Geisha - Knowledge

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the girl’s next step to becoming a geisha. During this ceremony, the top-knot of the respective Maiko’s wareshinobu hairstyle is ritually cut open and small presents are handed out to ochaya she frequents, close clients, or okiya her okiya may have close relationships with. It’s like a little party to celebrate the promotion of the girl. Afterwards, the girl will wear the ofuku hairstyle as her everday-hairstyle. Not all geisha groups practice the ritual of selling virginity, and was indeed discouraged by many. Fishermen use the word mizuage to talk about how much fish they caught a day, and the word mizuage is also used by geisha to talk about their monthly earnings. However, historically, there were indeed geisha groups that sold the virginity of maiko in the form of prostitution, and geisha registered as "double geisha" might even engage in prostitution multiple times to sell their virginity. Therefore, it is often mistakenly believed that all geisha in the past engaged in prostitution. After 1956, prostitution was criminalised in Japan, and

4521: 1055: 1081: 3811: 2178: 2821: 36: 3037: 2170: 4926:, some prostitutes, almost exclusively working for the occupying forces in Japan, began to advertise themselves as "geisha girls", partly because many foreign soldiers could not tell the difference between a geisha and a woman dressed in a kimono. These women came to be known commonly as "geesha girls", a misnomer originating from the language barrier between the armed forces and the prostitutes themselves; the term spread quickly, as evidenced by the fact that shortly after their arrival in 1945, it was said that some occupying American GIs congregated in 2256: 4087: 3626: 3819: 2892: 4811:)", ambiguously grouping both professions together. The terms of the law caused controversy from the unclear differentiation between professions, with some officials claiming that prostitutes and geisha worked different ends of the same profession, and that there would be little difference in calling all prostitutes "geisha". Nonetheless, the government maintained an official distinction between both professions, arguing that geisha should not be conflated with or confused for prostitutes. 5312: 5053: 4544: 4370: 2470:

engagements, learning Western-style dancing, and serving cocktails to customers instead of sake. The image of a "modern" pre-war geisha had been viewed by some as unprofessional and a betrayal of the profession's image, but as a necessary change and an obvious evolution by others. However, the incumbent pressures of the war rapidly turned the tide against Westernisation, leading to an effective abandonment of most radical "Western-style" geisha experiments.

3145:, which have extra-long, trailing skirts. These kimono feature a collar set further back into the neck, and sleeves attached unevenly to the body of the kimono. These features allow the collar to be pulled further down the back when worn, with the sleeves – which, like all women's kimono, feature an open portion underneath the shoulder – offset on the shoulder to ensure that the underarm is not exposed awkwardly through the open inner side of the sleeve. 2579: 4738: 846: 93: 5906:"An economic downturn in the 1990s forced businessmen to cut back on entertainment expenses, while high-profile scandals in recent years have made politicians eschew excessive spending. A dinner can cost around 80,000 yen (US$ 1,058) per head, depending on the venue and the number of geishas present. But even before the 90s, men were steadily giving up on late-night parties at 4901:, simply because of the expenses involved and the unlikelihood that a modern man could support both his household and a geisha's living expenses. Nonetheless, it was still common for geisha to retire from the profession in their mid-twenties to live off the support of their patron following the Second World War. The practice continues today, though geisha do not take 2284:

customers and business of sex and entertainment, an official investigation was opened, with the potential for a geisha to lose her right to practice the profession. Geisha were also forbidden from wearing particularly flashy hairpins or kimono, both of which were hallmarks of higher-ranking courtesans, who were considered to be a part of the upper classes.

4886:, or patron, who would pay for her expenses, buy her gifts, and engage her on a more personal level – at times involving sex – than a banquet or party would allow. This would be seen as a sign of the man's generosity, wealth, and status, as the expenses associated with being a geisha were relatively high; as such, a 4651:), an Australian geisha trainee who debuted in the Asakusa district of Tokyo in 2007 as the first registered foreign geisha in Japan. In February 2011, she was expelled from the Asakusa Geisha Association, and established an unregistered geisha house in the historic Fukagawa district. Graham died in January 2023. 2209:, developed trained and hired as chaste dancers-for-hire within these teahouses.Further still, some courtesans, whose contracts within the pleasure quarters had ended, chose to stay on to provide musical entertainment to guests, making use of the skills they had formerly developed as part of their job. 5031:

Mizuage as a rite of passage, a coming-of-age ceremony in which a patron paid a great sum of money to take a girl’s virginity, did exist, but it was more of a courtesan’s and prostitute’s tradition than a maiko’s and geisha’s. Traditionally, mizuage for maiko was a change in hairstyle that symbolized

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Though relatively uncommon in previous decades, geisha parties are no longer understood to be affairs for male guests exclusively, with women commonly attending parties alongside other male guests. Though geisha will still gracefully flirt and entertain male guests, this is understood to be a part of

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in Kyoto are legally allowed to take on recruits at a younger age, 15–17. Now, girls must graduate from middle school and then make the personal decision to train to become a geisha. Young women who wish to become geisha now most often begin their training after high school or even college. Many more

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district of Kyoto was roughly 39, with the vast majority being aged 35–49. The population of geisha at this time was also surprisingly high, roughly equivalent to the numbers of young women within the profession; geisha no longer retired young when they found a patron, and were less likely than other

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After Japan lost the war, geisha dispersed and the profession was in shambles. When they regrouped during the Occupation and began to flourish in the 1960s during Japan's postwar economic boom, the geisha world changed. In modern Japan, girls are not sold into indentured service. Nowadays, a geisha's

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I showed the mother of the Yamabuki some statistics on the age distribution of the geisha population in the 1920s. She remarked on the big dip in figures when women reached the age of twenty-five. "In those days, when you found yourself a patron you could stop working. If you were lucky you would be

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player. The geisha, who took the name of Kikuya, became an immediate success, bringing greater popularity to the idea of female geisha.Following Kikuya's success as a geisha, many girls began to make a name for themselves as talented musicians, dancers or poets,instead of becoming a prostitute.In the

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may also be seen as less prestigious, as geisha working in these towns are typically hired to work in one hotel for travelling customers they are usually not familiar with before entertaining; nevertheless, all geisha, regardless of region or district, are trained in the traditional arts, making the

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towns in particular being known for their so-called "double registered" geisha (a term for an entertainer registered as both a geisha and a prostitute). A geisha working to pay off her incumbent debts to the mother of the house often had little choice but to engage in prostitution, whether forced to

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After the war, geisha unanimously returned to wearing kimono and practicing the traditional arts, abandoning all experimental geisha styles of appearance and entertainment. This, however, led to the final blow for the profession's reputation as fashionable in wider society; though the geisha did not

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During the Heian period, ideals surrounding relationships with women, sexual or otherwise, did not emphasise fidelity, with marriage within the Heian court considered a relatively casual arrangement. Men were not expected to be faithful to their wives, while women were expected to remain faithful to

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Part of the comparison between geisha and willows comes from the perceived loyalty amongst geisha to their patrons – over time, it became known that certain factions, such as certain political parties, would patronise some geisha districts with their rivals patronising others. Though

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Geisha entertain their guests with a combination of both their hostessing and conversational skills, and their skills in traditional Japanese art forms of dance, music and singing. Before deciding to begin a career as a geisha, new recruits are generally expected to have an interest in the arts, as

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In recent years, a growing number of geisha have complained to the authorities about being pursued and harassed by groups of tourists keen to take their photograph when out walking. As a result, tourists in Kyoto have been warned not to harass geisha on the streets, with local residents of the city

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Despite their official status as lower-class entertainers, geisha continued to grow in popularity. While courtesans existed to meet the needs of upper-class men (who could not respectably be seen to visit a lower-class prostitute) and prostitutes met the sexual needs of lower-class men, this left a

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Around the turn of the 18th century, the first geisha, or forerunners of geisha, performing for guests of the pleasure quarters began to appear; these entertainers, who provided song and dance, developed from a number of sources. Some geisha, who were something of travelling entertainers going from

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partnership was in previous decades not seen as essential, in modern times it is valued to a much greater degree because of the formal nature of the commitment and the awareness by both parties of how expensive it can be. The taking of a patron by a geisha is the closest thing to paid compensation

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tend to be colourful and highly decorated, often featuring a design that continues inside the kimono's hem. The style of this kimono varies throughout different regions; apprentices in Kyoto tend to wear large but sparsely-placed motifs, whereas apprentices elsewhere appear in kimono similar to a

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This popularity was then increased by the introduction of various laws intended to clamp down on and regulate the lower classes – in particular, the emerging merchant classes who had established themselves as the premiere patrons of geisha. Both had, over time, come to hold much of the purchasing

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Following their inception by the shogunate in the 17th century, the pleasure quarters quickly became popular entertainment centres that developed their own additional forms of entertainment outside of sex. The highly accomplished courtesans of these districts entertained their clients by dancing,

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Following debut, geisha typically do not go through major role changes, as there are no more formal stages of training. However, geisha can and do work into their eighties and nineties, and are still expected to train regularly, though lessons may only be put on a few times a month. A geisha may

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they are affiliated with, particularly during their apprenticeship, and are legally required to be registered to one, though they may not live there every day. Many experienced geisha are successful enough to choose to live independently, though living independently is more common in some geisha

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within those classes, further alienating courtesans and their patrons from popularity and contemporary taste; the introduction of laws on dress only furthered the popularity of geisha as refined and fashionable companions for men. As a result, over time, courtesans of both higher and lower ranks

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As the tastes of the merchant classes for kabuki and geisha became widely popular, laws introduced to effectively neuter the appearances and tastes of geisha and their customers were passed. This, however, had the adverse effect of leading to the rise in popularity of more refined and subversive

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geisha means 'arts person' trained in music and dance, not in the art of sexual pleasure". Similarly, K.G. Henshall stated that the job of a geisha included " their customer, be it by dancing, reciting verse, playing musical instruments, or engaging in light conversation. Geisha engagements may

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Once established as an independent profession, a number of edicts were then introduced in order to protect the business of courtesans and separate the two professions. Geisha were firstly forbidden from selling sex, though many continued to do so; if a courtesan accused a geisha of stealing her

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wherein love had secondary importance to the other roles a wife fulfilled within the marriage. As such, courtesans—who provided not only sexual enjoyment, but also romantic attachment and artistic entertainment—were seen both as an outlet for men and as common companions.Though geisha would not

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Historically, the majority of women within Japan were wives whose familial duties kept them from working outside their homes. A geisha, however, could achieve independence by working to pay off her debts, making the profession one method for women to support themselves without becoming a wife.

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Though apprentice geisha appear in their most formal dress when attending engagements all of the time, this appearance is not static, and the seniority of apprentices can generally be distinguished visually by changes to makeup, hairstyle and hair accessories. When an apprentice becomes a full

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and kabuki theatre. Over time, the more exaggerated theatrical styles evolved into the subtle and more stylised form of dancing used today; despite the difference, elements of traditional Japanese dance, such as the use of gestures to tell a story and the symbolism used to represent this, run

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The status of geisha in Japanese society also changed drastically after the war. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, much discussion had taken place surrounding the status of geisha in a rapidly-Westernising Japanese society. Some geisha had begun to experiment with wearing Western clothing to

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and geisha interact with customers. In this way, a trainee gains insights into the nature of the job, following the typical nature of traditional arts apprenticeships in Japan, wherein an apprentice is expected to learn almost entirely through observation. Although geisha at the stage of

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alike. The term "geisha girls", its quick spread to Western culture, and the accompanying mental image of a woman in a kimono offering sex and entertainment, is largely speculated as responsible for the continuing misconception in the West that geisha are widely engaged in prostitution.

4779:. In the present day, some geisha are married and continue to work in their capacity as geisha, despite it being uncommon; these geisha are likely to be based in regions outside of Kyoto, as its heavily traditionalist geisha districts would be unlikely to allow a married geisha to work. 2018:

appear until the 1800s, the role and status of courtesans as artistic and romantic entertainers were a tradition that geisha came to inherit, with the basic artforms of entertaining guests through song, dance and conversation being employed and adapted to contemporary tastes by geisha.

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courtesans (and by extension, prostitutes) were humorously known for having loyalty only to the customer paying them for the night, a geisha would stand by her patrons and defend their best interests, her loyalty to her patrons being perceived as higher than her loyalty to her money.

