – Planets, Moons & Rings
365:Helium rain on Saturn and Jupiter
343:
195:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4147:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4111:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4101:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3589:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3220:
2998:
2986:
2974:
1399:
567:Burgasser, Adam J. (June 2008).
483:Ten Things to Know About Neptune
159:at some point in their history.
53:
30:
4060:Habitable zone for complex life
3498:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3202:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2874:Gravitationally rounded objects
1245:McIntosh, Gordon (2007-10-29).
1157:Kerr, Richard A. (2000-02-11).
1082:
1045:
919:
866:
813:
757:
4241:Discovered exoplanets by year
3146:
599:
475:
248:Kitt Peak National Observatory
162:
132:surrounding a layer of liquid
1:
4368:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4015:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1217:Paoletta, Rae (Oct 7, 2021).
1176:10.1126/science.287.5455.946b
451:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_140
410:
305:
214:
4388:Planets in globular clusters
4005:Circumstellar habitable zone
764:Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003).
687:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114087
63:at equinox, photographed by
7:
4348:Exoplanet naming convention
3458:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2969:Outline of the Solar System
2732:Interplanetary medium/space
543:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120
373:
10:
4521:
3584:Extraterrestrial materials
3218:
2685:Extraterrestrial materials
1121:10.1088/2041-8205/769/1/L9
1030:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33
905:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/59
309:
199:
100:are the gas giants of the
18:
4411:Discoveries of exoplanets
4406:
4335:
4124:
4083:
3985:
3897:
3804:
3737:
3614:Interplanetary dust cloud
3510:
3390:
3316:
3242:
3229:
3184:
3152:
3005:Earth sciences portal
2964:
2919:
2856:
2727:Interplanetary dust cloud
2606:
2442:
2372:
2083:
2019:
1712:
1565:
1407:
1091:The Astrophysical Journal
1067:10.1038/nature.2014.14477
999:The Astrophysical Journal
875:The Astrophysical Journal
822:The Astrophysical Journal
713:The Astrophysical Journal
513:The Astrophysical Journal
153:very low-mass brown dwarf
4116:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4091:Nearby Habitable Systems
3977:Transit-timing variation
3018:Local Interstellar Cloud
1730:other near-Earth objects
620:"Giant Planet Formation"
300:Kelvin–Helmholtz heating
4393:Small planet radius gap
4096:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4020:Galactic habitable zone
3594:Giant-impact hypothesis
2981:Solar System portal
2707:Giant-impact hypothesis
2314:Trans-Neptunian objects
1334:10.1073/pnas.0812581106
622:. In S. Seager. (ed.).
4353:Exoplanet phase curves
4191:Terrestrial candidates
4142:Multiplanetary systems
4106:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3789:Mean-motion resonances
3599:Gravitational collapse
3549:Circumstellar envelope
2869:Possible dwarf planets
2712:Gravitational collapse
2650:Circumstellar envelope
1449:
607:Entry for gas giant n.
425:Handbook of Exoplanets
251:
227:
4228:Potentially habitable
4133:Exoplanetary systems
4075:Superhabitable planet
3834:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3719:Sample-return mission
3619:Interplanetary medium
3078:Laniakea Supercluster
2695:Sample-return mission
1448:
1223:The Planetary Society
310:Further information:
233:
222:
146:Grand tack hypothesis
4363:Extragalactic planet
4343:Carl Sagan Institute
3624:Interplanetary space
3539:Circumplanetary disk
3212:Planet-hosting stars
2993:Astronomy portal
2894:Solar System objects
2640:Circumplanetary disk
385:List of planet types
3704:Protoplanetary disk
3684:Planetary migration
3639:Interstellar medium
3418:Circumtriple planet
3413:Circumbinary planet
3092:Observable universe
2889:Solar System models
2819:Protoplanetary disk
2742:Interstellar medium
2702:Frost/Ice/Snow line
1325:2009PNAS..106.1324M
1263:2007PhTea..45..502M
1251:The Physics Teacher
1113:2013ApJ...769L...9B
1052:Cowen, Ron (2014).
