1978:
723:
506:
744:(forced Indigenous labor). Instead of requiring labor from all the Indians in a village, this system established a rotation of servitude, obligating the chief of each tribe to send one man of each six to work in the mines, and one of each five to work in the fields. These workers, who up to now had been unpaid, were to be remunerated with a sixth part of the product of their labor, and this salary was required to be paid regularly, at the end of each month. Females and males under 18 years of age or over 50 were exempt from the
1972:
257:
59:
843:
Judges of the
Natives Commit When They Deal and Bargain with the Indians and the Damages as well as the Grievances that the Indians Endure" were published posthumously in Lima, Peru. The national sport of Chile, the Chilean rodeo, is derived from Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza's order to brand all the cattle of Chile. The annual branding event held at Santiago's Plaza de Armas eventually became the modern day Chilean rodeo.
1449:
652:, instigated by the Indian Andresillo, decided to attack Fort Tucapel. However, Andresillo was a traitor who communicated the details of the attack to the Spanish, so that the attackers were transformed into the attacked. The result was a flight by the Indigenous, who left behind many dead and wounded, and a serious weakening of the Indigenous forces.
533:. At about the same time, Francisco de Villagra arrived in La Serena by land. Knowing the animosity between Aguirre and Villagra over their aspirations to the governorship of Chile, García Hurtado did not hesitate to take both of them prisoner in La Serena, isolating them on a ship. This act was considered very unjust by the Spanish settlers in Chile.
830:
school established by
Mogrovejo was not established without a fight over whether to put the bishop's coat of arms on top of the entrance, or the royal coat of arms in the same place, as well as during the excommunication of Juan Ortiz de Zárate, mayor of Lima, over the forced arrest of a criminal who
771:
for the arbitrary actions of his government in Chile (the confiscation of the encomiendas, the mistreatment of the soldiers, etc.). He was the first governor of Chile whose performance was judged under the laws of Spain. The tribunal found him guilty of 196 charges, but it left formal sentencing to
730:
Sometime later, the governor was informed that his father the viceroy had been replaced by the king and that
Francisco de Villagra had been designated governor of Chile. Hurtado expected to receive the same humiliations from Villagra that he had inflicted upon him, and for this reason he decided to
734:
In
Santiago he was informed of the death of the successor of his father. This meant that his father would continue as viceroy, at least temporarily, and for that reason Hurtado decided to stay on as governor. He remained in the capital and took the opportunity to have a gentlemanly interview with
842:
Hurtado's legacy includes his attempt to "crack down on the oppression of the indigenous population at the hands of the
Spanish colonizers." Five years after his death, in 1614, his "Ordinances Issued by the Marquis of Cañete, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Peru, as a Remedy for the Excesses that the
798:
of Lima, and the recommendations from some faithful captains that began to arrive from Chile caused the accusations of his enemies to be soon forgotten. Besides, he was recognized as the winner of the War of Arauco. This belittled the old conquistadors with the false claim that they had not done
431:
was more qualified as a successor for the post, put forward his son. He hoped that his son would bring more
Spaniards to Chile, and additionally be able to unify the two camps in the battle for the post of governor of Chile. And he hoped he could deal successfully with the rebellious Indians.
452:. This group left in January 1557. The other part, under the command of the new governor, more comfortably traveled by sea, leaving in February of the same year. The viceroy gave a banquet for his son, after which the fleet left port to the sound of military marches and a salute of cannons.
634:, in the valley of the same name. There were many fortuitous events in this battle that facilitated the surprise attack. Nevertheless, the Mapuches were defeated again, and as punishment 30 of them were hanged by the Spanish, including Galvarino, who had fought always in the first line.
655:
The morale of the
Spanish rose. In a surprise assault on the encampment of Caupolicán, they were able to capture him. He was conducted to Fort Tucapel. Some historians claim that he tried to deal with the Spanish, promising to convert to Christianity, but
814:
In 1590 Hurtado returned to
America, now as viceroy of Peru, a position he held until the middle of the following decade. It was a great help to the Spanish in Chile to have someone with his first-hand knowledge of that region in the position of viceroy.