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had become popular entertainers and were often paid to perform in the private homes of upper-class samurai. These dancing girls, who were too young to be called geisha but too old (over twenty) to be called odoriko, began to be called geiko. By the early 18th century, lots of these

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The geisha system was founded, actually, to promote the independence and economic self-sufficiency of women. And that was its stated purpose, and it actually accomplished that quite admirably in Japanese society, where there were very few routes for women to achieve that sort of

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and commonly confused with prostitutes, despite the profession being mostly forbidden from receiving payment for sex since its inception. Despite this, some geisha have historically engaged in prostitution, either through personal choice, or through coercion and at times force.

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hold these annually (mostly in spring, with one exclusively in autumn), dating to the Kyoto exhibition of 1872, and there are many performances, with tickets being inexpensive, ranging from around ¥1500 to ¥7000 – top-price tickets also include an optional tea ceremony (tea and

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Historically, geisha held an appeal for mainly male guests as a woman outside of the role of "wife". Wives were modest, responsible, and at times sombre, whereas geisha could be playful and carefree. Geisha would, on occasion, marry their clients, but this required retirement.

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Compulsory education laws passed in the 1960s effectively shortened the period of training for geisha apprentices, as girls could no longer be taken on at a young age to be trained throughout their teenage years. This led to a decline in women entering the profession, as most

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A geisha's appearance changes symbolically throughout her career, representing her training and seniority. Apprentice geisha typically appear in one style of dress, the most formal, the entire time they are working: a long-sleeved kimono with a trailing skirt, a formal

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There were considered to be many classifications and ranks of geisha, though some were colloquial or closer to a tongue-in-cheek nicknames than an official ranking. Some geisha would sleep with their customers, whereas others would not, leading to distinctions such as

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The status of courtesans as celebrities and arbiters of fashion had also waned considerably. The art forms they practiced had become stiffly-cherished relics of the upper classes, as had their manner of speech and their increasingly gaudy appearance. In contrast,

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Historically, geisha on occasion were confined to operate in the same walled districts as courtesans and prostitutes; however, both professions have on some level always maintained a distance officially, despite often being legislated against by the same laws.

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profession in Japan), had been as high as 80,000, however, following the closure of all geisha districts in 1944, mostly all geisha had been conscripted into the war effort proper, with many finding work in factories or elsewhere through customers and patrons.

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relatively quickly after the war, many had decided to stay on in their wartime jobs, considering it to be a more stable form of employment. Both during and after the war, the geisha name lost some status, as some prostitutes began referring to themselves as

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By the 1830s, geisha were considered to be the premiere fashion and style icons in Japanese society, and were emulated by women of the time. Many fashion trends started by geisha soon became widely popular, with some continuing to this day; the wearing of

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district of Tokyo is known for being the location of the first female geisha in Japan; however, the area faced decline following WWII, with its registry office closing temporarily in the 1980s, before being partially revived in the mid- to late-2000s.

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described it in more critical, cynical terms. By the early 20th century, the aura of dignity and élan the courtesans had once exuded was all but lost, and these women, many of whom suffered from venereal disease, appeared more like sexual slaves than

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power within Japan, with their status as lower class allowing them a degree of freedom in their tastes of dress and entertainment, in contrast to upper-class families who had little choice but to appear in a manner deemed respectable to their status.

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after the war, it was evident that working as a geisha was still considered to be a lucrative and viable career, with numbers increasing quickly. The vast majority of geisha after the war were aged 20–24, as many retired in their mid-twenties after

3922:(flute), during their apprenticeship, as well as learning traditional Japanese dance; however, after graduation to geisha status, geisha are free to choose which art form they wish to pursue primarily. Geisha who pursue musicianship are known as 1105:

A number of terms are used to describe the profession and community that geisha both live and work in. Though each has its own distinct meaning and translation, some are used interchangeably to describe the geisha community on the whole, such as

5028:, some prostitutes would use this term to refer to their acts with customers, leading to some confusion – particularly when referring to themselves as "geisha" when in the company of foreign soldiers, and sometimes amongst Japanese customers. 2477:

Nonetheless, in the decades after the war, the profession's practices still underwent some changes. Following the introduction of the Prostitution Prevention Law in 1956, geisha benefited from the official criminalisation of practices such as

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being owned and run by women. New geisha are trained for the most part by their symbolic mothers and older sisters, and engagements are arranged through the mother of the house. Infrequently, men take contingent positions within the

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experience the rapid decline and eventual death that courtesans had experienced in the previous century, they were instead rendered as "protectors of tradition" in favour of preserving the image geisha had cultivated over time.

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Geisha wear kimono more subdued in pattern and colour than both regular women's kimono, and the kimono worn by apprentice geisha. Geisha always wear short-sleeved kimono, even if they are technically still young enough to wear

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Over time the number of geisha has declined, despite the efforts of those within the profession. Factors include the nature of the economy, declining interest in the traditional arts, the exclusive and closed-off nature of the

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or geisha "senior" in rank to an apprentice may be called "older sister", an apprentice's official "older sister" is a geisha bonded to her in an official ceremony, who will thereafter typically teach her about working in the

5252: – are seen as unofficially ranked. Gion Kobu, Ponto-chō and Kamishichiken are seen as the most prestigious, with Gion Kobu at the top; below these three are Gion Higashi and Miyagawa-chō. The more prestigious 4405:. This stage can last between three and five years. During this time, they learn from both other trainees senior to them, and their geisha mentors, with special emphasis placed on learning from her symbolic "older sister" ( 2096:

were considered to be low-ranking members of the nobility, the instruments they played and the songs they sang were often confined to those considered "respectable" enough for the upper classes. This typically meant that

3277:, with small, busy patterns that cover a greater area. Unlike geisha, who almost invariably own the kimono they wear to engagements, apprentice geisha tend not to own their own kimono, and instead borrow those of their 7142: 2533:. Sugawara stated that girls now "prefer to become dancers, models, and cabaret and bar hostesses rather than start training in music and dancing at the age of seven or eight" necessary to become geisha at the time. 2280:, unable to work outside of the pleasure quarters, being affected by reforms aimed at either limiting or shutting down the pleasure quarters. These reforms were often inconsistent, and were repealed at various times. 4861:

Despite this, the modern conflation between geisha and prostitutes continues as a pervasive idea, particularly in Western culture. Sheridan Prasso wrote that Americans had "an incorrect impression of the real geisha

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Prefecture. Ibu first became interested in being a geisha in 2000, after visiting Japan for a year to study traditional dance, and came back 7 years later to become a geisha. Ibu debuted as a member of the Ichikoma

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The second element is the entertainment training which a trainee learns at various tea houses and parties by observing her "older sister". The third is the social skill of navigating the complex social web of the

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Changes, and style of appearance, vary depending on the region of Japan a geisha or apprentice geisha works in; however, there is a general progression of appearance that can be seen as applicable to all geisha.

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include flirting with men and playful innuendos; however, clients know that nothing more can be expected. In a social style that is common in Japan, men are amused by the illusion of that which is never to be."

5018:, an apprentice would occasionally have their virginity sold to a patron, who ostensibly supported their graduation to geisha status – usually through the exorbitant fee charged for the privilege. Unscrupulous 5818:

and were reduced to making their living within the confines of the quarters they knew so well. At this time, "geisha" was a masculine term, and the women who began to take on this profession were designated

2314:) had begun to successfully establish themselves as worldly, cutting-edge entertainers, more artistically daring than their cloistered, indentured cousins, and able to come and go and dress as they pleased. 7668: 3960:

While traditionally geisha led a cloistered existence, in recent years they have become more publicly visible, and entertainment is available without requiring the traditional introduction and connections.

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are extremely expensive, and are unlikely to be something an apprentice can afford. An apprentice may also decide not to become a geisha and drop out, leaving them with an expensive piece of clothing their

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hairstyle and a decorated black formal kimono. Teeth blackening was once a common practice amongst married women in Japan and the imperial court in earlier times, but is now an extremely uncommon practice.

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mothers in Kyoto began accepting both recruits from different areas of Japan in larger numbers, and recruits with little to no previous experience in the traditional arts. Before this point, the number of

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hairstyles can signify the stage of an apprentice's training. Typical combs and hairpins may be made of tortoiseshell or mock-tortoiseshell, gold, silver and semi-precious stones such as jade and coral.

3645:. When the profession of geisha first came into existence, dress edicts prevented geisha from wearing the dramatic hairstyles worn by courtesans, leading to the subdued nature of most geisha hairstyles. 3530:; older geisha tend to wear regular formal kimono to engagements, with no trailing skirt or deep-set collar. The appearance of regional geisha varies less across Japan so than that of apprentice geisha. 1025:

The arts that geisha perform are considered highly developed and, in some cases, unique throughout Japan to the world of geisha. For example, the Gion district of Kyoto is the only district wherein the

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to promote their business; documentary pieces commonly inspire young women to join the profession, such as the geisha Satsuki, who later became the most popular geisha in Gion for a seven-year period:

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of the same length worn by any woman who wears a kimono; she may not wear a kimono with a trailing skirt to every banquet, and may choose not to wear white makeup and a wig at all as she grows older.

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owners would not uncommonly sell an apprentice's virginity more than once to different customers, pocketing the entire fee for themselves with the apprentice herself remaining an apprentice. During

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Though the law officially maintained a distance between geisha and prostitutes, some geisha still engaged in prostitution. Writing in 1956, former geisha Sayo Masuda wrote of her experiences in the

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By 1800, the profession of geisha was understood to be almost entirely female, and was established as a distinct role in its own right; however, geisha were, throughout various points within the

4580:, an American national, worked and performed briefly with geisha in the Pontochō district of Kyoto as part of her doctorate research. She entertained in full costume, was tied to an established 4278:

or her guarantor. This repayment may continue after graduation to geishahood, and only when her debts are settled can a geisha claim her entire wages and work independently (if loaning from the

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The first female geisha appeared in 1751, with geisha before that time being male performers who entertained guests. Only later did the profession become mainly characterised by female workers.

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are known for holding more flexible rules and traditions than other geisha districts in Japan, leading to the district's revival in the modern day, following a period of decline in the 1980s.

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have seen geisha as exploited women, but some modern geisha see themselves as liberated feminists: "We find our own way, without doing family responsibilities. Isn't that what feminists are?"

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However, following the advent of wider accessibility to the internet from the mid-2000s onwards, a greater number of recruits have decided to join the profession with no existing ties to the

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Trainees can be hired for parties, but are usually uninvited – though welcomed – guests, brought along by their symbolic older sister as a way of introducing a new trainee to patrons of the

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worn as a bridal wig in traditional weddings. Though geisha also wear this hairstyle as a wig, it is usually shaped specifically to their face by a wig stylist. Older geisha may wear the

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stage of training involves learning techniques of conversation, typical party games, and proper decorum and behaviour at banquets and parties. This stage lasts only about a month or so.

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stage of training lasted for years, and some girls were bonded to geisha houses as children. Daughters of geisha were often brought up as geisha themselves, usually as the successor (

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Geishas are not submissive and subservient, but in fact they are some of the most financially and emotionally successful and strongest women in Japan, and traditionally have been so.

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are typically not large enough to have a hierarchy, regional geisha districts are seen as having less prestige than those in Kyoto, viewed as being the pinnacle of tradition in the

4424:. This involves learning how to serve drinks, hold casual conversation, and some training in the arts, though the latter is usually carried out through by dance and music teachers. 4986:

as part of the process of promotion to senior status. Originally meaning the unloading of a ship's cargo of fish, over time, the term became an innuendo for money earned in the

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next two decades, female geisha became well known for their talents as entertainers in their own right; these performers often worked in the same establishments as male geisha.

4691:) of some dance and music schools that geisha train under may also be male, with some barrier to entry for women to achieve the legacy of being the head of an artistic school. 7133: 2090:, whilst still prostitutes, also included the traditional arts as a key aspect of their entertainment, their practice of which differed considerably from those of geisha. As 5812:, they appeared in the 1660s as jesters and buffoons who would come to liven up parties held in the. Some of them were cultured men who had squandered their fortunes in the 7174: 5840:

Appendix II, a timeline of geisha and related history; Gallagher says that "Kiku" from the Fukugawa district founded the profession in 1750, and that by 1753 one hundred

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can develop a bald spot on their crown caused by the stress of wearing these hairstyles almost every day, but in the present day, this is less likely to happen because

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Before the 20th century, geisha began their training at a young age, around the age of six. In the present day this is no longer the case, and geisha usually debut as

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will take on recruits with no previous experience, with some young geisha, despite having existing experience, expected to begin their lessons from the beginning.

6917: 2684:(both meaning "flower fees") are used instead as part of the Kyoto dialect. However, appointments and arrangements are still made by the mother of the house (the 2200:

party to party, were men, who would entertain the customers of courtesans through song and dance. At the same time, the forerunners of female geisha, the teenage

2984:. Older geisha tend only to wear a full face of traditional white makeup during stage performances or on special occasions. Older geisha generally stop wearing 2288:

gap of skilled and refined entertainers for the emerging merchant classes, who, though wealthy, were unable to access courtesans because of their social class.

