661:, with the purpose to improve privacy and security while also giving the possibility to people to have free sequencing in exchange of their genomic and personal data but, despite that, re-identification of people starting from the genetic data could still be possible (DNA itself is a unique identifier), law enforcement could still issue search warrants or subpoena the data and this technology, given also the fact that is hard to implement, could still be vulnerable to data breaches.
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time. Despite leading to mixed reactions the project is considered to be part of an effort to use the genetic data of 15,000 individuals to support genetic research. By using NFTs the project wants to ensure that the users submitting their genetic data are able to receive direct payment for their contributions.
907:
Church lab at
Harvard created adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based single combination gene therapy "for simultaneous treatment of several age-related diseases", detailing the technology's efficacy in mitigating obesity, type II diabetes, heart failure, and renal failure in mice, and the work was published in
811:(PGP) in 2005, providing the world's only open-access human genome and trait data sets. Eight trios (mother, father, and child) from the Personal Genome Project are in the process of being chosen to act as the primary genome standards (reference materials) for the NIST+FDA genomeinabottle.org program.
814:
Church furthermore announced his intention to publish his DNA via NFT and use the profits made through its sale to finance research conducted by Nebula
Genomics. In June 2022 20 NFTs with his likeness were published instead of the originally planned NFTs of his DNA due to the market conditions at the
704:
On
February 18, 2020, Nebula Genomics, a personal genomics company founded by Church, announced that had partnered up with BGI; the saliva samples sent to Nebula Genomics for decoding are then sent by the company to BGI labs in Hong Kong for sequencing. Nebula Genomics said that this partnership was
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Church spearheaded the concept and implementation of open access sequencing hardware and shareable human medical data. He has noted the potential for re-identification of human research participants and the tendency for consent forms to be opaque – proposing an alternative "open consent" mechanism.
699:
Professor George Church is a legend in this field for his creative achievements in gene editing and genome synthesis. With support of advanced technology platform of China
National GeneBank, the collaboration between BGI and Professor Church will bring top resources and talents together to overcome
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This marked the first time that woolly mammoth genes had been functionally active since the species became extinct. Their work has not been subject to peer review, however. Church stated that "Just making a DNA change isn't that meaningful. We want to read out the phenotypes." To do that, the team
906:
in 2021 and showed the possibility of a less immunogenic gene therapy with the new TLR9-edited Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) as a safer viral vector. Based on the research, Church and a postdoc from his lab who was also the first-author of the research, co-founded Ally
Therapeutics. In 2017, the
481:
As a graduate student at Duke ... he used x-ray crystallography to study the three-dimensional structure of "transfer" RNA, which decodes DNA and carries instructions to other parts of the cell. It was groundbreaking research, but Church spent so much time in the lab—up to a hundred hours a
486:
As a result, Church was not compliant with Duke graduate academic policies, and was withdrawn from the degree program in
January 1976. He was told that " hope that whatever problems ... contributed to your lack of success ... at Duke will not keep you from a successful pursuit of a
917:
to prevent and treat several age-related diseases in dogs, extending their overall lifespan. In the
February 2020, Rejuvenate Bio, the company co-founded by Church, received an exclusive worldwide license from the Harvard Office of Technology Development to commercialise their gene therapy
1015:
who he knew who was poised to make profound changes in the field of genomics, and he said: George Church. So in June 2014, I visited George at his lab in Boston. I immediately knew I'd be looking for an opportunity to collaborate with George. Global Space
Ventures is excited to be backing
1312:" animals are deprived of medicines that humans use), and risks of spreading pathogens (not just the flu) ... veganism is an issue for which personal and global love of life, health and wealth align. It's a pity to lose parts of our humanity and planet just due to a lack of recipes.
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In 2021, Church joined as a co-founder of HLTH.network (formerly Shivom), a healthcare blockchain startup which created the world's first global genomics data sharing and analytics marketplace. The HLTH.network aims to be the "world's first base layer protocol for global health data."
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and has spent a day teaching at The Jemicy School. He has championed citizen science, especially in the fields of synthetic biology and personal genomics. Since 2008, his team has been hosting an annual
Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference with free online videos.
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and barcode tags, and his genome was the fifth whole human genome ever sequenced. Church was the first person to make his medical records and genome publicly available to researchers. Technology transfer of automated sequencing and software from his
Harvard laboratory to
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Through his Harvard lab Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies. In 2018, the Church lab at Harvard spun off 16 biotech companies in one year. The Church lab works on research projects that are distributed in diverse areas of modern biology like
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He has participated in the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, cautioning about the risk of synthetic DNA and proposing risk-reduction via licensing and surveillance. His laboratory has a major bio-safety engineering focus.
866:(WIMPs), anti-cancer "nano-robots", and strategies for digital data storage that are over a million times denser than conventional disk drives. Together with polymerase, DNA can be used to sense and store variation in photons, nucleotides, or ions.
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faculty as an assistant professor in 1986. Church is now the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and a member of the Harvard-MIT health sciences and technology faculty. He was also a founding member of the
1033:(human genomics, 2007, with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam), Pathogenica (microbe and viral NGS diagnostics, 2009, with Yemi Adesokan), AbVitro (immunomes, 2010, with Francois Vigneault), Gen9 Bio (synthetic biology, 2009, with
2455:
2709:
2792:"Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA demethylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis"
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Jaijyan, Dabbu Kumar; Selariu, Anca; Cruz-Cosme, Ruth; Tong, Mingming; Yang, Shaomin; Stefa, Alketa; Kekich, David; Sadoshima, Junichi; Herbig, Utz; Tang, Qiyi; Church, George; Parrish, Elizabeth L.; Zhu, Hua (May 17, 2022).
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picked Church for their 2008 "Power of Ideas" recognition in the category of Medicine (for the Personal Genome Project). In September 2010, Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award.
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Davidsohn, Noah; Pezone, Matthew; Vernet, Andyna; Graveline, Amanda; Oliver, Daniel; Slomovic, Shimyn; Punthambaker, Sukanya; Sun, Xiaoming; Liao, Ronglih; Bonventre, Joseph V.; Church, George M. (November 19, 2019).
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Church has co-developed "genome engineering" technologies since 1997 via either general homologous recombination (recA and lambda-red) or via sequence-specific nucleases. Since 2004, his team has developed the use of
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plans to perform further tests to get the hybrid cells into becoming specialized tissues, and from there attempting to turn the hybrid elephant/mammoth skin cells into hybrid embryos that can be grown in artificial
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method in 1984. Described in that publication were the cyclic application of fluids to a solid phase alternating with imaging, plus avoidance of bacterial cloning, strategies that are still used in current dominant
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DNA editing technique, his group spliced genetic segments from frozen mammoth specimens, including genes from the ears, subcutaneous fat, and hair attributes, into the DNA of skin cells from a modern elephant.