1021:2016ApJ...828...33D
962:10.1038/nature13254
954:2014Natur.509..593B
897:2012ApJ...744...59S
834:2005ApJ...621.1049T
735:2007ApJ...669.1279S
679:2021Icar..35514087D
642:2010exop.book..319D
535:2013ApJ...770..120B
443:2018haex.bookE.140D
319:hydrodynamic escape
211:are class IV or V.
84:composed mainly of
3669:Nebular hypothesis
3644:Interstellar space
3629:Interstellar cloud
3609:Internal structure
3544:Circumstellar disc
3072:Virgo Supercluster
3053:Milky Way subgroup
2884:Natural satellites
2767:Nebular hypothesis
2747:Interstellar space
2737:Interstellar cloud
2645:Circumstellar disc
2235:Near-Earth objects
2119:names and meanings
1450:
353:Jupiter's Red Spot
252:
228:
130:molecular hydrogen
19:For the band, see
4424:
4423:
4000:Astrooceanography
3634:Interstellar dust
3506:
3505:
3382:Ultra-hot Neptune
3377:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3326:Eccentric Jupiter
3176:Planetary science
3114:
3113:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2932:Lagrangian points
2904:by discovery date
2502:Human spaceflight
2473:historical models
2366:
2365:
1985:S/2015 (136472) 1
1271:10.1119/1.2798364
1169:(5455): 946–947.
938:(7502): 593–595.
777:978-3-540-00681-7
460:978-3-319-55332-0
294:degenerate matter
134:metallic hydrogen
21:Gas Giants (band)
4512:
4477:
4476:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4378:Neptunian desert
3764:Tidally detached
3699:Planet formation
3689:Planetary system
3579:Exozodiacal dust
3569:Disrupted planet
3493:Ultra-cool dwarf
3423:Disrupted planet
3408:Chthonian planet
3240:
3239:
3224:
3207:Planetary system
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2680:Exozodiacal dust
2370:
2369:
2336:Detached objects
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1412:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1336:
1318:
1309:(5): 1324–1329.
1294:
1283:
1282:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1178:
1154:
1133:
1132:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1014:
990:
984:
983:
973:
947:
923:
917:
916:
890:
870:
864:
863:
845:
828:(2): 1049–1060.
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
728:
719:(2): 1279–1297.
708:
699:
698:
672:
652:
646:
645:
635:
615:
609:
603:
597:
596:
594:
592:
586:
580:. Archived from
573:
564:
555:
554:
528:
507:
501:
494:
485:
479:
473:
472:
436:
420:
271:
57:
40:photographed by
34:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4505:Types of planet
4485:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4435:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4416:Search projects
4402:
4331:
4120:
4079:
3981:
3953:Radial velocity
3893:
3849:K/Orange dwarfs
3839:G/Yellow dwarfs
3800:
3794:Titius–Bode law
3733:
3664:Molecular cloud
3564:Detached object
3515:
3513:
3502:
3488:Toroidal planet
3478:Sub-brown dwarf
3386:
3312:
3284:(Super-Mercury)
3257:Coreless planet
3233:
3231:
3225:
3216:
3180:
3148:
3145:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2951:
2915:
2852:
2836:vs. Hill sphere
2762:Molecular cloud
2690:Sample curation
2670:Detached object
2609:
2602:
2446:
2438:
2375:
2362:
2307:Neptune trojans
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2015:
1708:
1579:
1561:
1447:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1368:
1295:
1286:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1155:
1136:
1087:
1083:
1050:
1046:
1005:(1): in press.
991:
987:
924:
920:
871:
867:
843:10.1.1.122.9085
818:
814:
805:
803:
790:
789:
785:
778:
762:
758:
709:
702:
653:
649:
616:
612:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
571:
565:
558:
508:
504:
495:
488:
480:
476:
461:
421:
417:
413:
376:
367:
355:
346:
341:
314:
308:
287:
284:
279:
276:
269:
266:
263:
257:
255:Cold gas giants
217:
204:
198:
165:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
58:
49:
48:
47:
46:in January 2007
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4482:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3965:Transit method
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3912:Direct imaging
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3729:Star formation
3726:
3724:Scattered disc
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Excretion disk
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Accretion disk
3526:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Eyeball planet
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2848:Scattered disc
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2633:Excretion disk
2628:Accretion disk
2625:
2620:
2618:Star formation
2614:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:space stations
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:Scattered disc
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1585:
1583:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1284:
1257:(8): 502–505.