435:
Thus
Hurtado left for Chile, 21 years old, with proven ruthlessness. He was haughty, proud of his lineage and intelligence, authoritarian in outlook, and subject to violent outbreaks. His character made enemies, mostly hidden, even within his own circle.
1344:
García
Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, quinto Marqués de Cañete, señor de Algete, Villarrejo de Perestebán, Pesadilla y Valdeolmos, Guarda mayor de Cuenca, comendador de Monasterio, Caballero de la Orden de Santiago, Gobernador de Chile y Virrey del
1377:
Ordinances Issued by the Marquis of Cañete, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Peru, as a Remedy for the Excesses That the Judges of the Natives Commit When They Deal and Bargain with the Indians and the Damages as Well as the Grievances That the Indians
1563:
626:
and cut off his left hand. He lost the hand without a grimace of pain and then extended the other, which the Spanish also cut off. He asked for death, but the conquistadors let him go. He left with his men, planning his revenge.
592:
and other Indigenous leaders knew that the cavalry was coming by land from Santiago and conceived a plan to attack them at Andalicán, near Concepción. Hurtado learned of the Indigenous plan and was informed that the
586:, Hurtado attempted a policy of good will towards the Indians, who had accepted the rule of the governor but were not ready to accept the occupation of their territories by the newly arrived Spaniards.
637:
The hardships of the struggle began to bother the companions of Hurtado, who had hoped to gain riches for their services. In order to redistribute them to his followers, the governor declared the
460:
341:(from January 8, 1590 to July 24, 1596). He is often known simply as "Marquis of Cañete". Belonging to an influential family of Spanish noblemen Hurtado de Mendoza successfully fought in the
423:. It happened that Alderete became sick and died during the trip. Hurtado's father gathered together a group of Chilean representatives, and, taking advantage of a disagreement on whether
468:
546:
See, Your Honor, Señor General, how are the things of the world: Yesterday the two of us did not fit in one large kingdom, and today Don García has made us fit on a single plank
604:
to frustrate the Indigenous initiative, but the fort was soon attacked by the Mapuches. They were defeated, and the governor counterattacked with his cannons and harquebuses.
1977:
1811:
708:
642:
476:
1751:
778:
of Lima. The sentence was that he be detained within the city of Lima, until he was absolved of all accusations or he paid the fines to which he was condemned.
578:
He arrived eight days later in the bay of Concepción in the middle of a dangerous season. During a torrential rainstorm the troops disembarked on the island of
950:
366:
1856:
715:, which regulated Indian servitude, permitting many Spaniards to abuse the Indigenous. It planted the seeds of future rebellions, in particular that of the
370:
1851:
1134:
449:
374:
1881:
231:
1596:
1542:
893:
1951:
615:
and the other captains. The Mapuches showed themselves disorganized in the attack, and this disorder produced bad tactics that prevented a victory.
2062:
2057:
445:
1846:
1106:
748:, and it was ordered that the Indigenous be fed, maintained in health, and evangelized by the encomenderos (Spanish holders of the encomiendas).
472:
1926:
1766:
707:
At this time, Hurtado de Mendoza was despised by those he had robbed. His wrathful character and his pride gained him many enemies, including
1916:
1791:
1453:
444:
Hurtado de Mendoza left Peru for Chile at the head of a force of 500 Spaniards. A part of this force traveled overland under the command of
1906:
735:
Villagra about the state of the colony. Villagra did not humiliate him as he expected, receiving him with a cold but polite demeanor.
2067:
1931:
2077:
2072:
1671:
1589:
611:
occurred during this campaign, on November 7. In this battle the Spanish survived largely because of the valor demonstrated by
1876:
1523:
1502:
176:
164:
1741:
786:
However, Hurtado de Mendoza had already left Peru for Spain, to give his account of his campaigns and his government to King
751:
Hurtado de Mendoza received news of the impending death of his father. He decided to leave immediately for Peru, designating
722:
1836:
597:
interpreted his attitude as a sign of weakness and fear; he decided therefore to radically change his attitude toward them.