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In 2017, BGI established the "George Church Institute of Regenesis", a research collaboration between Church's lab and about a dozen staffers at BGI in China. Dr. Xun Xu, executive director of BGI Group said,
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1029:, Yining Zhao, Joe Thakuria), Warp Drive Bio (natural products, 2011, with Greg Verdine and James Wells), Alacris (cancer systems therapeutics, 2010, with Hans Lehrach, Bernhard Herrmann, and Shahid Imran),
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charlierose.com, 2009, "Personalized Medicine, ...Guests/Affiliations: ...Steven Pinker, Harvard University, George Church, Harvard Medical School, Personal Genome Project", air date June 19, 2009, see
882:", as well as new technologies that will have to be developed in the course of the project, including wireless, minimally invasive methods to detect and manipulate neuronal activity, either utilizing
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Other honors include the Triennial International Steven Hoogendijk Award in 2010 and the Scientific American Top 50 twice (for "Designing artificial life" in 2005 and "The $ 1000 genome" in 2006).
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Like an engineer, he (George Church) tends to see the universe not as a disparate set of mysteries but as a machine with a vast array of buttons and levers, each begging to be pushed and pulled.
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Science hasn't yet found a way to make complex animals like dogs live forever, so the next best thing we can do is find a way to maintain health for as long as possible during the aging process.
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for engineering a variety of genomes ranging from yeast to human. His laboratory's use of CRISPR in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) is the latest contender for precise gene therapy.
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NHGRI, 2015, Active Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science Awards: Causal Transcriptional Consequences of Human Genetic Variation (P50 HG005550, George M. Church, Harvard University), see
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Direct genomic sequencing, first described by Church and Gilbert (15) and further developed in our laboratory (16), overcomes the disadvantages inherent to the use of restriction enzymes.
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David Ewing Duncan, 2010, "On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Church advises or licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing,
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1343:, and high cholesterol (one of the motivations for his vegan diet). Church has many of his best ideas during the brief naps caused by his narcolepsy, and therefore does not treat it.
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Isaacs FJ, Carr PA, Wang HH, Lajoie MJ, Sterling B, Kraal L, Tolonen AC, Gianoulis TA, Goodman DB, Reppas NB, Emig CJ, Bang D, Hwang SJ, Jewett MC, Jacobson JM, Church GM (2011).
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made to bring down the cost of whole-genome sequencing (they offer 30x whole-genome sequencing for $ 299), since normally it has a cost that makes it inaccessible to most people.
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737:. He has co-founded commercial concerns spanning these areas, and others from green and natural products chemistry to infectious agent testing and fuel production, including
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Church's dreams of engineering a hybrid mammoth first deepened after an interview he did with the New York Times in 2008 about efforts to sequence the woolly mammoth genome.
878:(Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies). They outlined specific experimental techniques that might be used to achieve what they termed a "functional
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382:. Research and technology developments at the Church lab have impacted or made direct contributions to nearly all "next-generation sequencing (NGS)" methods and companies.
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828:(aka DNA chip) synthesizers for combinatorial libraries and assembling large genome segments. He co-developed Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE) and optimized
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His team is the first to tackle a genome-scale change in the genetic code. This was done in a 4.7 million basepair genome of an industrially useful microbe (
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and its European and Latin American subsidiary, Veritas Intercontinental, with the idea of bringing the benefits of genomic data to millions of people globally.
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paper from the Church group has already been the subject of two corrections, one for incomplete conflict of interest disclosures and one for image duplication.
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2115:"On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People: The geneticist George Church advises or licenses technology to most companies involved in sequencing"
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2189:, January 16, 1976, private letter from W.G. Katzenmeyer, Associate Dean, to George McDonald Church, in the archives of G.M. Church. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
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off-and-on since 1974 when I was inspired by participating in an MIT nutritional study, and quite strictly since 2004." He goes on to elaborate 4 reasons:
3400:"Methods for generating precise deletions and insertions in the genome of wild-type Escherichia coli: Application to open reading frame characterization"
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lifestyle, for reasons concerned with health, and with environmental and moral issues. When asked about his dietary choice, Church replied, "I've been
3112:"Genia Technologies Collaborates with Professors Jingyue Ju at Columbia and George Church at Harvard to Develop a Nanopore-based Sequencing Platform"
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2008:
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Through his Harvard lab, Church has co-founded around 50 biotech companies, including Veritas Genetics (human genomics, 2014, with Mirza Cifric,
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The Church Of George Church: From reviving extinct species to hunting for dark matter, can a single scientist transform biology—and our lives?
1111:(RaDVaC), a group formed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to create an easily produced, free and open-source vaccine for self-administration.
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Church worked on engineered adeno-associated viral vectors to evade innate immune and inflammatory responses. The research was published in
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In his science and popular efforts, Church has promoted open access genome sequencing and shareable human medical data, as well as online,
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by reconstructing its DNA and modifying living human cells accordingly. Church pointed out that he was not working on such a project.
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publications and videos and is a member of the Xconomists, an ad hoc team of editorial advisors for the tech news and media company,
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Jeffrey M. Perkel, 2011, "Charting the Course: Three gene jockeys share their thoughts on past and future tools of the trade", in
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2344:"Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells"
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Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005).
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Church has served as director of the Center on Bioenergy Technology at Harvard, funded by a multiyear award from the
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technologies. These technologies began to affect genome-scale sequencing in 2005. Church also helped initiate the
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2700:"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $ 299"
2446:"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $ 299"
2292:
2093:
George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana on 3 March 2008
1502:
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George M. Church, Transcript of Interviews Conducted by David C. Brock in New Orleans, Louisiana on 3 March 2008
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Zamft BM, Marblestone AH, Kording K, Schmidt D, Martin-Alarcon D, Tyo K, Boyden ES, Church G (August 2012).
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Genetic Elements within Yeast Mitochondrial and Mouse Immunoglobulin Introns (Sequence, Enhancer, Technique)
620:, and of the Center of Excellence in Genomic Science (CEGS) at Harvard, funded by a P50-type award from the
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Church was part of a team who, in a 2012 scientific commentary, proposed a Brain Activity Map, later named
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2668:"California rejected Chinese company's push to help with coronavirus testing. Was that the right move?"
1989:"Harvard Geneticist George Church Gives Moving Toast At 2017 Time 100 Gala | Time 100 | Time"
771:
5024:
4634:"Scientist George Church talks about accepting donations from Jeffrey Epstein – 60 Minutes – CBS News"
5293:
4613:"Some scientists are taking a DIY coronavirus vaccine, and nobody knows if it's legal or if it works"
4022:"Harvard's Wyss Institute launches start-up Rejuvenate Bio to help dogs live longer, healthier lives"
2073:
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TEDx, 2013, "Hybridizing with extinct species: George Church at TEDxDeExtinction", May 8, 2013, see
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Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, Norville JE, Church GM (February 15, 2013).