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dancers, thrived under the Imperial court, creating the traditions of female dance and performance that would later lead to both the development of geisha and

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always wear kimono while working, and typically wear kimono outside of work. The type of kimono varies based on age, occasion, region and season of the year.

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Mature geisha (center) ordinarily wear subdued clothing, makeup, and hair, contrasting with the more colourful clothing, heavy makeup, and elaborate hair of

7827: 4586:, and was assigned an 'older sister'; however, because of the academic nature of her stay, she did not undergo the rites to formally debut as a geisha. 3881:

soon became the mainstay instrument of geisha entertainment in the 1750s. It is described as having a distinct and melancholic sound, with traditional

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had also begun offering sexual services as well as chaste performances. Performers who were no longer teenagers (and could no longer style themselves

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The English term "geisha girl" soon became a byword for any female Japanese prostitute, whether actually selling sex or not; the term was applied to

6697: 5617: 5912:, restaurants with traditional straw-mat tatami rooms where geisha entertain, in favour of the modern comforts of hostess bars and karaoke rooms." 7589: 3262:

spent most of their teenage years as apprentices; the tucks would be let out as they grew. These tucks are still seen on some children's kimono.

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began to develop, which would later contribute to the conditions under which the geisha profession emerged. Skilled female performers, such as

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The community or society that geisha inhabit. In the present day, this term refers solely to the world of geisha, as well as the few remaining

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Most geisha are single women, though they may have lovers or boyfriends over time, and are allowed to pursue these relationships outside of

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usually charge just a third of the fee a typical geisha would charge, and typically work within just one particular tea house, known as the

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was typically a wealthy man, sometimes married, who may have been financially supporting the geisha in question through company expenses.

6941: 6418:: "Arts child", originally dancing girls who were too young to be called geisha but too old (more than twenty years of age) to be called 7753: 7098: 7779: 7732: 6769: 1371:, though customers may call them for special occasions in other districts, or on excursions – however far away – to places outside the 876: 135: 5891:

studios are required to dress paying customers inaccurately if they wish to appear in costume in public, so that tourists and working

4543: 2543:

required a recruit to be at least somewhat competent and trained in the arts she would later go on to use as a geisha; by about 1975,

1038:

is taught. This style of dance is taught solely to the geisha within the district by the Inoue school, with the school's former head,

7916: 4660:

Geisha are regarded in wider Japanese society as some of the most successful businesswomen in Japan, with almost the entirety of the

2845:, which is done using the apprentice's own hair. A geisha, in contrast, may not be called to wear her most formal outfit (a trailing 1029: 4758:

Despite long-held connotations between sex and geisha, a geisha's sex and love life is usually distinct from her professional life.

3256:-style sleeves, with a tuck sewn into either sleeve, and a tuck sewn into each shoulder. These tucks are holdovers from a time when 5673: 7068: 7013: 3844: 7182: 7156: 3660:. Geisha, unable to reliably book in with a hairstylist once a week to maintain their hair, began to wear human hair wigs in the 7550: 2517:

bar hostess began to overshadow geisha as the premiere profession of entertainment at parties and outings for men. In 1959, the

5447: 4070:

at the Kamishichiken Kaburenjo Theatre during the summer months. Another geisha beer garden is available at the Gion Shinmonso

371: 5877:

Despite this, a few changes – such as the standardisation of a geisha's fees – did withstand, and remain in place to this day.

1320:, who are considered to be entertainers of a similar kind to geisha, but the district is still not considered to be an active 9043: 8835: 8595: 8492: 8424: 8403: 8317: 7872: 6724: 6506: 3832:

well as some experience. As geisha numbers have fallen throughout the decades, this is no longer a strict prerequisite. Some

758: 150: 6623: 3853:

These dances are accompanied by traditional Japanese music. The primary instrument used by geisha to accompany dance is the

1707:

A euphemistic term for the entertainment and red-light districts in Japan, including the worlds of kabuki actors and geisha.

7363: 7434: 2975:– than geisha. Young apprentices may have the mother of the house or their "older sister" mentors help them apply makeup. 2614:

Geisha are often hired to attend parties and gatherings, traditionally at tea houses or traditional Japanese restaurants (

8068: 7520: 2042:

designating prostitution illegal to practice outside of these "pleasure quarters" in 1617. Within the pleasure quarters,

997:, as well as being proficient conversationalists and hosts. Their distinct appearance is characterised by long, trailing 8703:

Stanley, Amy (August 2013). "Enlightenment Geisha: The Sex Trade, Education, and Feminine Ideals in Early Meiji Japan".

7046: 8857: 8445: 8380: 8287: 8040: 6078: 5825:(female) geisha. Soon, women began to outnumber the men, and "geisha" came to be considered a feminine term—the prefix 5560: 1365:

The district where a geisha works, is affiliated, and potentially lives. Geisha generally do not work outside of their

306: 4339:

training will attend parties, they will not participate on an involved level and are instead expected to sit quietly.

3723:

in certain districts of Kyoto may also wear additional, differing hairstyles in the run up to graduating as a geisha.

3236:) may be worn. When off-duty, if wearing kimono, both geisha and their apprentices wear regular, non-trailing kimono. 9063: 8971: 8950: 8929: 8908: 8886: 8785: 8757: 8693: 8637: 8616: 8576: 8553: 8517: 8464: 8361: 8340: 8228: 8198: 1538:

acting as the "flowers", ostensibly for their beautiful and showy appearance, and geisha being the subtler "willows".

7286: 4066:

from the Kamishichiken district in northwest Kyoto serve tea to 3,000 guests. As of 2010, they also serve beer in a

2963:. Younger apprentices may also paint their eyebrows slightly shorter or rounder to emphasise a youthful appearance. 2957:

First-year apprentice geisha paint only the lower lip, and wear less black around the eyes and eyebrows than senior

2566:

women of the same age to have both children and an extended family to support them. In 1989, it was reported in the

1982:

girls offered sexual services for money while others made a living by entertaining at high-class social gatherings.

9068: 7706: 7490: 6032: 4266:

may decide to fund everything herself from the beginning with either a loan or the help of an outside guarantor. A

3311:

used by their apprentices that have been used for several years, and some are known for their distinctive designs.

2013:

their husbands. The ideal wife instead was seen as a modest mother who managed the affairs of the house, following

1043: 8351: 8054: 7459: 4194:), apprentices learn how to speak with guests, the mannerisms necessary to be a geisha, and the traditions of the 3173:, with motifs unsymmetrically placed along the hem and along the shoulders. For extremely formal occasions, black 4914:

for a personal partnership – whatever that partnership might entail – that a geisha officially engages in today.

2461:

set up in your own apartment and have a life of leisure, taking lessons when you wanted to for your own enjoyment

2394:

brought lasting change to the geisha profession; before the war, geisha numbers, despite seeing competition from

8268: 6573: 4858:

does not exist, and apprentices mark their graduation to geisha status with a series of ceremonies and events.

3672:, still utilising the apprentice's own hair, became wider, placed higher upon the head, and shorter in length. 2153:

Some mikos and wander female performers also performed theatrical plays, dances and skits. One such person was

869: 544: 7835: 19:

This article is about geisha, the traditional Japanese female entertainers and hostesses. For other uses, see

9048: 8014: 4163:, as well as attending to the needs of the house and learning to live with her geisha sisters and within the 3218:

are lined for most of the year, and unlined for the summer months; in winter, heavier formal fabrics such as

664: 131: 6383: 3584:

in the summer months, geisha from Fukuoka – where the fabric originates from – may wear it the entire year.

5458: 4611:

on 5 October 2010, and was still working as a geisha as of early 2012. She was reported as retired in 2016.

3952:

geisha. Some geisha not only dance and play music, but also write poems, paint pictures, or compose music.

408: 7581: 7312: 7220: 4846:

criminalised the vast majority of prostitution, essentially leading to the outlawing of practices such as

1793:

are usually run by women, many of whom are ex-geisha themselves. Geisha may entertain guests within their

9053: 8414: 7099:"Open-Air Tea Ceremony with the Scent of Plum Blossoms: Plum Blossom Festival at Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine" 4750:

a geisha's hostessing and entertainment skills, and is not taken as a serious sign of personal interest.

4629:

district of Tokyo. Stephens debuted in August 2015, but left the profession in 2017 for personal reasons.

3971: 2380: 403: 140: 8848:

Hartley, Barbara (2018). "Izumo no Okuni Queers the Stage". In Miller, Laura; Copeland, Rebecca (eds.).

8825: 8683: 7641: 6823: 4078:

in the Gion district. These beer gardens also feature traditional dances by the geisha in the evenings.

6669: 5606: 5538: 2014: 1035: 990: 768: 726: 8795:

Tiefenbrun, S. (2003). "Copyright Infringement, Sex Trafficking, and the Fictional Life of a Geisha".

6800: 6480: 2764:

and geisha in Kyoto fell from 76 and 548 in 1965 respectively to just 71 and 202 in 2006 as a result.

2524: 9058: 6698:"Geisha Tradition Is Bowing Out in Japan; Geishas Fighting Losing Battle Against New Trends in Japan" 2177: 2058: 1019:, often for the entertainment of wealthy clientele, as well as performing on stage and at festivals. 862: 778: 773: 465: 160: 126: 7233:

They hit the bottom a couple of years ago, but now more students are interested in becoming geisha.

5291:, as the district of Shimabara was still officially active as a geisha district, as well as hosting 2789:

while a middle school student in Osaka, at around the age of 14, after seeing a documentary about a

2736:

in and around cities such as Kyoto are actually tourists who pay a fee to be dressed up as either a

1976:(serving girls) were mostly wandering girls whose families had been displaced by war. Some of these 9073: 8509: 4481:, and crucial for the support network necessary to support a trainee's eventual debut as a geisha. 810: 366: 7229:

Even the older sisters who became geisha as teenagers, they are over 80 but still train every day

6520: 4272:'s training is very expensive, and debts must be repaid over time with her earnings to either the 3320:

pieces may be sold on when they are considered too worn for use in formal engagements, or when an

2621: 2355:

geisha – a geisha who slept with customers as well as entertaining them through performing arts –

1137:

refers to geisha in Western Japan, including Kyoto and Kanazawa. This term directly translates as

8588:

Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History

5207:

in Kyoto are known for their adherence to tradition and high prestige, with the image of a Kyoto

4446: 2518: 1909:

wear kimono, though they do not wear the elaborate outfit, hairstyle and makeup of fully-fledged

413: 264: 155: 20: 9023: 5329:

has its own geisha tradition, which dates to the Edo period. The geisha in Niigata are known as

4433:'s training. The first is the formal arts training, which takes place in schools found in every 3810: 7614: 6644:

The question always comes up...just how 'available' is a geisha? ... There is no simple answer.

5516: 2401: 502: 269: 165: 8564: 8391: 6410: 6204: 5859:

praised the Yoshiwara as an environment of both cultural sophistication and sexual liberation

2376:

By the end of the 19th century, courtesans no longer held the celebrity status they once did.

1662:

period, an apprentice will receive training through one specific teahouse, referred to as the

8816: 7106: 5000:– literally, "the water business". Alongside changes in appearance – such as from the junior 4788: 4458: 4073: 3362: 2654:, was modernised during the 19th century to a flat fee charged per hour. In Kyoto, the terms 2323: 1046:" by the Government of Japan, the highest artistic award attainable in the country, in 1955. 805: 763: 736: 711: 497: 376: 335: 170: 116: 7789: 7728: 6430:

operated as illegal prostitutes. By the 19th century the term became synonymous with geisha.

1820:

A term for a geisha's engagements, which may take part or the whole of an evening. The term

8536: 6298: 5297:

reenactors; however, no geisha are active in Shimabara in the 21st century, despite modern

3860: 731: 674: 669: 450: 4589:

Some foreign nationals who have completed training and worked as geisha in Japan include:

3480:

being worn (in Kyoto at least) with all formal kimono. For training and in everyday life,

2465:

I think it's pretty unusual nowadays for a geisha to stop working when she gets a patron."