1946:
1796:
1776:
1726:
2052:
1471:
424:
103:
607:
He ordered a new campaign in October 1557, with a strong force of 500 soldiers and thousands of Indian auxiliaries. The
2042:
1841:
2047:
1997:
1582:
494:
were amazed at the largest contingent of soldiers — more than 500 — ever seen in those parts, armed with
539:
relates in his chronicle that Aguirre, already aboard, greeted Villagra upon his arrival, shook his hand, and said:
1816:
1736:
2027:
464:
1756:
456:
350:
1801:
1761:
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of Concepción vacant. For this reason, the city was refounded for a third time. A short time later, the city of
601:
1901:
1891:
381:
1941:
2037:
1716:
2032:
1696:
1686:
1971:
1961:
1911:
2012:
1871:
1786:
1681:
285:
280:
1826:
2007:
2002:
1936:
1746:
1821:
536:
1886:
1861:
1646:
1512:
131:
1656:
731:
leave Chile quickly. He first went to Santiago, a place he had not visited during his government.
566:, in spite of the contrary advice of those who knew the dangers of the climate at this season. At
1701:
1605:
1479:
562:(city council) was making preparations to welcome him, but Hurtado decided to continue by sea to
377:. Both his parents belonged to some of the most influential families in the Spanish aristocracy.
334:
70:
1356:
412:
1831:
1706:
819:
738:
During his stay in Santiago the Tasa de Santillán was published. It established the system of
622:, who had arrived in Chile with the governor, the Spanish took prisoner the Indigenous leader
1896:
1771:
1731:
1721:
1631:
1621:
1490:
791:
428:
123:
111:
392:, when that duchy attempted to throw off Imperial rule. He was part of the Imperial army in
2022:
2017:
1042:
767:
631:
608:
505:
311:
306:
1866:
1552:
583:
563:
8:
1661:
1921:
1651:
1641:
1415:
823:
787:
752:
696:
612:
514:
346:
152:
107:
91:
1781:
380:
In 1552 Hurtado de Mendoza ran away from home with the intention of serving his king,
1676:
1666:
1636:
1616:
834:
At the end of his term, Hurtado left Lima to return to Spain, where he died in 1609.
802:
In Madrid he entered into the Royal Guard. He was also representative to the king in
657:
619:
510:
416:
354:
296:
49:
498:
and cannons, wearing armor and crests of plumes. They soon acquired the nickname of
1711:
1691:
1532:
1339:
672:
645:
was also founded, and was also divided among the troops returning from the battle.
530:
518:
487:
316:
1806:
570:
he sent the cavalry on by land. Hurtado sailed on June 21, 1557, in full winter.
555:
397:
338:
290:
39:
388:. Hurtado de Mendoza demonstrated great efficiency in this campaign and also in
1956:
774:
262:
197:
1404:
794:. The prestige of his family, the information about his services given by the
688:
58:
1991:
1390:
Historia del rodeo chileno. Página oficial de la Federación del Rodeo Chileno
676:
668:
579:
649:
630:
Galvarino ordered a new attack on the invaders on November 30. This was the
1574:
17:
455:
Hurtado de Mendoza sailed with an entourage of illustrious men, including
349:
is named after him. In his later position as Viceroy of Peru he sponsored
740:
661:
638:
600:
He ordered that the fort of San Luis de Toledo be built immediately in
384:(Emperor Charles V), in an expedition the latter was preparing against
342:
300:
716:
623:
495:
1405:
Castro Pereira Mouzinho de Albuquerque e Cunha, Fernando de (1995).
1376:
827:
799:
enough to suppress the Indian rebellions and pacify the Araucanía.
589:
567:
491:
483:
on April 5, 1557 and remained there until the ninth of that month.
