7349:
1312:
2122:
1968:
2058:
1176:
2107:, do not allow us to estimate the persistence of Turkish practices and ways of thought amongst them. Yet given the fact that the essential basis of the Ghaznavids' military support always remained their Turkish soldiery, there must always have been a need to stay attuned to their troops' needs and aspirations; also, there are indications of the persistence of some Turkish literary culture under the early Ghaznavids (Köprülüzade, pp. 56–57). The sources do make it clear, however, that the sultans' exercise of political power and the administrative apparatus which gave it shape came very speedily to be within the Perso-Islamic tradition of statecraft and monarchical rule, with the ruler as a distant figure, buttressed by divine favor, ruling over a mass of traders, artisans, peasants, etc., whose prime duty was obedience in all respects but above all in the payment of taxes. The fact that the personnel of the
936:
2161:
875:
782:
1003:, was given Ghazna. Another son, Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, was given the governorship of Bust, while in Khorasan, the eldest son Mahmud, was given command of the army. Sabuktigin's intent was to ensure governorships for his family, despite the decaying influence of the Samanid Empire, and did not consider his dynasty as independent. Ismail, upon gaining his inheritance, quickly traveled to Bust and did homage to Emir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nuh. Mahmud, who had been left out of any significant inheritance, proposed a division of power, to which Ismail refused. Mahmud marched on Ghazna and subsequently Ismail was defeated and captured in 998 at the
805:
1463:
64:
2282:
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2133:Ḥasan Ḡaznavī. We know from the biographical dictionaries of poets (taḏkera-ye šoʿarā) that the court in Lahore of Ḵosrow Malek had an array of fine poets, none of whose dīvāns has unfortunately survived, and the translator into elegant Persian prose of Ebn Moqaffaʿ’s Kalīla wa Demna, namely Abu’l-Maʿālī Naṣr-Allāh b. Moḥammad, served the sultan for a while as his chief secretary. The Ghaznavids thus present the phenomenon of a dynasty of Turkish slave origin which became culturally Persianised to a perceptibly higher degree than other contemporary dynasties of Turkish origin such as
1470:
1284:
now exchanged positions: Mohammed was elevated from prison to the throne, while Mas'ud was consigned to a dungeon after a reign of ten years and was assassinated in 1040. Mas'ud's son, Madood, was governor of Balkh, and in 1040, after hearing of his father's death, he came to Ghazni to claim his kingdom. He fought with the sons of the blind
Mohammed and was victorious. However, the empire soon disintegrated and most kings did not submit to Madood. In a span of nine years, four more kings claimed the throne of Ghazni.
1022:
2173:
1047:, son of Sebuktigin, succeeded to the governorship, and Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty became perpetually associated with him. He emphasized his loyalty in a letter to the caliph, saying that the Samanids had only been replaced because of their treason. Mahmud received the governorship of Khurasan and titles of Yamin al-Dawla and Amin al-Milla. As a representative of caliphal authory, he championed Sunni Islam by campaigning against the Ismaili and Shi'ite Buyids. He completed the conquest of the Samanid and
1260:
1342:, a great calligrapher who wrote the Koran with his own pen, became king. Ibrahim re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages. Under Ibrahim and his successors the empire enjoyed a period of sustained tranquility. Shorn of its western land, it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faced stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the
1219:
1113:
7681:
2289:
5799:
2267:. Lahore, under Ghaznavid rule in the 11th century, attracted Persian scholars from Khorasan, India and Central Asia and became a major Persian cultural centre. It was also during Mahmud's reign that Ghaznavid coinage began to have bilingual legends consisting of Arabic and Devanagari script. The entire range of Persianate institutions and customs that would come to characterize the political economy of most of India would be implemented by the later Ghaznavids.
5847:
16934:
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10120:, p. 4, "In this book I have discussed the Ghaznavids as a Turkish dynasty, of slave origin, who established themselves on the eastern margins of the Iranian world these Turkish condotierri became rulers of what was, at Mahmud's death in 1030, the most extensive empire known in the eastern Islamic world, since the dismemberment of the Abassid Caliphate".