1875:
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1974:
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The research group's progress toward gene therapy for aging has been very limited, however. A 2022
1170:. He has participated in news interviews and videos including at TED, TEDx, and TEDMED venues, at
642:
in 2012 for contributions to human genome sequencing technologies and DNA synthesis and assembly.
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TEDx, 2012, "TEDxCambridge: George Church on genomics and human diversity", March 21, 2012, see
3916:"Biotech entrepreneur George Church launches gene therapy startup to design safer viral vectors"
3898:"Biotech entrepreneur George Church launches gene therapy startup to design safer viral vectors"
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3215:"Eyes wide open: the Personal Genome Project, citizen science and veracity in informed consent"
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In the fall of 1973, Church began research work at Duke University with assistant professor of
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4332:"Scientist at Work: George M. Church – On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People"
3850:"Engineering adeno-associated viral vectors to evade innate immune and inflammatory responses"
2169:
Peter Miller, 2015, "News, The Innovators Project: George Church, The Future Without Limits",
565: with: further, broader career highlights with associated good citations. You can help by
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Church has been an early advocate of online, open education since 2002. He is advisor to the
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4306:"Juno Acquires Harvard Spinout, AbVitro, For $ 125M To Discover More Cancer Immunotherapies"
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report with Church as lead author on an early model for molecular interactions between the
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In March 2015, Church and his genetics research team at Harvard successfully copied some
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3062:"The Oxford Nanopore MinION: Delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community"
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resulted in the first bacterial genome sequence and first commercial genome (the human
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Jeffrey Perkel, 2013, "BioTechniques: Celebrating 30 Years of Methods Development",
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is a naturalistic worldview that grants moral consideration to all sentient beings.
1065:), and ReadCoor (spatial biology, 2016, with Richard Terry and Evan R. Daugharthy).
464:, work that continued a year later in a graduate biochemistry program at Duke on an
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3601:"Precise Manipulation of Chromosomes in vivo Enables Genome-wide Codon Replacement"
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Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics", at
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Heidi Legg, 2014, "Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics", at
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5322:"Games on steroids? Inside an Indian-origin man's plan to organise Enhanced Games"
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4283:"Pathogenica Bets on Next-Gen Sequencing for Fast, Multiplexed Pathogen Detection"
3789:"Measuring Cation Dependent DNA Polymerase Fidelity Landscapes by Deep Sequencing"
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804:), but not in the form embodied in Church's contribution to the original patents.
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Alivisatos AP, Chun M, Church GM, Greenspan RJ, Roukes ML, Yuste R (June 2012).
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Jain, Miten; Olsen, Hugh E.; Paten, Benedict; Akeson, Mark (November 25, 2016).
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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in proteins, and is metabolically and genetically isolated from other species.
851:) with the goal of making a safer and more productive strain; this strain uses
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4179:"Mammoth-elephant hybrids could be created within the decade. Should they be?"
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2407:"Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics | BetaBoston"
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on the Supercentenarian Research Study, which aims to sequence the genomes of
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Church is married to fellow Harvard Medical School faculty member in genetics
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technology. As the co-founder of Rejuvenate Bio in an interview Church said,
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4977:"National Academy of Engineering Elects 66 Members and 10 Foreign Associates"
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4256:"Geneticist George Church: Sequencing human genome 'high priority' for China"
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3719:"The Brain Activity Map Project and the Challenge of Functional Connectomics"
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Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA",
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Alex Salton, 2009, "Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA",
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in fish & dairy), energy conservation (up to 20-fold impact), cruelty ("
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Mammoth-elephant hybrids could be created within the decade. Should they be?
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Genetic Elements within Yeast Mitochondrial and Mouse Immunoglobulin Introns
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1604:"CRISPR, the revolutionary genetic 'scissors,' honored by Chemistry Nobel"
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Matthew Allen, 2015, "Artificial Natures (interview with George Church)",
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On September 13, 2021, Church founded a biosciences and genetics company,
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To aid in the interpretation and sharing of genomes, Church initiated the
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3990:"Rejuvenate Bio is Reversing Age-Related Diseases to Increase Healthspan"
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859:
669:
George Church Institute of Regenesis: collaboration with BGI Group, China
363:
5257:"The Secret to Long Life? It May Lurk in the DNA of the Oldest Among Us"
3932:"A single combination gene therapy treats multiple age-related diseases"
3535:
2186:
1453:"News, The Innovators Project: George Church, The Future Without Limits"
913:. In early 2018, Rejuvenate Bio was launched from the Church lab at the
553:
4066:"New intranasal and injectable gene therapy for healthy life extension"
3146:
2627:
https://media.defense.gov/2024/Jan/31/2003384819/-1/-1/0/1260H-LIST.PDF
1445:
Harvard Professor George Church and the future of genomics | BetaBoston
1340:
1077:
950:
De-extinction, woolly mammoth revival project, and Colossal Biosciences
879:
726:
658:
585:
After completing his doctoral work, Church spent six months of 1984 at
291:
240:
5282:
3230:
2433:
1021:
Technology transfer, translational impact, and serial entrepreneurship
4951:"National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected"
3037:
3020:
2854:"Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome"
2311:
1506:
1038:
1012:
825:
680:
674:
451:
379:
367:
155:
5210:"How the Personal Genome Project Could Unlock the Mysteries of Life"
4506:
4481:
2652:
1132:
where he speculated that it could be technically possible to make a
487:
productive career." The work gave rise to publications including a
268:
5061:
4050:"Rejuvenate Bio launches to help dogs live longer, healthier lives"
4036:"Rejuvenate Bio launches to help dogs live longer, healthier lives"
3793:
3507:
Tian J, Gong H, Sheng N, Zhou X, Gulari E, Gao X, Church G (2004).
1336:
1297:
1293:
1265:
1191:
1164:
Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves
1050:
994:
797:
788:
742:
392:
355:
4202:"A New Company With a Wild Mission: Bring Back the Woolly Mammoth"
3287:"Okay, You've Sequenced My Genome: Are You Sure You Got it Right?"
1874:
Church, George M.; Philippidis, Alex; Davies, Kevin (April 2022).
679:
Since 2007, Church has served on the scientific advisory board of
4784:
TEDx, 2013, "DNA , George-Church-at-TEDxCERN", May 24, 2013, see
4003:
3186:
2944:
Church GM, Kieffer-Higgins S (1988). "Multiplex DNA sequencing".