1234:
1204:
1134:
1081:
1044:
985:
918:
865:
852:10.1086/427204
812:
783:
776:
756:
743:10.1086/521346
700:
647:
610:
598:
556:
502:
486:
474:
459:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
372:
366:
363:
359:Great Red Spot
354:
351:
345:
344:Jovian weather
342:
340:
337:
307:
304:
285:
282:
277:
274:
264:
261:
256:
253:
244:WIYN Telescope
216:
213:
200:Main article:
197:
196:Classification
194:
181:critical point
164:
161:
157:nuclear fusion
69:in August 2009
59:
52:
51:
50:
36:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4517:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:Yellow giants
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Merging stars
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Asteroid belt
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Pulsar planet
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Double planet
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Super-Neptune
3365:
3363:
3362:Super-Jupiter
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Helium planet
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Hycean planet
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Desert planet
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Carbon planet
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2948:
2947:Tidal locking
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Double planet
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Minor planets
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:Merging stars
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Subsatellites
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2374:Hypothetical
2371:
2368:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Asteroid belt
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:Minor planets
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
869:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
802:on 2008-06-21
801:
797:
793:
787:
779:
773:
769:
768:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
614:
608:
602:
587:on 8 May 2013
583:
579:
578:
577:Physics Today
570:
563:
561:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
518:
514:
506:
499:
493:
491:
484:
478:
470:
466:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
419:
415:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
371:
362:
360:
350:
336:
333:
331:
326:
322:
320:
313:
303:
301:
297:
295:
291:
280:
267:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
226:
221:
212:
210:
203:
193:
191:
186:
182:
178:
177:giant planets
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
68:
67:
62:
56:
45:
44:
39:
33:
22:
4495:Solar System
4233:Proper names
4010:Earth analog
3995:Astrobiology
3987:Habitability
3924:Microlensing
3884:White dwarfs
3854:M/Red dwarfs
3844:Herbig Ae/Be
3829:Brown dwarfs
3771:Rogue planet
3752:Interstellar
3694:Planetesimal
3463:Planetesimal
3443:Giant planet
3433:Ecumenopolis
3351:
3331:Mini-Neptune
3317:
3267:Dwarf planet
3103:Each arrow (
3025:Local Bubble
3011:Solar System
3009:
2802:Planetesimal
2757:Kuiper cliff
2485:Space probes
2458:Colonization
2297:Kirkwood gap
2218:Saturn Moons
2131:Planetesimal
1620:
1589:Terrestrials
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1478:
1401:Solar System
1306:
1302:
1254:
1250:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1166:
1162:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1057:
1047:
1002:
998:
988:
935:
931:
921:
878:
874:
868:
825:
821:
815:
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
795:
786:
770:. Springer.