2190:

as well; the development of the cultural arts of the pleasure quarters led to the rise in

2169: 1532:

referred to the entertainment districts (the "world") of both geisha and courtesans, with

1471:

An alternative term for the districts in which geisha live and work; interchangeable with

207: 8: 6466: 6243: 5595: 5527: 5480: 5410: 4594: 3441:) knots. When wearing casual kimono in off-duty settings, an apprentice may still wear a 2942:

is worn with red and black eye and eyebrow makeup, red lips and light pink blusher. Both

1856:, changing the meaning to a term exclusively referring to the engagements a geisha takes. 721: 716: 644: 558: 7784:[Foreign geisha denied independence - Association talk of 'unexpected events']. 6534: 4937:(who occupy the role of entertaining men through conversation, not necessarily sex) and 4023: 254: 8742: 8728: 8629:

The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient

7076: 7021: 3639:

hairstyle developed, which became the basis for the hairstyles worn by both geisha and

2812:

of Kyoto launching patrols throughout Gion in order to prevent tourists from doing so.

2039: 986: 750: 427: 381: 354: 296: 249: 231: 7582:"Understanding the Geisha of Japan: What They Truly Are, Where to See Them, and More!" 3633:

The hairstyles of geisha have varied throughout history. During the 17th century, the

2530: 8988: 8967: 8946: 8925: 8904: 8882: 8853: 8831: 8812: 8781: 8753: 8732: 8720: 8689: 8670: 8633: 8612: 8606: 8591: 8572: 8549: 8513: 8488: 8460: 8441: 8420: 8399: 8376: 8357: 8336: 8313: 8293: 8283: 8264: 8243: 8224: 7558: 6002: 5532: 4796: 4726: 4641: 4593:

Fukutarō – (Isabella), a Romanian national who worked in the Izu-Nagaoka district of

3413:

are always worn in a knot showing off the length, whereas apprentices elsewhere wear

2255: 2145: 1148: 932: 706: 701: 492: 484: 470: 440: 358: 321: 291: 244: 239: 121: 111: 7917:"Geisha Research: Stats, Facts and why Women are More interested in Geisha than Men" 7528: 7437:[Western geisha active in the flower and willow world in Anjō] (in Japanese) 6918:"A Week in the Life of: Koaki, Apprentice Geisha – Schooled in the arts of pleasure" 3841:

The style of dance practiced by geisha today evolved from dance styles used in both

2706:, which keeps a record of both the appointments taken by a geisha and her schedule. 8804: 8712: 8660: 8503: 8478: 8218: 7054: 5622: 5571: 4840:

In 1956, and following its implementation in 1958, the Prostitution Prevention Law

4716:) of a geisha house would have stable employment for much of her life, running the 4475:; formal greetings, gifts, and visits are key parts of the social structure of the 4169:. By watching other geisha and learning from the mother of the house (known as the 3157:. Their patterns generally follow the placement of motifs on formal kimono such as 2932:– would have illuminated the face of a geisha when the only lighting available was 2486:, a practice that had at times been undertaken coercively or through force by some 2235: 1990: 1967: 1305: 904: 830: 792: 594: 395: 301: 197: 103: 83: 7880: 6086: 5213:

typifying that of geisha culture within wider Japanese and international society.

4086: 3401:

roughly 6 metres (20 ft) long, but elsewhere may be the shorter and narrower

3092:

and geisha wear the collar on their kimono relatively far back, accentuating (for

2861:

geisha, her style of kimono changes from a long-sleeved one with a typically long

2433:

saw restrictions on its practices lifted with teahouses, bars, and geisha houses (

1994: 1946:

Geisha engagements not held in licensed restaurants, teahouses, or a geisha's own

9038: 8961: 8940: 8919: 8896: 8876: 8627: 8435: 6631: 6312: 5628: 5441: 5415: 5182: 4837:

by her occupational "mother", or coerced to do it in order to pay off her debts.

4462: 2583: 982: 649: 576: 534: 340: 217: 192: 184: 145: 8482: 4880:

In the past, it had been unspoken tradition for an established geisha to take a

4625:

Kimicho – (Sydney Stephens), an American national who worked as a geisha in the

4123:

around the age of 17 or 18. Labour laws stipulate that apprentices only join an

2570:

that there were an estimated 600-700 geisha left throughout the whole of Japan.

1291: 40: 8474: 5589: 5576: 5469: 5326: 4923: 4019:

also hold public dances, including some in Tokyo, but have fewer performances.

3872: 3818: 3648:

Following World War II, many of the hairstylists who had previously served the

2709:

In modern Japan, geisha and their apprentices are a rarer sight outside of the

2567: 2154: 994: 688: 639: 631: 590: 435: 259: 74: 8716: 7498: 5751: 4995: 4824:, where she was sold for her virginity a number of times by the mother of her 4597:. She began her apprenticeship in April 2010 and debuted a year later in 2011. 3654:

no longer operated, leading to the redevelopment of hairstyles for geisha and

2000: 1674: 9032: 8724: 8674: 8565:"In the Service of the Nation: Geisha and Kawabata Yasunari's 'Snow Country'" 8297: 8247: 6968: 5658: 5543: 5497: 5474: 5399:

Geisha have been the subject of numerous films, books, and television shows.

3699:, who spend hours each week at the hairdresser and sleep on special pillows ( 2373:

geisha, who did not, officially and in reality, sleep with customers at all.

1308:, formerly a red light and geisha district, still being considered an active 1295: 800: 460: 212: 7902: 5698: 5189:

Within the Tokyo prefecture but outside of the city's 23 wards, the city of

3614: 3182: 2801:, but it was when I saw the documentary that I thought – I want to do that." 2234:

The first woman known to have called herself "geisha" was a prostitute from

2231:).At that time, the word "geiko" became synonymous with illegal prostitute. 1203:. A traditional female hostess, entertainer and performing artist. The word 1002: 8992: 8749: 8332: 8257: 7134:"Geishas serve beer instead of tea and conversation as downturn hits Japan" 5644: 5611: 5554: 5510: 5491: 5025: 5012:

style, – and visits paid to businesses and places of importance around the

4938: 4821: 4648: 4600:

Ibu – (Eve), a geisha of Ukrainian descent working in the Anjō district of

3620: 3168: 2391: 2367:("whore") geisha, whose only entertainment for male customers was sex, and 850: 521: 8665: 8648: 7642:"Up Close & Personal with Kimicho, an American Geisha in Tokyo, Japan" 5955:

are still considered formal clothing, and are only ever made of fine silk.

5311: 4830:. Such practices could be common in less reputable geisha districts, with 1986: 1287: 612: 8532: 8184: 8170: 5600: 5521: 5463: 5452: 5052: 4934: 4290:, must still be affiliated to one to work, and even living away from the 4067: 3917: 3888: 2857:

of matching formality, a wig and full white makeup) to every engagement.

2187: 2069:, a category with its own internal ranks, the highest of which being the 1314:

in the 1970s. In the present day, Shimabara is active only as a host for

566: 445: 202: 8982: 8808: 8120: 7256: 6299:"Everything you've wanted to know about the history of geisha and maiko" 5190: 4514:, or to mainly focus on performances and teaching other younger geisha. 4369: 3134: 3036: 3031: 1752:, restaurants or inns, they will usually entertain guests at a teahouse. 8548:. Translated by Rowley, G. G. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 8305: 7467: 5759: 5736: 5639: 5565: 4577: 4157:– essentially a trainee, learning all the necessary skills to become a 3875:

Islands in the 1560s, obtaining its current form within a century. The

3625: 3578: 3233: 3160: 2820: 2586:, one of the most famous tea houses where geisha entertain in Gion Kobu 2277: 2158: 283: 8440:. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. 6244:"Japanese Geisha: A History of Conversation, Performance and Artistry" 4576:

Since the 1970s, non-Japanese have also trained as and become geisha.

4445:, the flute, and drums, as well as learning games, traditional songs, 3814:

Geisha are skilled artists, trained in and performing music and dance.

3450: 2728:, "tea house district", often referred to as "entertainment district") 1238: 1221: 1080: 316: 8392:"The City Geisha and Their Role in Modern Japan: Anomaly or Artistes" 6467:"Japanese Geisha A History of Conversation, Performance and Artistry" 5938: 5707: 5505: 4626: 4227:. Successors were not always blood relations. Now, a girl is often a 3489: 3203: 2842: 2773:

through watching online documentaries and reading websites set up by

2521:

reported the plight of geisha in an article written for the magazine

1332: 659: 5976: 5846:

were consigned to Yoshiwara, which licensed (female) geisha in 1761.

5689: 4737: 2578: 2024: 1434:, referring to one of the terms for a geisha's wages, 'jewel money'. 1054: 9013: 5583: 5421: 4637: 4619: 4615: 2241: 2084:

did not provide as much artistic entertainment as they did sexual,

958: 455: 3681:

wears, which mark the different stages of her apprenticeship. The

3332:. In such circumstances, it is sometimes possible to identify the 2439:) allowed to open again. Though many geisha did not return to the 2339:

by women, for example, was first started by geisha from the Tokyo

330: 9024:

WayBack Machine captures of the Immortal Geisha forum and website

8094: 7804: 5930: 5727: 4955: 4531:

Satohana from the Kamishichiken district of Kyoto serving tea at

4242:

is an apprentice and is therefore bonded under a contract to her

4002: 3909: 3866: 3191: 3131:

Both geisha and apprentice geisha typically wear kimono known as

3006: 2900:

Mamechiho of Gion. Notice the green pin on the mid-left known as

2886: 2106: 1008: 539: 8942:

Women of the Pleasure Quarters: The Secret History of the Geisha

8773:

The World of Traditional Japanese Hairstyles: Hairstyles of the

8608:

Inside and other short fiction: Japanese women by Japanese women

8398:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 223–242. 7788:(in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Shimbun. 7 June 2011. Archived from 4614:

Juri – (Maria), a Peruvian geisha working in the resort town of

4452: 3486:

are worn, even when wearing casual short-sleeved kimono such as

3461: 2891: 2758:, and the expense of being entertained by geisha. The number of 92: 5768: 5717: 4493: 3871:, it was introduced to Japan first through Korea, and then the 3195: 3025: 2933: 2327:

began to fall out of fashion, seen as gaudy and old-fashioned.

2006: 1713: 998: 607: 529: 507: 35: 9007: 7669:"The Apprentice: Memoirs of a Chinese geisha wannabe in Japan" 7268: 7266: 5261:

In the 1970s, the geisha districts in Kyoto were known as the

4360:– learning from the "mother" (proprietress) of the house. The 2948:

and geisha underpaint their lips with a red lipstick known as

2502:

being a common practice continues, inaccurately, to this day.

1561:

The most common term for an apprentice geisha, translating to

1414:

A term for apprentice geisha in some regions of Japan such as

1131:

A regional term for geisha with a slightly different meaning.

6553: 5744: 5387: 5381: 4927: 4895:

In the present day, it is less common for a geisha to take a

4633: 4601: 4502:

decide to retire from her work, either to move away from the

3469: 3221: 3199: 3122:

respectively) left just underneath the hairline when wearing

2334: 2064: 1758: 1544: 1415: 1208: 979: 954: 654: 602: 571: 326: 27: 9014:

Azuma Odori - Japanese Geisha Dance Festival in Ginza, Tokyo

8371:

Downer, Lesley (2003). "Prologue - In Search of Sadayakko".

4685:

requires considerable strength) and accountants. The heads (

4284:). After this point she may choose to stay on living at her 3900:, alongside additional instruments that often accompany the 3226:

may be used, and in summer, lightweight silk weaves such as

2620:). The charge for a geisha's time, previously determined by 2250: 1775:

A geisha lodging house. All geisha must be registered to an

8151: 7263: 4799:, the new government passed a law liberating "prostitutes ( 4296:, will usually commute there to begin her working evening. 3350:'s crest is woven, dyed or embroidered into one end of the 3190:

Because they are formal clothes, informal fabrics, such as

3154: 2929: 2238:, roughly around 1750, who had become a skilled singer and 2157:, whose theatrical performances on the dry riverbed of the 1283: 919: 913: 9018: 3795:. The style and colour of hair accessories worn with some 3666:

style that required restyling far less. The hairstyles of

3153:

are formal kimono, and are almost invariably made of fine

916: 8827:

Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan

6770:"Modern-day geisha triumphs in closed, traditional world" 6487: 6039: 4200:. Apprentices also learn how to comfortably wear kimono. 3521:-style sleeves is considered a marker of apprenticeship. 2978:

Geisha wear more black around the eyes and eyebrows than

2556:

in had dropped from 80 to just 30 between 1965 and 1975.

2186:

singing, and playing music. Some were renowned poets and

910: 617: 8850:

Diva Nation: Female Icons from Japanese Cultural History

8220:

Looking for the Lost: Journeys Through a Vanishing Japan

7387: 7342: 6979: 6801:"World's oldest geisha looks to future to preserve past" 6603: 6447: 6435: 6426:

was the pronunciation used in the Kamigata region. Some

5258:

are frequented by powerful businessmen and politicians.