408:
393:
679:
were rebuilt in 1559. Other forts were founded, with the name of
826:, whenever civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction conflicted. The
671:, between Cañete and Arauco, but they were again defeated in the
594:
524:
389:
385:
21:
1448:
217:
803:
692:
680:
529:
Francisco de Aguirre received the new governor hospitably in
480:
420:
403:
Upon learning that his father had been designated viceroy of
221:
201:
404:
331:
García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, 5th Marquis of Cañete
1430:
415:, who had been chosen by the king to be the successor of
486:
Continuing the voyage to the south, they disembarked at
660:, the commander of the fort, condemned him to death by
582:
and erected a provisional encampment. Once settled in
573:
1433:
Elenco de Grandezas y Titulos Nobiliarios Españoles
667:In another battle, the Indigenous built a fort at
396:, and was with Charles V during his defeat in the
353:'s transpacific expedition of 1595, who named the
345:during his stay as Governor of Chile. The city of
1407:Instrumentário Genealógico - Linhagens Milenárias
1989:
367:Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Cañete
407:, he returned to Spain and asked to be sent to
28: and the second or maternal family name is
525:Francisco de Aguirre and Francisco de Villagra
1590:
333:(July 21, 1535 – May 19, 1609) was a Spanish
1604:
369:— also a viceroy of Peru — and
1597:
1583:
1381:. Lima, Peru, 1614. World Digital Library.
57:
1371:
1369:
1320:
755:interim governor (rather than Villagra).
818:Hurtado had frequent disagreements with
721:
504:
144:January 8, 1590 – July 24, 1596
2063:1560s in the Captaincy General of Chile
2058:1550s in the Captaincy General of Chile
758:
702:
1990:
1366:
1204:
1086:
1082:
1072:
968:
860:
856:
490:on April 23, 1557. The poor people of
1578:
1413:
1359:, by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in
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1266:
1262:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1222:
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1208:
1192:
1189:
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1166:
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1104:
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1066:
1056:
1040:
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1014:
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1001:
986:
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956:
948:
938:
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915:
911:
899:
891:
881:
868:
864:
691:in 1560 and on the other side of the
1363:(Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)
439:
1435:(in Spanish). periodic publication.
13:
809:
781:
675:. The city of Concepción and fort
14:
2089:
1441:
1409:(in Portuguese). pp. 329–30.
574:Relations with indigenous peoples
2068:1590s in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1976:
1970:
1447:
711:. Santillán had established the
461:Francisco de Irarrázaval y Andía
255:
1431:Instituto de Salazar y Castro.
1384:
1361:Diccionario Biográfico Español
1350:
1332:
831:had taken refuge at a church.
1:
2078:17th-century Spanish nobility
2073:16th-century Spanish nobility
465:Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela
360:
241:Maricar Mendoza Carla Mendoza
1357:"Luis de Velasco y Castilla"
765:In Peru he was subject to a
479:. The expedition stopped in
411:. During the journey he met
20:, the first or paternal
7:
846:
469:Gil González de San Nicolás
165:Fernando Torres de Portugal
10:
2094:
2053:People of the Italian Wars
1397:
1198:
1084:
962:
858:
558:as winter approached. The
457:Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga
15:
2043:People from Cuenca, Spain
1968:
1612:
1559:
1550:
1538:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1454:García Hurtado de Mendoza
1264:
1256:
1231:
1210:
1206:
1173:
1154:
1146:
1135:García Fernández Manrique
1116:
1092:
1088:
1069:García Hurtado de Mendoza
1050:
1028:
1020:
995:
974:
970:
951:Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza
932:
913:
905:
875:
862:
837:
726:García Hurtado de Mendoza
324:
276:
268:
250:
245:
237:
227:
207:
191:
186:
182:
170:
158:
148:
137:
129:
117:
97:
87:
76:
69:
65:
56:
44:García Hurtado de Mendoza
37:
2048:People of the Arauco War
1998:Royal governors of Chile
1606:Royal Governors of Chile
1325:
1107:Pedro Fernández Manrique
894:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
554:The governor arrived at
1802:Henríquez de Villalobos
1480:Royal Governor of Chile
1414:Hobbs, Nicolas (2007).