766:
759:
716:
712:
660:
656:
650:
623:
613:
601:
589:. Retrieved
582:the original
575:
516:
512:
505:
497:
477:
424:
418:
400:Kepler-1704b
368:
356:
347:
334:
327:
323:
315:
312:Mini-Neptune
298:
258:
234:A gas giant
209:Hot Jupiters
205:
168:
166:
150:
126:
106:giant planet
102:Solar System
82:giant planet
77:
75:
64:
43:New Horizons
41:
4467:Outer space
4455:Spaceflight
4245:before 2000
4161:Discoveries
3936:Polarimetry
3824:Binary star
3714:Rubble pile
3709:Ring system
3679:Outer space
3649:Kuiper belt
3604:Hills cloud
3559:Debris disk
3554:Cosmic dust
3483:Sub-Neptune
3468:Protoplanet
3403:Brown dwarf
3391:Other types
3347:Hot Neptune
3342:Hot Jupiter
3333:(Gas dwarf)
3308:Super-Earth
3293:Ocean world
3288:Lava planet
3282:Iron planet
3244:Terrestrial
3185:Main topics
3066:Local Sheet
3060:Local Group
2843:Rubble pile
2831:Roche limit
2826:Ring system
2777:Outer space
2752:Kuiper belt
2722:Hill sphere
2717:Hills cloud
2665:Debris disk
2660:Cosmic dust
2444:Exploration
2399:Planet Nine
2384:Fifth giant
2358:Hills cloud
2319:Kuiper belt
2290:exceptional
2206:Trojan camp
405:Brown dwarf
390:Hot Jupiter
330:Kepler-138d
173:James Blish
163:Terminology
4500:Gas giants
4489:Categories
4156:Exoplanets
4137:Host stars
4084:Catalogues
3907:Astrometry
3869:Subdwarf B
3806:Host stars
3779:Retrograde
3674:Oort cloud
3512:Formation
3448:Mesoplanet
3372:Super-puff
3298:Mega-Earth
3277:Ice planet
3162:Definition
3147:Exoplanets
3085:Local Hole
3032:Gould Belt
2772:Oort cloud
2608:Formation,
2598:Deep space
2434:Vulcanoids
2351:Oort cloud
2275:first 1000
2211:Greek camp
2109:Meteoroids
2104:Damocloids
2050:Charikloan
1228:2022-04-26
1012:1606.08088
806:2008-03-13
670:2009.05575
663:: 114087.
624:Exoplanets
591:11 January
519:(2): 120.
434:1806.05649
411:References
306:Gas dwarfs
240:dwarf star
215:Extrasolar
190:ice giants
122:ice giants
4250:2000–2009
4216:1501–2000
4211:1001–1500
3899:Detection
3864:Red giant
3524:Accretion
3516:evolution
3357:Ice giant
3352:Gas giant
3303:Sub-Earth
3192:Exoplanet
3046:Milky Way
3039:Orion Arm
2807:Formation
2792:Migration
2787:Disrupted
2655:Coatlicue
2623:Accretion
2610:evolution
2556:Asteroids
2468:astronomy
2463:Discovery
2324:Cubewanos
2245:Asteroids
2075:Quaoarian
2065:Neptunian
2055:Chironean
2040:Saturnian
1816:Enceladus
1343:0027-8424
1316:0903.0980
1279:0031-921X
1194:129284864
1185:0036-8075
1104:1304.5157
1097:(1): L9.
1076:124963676
1039:119203398
945:1405.7695
913:119219137
888:1001.4851
881:(1): 59.
838:CiteSeerX
726:0707.2895
695:221654962
633:1006.5486
551:118553341
526:1305.0980
469:116913980
395:Ice giant
236:exoplanet
225:HD 100546
169:gas giant
167:The term
78:gas giant
4206:501–1000
4186:Heaviest
4166:Extremes
3874:Subgiant
3747:Exocomet
3099:Universe
2937:Moonlets
2517:programs
2490:timeline
2478:timeline
2409:Planet X
2404:Planet V
2341:Sednoids
2329:Plutinos
2302:Centaurs
2280:families
2009:Dysnomia
1997:Xiangliu
1992:Gonggong
1980:Makemake
1939:Kerberos
1826:Hyperion
1764:Callisto
1759:Ganymede
1692:Gonggong
1687:Makemake
1542:Gonggong
1535:Makemake
1361:19171896
1199:Archived
1129:37595212
980:24870544
374:See also
86:hydrogen
4479:Science
4429:Portals
4181:Largest
4176:Nearest
3879:T Tauri
3775:Orbits
3759:Exomoon
3739:Systems
3453:Planemo
3318:Gaseous
2920:Related
2899:by size
2588:Neptune
2573:Jupiter
2524:Mercury
2449:outline
2394:Phaeton
2389:Nemesis