4992:, another name for the entertainment business being the 2057:– a term used to refer to prostitutes as a whole – were 8139: 7935: 6261: 6223: 3859:, a banjo-like three-stringed instrument played with a 3777:

and geisha are decorated with hair combs and hairpins (

3750:

style on special occasions, featuring a flatter "bun" (

2419:" to members of the American military occupying Japan. 2416: 2164: 2161:

are considered to be the beginnings of kabuki theatre.

26:"Geiko" redirects here. For the insurance company, see 8774: 8437:

Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art

7995: 7330: 6591: 6364: 6106: 6104: 6051: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5928: 5922: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5757: 5715: 5581: 5485: 5391:

distinction of prestige one of history and tradition.

5379: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5345: 5336: 5335:. The Furumachi neighbourhood is the place where most 5330: 5316: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5253: 5245: 5217: 5208: 5202: 5116: 5056: 5039: 5033: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4946: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4871: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4831: 4825: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4717: 4711: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4606: 4581: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4532: 4526: 4509: 4503: 4491: 4490:

will graduate to geisha status in a ceremony known as

4485: 4476: 4470: 4450: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4419: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4334: 4327: 4306: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4071: 4061: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3965: 3915: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3882: 3876: 3854: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3459: 3448: 3442: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3368: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3227: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3148: 3140: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3010: 3000: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2928:. In the past, this white makeup – formerly made with 2923: 2922:

and geisha wear traditional white foundation known as

2917: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2868: 2862: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2825: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2710: 2685: 2615: 2605: 2595: 2560: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2522: 2512: 2497: 2487: 2479: 2451: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2409: 2395: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2332: 2293: 2260: 2239: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2191: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2070: 2062: 1998: 1977: 1971: 1947: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1821: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1747: 1663: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1614:'s training, and the step that always follows that of 1609: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1472: 1419: 1372: 1366: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1299: 1132: 1123: 1113: 1107: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1027: 1014: 1006: 61: 55: 49: 43: 8310:

East Wind Melts the Ice: A Memoir through the Seasons

8075: 7947: 7197: 6390: 6182: 5935:

style, featuring small, all-over motifs resembling a

5705: 4917: 3937:

geisha, whereas geisha who pursue dance are known as

3864: 2841:

which may be extremely long, full white makeup and a

2196:

being considered to be the celebrities of their day.

1638:, shorter kimono sleeves, and more hair accessories ( 8984:

The Flower and Willow World; The Story of the Geisha

8688:. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library: Allen & Unwin. 8649:"Power Relation In Memoirs Of Geisha And The Dancer" 8240:

The institution of geisha in modern Japanese society

7772: 6852:"Tourists warned to stop 'harassing' Kyoto's geisha" 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 5855:"Unlike the previous two hundred years, when artists 5725: 4060:

every February 25. During this ceremony, geisha and

3964:

The most visible form of this are public dances, or

3299:

cannot use for its other apprentices. As such, many

1993:, aspects of now-traditional Japanese art forms and 8373:

Madame Sadayakko: The Geisha Who Bewitched the West

7923: 7746: 7466:(in Japanese). Ichikoma Okiya. 2008. Archived from 7214: 7212: 6649: 6574:"Tongue in Cheek: Erotic Art of 19th Century Japan" 6541: 6352: 6101: 3822:Geisha Komomo and Mameyoshi from Gion Kobu playing 3367:. For apprentices in Kyoto this is almost always a 3326:closes and decides to sell its stock of kimono and 3110:

and geisha) the two or three stripes of bare skin (

1520:; before the decline and eventual disappearance of 907: 16:

Traditional Japanese female hostess and entertainer

8852:. University of California Press. pp. 77–94. 8741: 8646: 8256: 7983: 7971: 7810: 7527:(in Japanese). 愛知県安城市置屋『一駒寮』の裏方人？. Archived from 7362: 7132: 6850: 6668: 5897:and geisha are visually distinct from one another. 4254:will usually supply her with food, board, kimono, 3338:a piece previously belonged to, as in the case of 2611:districts – such as those in Tokyo – than others. 2181:Ukiyo-e print by Yamaguchi Soken of a Kyoto geisha 2061:, the upper echelons of which were referred to as 8647:Rahayu, Mundi; Emelda, Lia; Aisyah, Siti (2014). 8569:The Courtesan's Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 8396:The Courtesan's Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 7705:. Ninemsn Pty Ltd. 8 January 2008. Archived from 6763: 6761: 6063: 4722:throughout her career until the next generation. 4311:(a name meaning "learning by observation") at an 4215:, meaning "heir" or "heiress") or daughter-role ( 3726:In the present day, geisha wear a variety of the 3557:; geisha from Tokyo and Kanazawa also wear their 2496:of geisha being on some level prostitutes and of 2173:Ukiyo-e scroll depicting a Gion geisha, 1800–1833 9030: 9010:Museum of Gion's Geiko and Maiko in Kyoto, Japan 7754:"Keeping a tradition alive, from the outside in" 7209: 7126: 7124: 5831:(male) coming to be used to denote male geisha." 5687: 5341:are located, with places such as the Nabechaya. 4537:, the plum blossom festival, at Kitano Tenman-gū 4393:period, a trainee will make her official debut ( 3693:hair ornaments are most closely associated with 8963:The Gei of Geisha. Music, Identity, and Meaning 8918:Burns, Stanley B.; Burns, Elizabeth A. (2006). 7041: 7039: 5426: 5262: 5223: 5091: 5066: 4960: 4907:anywhere as commonly, and though intimacy in a 4312: 4305:will start her formal training on the job as a 4170: 4051: 4035: 4026:shrine there is an annual open-air tea ceremony 3938: 3923: 2716: 2699: 2670: 2655: 2640: 2625: 2201: 2104: 2043: 2022: 1919: 1860: 1842: 1827: 1803: 1756: 1711: 1672: 1575: 1542: 1481: 1438: 1381: 1330: 1249: 1229: 1212: 962: 937: 48:(geisha) Kimiha wearing a formal black kimono ( 9019:Nagoya Traditional Performing Arts Association 8585: 8263:(3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. 6758: 6725:"Ex-Geisha Accuses Uno Of a Dangerous Liaison" 6559: 5433: 5174: 5164: 5154: 5144: 5134: 5124: 4967: 4326:, where she will sit and observe as the other 4319: 4045: 4029: 3981: 3975: 3945: 3930: 2723: 2693: 2677: 2662: 2647: 2632: 2050: 2031: 1985:After the imperial court moved the capital to 1867: 1849: 1834: 1810: 1765: 1720: 1681: 1582: 1551: 1488: 1445: 1388: 1339: 1256: 1236: 1219: 1158: 1013:make-up. Geisha entertain at parties known as 971: 946: 894: 8567:. In Feldman, Martha; Gordon, Bonnie (eds.). 8394:. In Feldman, Martha; Gordon, Bonnie (eds.). 8329:Encyclopedia of prostitution and prostitution 8242:(book). University Microfilms International. 7903:"Aren't Japanese geishas really prostitutes?" 7691: 7675:. Thomson Reuters Corporation. Archived from 7557:(in Japanese). Ikoma Co., Ltd. Archived from 7121: 7020:. Into Japan Specialist Tours. Archived from 6670:"Goodby to Geisha Girl, She's on Her Way Out" 6615: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 4787:Geisha have historically been conflated with 4655: 4644:in the Shizuoka Prefecture in September 2011. 2999:For a short period before becoming a geisha, 2386: 870: 8473: 8375:. New York, NY: Gotham Books. pp. 5–6. 8199:"The Niigata Geigi: Japan's 'other' geishas" 7859: 7304: 7278: 7272: 7036: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6121: 6119: 6033:"Discover the Unknown World of Male Geishas" 2806:and businesses in the areas surrounding the 2559:By 1975, the average age of a geisha in the 2493: 1151:spoken by geisha in Kyoto and Western Japan. 1049: 8487:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Atria Books. 8127:. Tama Council for the Promotion of Tourism 8101:. Tama Council for the Promotion of Tourism 8055:"THE HISTORY OF GEISHA IN JAPANESE CULTURE" 8019:Geisha of Japan: Women of tradition and art 7729:"東京新聞:外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」:社会(TOKYO Web)" 7454: 7452: 6677:. Ogden, Utah. 27 September 1959. p. 4 5921:An exception to this general rule would be 5269: 5230: 5073: 4753: 4177: 3805: 3717:begin their apprenticeship at a later age. 3675:There are five different hairstyles that a 3426: 3374: 2742:or geisha for the day, a practice known as 2492:in mostly pre-war Japan. Despite this, the 2299: 2113: 1926: 1726: 1687: 1588: 1494: 1451: 1394: 1345: 1262: 1168: 987:traditional Japanese performing arts styles 8917: 8794: 8015:"World War II and the American Occupation" 7612: 7399: 7310: 7284: 7238: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6689: 6441: 6330: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 5794:"In fact, the first type of geisha in the 4782: 4741:A geisha entertaining a foreign male guest 4673:such as hair stylists, dressers (known as 4439:. They study traditional instruments: the 3232:(a plain weave with interspersed lines of 2622:the time it took to burn one incense stick 877: 863: 8921:Geisha: A Photographic History, 1872-1912 8664: 8433: 8237: 7959: 7821: 7819: 7497:(in Russian). No. 15. Archived from 7348: 7257:"「芸妓さんは恋愛禁止？」知識ゼロの筆者が"札幌の花柳界"を見学してきた話前編" 7130: 6900: 6898: 6848: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6609: 6453: 6286: 6267: 6229: 6130: 6116: 6057: 6045: 4732: 4378:Katsumi and Mameteru performing the Gion 2251:Geisha in the 19th century to present day 2038:were built in the 16th century, with the 1826:combines the name for a banqueting room, 8924:. Brooklyn, New York: powerHouse Books. 8895: 8454: 8412: 8041:"Geisha: The Truth Beyond The Fantasies" 7965: 7855: 7853: 7449: 7405: 7311:Coutsoukis, Photius (10 November 2004). 7285:Coutsoukis, Photius (10 November 2004). 6996: 6994: 6849:Demetriou, Danielle (30 December 2008). 6794: 6792: 6790: 6571: 6370: 5674:The Makanai: Cooking for the Maiko House 5310: 5051: 4736: 4368: 4136:women begin their careers in adulthood. 4085: 3817: 3809: 3624: 3035: 2890: 2819: 2589: 2577: 2511:From the 1930s onwards, the rise of the 2450:– a trend carried over from the pre-war 2381:criminalisation of prostitution in Japan 2254: 2176: 2168: 1079: 1053: 34: 8959: 8847: 8702: 8562: 8349: 8326: 7941: 7929: 7870: 7619:Yugawara Onsen Fukiya Young Girl's Blog 7488: 7336: 6939: 6928: 6875: 6798: 6695: 6597: 6273: 6199: 6197: 4776: 4710:Moreover, a geisha chosen as the heir ( 2990:around the same time they stop wearing 9031: 8938: 8874: 8823: 8766: 8625: 8543: 8501: 8389: 8370: 8001: 7953: 7825: 7816: 7760:. Post Publishing PCL. 25 October 2018 7639: 7360: 7203: 6966: 6942:"Career geisha outgrow the stereotype" 6904: 6895: 6890: 6824:"トップ芸妓が語る仕事の流儀と淡い恋「いまから思うと好きやったんかな？」" 6753: 6742: 6493: 6396: 6347: 6241: 6188: 6125: 4571: 4449:, Japanese traditional dances (in the 4260:, and other tools of her trade, but a 3955: 3738:– a flattened, sleeker version of the 2969:wear noticeably more blush – known as 2783:Satsuki first took an interest in the 2690:) through the official registry office 2594:A sign warning tourists not to harass 2447: 2130:), and played instruments such as the 1781:, though not all geisha live in their 8980: 8769:Nihongami no Sekai: Maiko no Kamigata 8739: 8681: 8604: 8526: 8304: 8277: 8254: 8216: 8157: 8145: 8081: 7989: 7977: 7850: 7393: 7244: 7218: 7000: 6991: 6985: 6787: 6655: 6547: 6358: 6177: 6110: 5394: 5353: 5193:has its own geisha culture heritage. 4930:and shouted "We want geesha girls!". 4508:, take on the role of "mother" of an 3850:throughout both as a common feature. 3705:) to preserve the elaborate styling. 3098:) the red collar of the underkimono ( 3009:, usually accompanied by wearing the 2795:'s training. "I already had heard of 2573: 2021:Walled-in pleasure quarters known as 1746:Though geisha may entertain at their 931: 8797:Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 8459:. London, England: Macmillan Press. 8069:"Answers to questions about Mizuage" 7592:from the original on 10 October 2016 7221:"Japan's geisha hit by poor economy" 7131:Demetriou, Danielle (16 July 2010). 6767: 6408: 6194: 4870: 4427:There are three major elements of a 3587:Geisha exclusively wear solid white 2379:This trend would continue until the 2165:18th-century emergence of the geisha 1282:The five geisha districts of Kyoto: 7871:Collins, Sarah (24 December 2007). 7432: 7157:"Geisha beer garden opens in Kyoto" 6722: 5722:(Japanese artist and former geisha) 5047: 4974:was a ceremony undergone by junior 4081: 2604:Modern geisha mostly still live in 2078:Though women in the lower ranks of 13: 8867: 8312:. University of California Press. 8282:. University of California Press. 7826:Wieder, Tamara (17 October 2002). 7699:"Melbourne woman becomes a geisha" 7666: 7579: 7408:"Romanian woman thrives as geisha" 7364:"Liza Dalby, the blue-eyed geisha" 7105:. 25 February 2007. Archived from 6799:Fujioka, Chisa (3 December 2007). 5561:A-Ge-Man: Tales of a Golden Geisha 5065:Geisha work in districts known as 5038:is no longer practiced within the 3894:All geisha must learn to play the 3212:. As with regular women's kimono, 2422: 2400:(café girls, the precursor to the 14: 9085: 9001: 8740:Tames, Richard (September 1993). 8185:"Niigata Furumachi Geigi｜新潟商工会議所" 7489:Топкова, Анна (19 January 2012). 6696:Taubman, Howard (June 12, 1968). 6621: 6076: 4980:(apprentice courtesans) and some 3783:), with geisha wearing far fewer 3286:This is because brand-new formal 8529:Geisha: Beyond the Painted Smile 8280:Geisha: 25th Anniversary Edition 8191: 8177: 8163: 8113: 8087: 8061: 8047: 8033: 8007: 7811:Rahayu, Emelda & Aisyah 2014 7145:from the original on 2022-01-11. 6940:McCurry, J. (11 December 2005). 6572:Eichman, Shawn; Salel, Stephen. 4852:for geisha. In the present day, 4542: 4519: 4042:during the plum-blossom festival 4013:) before the performance. Other 3052:and a geisha (right) wearing an 2345:of Fukagawa in the early 1800s. 2103:sang long, traditional ballads ( 903: 844: 171:Post-Japanese occupation history 91: 8830:. University of Hawai'i Press. 8824:Seigle, Cecelia Segawa (1993). 8632:. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. 8590:. University Of Chicago Press. 8512:: Crabtree Publishing Company. 7909: 7895: 7864: 7735:from the original on 2011-06-07 7721: 7660: 7640:Adalid, Aileen (30 July 2016). 7633: 7606: 7573: 7543: 7513: 7482: 7426: 7375:from the original on 2022-01-11 7361:Hyslop, Leah (4 October 2010). 7354: 7249: 7167: 7149: 7091: 7061: 7006: 6960: 6910: 6863:from the original on 2022-01-11 6842: 6815: 6716: 6661: 6565: 6527: 6513: 6499: 6473: 6459: 6402: 6376: 6305: 6291: 6235: 5915: 5900: 5880: 5871: 5849: 5834: 5448:The Teahouse of the August Moon 5222: – known as the 3891:and sixths in its composition. 2867:to a short-sleeved one with an 2730:; most sightings of geisha and 2507:sex life is her private affair. 1646: 1042:, having been classified as a " 8903:. New York: Kodansha America. 8744:A Traveller's History of Japan 8327:Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). 7617:["Juri" of "Shinka"]. 7406:Gilhooly, Rob (23 July 2011). 7181:. 12 July 2010. Archived from 6967:Layton, J. (8 December 2005). 6768:Lies, Elaine (23 April 2008). 6025: 5995: 5969: 5788: 5090:, and are said to inhabit the 4145:, apprentices may live at the 3863:. Originating in China as the 3575:style. Though geisha may wear 3359:Apprentices wear long, formal 2830:(apprentices; left and right). 2408:Though geisha returned to the 1670: 1608:The second typical stage of a 1095:and a large, colourful set of 1: 8502:Kalman, Bobbie (March 1989). 7621:(in Japanese). Yugawara Onsen 5776: 5666: 5501:(1961)—George Marshall comedy 5006:hairstyle to the more senior 4767:Mineko Iwasaki in interview, 4701:Mineko Iwasaki in interview, 2815: 2266: 1897:The typical first stage of a 1243:, meaning 'person' or 'doer') 9044:1751 establishments in Japan 8945:. New York: Broadway Books. 8780:]. Nihongami Shiryōkan. 8705:The Journal of Asian Studies 8416:The Story of the Geisha Girl 6821: 6579:. The Honolulu Museum of Art 6085:. Liza Dalby. Archived from 5962: 5459:The Barbarian and the Geisha 3569:(willow knot) style and the 3104:), and displaying (for both 2481: 1379: 1328: 1089:Katsunosuke wearing a short 985:and entertainers trained in 7: 8775: 8685:The Kabuki Theatre of Japan 8586:Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (2002). 8571:. Oxford University Press. 8356:. Oxford University Press. 7667:Oh, Hyun (10 August 2012). 7219:Jones, N. (20 April 2007). 7069:"Baika-sai (Plum Festival)" 6675:The Ogden Standard-Examiner 5951: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5923: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5842: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5758: 5726: 5716: 5706: 5681: 5582: 5486: 5427: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5356: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5317: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5263: 5254: 5246: 5224: 5218: 5209: 5203: 5117: 5097:("flower and willow world") 5092: 5067: 5057: 5040: 5034: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4947: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4872: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4832: 4826: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4795:In 1872, shortly after the 4718: 4712: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4607: 4582: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4510: 4504: 4492: 4486: 4484:Around the age of 20–21, a 4477: 4471: 4451: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4335: 4328: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4072: 4062: 4052: 4036: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3966: 3939: 3924: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3865: 3855: 3843: 3834: 3824: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3449: 3443: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3369: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3159: 3149: 3141: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3011: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2906:: this identifies her as a 2902: 2896: 2869: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2826: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2711: 2700: 2686: 2671: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2616: 2606: 2596: 2561: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2523: 2513: 2498: 2488: 2480: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2410: 2396: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2333: 2294: 2261: 2240: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2202: 2192: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2044: 2023: 1999: 1978: 1972: 1948: 1920: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1861: 1843: 1841:, and the honorific prefix 1828: 1822: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1757: 1748: 1712: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1576: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1439: 1420: 1382: 1373: 1367: 1331: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1300: 1298:. Kyoto previously had six 1250: 1230: 1213: 1133: 1124: 1114: 1108: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1028: 1015: 1007: 963: 938: 62: 56: 50: 44: 10: 9090: 8878:Geisha: A Living Tradition 8611:. Kodansha International. 8209: 6830:(in Japanese). Yahoo Japan 6481:"Origin Of A Geisha Essay" 5539:In the Realm of the Senses 5306: 5303:continuing to work there. 