1993:
1876:"Thirty-Eight Special: George Church Pushes the Biotech Envelope"
1286:
1195:
858:
He has co-invented several uses for DNA, including detectors for
447:
299:
121:
4226:
1913:
1335:
have noted Church's openness about his health issues, including
3657:"Revolutionary 'DNA Tracking Chamber' Could Detect Dark Matter"
3581:
3509:"Accurate Multiplex Gene Synthesis from Programmable DNA Chips"
3183:"Researchers explore genomic data privacy and risk (NIH NHGRI)"
2479:"Genetics Start-Up Wants to Sequence People's Genomes for Free"
2201:"Secondary structural complementarity between DNA and proteins"
1762:
1358:
in hopes of discovering potential genetic factors behind their
1325:
959:
829:
778:
in 1984. He invented the broadly applied concepts of molecular
586:
529:
183:
4681:"Harvard professor blasts Neanderthal clone baby rumor on Web"
4132:"George M. Church, Ph.D. | Consortium for Space Genetics"
3928:
3786:
3265:
1323:
In the context of the Personal Genome Project, journalists at
800:
sequencing in 1995, which is now commercially available (e.g.
3716:
2577:"Genomics Pioneer George Church Becomes Co-Founder of Shivom"
1030:
738:
700:
current bottleneck issues and further improve the technology.
430:. He attended high school at the preparatory boarding school
5445:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
4442:"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues"
4419:
4062:
2989:"First genomic NFT to be sold for science — and a statement"
1949:
National Academy of Future Physicians and Medical Scientists
1119:
Church was partly funded from 2005 to 2007 by the nonprofit
894:
would serve as a "ticker tape record" of neuronal activity.
729:". Church is known for pioneering the specialized fields of
406:. As of January 2023, Church serves as a member of the
5025:"American Society for Microbiology honors George M. Church"
4160:
Woolly Mammoth DNA Successfully Spliced into Elephant Cells
3374:"A Harvard Scientist is Selling his Genetic Code as an NFT"
2185:
Duke University Graduate School, Office of the Dean, 1976,
1126:
Church faced criticism for his response to a question from
983:
833:
818:
5104:"SRF's Research Advisory Board Welcomes Dr. George Church"
1658:"The Future of Synthetic Biology with Prof. George Church"
5450:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
5172:"A Bill of Rights for the Age of Artificial Intelligence"
2909:
Cook-Deegan RM (1989). "The Alta summit, December 1984".
1171:
1102:
897:
891:
498:
135:
Franklin Institute Bower Prize for Achievement in Science
2851:
2601:
2310:
LSRF, 2015, "Fellows:Alumni, George Church (1984)", see
2291:
LSRF, 2015, "Resources, 1983 Fellow George Church", see
1975:"George Church: The World's 100 Most Influential People"
1292:
Church has been outspoken in his support of following a
1228:
Church has received accolades including election to the
756:
657:
service. The company says that it is developing its own
1873:
1776:
1774:
4886:"Church Writings, Master Class and Videos on Edge.org"
1423:
On a Mission to Sequence the Genomes of 100,000 People
1412:
Geneticist George Church '72 Sought Independence at PA
958:
genes into the genome of an Asian elephant. Using the
890:. In one such proposed method, enzymatically produced
713:
Church is known for his professional contributions in
4699:"Spiegel responds to brouhaha over neanderthal clone"
4660:"How DNA will be construction material of the future"
2943:
2023:"Most influential people in biopharma—the scientists"
314:. He is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at
5355:
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
4377:"Tech Transfer, Advisory Roles, and Funding Sources"
4227:"The Science of Genetics. The Business of Discovery"
3598:
3059:
1771:
611:
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
332:
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
5313:
5079:. Mass High Tech. September 8, 2010. Archived from
4577:"Genomes, Environments and Traits (GET) Conference"
4241:"Global Space Ventures backs Colossal's seed round"
2666:Whalen, Jeanne; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (July 2, 2020).
2067:
1375:
933:
4999:"Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science"
4537:
4460:"A Synthetic Biohazard Non-proliferation Proposal"
4391:"10x Genomics Signs Agreement to Acquire ReadCoor"
3847:
3449:
3397:
4559:"Jemicy School for Dyslexia, David Malin Lecture"
3506:
2653:"Meet Prof. George Church | Nebula Genomics"
2512:"You Can Soon Get Your DNA Sequenced Anonymously"
1869:
1867:
1273:He is a member of the Research Advisory Board of
5361:
2789:
2198:
1242:Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science
5415:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
5188:
4912:"About Our Mission, Team, and Editorial Ethics"
4176:
4070:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3936:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3690:
2205:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1706:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1526:
1524:
1053:(green chemistry, 2005, with Chris Somerville,
4579:. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013
4303:
3574:
3452:"RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9"
3310:
3308:
3180:
2908:
1864:
5125:"Do inventors get enough respect in science?"
4715:
4678:
3770:"Obama Seeking to Boost Study of Human Brain"
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
2730:
2665:
2332:, April 1, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
2165:
2163:
2161:
2085:
2083:
2009:"George Church Toasts the 2017 Time 100 Gala"
1240:Promega Biotechnology Research Award and the
5207:
3767:
2199:Church, G M; Sussman, J L; Kim, S H (1977).
2126:
2123:, June 7, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1521:
1450:
1366:scientific and ethical advisory commission.
1089:
4280:
4156:
3577:"This Protein Could Change Biotech Forever"
3305:
2783:
2107:
1815:
1595:
1544:
1542:
471:As Peter Miller reported on Church for the
413:
5001:. Franklin Institute. 2011. Archived from
4953:. National Academies. 2011. Archived from
4395:Genomics Research from Technology Networks
3703:
3675:
3371:
3208:
3206:
3204:
2158:
2080:
1626:
1624:
1581:"Multiplex genome sequencing and analysis"
1068:
1045:(SolarFuels, 2007, with Noubar Afeyan and
482:week—that he neglected his other classes .
31:
4505:
4253:
4107:
4089:
3965:
3955:
3873:
3824:
3814:
3744:
3632:
3543:
3483:
3423:
3340:
3238:
3212:
3154:
3128:
3087:
3077:
3036:
2877:
2825:
2815:
2766:
2756:
2476:
2377:
2367:
2242:
2224:
1735:
1725:
1680:
5095:
4860:"When George Church met Stephen Colbert"
4479:
3176:
3174:
2986:
2602:"HLTH – The Global Healthcare Ecosystem"
2394:
2341:
1967:
1539:
1076:
819:Synthetic biology and genome engineering
622:National Human Genome Research Institute
400:100 most influential people in the world
5294:"The Enhanced Olympics: Drugs welcome!"
5182:
5101:
5039:"International Steven Hoogendijk Award"
4193:
3780:
3445:
3443:
3398:Link AJ, Phillips D, Church GM (1997).