2376:objects
2228:Neptune
2201:Jupiter
2181:Trojans
2174:Neptune
2159:Jupiter
2139:Mercury
2070:Haumean
2060:Uranian
2042: (
1956:Hiʻiaka
1890:Proteus
1880:Neptune
1868:Miranda
1858:Umbriel
1848:Titania
1836:all 146
1801:Iapetus
1754:Jupiter
1648:Neptune
1626:Jupiter
1594:Mercury
1576:Planets
1501:Neptune
1486:Jupiter
1459:Mercury
1352:2631077
1321:Bibcode
1259:Bibcode
1163:Science
1109:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
971:4048851
950:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
860:6475341
830:Bibcode
751:8369390
731:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
531:Bibcode
439:Bibcode
290:gravity
138:ammonia
114:Neptune
94:Jupiter
66:Cassini
38:Jupiter
4196:Kepler
4171:Firsts
4070:Tholin
3941:Timing
3859:Pulsar
3784:Trojan
3398:Blanet
3157:Planet
3094:
3087:
3080:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
2942:Syzygy
2864:Comets
2797:System
2782:Planet
2675:EXCEDE
2583:Uranus
2578:Saturn
2568:Comets
2561:mining
2539:mining
2429:Vulcan
2270:active
2265:Hygiea
2260:Pallas
2223:Uranus
2169:Uranus
2164:Saturn
2099:Comets
2091:bodies
2089:System
2035:Jovian
1973:Weywot
1968:Quaoar
1961:Namaka
1951:Haumea
1924:Charon
1900:all 16
1895:Nereid
1885:Triton
1873:all 28
1853:Oberon
1843:Uranus
1831:Phoebe
1811:Tethys
1786:Saturn
1779:all 95
1774:Europa
1747:Deimos
1742:Phobos
1721:Earth
1682:Quaoar
1677:Haumea
1657:Dwarfs
1643:Uranus
1631:Saturn
1616:Giants
1581:dwarfs
1528:Quaoar
1521:Haumea
1496:Uranus
1491:Saturn
1359:
1349:
1341:
1277:
1191:
1183:
1127:
1074:
1058:Nature
1037:
978:
968:
932:Nature
911:
858:
840:
774:
749:
693:
657:Icarus
549:
467:
457:
272:
110:Uranus
98:Saturn
90:helium
61:Saturn
4443:Stars
4336:Other
4201:1–500
4126:Lists
3235:types
3230:Sizes
2857:Lists
2593:Pluto
2551:Ceres
2529:Venus
2424:Tyche
2419:Theia
2255:Vesta
2250:Ceres
2191:Earth
2186:Venus
2149:Earth
2144:Venus
2124:moons
2087:Solar
2085:Small
2044:Rhean
2029:Earth
2021:Rings
1934:Hydra
1919:Pluto
1912:Vanth
1907:Orcus
1863:Ariel
1821:Mimas
1806:Dione
1791:Titan
1714:Moons
1702:Sedna
1672:Pluto
1667:Orcus
1662:Ceres
1604:Earth
1599:Venus
1556:Sedna
1514:Pluto
1507:Orcus
1480:Ceres
1469:Earth
1464:Venus
1311:arXiv
1189:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1099:arXiv
1072:S2CID
1035:S2CID
1007:arXiv
940:arXiv
909:S2CID
883:arXiv
856:S2CID
747:S2CID
721:arXiv
691:S2CID
665:arXiv
628:arXiv
585:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
547:S2CID
521:arXiv
465:S2CID
429:arXiv
185:phase
80:is a
4325:2024
4320:2023
4315:2022
4310:2021
4305:2020
4300:2019
4295:2018
4290:2017
4285:2016
4280:2015
4275:2014
4270:2013
4265:2012
4260:2011
4255:2010
3970:list
3958:list
3946:list
3929:list
3917:list
3514:and
3232:and
2546:Mars
2534:Moon
2512:list
2495:list
2196:Mars
2154:Mars
2004:Eris
1944:Styx
1796:Rhea
1737:Mars
1725:Moon
1697:Eris
1609:Mars
1549:Eris
1474:Mars
1357:PMID
1339:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1181:ISSN
1003:1606
976:PMID
772:ISBN
593:2016
455:ISBN
357:The
118:ices
112:and
96:and
88:and
3167:IAU
2285:PHA
1929:Nix
1638:Ice
1621:Gas
1454:Sun
1347:PMC
1329:doi
1307:106
1267:doi
1171:doi
1167:287
1117:doi
1095:769
1062:doi
1025:doi
966:PMC
958:doi
936:509
901:doi
879:744
848:doi
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739:doi
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683:doi
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