4953: 4945: 4924:Allied occupation of Japan 4656:Geisha in Japanese society 3992:and geisha. All the Kyoto 3914:(small shoulder drum) and 3618: 3612: 3029: 3023: 2884: 2387:Pre-war and wartime geisha 1961: 1956: 1858: 1632:'s outfit, with a shorter 1573: 1247: 1036:Japanese traditional dance 25: 18: 8987:. New York: Orion Press. 8966:. London: Ashgate Press. 8939:Downer, Lesley A (2001). 8881:. London: Carlton Books. 8767:Tetsuo, Ishihara (2001). 8717:10.1017/S0021911813000570 8626:Prasso, Sheridan (2006). 8546:Autobiography of a Geisha 8527:Maske, Andrew L. (2004). 8353:Kyoto: a cultural history 8308:(2009). "Waters dry up". 8223:. Kodansha Globe Series. 7175:"Geisha gardens in Kyoto" 7161:The Sydney Morning Herald 5977:"How to pronounce geisha" 5434: 5175: 5165: 5155: 5145: 5135: 5125: 4968: 4640:, who became a geisha in 4498:(turning of the collar). 4320: 4046: 4030: 3982: 3976: 3972:traditional kana spelling 3946: 3931: 3503: 3005:in some geisha districts 2880: 2724: 2694: 2678: 2663: 2648: 2633: 2051: 2032: 1868: 1850: 1835: 1811: 1766: 1721: 1709: 1682: 1583: 1552: 1489: 1446: 1389: 1340: 1257: 1237: 1220: 1159: 1153: 1050:Etymology and terminology 972: 947: 895: 9064:Performing arts in Japan 8510:Stevens Point, Wisconsin 8455:Henshall, K. G. (1999). 8434:Gallagher, John (2003). 8413:Fujimoto, Taizo (1917). 8238:Crihfield, Liza (1976). 8095:"Why we love TOKYO TAMA" 7860:Iwasaki & Brown 2002 7780: 7273:Iwasaki & Brown 2002 6924:. London. 8 August 1998. 6411:"Osaka Prints: Glossary" 5781: 5651: 5402: 5216:In Kyoto, the different 5196: 5110: 4918:"Geisha (Gee-sha) girls" 4754:Geisha and relationships 3806:Traditional performances 3551:(drum knot) tied with a 3474:with their kimono, with 3458:Apprentices wear either 3305:have several kimono and 3077: 3019: 3007:colour their teeth black 2529:by Japanese businessman 1754: 1540: 1436: 1121: 1064:(left) accompanying the 1044:Living National Treasure 9069:Social history of Japan 8960:Foreman, Kelly (2008). 8390:Downer, Lesley (2006). 7287:"Japan Performing Arts" 6624:"Do They or Don't They" 4972:, "raising the waters") 4822:Suwa, Nagano Prefecture 4783:Geisha and prostitution 4632:Rinka – (Zhang Xue), a 4561:, two weeks before her 3771:Both the hairstyles of 3615:Nihongami § Geisha 3608: 3032:Maiko § Appearance 2059:classified and licensed 1966:In the early stages of 1917: 1598:learning by observation 1504:flower and willow world 136:Science, and Technology 21:Geisha (disambiguation) 8875:Aihara, Kyoko (2000). 8563:Matsugu, Miho (2006). 8350:Dougill, John (2006). 8021:. Geisha of Japan. n.d 7781:外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」 7495:Женский журнал Мурана 7317:Countries of the World 7291:Countries of the World 6969:"Dressing as a Geisha" 6205:"The Life of a Geisha" 5943:. Though similar to a 5800:were men. Also called 5688: 5363:Though other regional 5322: 5062: 4773: 4742: 4733:Geisha and male guests 4707: 4384: 4114: 3970:(generally written in 3828: 3815: 3630: 3621:Nihongami § Maiko 3065: 3046:(left) wearing a long 2913: 2912:of Gion Kobu under 18. 2831: 2803: 2637:, "incense stick fee") 2601: 2587: 2509: 2467: 2273: 2182: 2174: 2150:(a 13-stringed harp). 1102: 1077: 1070:Takamari of the Kaida 1003:traditional hairstyles 270:Japanese Sign Language 67: 9008:Gion Kagai Art Museum 8666:10.18326/rgt.v7i2.213 8544:Masuda, Sayo (2003). 7435:"愛知。安城の花柳界で活躍する西洋人芸妓" 6828:headlines.yahoo.co.jp 6384:"游客拍照太"放肆"，京都祇园发布禁拍令" 5325:The northern city of 5314: 5061:Mameroku of Gion Kobu 5055: 4760: 4740: 4693: 4372: 4139:Before debuting as a 4089: 3980:, rather than modern 3821: 3813: 3747:tsubushi taka shimada 3629:Mamechiho as a geisha 3628: 3619:Further information: 3613:Further information: 3605:when wearing kimono. 3039: 3030:Further information: 2894: 2885:Further information: 2843:traditional hairstyle 2823: 2781: 2593: 2581: 2504: 2458: 2258: 2180: 2172: 1626:wears a version of a 1147:, and is part of the 1083: 1057: 545:Pottery and porcelain 38: 9049:Gendered occupations 8981:Scott, A.C. (1960). 8682:Scott, A.C. (1955). 8537:Peabody Essex Museum 8278:Dalby, Liza (2008). 8255:Dalby, Liza (2000). 8217:Booth, Alan (1995). 8160:, p. 6, 19, 82. 7225:The Washington Times 7109:on 30 September 2011 6535:"Rise of the Geisha" 6242:Szcepanski, Kallie. 5863:19th-century artists 5121:in Tokyo are Asakusa 3950:, "standing person") 3524:Not all geisha wear 3515:, as the wearing of 759:World Heritage Sites 707:Association football 665:Mobile phone culture 8809:10.2139/ssrn.460747 8752:: Interlink Books. 8335:: Greenwood Press. 7873:"Japanese Feminism" 7828:"Remaking a memoir" 7369:The Daily Telegraph 7139:The Daily Telegraph 6857:The Daily Telegraph 6723:Weisman, Steven R. 6634:on 12 November 2018 6577:(Online exhibition) 6560:Ohnuki-Tierney 2002 6313:"History of geisha" 5607:Memoirs of a Geisha 5596:Fighter in the Wind 5528:The World of Geisha 5481:Late Chrysanthemums 5411:Sisters of the Gion 4595:Shizuoka Prefecture 4572:Non-Japanese geisha 3956:Public performances 3935:, "ground person") 3759:bunkin taka shimada 3741:bunkin taka shimada 3206:, are not used for 2361:("prostitute") and 774:Cultural Properties 769:Cultural Landscapes 372:Legendary creatures 122:Historical currency 9054:Japanese musicians 8901:The Twilight Years 8605:Ozeki, R. (2005). 8457:A History of Japan 7883:on 12 October 2009 7561:on 2 February 2013 7493:[Geisha]. 7396:, p. 106–109. 7079:on 20 January 2011 7073:Kyoto Travel Guide 7057:on 2 January 2013. 6988:, p. 258–259. 6729:The New York Times 6702:The New York Times 6521:"第三十回深川の花街・巽芸者の街" 6507:"辰巳芸者とは - きもの用語大全" 6496:, p. 172–174. 6089:on 11 January 2013 5806:(drum bearers) or 5395:In popular culture 5323: 5063: 4843:(Baishun-bōshi-hō) 4743: 4727:Japanese feminists 4461:, literature, and 4385: 4233:for up to a year. 4203:Traditionally the 4129:aged 18, although 4115: 4096:Fumikazu with her 3986:), featuring both 3829: 3816: 3631: 3593:, and wear either 3533:Geisha wear their 3066: 2914: 2832: 2602: 2588: 2574:Present-day geisha 2324:aesthetical senses 2274: 2259:Tokyo geisha with 2183: 2175: 1286:and Gion Higashi, 1103: 1078: 983:performing artists 779:National Treasures 466:Cultural festivals 68: 8837:978-0-8248-1488-5 8597:978-0-226-62091-6 8505:Japan the Culture 8494:978-0-7434-4432-3 8426:978-1-4086-9684-2 8405:978-0-19-517029-0 8319:978-0-520-25991-1 8171:"Furumachi Geigi" 8121:"Hachioji Geisha" 7838:on 6 January 2010 7709:on 5 October 2012 7588:. Aileen Adalid. 7185:on 12 August 2010 6973:howstuffworks.com 6035:. 5 January 2018. 5533:Tatsumi Kumashiro 4797:Meiji Restoration 4324:, a geisha party) 4108:from the Odamoto 3887:music using only 3572:tsunodashi musubi 3542:nijuudaiko musubi 2519:Standard-Examiner 2207:("dancing girls") 2136:(a type of bowed 2055:, " of pleasure") 2015:Confucian customs 1272:five flower towns 1188:performing artist 995:music and singing 936:), also known as 887: 886: 727:American football 471:Japanese New Year 451:Buddha's Birthday 441:Coming of Age Day 208:Ōbeikei Islanders 151:Foreign relations 9081: 9059:Society of Japan 8996: 8977: 8956: 8935: 8914: 8897:Ariyoshi, Sawako 8892: 8863: 8841: 8820: 8791: 8778: 8763: 8747: 8736: 8699: 8678: 8668: 8653:Register Journal 8643: 8622: 8601: 8582: 8559: 8540: 8523: 8498: 8470: 8451: 8430: 8409: 8386: 8367: 8346: 8323: 8301: 8274: 8262: 8251: 8234: 8203: 8202: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8148:, p. 18–19. 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7879:. Archived from 7868: 7862: 7857: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7834:. Archived from 7823: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7613:Yugawara Geiko. 7610: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7597: 7580:Adalid, Aileen. 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7470:on 14 March 2012 7456: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7366: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7216: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7179:Travelbite.co.uk 7171: 7165: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7075:. Archived from 7065: 7059: 7058: 7053:. Archived from 7043: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024:on 27 March 2012 7010: 7004: 6998: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6937: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6907:, pp. 66–71 6902: 6893: 6888: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6822:Buzzfeed Japan. 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6796: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6765: 6756: 6751: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6630:. Archived from 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6345: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6201: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6128: 6123: 6114: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079:"newgeishanotes" 6074: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048:, p. 42–43. 6043: 6037: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5956: 5954: 5952:bingata hikizuri 5948: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5763: 5731: 5721: 5711: 5693: 5623:Masahiko Tsugawa 5587: 5572:The Geisha House 5489: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5359: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5320: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5212: 5206: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5048:Geisha districts 5043: 5037: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4950: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4885: 4875: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4835: 4829: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4771: 4725:Over time, some 4721: 4715: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4679:, as dressing a 4678: 4672: 4665: 4610: 4585: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4513: 4507: 4497: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4456: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4102:Momokazu, and a 4101: 4095: 4082:Training process 4077: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4024:Kitano Tenman-gū 4018: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3870: 3858: 3848: 3837: 3827: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3765:chū taka shimada 3761: 3756:) than both the 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3735:chū taka shimada 3731: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3186: 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1908: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1667: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1376: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1303: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1227: 1226:, meaning 'art') 1225: 1224: 1216: 1207:consists of two 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1117: 1111: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1033: 1018: 1012: 977: 975: 974: 968: 952: 950: 949: 943: 935: 930: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 900: 898: 897: 879: 872: 865: 851:Japan portal 849: 848: 847: 198:Zainichi Koreans 161:Military history 146:Imperial history 127:Economic history 95: 86: 84:Culture of Japan 70: 69: 65: 59: 57:chū taka shimada 53: 47: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9074:Types of geisha 9029: 9028: 9004: 8999: 8974: 8953: 8932: 8911: 8889: 8870: 8868:Further reading 8860: 8844: 8838: 8788: 8760: 8696: 8640: 8619: 8598: 8579: 8556: 8520: 8495: 8475:Iwasaki, Mineko 8467: 8448: 8427: 8406: 8383: 8364: 8343: 8320: 8290: 8271: 8231: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8102: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7877:Serendip Studio 7869: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7736: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7679:on July 4, 2018 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7648:. Aileen Adalid 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7611: 7607: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7501:on 23 June 2020 7487: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7458: 7457: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7412:The Japan Times 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7239: 7230: 7217: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7129: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7051:Geisha of Japan 7047:"Geisha dances" 7045: 7044: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6938: 6929: 6922:The Independent 6916: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6797: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6635: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6442:Tiefenbrun 2003 6440: 6436: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5949:in appearance, 5920: 5916: 5905: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5839: 5835: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5684: 5669: 5654: 5649: 5629:Maiko Haaaan!!! 5442:Kenji Mizoguchi 5431: 5416:Kenji Mizoguchi 5405: 5397: 5361: 5309: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5199: 5172: 5162: 5152: 5142: 5132: 5122: 5113: 5096: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5071: 5050: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4920: 4878: 4863: 4785: 4777:having a patron 4772: 4766: 4756: 4735: 4706: 4700: 4658: 4574: 4567: 4555:Suzuha wearing 4547: 4538: 4524: 4399:) and become a 4317: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4084: 4056: 4043: 4027: 3958: 3943: 3928: 3808: 3687:hairstyle with 3623: 3617: 3611: 3506: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3139:(also known as 3084: 3034: 3028: 3022: 2889: 2883: 2818: 2721: 2691: 2675: 2660: 2645: 2630: 2584:Ichiriki Ochaya 2576: 2531:Tsûsai Sugawara 2462: 2425: 2423:Post-war geisha 2389: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2269: 2253: 2206: 2167: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2048: 2029: 1964: 1959: 1943: 1938: 1936:distant outings 1935: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1865: 1847: 1832: 1817: 1808: 1772: 1763: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1718: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1679: 1653: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1580: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1486: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1443: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1386: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1337: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1254: 1234: 1217: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1156: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1128: 1052: 969: 944: 933:[ɡeːɕa] 928: 906: 902: 892: 883: 845: 843: 836: 835: 826: 825: 816: 815: 811:National anthem 796: 795: 784: 783: 754: 753: 742: 741: 692: 691: 680: 679: 635: 634: 623: 622: 598: 597: 595:performing arts 582: 581: 562: 561: 550: 549: 525: 524: 513: 512: 488: 487: 476: 475: 431: 430: 419: 418: 399: 398: 387: 386: 362: 361: 346: 345: 287: 286: 275: 274: 235: 234: 223: 222: 188: 187: 176: 175: 107: 106: 82: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9087: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9003: 9002:External links 9000: 8998: 8997: 8978: 8972: 8957: 8951: 8936: 8930: 8915: 8909: 8893: 8887: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8859:978-0520969971 8858: 8843: 8842: 8836: 8821: 8792: 8786: 8764: 8758: 8737: 8711:(3): 539–562. 