3201:
2509:
1668:from the original on September 24, 2022
1621:
869:
595:University of California, San Francisco
418:Church was born on August 28, 1954, on
5362:
5319:
5288:
5254:
5228:
5169:
4857:
4329:
4323:
4199:
4177:Michael Greshko (September 13, 2021).
2680:from the original on February 14, 2022
2639:"BGI Launches George Church Institute"
2524:from the original on February 14, 2022
2477:Weintraub, Karen (November 17, 2018).
2458:from the original on February 14, 2022
2404:site (online), December 25, 2014, see
1816:DeFrancesco, Laura (January 1, 2020).
1548:
1443:site (online), December 25, 2014, see
1109:Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative
1103:Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative
898:Gene therapy, ageing, and age reversal
438:, from 1968 to 1972. He then attended
290:(born August 28, 1954) is an American
5395:American scientists with disabilities
5231:"The Creative Sweet Spot of Dreaming"
4538:"Personal Genetics Education Project"
4482:"Let us go forth and safely multiply"
3594:
3592:
3372:Tangermann, Victor (April 21, 2022).
3314:
3260:
3258:
3171:
2790:Saluz HP, Jiricny J, Jost JP (1986).
2724:
2712:from the original on January 18, 2022
2557:from the original on December 3, 2020
2542:
2510:Molteni, Megan (September 19, 2019).
2089:
2049:from the original on January 13, 2023
1955:from the original on January 13, 2023
1926:from the original on January 13, 2023
1811:
1809:
1794:from the original on January 13, 2023
1752:
1601:
1388:
796:) in 1994. Church was co-inventor of
757:Church and the foundation of genomics
328:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
174:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5229:French, Kristen (January 25, 2023).
5170:Church, George (February 12, 2019).
4369:
4357:"Biofuel startup raises $ 5 million"
4254:Dickinson, Boonsri (June 10, 2010).
3848:Chan, Ying Kai; et al. (2021).
3440:
1699:
1316:George identifies as a sentientist.
1223:
864:Weakly interacting massive particles
765:, Church published the first direct
547:
504:Church returned to graduate work at
5430:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
4561:. November 11, 2010. Archived from
4304:Luke Timmerman (January 11, 2016).
4200:Zimmer, Carl (September 13, 2021).
3691:Robert Lee Hotz (August 16, 2012).
3317:"How scientists are embracing NFTs"
3001:from the original on April 27, 2021
2987:Srikanth, Anagha (April 19, 2021).
1096:Personal Genetics Education Project
638:Church was elected a member of the
113:, Woolly Mammoth Revival Project $
13:
5189:Herper, Matthew (April 27, 2009).
4742:"The top 10 science books of 2012"
4679:Gary J. Remal (January 22, 2013).
3768:John Markoff (February 17, 2013).
3589:
3255:
3013:
2543:Quinn, Kevin (November 21, 2019).
2491:from the original on March 3, 2021
2061:
1806:
1553:(PhD thesis). Harvard University.
1505:. February 4, 2014. Archived from
1369:
1139:
938:Church is a faculty member in the
376:space biology & space genetics
14:
5501:
5385:21st-century American biochemists
5380:20th-century American biochemists
5344:
5255:Harmon, Amy (November 13, 2017).
3575:Matthew Herper (March 19, 2013).
3114:. October 3, 2012. Archived from
2272:(5), November 2013, 227–230, see
2090:Brock, David C. (March 3, 2008).
2042:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1389:Brock, David C. (March 3, 2008).
1238:American Society for Microbiology
1190:. He is a regular contributor to
1041:), EnEvolv (Genome Engineering),
683:, which has been designated as a
591:Life Sciences Research Foundation
408:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5248:
5222:
5201:
5163:
5137:
5117:
5069:
5049:
5031:
5017:
4991:
4969:
4943:
4929:
4904:
4878:
4851:
4830:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4734:
4709:
4691:
4672:
4652:
4626:
4605:
4569:
4551:
3693:"Future of Data: Encoded in DNA"
3676:Belle Dumé (February 17, 2012).
3416:10.1128/jb.179.20.6228-6237.1997
3181:Ian L. Marpuri (April 8, 2013).
1638:. The H. W. Wilson Company. 2010
1362:. As of 2023, he is part of the
1280:
1186:, as well as at PopSci, EG, and
1114:
934:Space biology and space genetics
552:
4530:
4473:
4452:
4434:
4408:
4383:
4349:
4297:
4274:
4247:
4233:
4219:
4170:
4150:
4124:
4056:
4042:
4028:
4014:
3996:
3982:
3922:
3908:
3890:
3841:
3761:
3684:
3669:
3649:
3568:
3500:
3391:
3365:
3315:Jones, Nicola (June 18, 2021).
3279:
3122:
3104:
3053:
2980:
2937:
2902:
2845:
2692:
2659:
2645:
2631:
2619:
2594:
2569:
2536:
2503:
2470:
2438:
2426:
2335:
2316:
2304:
2285:
2259:
2192:
2179:
2029:
2015:
2001:
1981:
1938:
1906:
1432:(online), October 1, 2011. see
1234:National Academy of Engineering
1205:wrote an article on Church for
749:(respectively, human genomics,
717:and interpreting such data, in
640:National Academy of Engineering
593:postdoctoral fellowship at the
330:, and a founding member of the
5470:Scientists from Tampa, Florida
5425:Harvard Medical School faculty
5102:Zealley, Ben (March 7, 2013).
4480:Church G (November 24, 2005).
4444:. July 8, 2010. Archived from
4330:Duncan, David (June 7, 2010).
4258:. Smart Planet. Archived from
4157:Sarah Fecht (March 24, 2014),
3854:Science Translational Medicine
3678:"DNA nanorobot delivers drugs"
2435:. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
2313:. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
2301:. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
1919:Harvard Molecular Technologies
1818:"One year, 1 lab, 16 spinouts"
1787:Harvard Molecular Technologies
1650:
1602:Cohen, Jon (October 7, 2020).
1573:
1495:
1485:. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
1436:. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
1425:. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
904:Science Translational Medicine
320:Health Sciences and Technology
1:
5420:Harvard Medical School alumni
5320:Kamath, Amit (July 9, 2023).
5208:Thomas Goetz (July 8, 2008).
4937:"The Church of George Church"
4416:"Open, Affordable Sequencing"
3289:. NGS Leaders. Archived from
3131:"The Personal Genome Project"
2731:Church GM, Gilbert W (1984).
2176:. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
1892:10.1089/genbio.2022.29021.gch
1702:"Profile of George M. Church"
1489:
1121:Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation
853:non-proteinogenic amino acids
753:, and solar fuel companies).
626:National Institutes of Health
4858:Harley, Liz (May 18, 2016).
4362:San Francisco Business Times
4281:Julia Karow (July 6, 2010).