1277:15. Isabel de Bobadilla
1225:2nd Lord of Fuentidueña
475:and the learned jurist
71:Royal Governor of Chile
1524:The Marquis of Salinas
1343:
1321:Additional information
869:8. Honorato de Mendoza
820:Turibius de Mongrovejo
727:
550:
521:
517:in an illustration by
281:Italian War of 1551–59
1942:Rodríguez Ballesteros
1837:Sánchez de la Barreda
1491:Francisco de Villagra
1190:3. Magdalena Manrique
987:10. Andrés de Cabrera
953:3rd Marquis of Cañete
926:9. Francisca de Silva
896:2nd Marquis of Cañete
792:Council of the Indies
725:
709:Hernando de Santillán
643:Cañete de la Frontera
543:
508:
477:Hernando de Santillán
429:Francisco de Villagra
269:Years of service
124:Francisco de Villagra
112:Francisco de Villagra
50:Caballero de Santiago
2028:Marquesses of Cañete
1742:Fernández de Córdoba
1472:Francisco de Aguirre
1456:at Wikimedia Commons
1167:13. Teresa de Toledo
1043:Beatriz de Bobadilla
1012:5. Isabel de Cabrera
768:juicio de residencia
760:Juicio de residencia
703:Aftermath of the war
632:Battle of Millarapue
609:Battle of Lagunillas
425:Francisco de Aguirre
413:Jerónimo de Alderete
312:Battle of Millarapue
307:Battle of Lagunillas
104:Francisco de Aguirre
2038:Knights of Santiago
1463:Government offices
1416:"Grandes de España"
1137:3rd Count of Osorno
1109:2nd Count de Osorno
989:1st Marquis of Moya
681:San Andrés de Angol
648:The Mapuche leader
286:Invasion of Corsica
2033:Hurtado de Mendoza
1902:Álvarez de Acevedo
1892:Álvarez de Acevedo
1702:Merlo de la Fuente
1627:Hurtado de Mendoza
1566:Hurtado de Mendoza
1545:Hurtado de Mendoza
1505:Torres de Portugal
1223:14. Alvaro de Luna
824:Archbishop of Lima
753:Rodrigo de Quiroga
728:
613:Rodrigo de Quiroga
522:
502:(feathered ones).
373:, daughter of the
371:Magdalena Manrique
365:He was the son of
108:Rodrigo de Quiroga
26:Hurtado de Mendoza
2013:Spanish explorers
1985:
1984:
1573:
1572:
1560:Succeeded by
1553:Marquis of Cañete
1520:Succeeded by
1487:Succeeded by
1452:Media related to
1317:
1316:
713:Tasa de Santillán
658:Alonso de Reinoso
620:Alonso de Ercilla
471:, the Franciscan
450:Pedro de Castillo
440:Governor of Chile
417:Pedro de Valdivia
355:Marquesas Islands
351:Álvaro de Mendaña
335:Governor of Chile
328:
327:
297:Conquest of Chile
47:Marqués de Cañete
2085:
2008:Spanish generals
2003:Viceroys of Peru
1980:
1974:
1847:Manso de Velasco
1797:González Montero
1777:González Montero
1647:Bravo de Saravia
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1547:
1539:Preceded by
1533:Spanish nobility
1526:
1507:
1499:Preceded by
1493:
1474:
1468:Preceded by
1460:
1459:
1451:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1336:
1248:7. María de Luna
852:
851:
673:Battle of Quiapo
537:Mariño de Lobera
519:Alonso de Ovalle
317:Battle of Quiapo
261:
259:
258:
246:Military service
214:
187:Personal details
173:
161:
142:
120:
100:
81:
61:
35:
34:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1947:García Carrasco
1937:Muñoz de Guzmán
1927:Santiago Concha
1872:Guill y Gonzaga
1827:Santiago Concha
1812:Marín de Poveda
1752:López de Zúñiga
1747:Laso de la Vega
1697:García de Ramón
1687:García de Ramón
1608:
1603:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1513:Viceroy of Peru
1508:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1444:
1439:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1224:
1136:
1108:
988:
952:
895:
849:
840:
812:
810:Viceroy of Peru
784:
782:Return to Spain
763:
705:
576:
527:
442:
419:as governor of
398:Battle of Renty
375:Count of Osorno
363:
339:Viceroy of Peru
291:Battle of Renty
256:
254:
216:
212:
196:
177:Luis de Velasco
171:
159:
143:
138:
132:Viceroy of Peru
118:
110:
106:
98:
82:
77:
52:
48:
45:
42:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1962:Marcó del Pont
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Diez de Medina
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Ortíz de Rosas
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Cano de Aponte
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
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1754:
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1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Óñez de Loyola
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Ruiz de Gamboa
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
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1420:. Retrieved
1418:(in Spanish)
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695:the city of
685:Los Infantes
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379:
364:
337:, and later
330:
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295:
277:Battles/wars
213:(1609-05-19)
195:21 July 1535
172:Succeeded by
139:
119:Succeeded by
78:
29:
25:
18:Spanish name
2023:1609 deaths
2018:1535 births
1727:De la Cerda
1707:Jaraquemada
1637:P. Villagra
1632:F. Villagra
1622:F. Villagra
1564:Juan Andrés
689:Talcamávida
639:encomiendas
496:harquebuses
357:after him.
211:19 May 1609
160:Preceded by
99:Preceded by
1992:Categories
1717:Talaverano
1557:1561–1609
1517:1590–1596
1484:1557–1561
1422:15 October
1338:In full, (
772:the Royal
717:Huilliches
662:impalement
650:Caupolicán
584:Concepción
564:Concepción
500:emplumados
361:Early life
343:Arauco War
301:Arauco War
251:Allegiance
1907:O'Higgins
1897:Benavides
1877:Balmaseda
1842:Salamanca
1662:Sotomayor
796:Audiencia
788:Philip II
775:Audiencia
699:in 1561.
687:and fort
624:Galvarino
531:La Serena
509:Mendoza,
488:La Serena
382:Charles I
272:1552–1609
153:Philip II
140:In office
92:Philip II
83:1557–1561
79:In office
1922:Del Pino
1887:Jáuregui
1867:Berroeta
1762:Figueroa
1682:Quiñones
1677:Viscarra
1667:Viscarra
1617:Valdivia
1503:Fernando
847:Ancestry
828:seminary
790:and the
602:Araucana
595:Mapuches
590:Lincoyan
568:Coquimbo
556:Santiago
511:Villagra
492:Coquimbo
467:, Friar
394:Brussels
238:Children
30:Manrique
16:In this
1912:Rezabal
1882:Morales
1822:Ustariz
1787:Meneses
1652:Quiroga
1642:Quiroga
1398:Sources
1340:Spanish
697:Mendoza
560:cabildo
515:Quiroga
409:America
390:Tuscany
386:Corsica
347:Mendoza
149:Monarch
88:Monarch
22:surname
1957:Osorio
1917:Avilés
1852:Ovando
1817:Ibáñez
1792:Dávila
1782:Peredo
1772:Porter
1757:Mujica
1732:Osores
1712:Ribera
1692:Ribera
1378:Endure
838:Legacy
677:Arauco
669:Quiapo
260:
228:Spouse
218:Madrid
198:Cuenca
1807:Garro
1737:Álava
1543:Diego
1326:Notes
804:Milan
693:Andes
683:, or
481:Arica
421:Chile
263:Spain
222:Spain
202:Spain
1862:Amat
1424:2008
1345:Perú
1105:12.
1041:11.
746:mita
741:mita
448:and
405:Peru
208:Died
192:Born
130:8th
1133:6.
1067:1.
949:2.
892:4.
427:or
40:Don
24:is
1994::
1368:^
1342::
822:,
806:.
719:.
664:.
513:y
463:,
459:,
400:.
220:,
200:,
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1426:.
1347:)
548:.
299:-
32:.
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