8700: 8694: 8679: 8644: 8638: 8623: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8583: 8577: 8560: 8554: 8541: 8524: 8518: 8499: 8493: 8484:Geisha: A Life 8471: 8465: 8452: 8447:978-1856486972 8446: 8431: 8425: 8410: 8404: 8387: 8382:978-1422360293 8381: 8368: 8362: 8347: 8341: 8324: 8318: 8302: 8289:978-0520257894 8288: 8275: 8269: 8252: 8235: 8229: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8190: 8176: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8112: 8086: 8084:, p. 115. 8074: 8060: 8046: 8032: 8006: 8004:, p. 206. 7994: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7944:, p. 244. 7934: 7922: 7908: 7894: 7863: 7849: 7832:Boston Phoenix 7815: 7813:, p. 151. 7803: 7792:on 7 June 2011 7771: 7745: 7720: 7690: 7659: 7632: 7605: 7572: 7551:"節分お化け♪ お座敷編" 7542: 7531:on 1 July 2012 7512: 7481: 7448: 7425: 7398: 7386: 7353: 7351:, p. 159. 7349:Gallagher 2003 7341: 7339:, p. 184. 7329: 7303: 7277: 7275:, p. 132. 7262: 7248: 7237: 7208: 7206:, p. 218. 7196: 7166: 7163:. 9 July 2010. 7148: 7120: 7090: 7060: 7035: 7005: 6990: 6978: 6959: 6927: 6909: 6894: 6874: 6841: 6814: 6786: 6757: 6741: 6715: 6688: 6660: 6648: 6614: 6612:, p. 135. 6610:Gallagher 2003 6602: 6600:, p. 182. 6590: 6564: 6562:, p. 347. 6552: 6540: 6526: 6512: 6498: 6486: 6472: 6458: 6456:, p. 252. 6454:Gallagher 2003 6446: 6434: 6401: 6399:, p. 171. 6389: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6329: 6304: 6290: 6287:Gallagher 2003 6272: 6268:Gallagher 2003 6260: 6234: 6230:Gallagher 2003 6222: 6193: 6191:, p. 5–6. 6181: 6129: 6115: 6113:, p. 204. 6100: 6062: 6058:Crihfield 1976 6050: 6046:Crihfield 1976 6038: 6024: 5994: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5914: 5899: 5879: 5870: 5848: 5833: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5695: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662:(2016–present) 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5636: 5625: 5618:Wakeful Nights 5614: 5603: 5592: 5590:Takeshi Kitano 5579: 5577:Kinji Fukasaku 5568: 5557: 5546: 5535: 5524: 5513: 5502: 5494: 5490:) (1958)—Dir. 5477: 5470:The Geisha Boy 5466: 5455: 5444: 5440:) (1953)—Dir. 5418: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5386:towns such as 5360: 5352: 5308: 5305: 5198: 5195: 5171:, and Yoshichō 5112: 5109: 5049: 5046: 4954:Main article: 4951: 4944: 4919: 4916: 4877: 4869: 4805:) and geisha ( 4784: 4781: 4769:Boston Phoenix 4764: 4755: 4752: 4734: 4731: 4703:Boston Phoenix 4698: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4636:national from 4630: 4623: 4612: 4598: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4525: 4518: 4411:). Though any 4083: 4080: 3957: 3954: 3906:, such as the 3807: 3804: 3610: 3607: 3505: 3502: 3447:, even with a 3289:maiko hikizuri 3267:Maiko hikizuri 3179:that resemble 3083: 3076: 3024:Main article: 3021: 3018: 2882: 2879: 2817: 2814: 2652:, "jewel fee") 2600:in Gion, Kyoto 2575: 2572: 2568:New York Times 2424: 2421: 2388: 2385: 2252: 2249: 2212:In the 1680s, 2166: 2163: 2155:Izumo no Okuni 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1944: 1918: 1916: 1895: 1859: 1857: 1818: 1802: 1800: 1773: 1755: 1753: 1744: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1697:water business 1671: 1669: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1606: 1574: 1572: 1566:woman of dance 1559: 1541: 1539: 1512: 1480: 1478: 1469: 1437: 1435: 1412: 1380: 1378: 1363: 1329: 1327: 1280: 1248: 1246: 1166: 1154: 1152: 1129: 1122: 1051: 1048: 885: 884: 882: 881: 874: 867: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853: 838: 837: 834: 833: 827: 823: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 808: 803: 797: 791: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 755: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 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9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9005: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8973:9780754658573 8969: 8965: 8964: 8958: 8954: 8952:9780767904902 8948: 8944: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8931:9781576873366 8927: 8923: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8910:9780870118524 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8888:9781844423026 8884: 8880: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8793: 8789: 8787:4-9902186-1-2 8783: 8779: 8777: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8759:1-56656-138-8 8755: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8697: 8695:9780486406459 8691: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8639:9781586483944 8635: 8631: 8630: 8624: 8620: 8618:4-7700-3006-1 8614: 8610: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8578:0-19-517028-8 8574: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8555:0-231-12951-3 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8519:0-86505-206-9 8515: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8466:0-333-74940-5 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8363:0-19-530137-4 8359: 8355: 8354: 8348: 8344: 8342:0-313-32969-9 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8230:1-56836-148-3 8226: 8222: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8200: 8194: 8186: 8180: 8172: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8147: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7966:Henshall 1999 7962: 7956:, p. 52. 7955: 7950: 7943: 7938: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7912: 7904: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7812: 7807: 7791: 7787: 7786:Tokyo Shimbun 7783: 7775: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7615:"「新花」の「樹里」さん" 7609: 7602: 7591: 7587: 7586:iamaileen.com 7583: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7436: 7433:Yaguchi, Ai. 7429: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7318: 7314: 7313:"Japan Dance" 7307: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7205: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7127: 7125: 7108: 7104: 7103:Kyoto Shimbun 7100: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7014:"Maiko Dance" 7009: 7003:, p. 104 7002: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6658:, p. 84. 6657: 6652: 6645: 6633: 6629: 6628:lizadalby.com 6625: 6622:Dalby, Liza. 6618: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6550:, p. 74. 6549: 6544: 6536: 6530: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6444:, p. 32. 6443: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6409:Fiorillo, J. 6405: 6398: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6373:, p. 18. 6372: 6371:Fujimoto 1917 6367: 6361:, p. 55. 6360: 6355: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6270:, p. 97. 6269: 6264: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6232:, p. 96. 6231: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6088: 6084: 6083:lizadalby.com 6080: 6077:Dalby, Liza. 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6060:, p. 30. 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6034: 6028: 6012: 6008: 6007:translations" 6006: 5998: 5983:. Forvo Media 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5874: 5852: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5659:Kiyo in Kyoto 5656: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544:Nagisa Oshima 5541: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498:Cry for Happy 5495: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5475:Frank Tashlin 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5389: 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3478: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3436:half-dangling 3423: 3417: 3416:fukura-suzume 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2910: 2904: 2903:tsunagi-dango 2898: 2893: 2888: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2828: 2822: 2813: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2688: 2673: 2658: 2643: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2525:Bungei Shunju 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2494:misconception 2490: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2427:In 1945, the 2420: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2188:calligraphers 2179: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2046: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1969: 1950: 1945: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1903:'s training. 1901: 1896: 1863: 1845: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1745: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1677: 1676: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1578: 1560: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1484: 1475: 1470: 1441: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1384: 1375: 1369: 1364: 1335: 1334: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1296:Kamishichiken 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1252: 1240: 1232: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1167: 1150: 1149:Kyoto dialect 1135: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1040:Inoue Yachiyo 1037: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 981: 978:, are female 967: 966: 960: 956: 942: 941: 934: 924: 891: 880: 875: 873: 868: 866: 861: 860: 858: 857: 852: 842: 841: 840: 839: 832: 829: 828: 824:Organisations 820: 819: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 788: 787: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 746: 745: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 627: 626: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 596: 592: 586: 585: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 560: 554: 553: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 523: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 503:New religions 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 461:Shichi-Go-San 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 429: 423: 422: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 397: 391: 390: 383: 380: 378: 377:Urban legends 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 360: 356: 350: 349: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 279: 278: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 233: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 186: 180: 179: 172: 169: 167: 166:Naval history 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 64: 58: 52: 46: 42: 39:Profile of a 37: 33: 29: 22: 8983: 8962: 8941: 8920: 8900: 8877: 8849: 8826: 8800: 8796: 8772: 8768: 8750:Brooklyn, NY 8743: 8708: 8704: 8684: 8656: 8652: 8628: 8607: 8587: 8568: 8545: 8528: 8504: 8483: 8479:Brown, Rande 8456: 8436: 8415: 8395: 8372: 8352: 8333:Westport, CT 8328: 8309: 8279: 8258: 8239: 8219: 8193: 8179: 8165: 8153: 8141: 8129:. 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Retrieved 6087:the original 6082: 6053: 6041: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6010: 6004: 5997: 5985:. 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Melbourne 6905:Tetsuo 2001 6891:Prasso 2006 6807:12 November 6754:Kalman 1989 6494:Seigle 1993 6397:Seigle 1993 6348:Downer 2006 6253:15 December 6189:Downer 2003 6126:Masuda 2003 5803:taiko mochi 5752:Shirabyōshi 5601:Yang Yun-ho 5522:Hideo Gosha 5464:John Huston 5453:Daniel Mann 5151:, Shimbashi 5003:wareshinobu 4996:mizu shōbai 4922:During the 4876:partnership 4622:Prefecture. 4447:calligraphy 4068:beer garden 3169:irotomesode 3119:sanbon-ashi 3068:Geisha and 2934:candlelight 2402:bar hostess 2309:town geisha 2270: 1870 2001:shirabyōshi 1989:(Kyoto) in 1877:preparation 1675:Mizu shōbai 1656:During the 1526:, the term 1418:. The term 1355:flower town 732:Rugby union 675:Pornography 670:Video games 567:Light novel 446:Hinamatsuri 409:Ingredients 9033:Categories 8659:(2): 151. 8270:0099286386 8158:Dalby 2008 8146:Dalby 2000 8131:20 October 8125:Tokyo Tama 8105:20 October 8099:Tokyo Tama 8082:Dalby 2000 8025:20 October 7990:Booth 1995 7978:Ozeki 2005 7887:12 January 7842:12 January 7739:2011-06-07 7713:14 October 7418:26 October 7394:Dalby 2000 7371:. London. 7245:Tames 1993 7018:Into Japan 7001:Maske 2004 6986:Dalby 2000 6681:16 October 6656:Dalby 2000 6638:12 January 6548:Dalby 2008 6359:Scott 1955 6317:Japan Zone 6209:toki.tokyo 6178:Dalby 2000 6111:Dalby 2000 6013:. E-Z-Glot 6011:ezglot.com 5777:References 5760:Taikomochi 5737:Nagarvadhu 5667:Television 5640:Lady Maiko 5566:Juzo Itami 5517:The Wolves 5378:Geisha in 5161:, Mukōjima 4647:Sayuki – ( 4578:Liza Dalby 4387:After the 4218:musume-bun 4007:served by 3910:ko-tsuzumi 3702:takamakura 3579:hakata-ori 3554:fukuro obi 3545:style – a 3444:nagoya obi 3410:Darari obi 3404:fukuro obi 3341:darari obi 3234:leno weave 3187:are seen. 3049:darari obi 2816:Appearance 2624:(known as 2278:Edo period 2159:Kamo River 2142:) and the 2123:long songs 1429:half-jewel 1404:half-jewel 989:, such as 722:Ice hockey 717:Basketball 645:Television 559:Literature 284:Traditions 218:Ryukuyuans 141:Healthcare 8733:162791823 8725:0021-9118 8675:2503-040X 8298:260152400 8248:695191203 7796:28 August 7646:iamaileen 7555:ameblo.jp 7525:ameblo.jp 6803:. Reuters 6708:March 16, 6248:ThoughtCo 6003:"English 5981:forvo.com 5963:Citations 5694:(Vietnam) 5506:My Geisha 5366:hanamachi 5357:hanamachi 5354:Regional 5286:hanamachi 5255:hanamachi 5247:hanamachi 5219:hanamachi 5204:hanamachi 5131:, Akasaka 5118:hanamachi 5068:hanamachi 4627:Shinagawa 4549:A senior 4472:hanamachi 4436:hanamachi 4396:misedashi 4221:) to the 4016:hanamachi 3995:hanamachi 3940:tachikata 3684:nihongami 3204:polyester 3040:A senior 2809:hanamachi 2712:hanamachi 2562:Ponto-chō 2442:hanamachi 2383:in 1956. 2342:hanamachi 2040:shogunate 1987:Heian-kyō 1949:hanamachi 1421:han-gyoku 1383:Han-gyoku 1368:hanamachi 1333:Hanamachi 1323:hanamachi 1311:hanamachi 1306:Shimabara 1301:hanamachi 1288:Ponto-chō 1284:Gion Kobu 1193: or 1183: or 1109:hanamachi 1034:style of 929:Japanese: 751:Monuments 660:Media mix 613:Kayōkyoku 428:Festivals 382:Folktales 355:Mythology 297:Etiquette 232:Languages 132:Education 112:Era names 63:nihongami 8899:(1987). 8481:(2002). 7764:15 March 7733:Archived 7590:Archived 7373:Archived 7143:Archived 7028:26 March 6861:Archived 6834:20 March 5924:hikizuri 5682:See also 5584:Zatoichi 5422:A Geisha 5372:karyukai 5315:Niigata 5264:rōkkagai 5191:Hachiōji 5183:Fukagawa 5115:The six 5093:karyūkai 5041:karyukai 5015:karyūkai 4989:karyūkai 4820:town of 4765:— 4699:— 4676:otokoshi 4670:karyūkai 4663:karyūkai 4638:Shenyang 4620:Kanagawa 4616:Yugawara 4534:Baikasai 4505:karyūkai 4478:karyūkai 4457:style), 4442:shamisen 4421:karyūkai 4408:onee-san 4345:karyūkai 4314:ozashiki 4197:karyūkai 4166:karyūkai 4053:baikasai 3903:shamisen 3897:shamisen 3884:shamisen 3878:shamisen 3861:plectrum 3856:shamisen 3825:shamisen 3786:kanzashi 3780:kanzashi 3768:styles. 3690:kanzashi 3651:karyūkai 3527:hikizuri 3518:furisode 3512:furisode 3422:han-dara 3384:dangling 3274:furisode 3271:regular 3253:furisode 3247:hikizuri 3215:hikizuri 3209:hikizuri 3176:hikizuri 3150:Hikizuri 3142:susohiki 3135:hikizuri 3113:eri-ashi 2993:hikizuri 2851:with an 2770:karyūkai 2755:karyūkai 2718:chayagai 2642:gyokudai 2627:senkōdai 2453:karyūkai 2430:karyūkai 2411:karyūkai 2262:shamisen 2242:shamisen 2236:Fukagawa 2139:shamisen 2009:actors. 1979:saburuko 1973:saburuko 1887:training 1823:ozashiki 1805:Ozashiki 1736:teahouse 1641:kanzashi 1529:karyūkai 1483:Karyūkai 1474:karyūkai 1374:karyūkai 1115:karyūkai 1101:hairpins 1098:kanzashi 1016:ozashiki 980:Japanese 959:Kanazawa 737:Olympics 702:Baseball 493:Buddhism 485:Religion 456:Tanabata 359:folklore 322:Marriage 302:Funerals 292:Clothing 250:Ryukyuan 245:Japanese 193:Japanese 75:a series 73:Part of 54:) and a 8993:1333043 8210:Sources 7683:14 July 7673:Reuters 7652:14 July 7625:14 July 7596:23 June 7565:21 June 7535:23 June 7505:23 June 7491:"Гейша" 7474:21 June 7441:14 July 7414:. 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