3866:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3438
3816:10.1371/journal.pone.0043876
3737:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006
3021:"Capitalizing on the genome"
2923:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90042-6
2796:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2101:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1759:George Church's publications
1662:Harvard Alumni Entrepreneurs
1400:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1256:(on synthetic biology) with
1230:National Academy of Sciences
1085:, picture by Steve Jurvetson
940:Consortium of Space Genetics
802:Oxford Nanopore Technologies
7:
3213:Angrist M (November 2009).
2282:. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
1236:(in 2012). He received the
1011:In 2014, I asked my friend
1005:Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux
708:
645:In 2018, Church co-founded
501:and β-ribbons of proteins.
466:National Science Foundation
234:Other notable students
10:
5506:
4979:. National Academies. 2012
4827:. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
4787:. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
4775:. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
4763:. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
3342:10.1038/d41586-021-01642-3
2423:. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
2402:BetaBoston, a Boston Globe
2342:Martin G (December 1981).
2187:"Dear Mr. Church ..."
2155:. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
2113:David Ewing Duncan, 2010,
1447:. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
1441:BetaBoston, a Boston Globe
1414:. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
1107:Church is a member of the
772:Next-Generation Sequencing
689:U.S. Department of Defense
672:
4720:. New York: Basic Books.
4597:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3266:"Personal Genome Project"
3135:Molecular Systems Biology
3079:10.1186/s13059-016-1103-0
2074:Science History Institute
2068:Center for Oral History.
1946:"George M. Church, Ph.D."
1834:10.1038/s41587-019-0369-7
1382:Science History Institute
1376:Center for Oral History.
1346:Church collaborated with
1155:Church authored the 2012
1090:Support of open education
915:Wyss Institute at Harvard
785:Genome Therapeutics Corp.
715:the sequencing of genomes
618:U.S. Department of Energy
543:
477:series, "The Innovators":
263:
259:
233:
212:
200:
182:
161:
151:
144:
127:
117:
106:
75:
42:
30:
23:
5475:Scientists with dyslexia
4800:"Charlie Rose - History"
1765:bibliographic database.
1636:Biography Reference Bank
1533:publications indexed by
1275:SENS Research Foundation
969:, in an article titled "
426:, and grew up in nearby
414:Early life and education
5460:Phillips Academy alumni
5400:American transhumanists
4091:10.1073/pnas.2121499119
3957:10.1073/pnas.1910073116
3697:The Wall Street Journal
3625:10.1126/science.1205822
3476:10.1126/science.1232033
3404:Journal of Bacteriology
2966:10.1126/science.3353714
2879:10.1126/science.1117389
2817:10.1073/pnas.83.19.7167
2369:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634
1767:(subscription required)
1727:10.1073/pnas.1204148109
1549:Church, George (1984).
1478:Harvard Design Magazine
1069:Support of open consent
809:Personal Genome Project
655:whole-genome sequencing
624:(NHGRI), a part of the
613:at Harvard University.
526:mobile genetic elements
391:magazine listed him in
334:at Harvard University.
5465:Scientists from Boston
5455:People with narcolepsy
5410:Duke University alumni
5041:. 2010. Archived from
4716:Church George (2012).
4189:on September 13, 2021.
2758:10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991
2348:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2297:July 12, 2018, at the
2278:April 2, 2015, at the
2226:10.1073/pnas.74.4.1458
2136:, April 17, 2009, see
1664:. September 20, 2020.
1410:, April 17, 2009, see
1314:
1221:
1086:
1018:
979:
944:Harvard Medical School
924:
842:Emmanuelle Charpentier
702:
653:company that offers a
606:Harvard Medical School
484:
442:, where he obtained a
436:Andover, Massachusetts
420:MacDill Air Force Base
316:Harvard Medical School
288:George McDonald Church
64:MacDill Air Force Base
47:George McDonald Church
4892:on September 22, 2011
4243:. September 13, 2021.
4138:on September 25, 2022
3662:MIT Technology Review
3219:Personalized Medicine
2708:. February 18, 2020.
2454:. February 18, 2020.
1451:Peter Miller (2015).
1302:
1217:
1215:", where she states:
1080:
1061:, Noubar Afeyan, and
1009:
1001:with mammoth traits.
975:
920:
697:
479:
410:' Board of Sponsors.
340:developmental biology
5490:Synthetic biologists
5390:American geneticists
5083:on September 2, 2010
5065:. December 19, 2008.
5057:"The Power of Ideas"
4866:on December 27, 2016
4806:on December 19, 2013
4565:on October 14, 2013.
4448:on October 14, 2013.
3918:. February 12, 2021.
3904:. February 10, 2021.
2733:"Genomic sequencing"
2324:"Stem cell rat race"
2145:on February 28, 2015
2099:. Philadelphia, PA:
1822:Nature Biotechnology
1421:, June 7, 2010, see
1398:. Philadelphia, PA:
1252:"top science book",
1162:"top science book",
993:, with entrepreneur
991:Colossal Biosciences
870:The BRAIN initiative
776:Human Genome Project
37:Church in April 2023
5151:on January 18, 2013
5133:. February 7, 2013.
4705:. January 23, 2013.
4668:. January 18, 2013.
4498:2005Natur.438..423C
4183:National Geographic
4082:2022PNAS..11921499J
4076:(20): e2121499119.
4052:. February 6, 2020.
3948:2019PNAS..11623505D
3942:(47): 23505–23511.
3807:2012PLoSO...743876Z
3617:2011Sci...333..348I
3536:10.1038/nature03151
3528:2004Natur.432.1050T
3468:2013Sci...339..823M
3378:Neoscope ― Futurism
3333:2021Natur.594..481J
3118:on August 25, 2013.
2958:1988Sci...240..185C
2870:2005Sci...309.1728S
2808:1986PNAS...83.7167S
2749:1984PNAS...81.1991C
2484:Scientific American
2360:1981PNAS...78.7634M
2322:Elie Dolgin, 2009,
2217:1977PNAS...74.1458C
2171:National Geographic
2037:"Board of Sponsors"
1922:. August 11, 2021.
1718:2012PNAS..10911893N
1712:(30): 11893–11895.
1457:National Geographic
1434:Charting the Course
1232:(in 2011), and the
966:National Geographic
793:Helicobacter pylori
534:yeast mitochondrial
497:of double-stranded
474:National Geographic
428:Clearwater, Florida
16:American geneticist
5485:Systems biologists
5440:Life extensionists
5327:The Indian Express
5261:The New York Times
4640:. December 8, 2019
4336:The New York Times
4262:on August 14, 2010
4206:The New York Times
3992:. October 5, 2021.
3774:The New York Times
3147:10.1038/msb4100040
3129:Church GM (2005).
2120:The New York Times
2070:"George M. Church"
2045:. March 30, 2017.
1483:Artificial Natures
1419:The New York Times
1378:"George M. Church"
1248:. He authored the
1246:Franklin Institute
1188:The Colbert Report
1087:
767:genomic sequencing
723:genome engineering
604:Church joined the
512:, and completed a
506:Harvard University
324:Harvard University
296:molecular engineer
169:Harvard University
93:Harvard University
5435:Human geneticists
5405:Biogerontologists
5292:(June 29, 2023).
5191:"Going To Church"
5077:"All-Star Awards"
5005:on March 26, 2011
4838:"Church Lab News"
4825:on April 2, 2015.
4727:978-0-465-02175-8
4365:. March 12, 2007.
4229:. August 6, 2021.
3410:(20): 6228–6237.
3327:(7864): 481–482.
3231:10.2217/pme.09.48
2952:(4849): 185–188.
2864:(5741): 1728–32.
1997:. April 26, 2017.
1951:. July 20, 2022.
1880:Gen Biotechnology
1700:Nair, P. (2012).
1503:"Bower Laureates"
1356:supercentenarians
1224:Awards and honors
1203:Jeneen Interlandi
888:synthetic biology
735:synthetic biology
731:personal genomics
719:synthetic biology
651:personal genomics
583:
582:
522:molecular biology
312:synthetic biology
308:personal genomics
306:, and pioneer in
285:
284:
213:Doctoral students
146:Scientific career
111:Synthetic Biology
5497:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5147:. Archived from
5141:
5135:
5134:
5130:The Boston Globe
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5045:on May 15, 2013.
5035:
5029:
5028:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4957:on March 1, 2012
4947:
4941:
4940:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4888:. Archived from
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4862:. Archived from
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4821:. Archived from
4815:
4813:
4811:
4802:. Archived from
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4509:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4418:. Archived from
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4185:. Archived from
4174:
4168:
4167:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4134:. Archived from
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4093:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4024:(Press release).
4018:
4012:
4011:
4004:"Rejuvenate Bio"
4000:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3680:. Physics World.
3673:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3611:(6040): 348–53.
3596:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3547:
3522:(7020): 1050–4.
3513:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3344:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:. Archived from
3178:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3038:10.1038/ng0596-1
3031:(1): 1–5. 1996.
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2819:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2743:(7): 1991–1995.
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2545:"Privacy Policy"
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2413:on March 6, 2015
2409:. Archived from
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2228:
2211:(4): 1458–1462.
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:. Archived from
2139:"The Phillipian"
2130:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:"Church, George"
1628:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1385:
1180:Faces of America
884:microelectronics
876:BRAIN Initiative
836:, discovered by
685:Chinese military
633:Veritas Genetics
578:
575:
556:
548:
432:Phillips Academy
352:medical genetics
281:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
202:Doctoral advisor
196:
60:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5360:
5359:
5351:"George Church"
5347:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5227:
5223:
5206:
5202:
5187:
5183:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5145:"George Church"
5143:
5142:
5138:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5027:. June 8, 2009.
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4939:. May 27, 2015.
4935:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4817:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4714:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4638:www.cbsnews.com
4632:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4507:10.1038/438423a
4478:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4422:on May 21, 2013
4414:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4194:
4175:
4171:
4165:Popular Science
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4061:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3846:
3842:
3785:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3715:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3674:
3670:
3665:. July 2, 2012.
3655:
3654:
3650:
3597:
3590:
3573:
3569:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3462:(6121): 823–6.
3448:
3441:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3366:
3313:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3293:on July 5, 2013
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3211:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3189:on May 27, 2013
3179:
3172:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3058:
3054:
3025:Nature Genetics
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2981:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2850:
2846:
2802:(19): 7167–71.
2788:
2784:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2673:Washington Post
2664:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2550:Nebula Genomics
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2340:
2336:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2299:Wayback Machine
2290:
2286:
2280:Wayback Machine
2264:
2260:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2168:
2159:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1872:
1865:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1761:indexed by the
1757:
1753:
1698:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1547:
1540:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1509:on July 6, 2017
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1466:
1464:
1463:on June 4, 2014
1395:
1372:
1370:Further reading
1283:
1226:
1208:Popular Science
1150:citizen science
1142:
1140:Popular science
1117:
1105:
1092:
1071:
1043:Joule Unlimited
1035:Joseph Jacobson
1023:
999:Asian elephants
952:
936:
900:
872:
838:Jennifer Doudna
821:
759:
751:green chemistry
747:Joule Unlimited
711:
687:company by the
677:
671:
647:Nebula Genomics
579:
573:
570:
563:needs expansion
557:
546:
440:Duke University
416:
348:info processing
318:, Professor of
267:
255:
229:
194:
178:
140:
102:
83:Duke University
76:Alma mater
71:
61:
58:
57:August 28, 1954
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5358:
5357:
5346:
5345:External links
5343:
5341:
5340:
5312:
5290:Bailey, Ronald
5281:
5247:
5221:
5200:
5181:
5162:
5136:
5116:
5094:
5068:
5048:
5030:
5016:
4990:
4968:
4942:
4928:
4903:
4877:
4850:
4829:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4733:
4726:
4708:
4690:
4671:
4651:
4625:
4604:
4568:
4550:
4529:
4472:
4451:
4433:
4407:
4382:
4368:
4348:
4322:
4296:
4273:
4246:
4232:
4218:
4192:
4169:
4149:
4123:
4055:
4041:
4027:
4013:
4008:Rejuvenate Bio
3995:
3981:
3921:
3907:
3902:Fierce Biotech
3889:
3840:
3779:
3760:
3731:(6): 970–974.
3702:
3683:
3668:
3648:
3588:
3567:
3499:
3439:
3390:
3364:
3304:
3278:
3254:
3225:(6): 691–699.
3200:
3170:
3121:
3103:
3066:Genome Biology
3052:
3012:
2979:
2936:
2917:(3): 661–663.
2901:
2844:
2782:
2723:
2691:
2658:
2644:
2630:
2618:
2593:
2568:
2535:
2502:
2469:
2437:
2425:
2393:
2354:(12): 7634–8.
2334:
2315:
2303:
2284:
2258:
2191:
2178:
2173:(online), see
2157:
2134:The Phillipian
2125:
2106:
2079:
2060:
2028:
2025:. May 9, 2022.
2014:
2000:
1980:
1966:
1937:
1905:
1886:(2): 127–132.
1863:
1805:
1782:"Newcos GClab"
1770:
1751:
1679:
1649:
1620:
1608:Science | AAAS
1594:
1572:
1538:
1535:Google Scholar
1520:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:(online), see
1473:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1415:
1408:The Phillipian
1404:
1386:
1371:
1368:
1364:Enhanced Games
1282:
1279:
1225:
1222:
1146:open education
1141:
1138:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1070:
1067:
1022:
1019:
973:", reported,
956:woolly mammoth
951:
948:
935:
932:
899:
896:
871:
868:
820:
817:
763:Walter Gilbert
758:
755:
710:
707:
670:
667:
631:He co-founded
599:Gail R. Martin
581:
580:
560:
558:
551:
545:
542:
540:genes (1984).
538:immunoglobulin
510:Walter Gilbert
508:in 1977 under
454:in two years.
424:Tampa, Florida
415:
412:
398:, the list of
372:bioengineering
283:
282:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
246:Fina Kurreeman
243:
237:
235:
231:
230:
228:
227:
222:
216:
214:
210:
209:
207:Walter Gilbert
204:
198:
197:
186:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
165:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
142:
141:
139:
138:
131:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
108:
107:Known for
104:
103:
101:
100:
90:
79:
77:
73:
72:
68:Tampa, Florida
62:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5502:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
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5375:Living people
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4747:New Scientist
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4492:(7067): 423.
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3545:2027.42/62677
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2581:PharmiWeb.com
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2329:The Scientist
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2267:BioTechniques
2262:
2254:
2250:
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2240:
2236:
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2206:
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2075:
2071:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1901:
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1582:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1531:George Church
1527:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:The Scientist
1427:
1424:
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1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:James Clement
1350:entrepreneur
1349:
1348:transhumanist
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1281:Personal life
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
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1255:
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1247:
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1235:
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1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:New Scientist
1153:
1151:
1147:
1137:
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1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1115:Controversies
1112:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Preston Estep
1017:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
978:
974:
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968:
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843:
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768:
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629:
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623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
577:
574:February 2015
568:
564:
561:This section
559:
555:
550:
549:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
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502:
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491:
483:
478:
476:
475:
469:
467:
463:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
404:Fierce Pharma
401:
397:
395:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
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266:
262:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
226:
223:
221:
220:Preston Estep
218:
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208:
205:
203:
199:
192:
191:
187:
185:
181:
175:
172:
170:
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136:
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109:
105:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
80:
78:
74:
69:
65:
59:(age 70)
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:George Church
22:
19:
5480:Sentientists
5331:. Retrieved
5325:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5297:
5284:
5272:. Retrieved
5260:
5250:
5238:. Retrieved
5234:
5224:
5213:
5203:
5194:
5184:
5175:
5165:
5155:February 20,
5153:. Retrieved
5149:the original
5139:
5128:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5097:
5087:September 8,
5085:. Retrieved
5081:the original
5071:
5060:
5051:
5043:the original
5033:
5019:
5009:December 23,
5007:. Retrieved
5003:the original
4993:
4983:February 17,
4981:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:February 17,
4959:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4945:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4915:
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4880:
4870:December 26,
4868:. Retrieved
4864:the original
4853:
4843:September 8,
4841:. Retrieved
4832:
4823:the original
4810:December 24,
4808:. Retrieved
4804:the original
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4745:
4736:
4717:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4674:
4663:
4654:
4644:November 11,
4642:. Retrieved
4637:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4607:
4581:. Retrieved
4571:
4563:the original
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4532:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4463:. Retrieved
4454:
4446:the original
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:the original
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4394:
4385:
4371:
4360:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4309:
4299:
4289:September 6,
4287:. Retrieved
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:the original
4249:
4235:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4205:
4195:
4187:the original
4182:
4172:
4159:
4152:
4142:September 6,
4140:. Retrieved
4136:the original
4126:
4073:
4069:
4058:
4044:
4030:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3984:
3939:
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3696:
3686:
3671:
3660:
3651:
3608:
3604:
3580:
3570:
3519:
3515:
3502:
3459:
3455:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3383:February 21,
3381:. Retrieved
3377:
3367:
3324:
3320:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3222:
3218:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3141:(1): E1–E3.
3138:
3134:
3124:
3116:the original
3106:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3005:February 15,
3003:. Retrieved
2992:
2982:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2839:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2716:February 14,
2714:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2684:February 14,
2682:. Retrieved
2671:
2661:
2647:
2633:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2606:hlth.network
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2571:
2561:February 14,
2559:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2528:February 14,
2526:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2495:February 14,
2493:. Retrieved
2482:
2472:
2462:February 14,
2460:. Retrieved
2449:
2440:
2428:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2401:
2396:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2318:
2306:
2287:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2181:
2170:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2133:
2128:
2118:
2109:
2092:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2017:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1825:
1821:
1796:. Retrieved
1785:
1754:
1709:
1705:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1642:December 10,
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1575:
1550:
1513:September 1,
1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1497:
1476:
1467:February 26,
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1440:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1391:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1284:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1250:NewScientist
1249:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1176:Charlie Rose
1163:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1106:
1093:
1072:
1059:Vinod Khosla
1055:Jay Keasling
1024:
1010:
1003:
988:
980:
976:
970:
964:
953:
939:
937:
927:
925:
921:
908:
903:
901:
873:
857:
848:
846:
822:
813:
806:
791:
780:multiplexing
760:
712:
703:
698:
693:
678:
663:
644:
637:
630:
615:
603:
584:
571:
567:adding to it
562:
518:biochemistry
503:
495:minor groove
488:
485:
480:
472:
470:
468:fellowship.
462:Sung-Hou Kim
459:biochemistry
456:
417:
403:
399:
393:
386:
384:
360:gene therapy
344:neurobiology
336:
304:entrepreneur
287:
286:
251:Samira Musah
225:Jay Shendure
188:
162:Institutions
145:
18:
5370:1954 births
4703:Der Spiegel
4665:Der Spiegel
4315:November 8,
4285:. GenomeWeb
4211:October 26,
2053:January 13,
1959:January 13,
1930:January 13,
1828:(1): 9–13.
1798:January 13,
1672:January 12,
1318:Sentientism
1306:cholesterol
1134:Neanderthal
1129:Der Spiegel
1063:David Berry
1047:David Berry
860:dark matter
524:working on
364:diagnostics
5364:Categories
5178:. OneZero.
5109:August 18,
4921:January 2,
4341:August 18,
4266:August 18,
3072:(1): 239.
2611:August 17,
2586:August 17,
1490:References
1341:narcolepsy
1081:Church at
880:connectome
727:connectome
673:See also:
659:blockchain
536:and mouse
446:degree in
292:geneticist
241:Feng Zhang
53:1954-08-28
5274:April 10,
5269:0362-4331
4819:"Unknown"
4718:Regenesis
4618:March 15,
4400:March 10,
4100:0027-8424
3359:235481285
2451:Bloomberg
2235:0027-8424
1914:"GC-Main"
1900:248305602
1858:209461325
1842:1546-1696
1589:305001213
1567:303300427
1360:longevity
1304:medical (
1254:Regenesis
1201:In 2015,
1039:Drew Endy
1016:Colossal.
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