2188:, but was refused. Mahmud preferred that his fame and glory be publicized in Persian and hundreds of poets assembled at his court. He brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni and even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni. Due to his invasion of Rayy and Isfahan, Persian literary production was inaugurated in
2024:, at least in the earliest campaign, were still substantial in Ghaznavid military incursions, especially in dashing raids deep into hostile territory. There is a record of '6000 Arab horse' being sent against king Anandapala in 1008, and evidence of this Arabian cavalry persists until 1118 under the Ghaznavid governor in
983:
Once established as governor of Ghazna, Sabuktigin was asked to intervene in
Khurasan, at the insistence of the Samanid emir, and after a victorious campaign received the governorships of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur and Gharchistan. Sabuktigin inherited a governorship in turmoil. In Zabulistan,
1283:
and
Central Asia to the Seljuks, plunging the realm into a "time of troubles". His last act was to collect all his treasures from his forts in hope of assembling an army and ruling from India, but his own forces plundered the wealth and he proclaimed his blind brother as king again. The two brothers
8751:
Indeed, since the formation of the
Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the
2132:
of the state apparatus was accompanied by the
Persianisation of high culture at the Ghaznavid court... The level of literary creativity was just as high under Ebrāhīm and his successors up to Bahrāmšāh, with such poets as Abu’l-Faraj Rūnī, Sanāʾī, ʿOṯmān Moḵtārī, Masʿūd-e Saʿd-e Salmān, and Sayyed
1069:
By all accounts, the rule of Mahmud was the golden age and height of the
Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern India to establish his control and set up tributary states, and his raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. He established his
2224:
in
Samanid affairs and in the Samanid cultural environment, the dynasty became thoroughly Persianized, so that in practice one cannot consider their rule over Iran one of foreign domination. They also copied their administrative system from the Samanids. In terms of cultural championship and the
1093:
families near Farana in
Khorasan. By 1027, due to the Turkmen raiding neighbouring settlements, the governor of Tus, Abu l'Alarith Arslan Jadhib, led military strikes against them. The Turkmen were defeated and scattered to neighbouring lands. Still, as late as 1033, Ghaznavid governor
1275:, asked for three provinces that he had won by his sword, but his brother did not consent. Mas'ud had to fight his brother, and he became king, blinding and imprisoning Mohammed as punishment. Mas'ud was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the
2569:
At its height, the
Ghaznavid empire grew from the Oxus to the Indus Valley and was ruled from 977 to 1186. The history of the empire was written by Abu Nasr al-Utbi, who documented the Ghaznavid's achievements, including regaining lost territory from their rivals, the
996:-type fief. In 976, he ended the conflict between two Turkic ghulams at Bust and restored the original ruler. Later that same year, Sabuktigin campaigned against Qusdar, catching the ruler(possibly Mu'tazz b. Ahmad) off guard and obtaining an annual tribute from him.
2008:
and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander
Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to
896:
The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the
2251:
Historian Bosworth explains: "In fact with the adoption of Persian administrative and cultural ways the Ghaznavids threw off their original Turkish steppe background and became largely integrated with the Perso-Islamic tradition." As a result,
1424:
in 1151, in revenge for his brother Kutubbuddin's death, who was son-in-law of the king but was publicly punished and killed for a minor offence. Ala al-Din Husayn then razed the city, burning it for 7 days, after which he became known as
1433:). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks, who came to the aid of Bahram. Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory, and Ghazni and
1311:
975:
in 962. After Alptigin death, his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim governed Ghazna for three years. His death was followed by the reign of a former ghulam of Alptigin, Bilgetigin. Bilgetigin's rule was so harsh the populace invited
1912:, their regional capital for Indian territories since its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazni, which became the new capital of the Late Ghaznavids. Ghaznavid power in northwestern India continued until the Ghurid conquest of
7348:
8818:
Firdawsi was writing his Shah-nama. One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty"
1246:) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital and of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. Mahmud died in April 1030 and had chosen his son, Mohammed, as his successor.
8701:
2121:
15436:
1267:, they were made of gold, silver, and copper. Mahmud was the first Muslim ruler to commission coinage featuring bilingual inscriptions and dates in both Arabic and Sanskrit/Devanagari.
2145:
Persian literary culture enjoyed a renaissance under the Ghaznavids during the 11th century. The Ghaznavid court was so renowned for its support of Persian literature that the poet
2270:
The Persian culture established by the Ghaznavids in Ghazna and Eastern Afghanistan survived the Ghurid invasion in the 12th century and endured until the invasion of the Mongols.
9611:
Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une Résidence Royale Ghaznévide et Ghoride, Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique Française, XVIII (Paris: Boccard, 1978) vol. 1, plate 123
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Sultan Mahmud, modelling the Samanid Bukhara as a cultural center, made Ghazni into a center of learning, inviting Ferdowsi and al-Biruni. He even attempted to persuade
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Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire,
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9806:
making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires , for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999
855:
A court party instigated by men of the scribal class – civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals – rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne.
3637:
10990:
8687:
3271:
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which directed the day-to-day running of the state, and which raised the revenue to support the sultans' life-style and to finance the professional army, were
10996:
8800:"The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."
11005:, published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877 (Online Copy: – Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in translation).
10619:
Notghi, Hamid; Sabri-Tabrizi, Gholam-Reza (1994). "Hail to Heydarbaba: A Comparative View of Popular Turkish & Classical Persian Poetical Languages".
14458:
10906:
1175:
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1195:, writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni,
17219:
16701:
7709:
2068:
was at least 44 meters tall, before its top half crumbled in 1902 due to an earthquake. It was built between 1099 and 1115 CE. It stood next to the
5829:
10362:
Amirsoleimani, Soheila (1999). "Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī: The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments".
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court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.
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5586:
1377:. Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when he died in 1115, with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan
10929:
Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey
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on their fronts. The use of these elephants was a foreign weapon in other regions that the Ghaznavids fought in, particularly in Central Asia.
1881:
12857:
7736:
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Although the Ghaznavids were Turkic and their military leaders were generally of the same stock, as a result of the original involvement of
17194:
16980:
15638:
14000:
3428:
863:, where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority. The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the
980:
back. It was through Sabuktigin's military ability that Lawik was removed, Bilgetigin was exiled, and Sabuktigin gained the governorship.
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2281:
1462:
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1948:
in what is now Afghanistan. During the rule of Sultan Mahmud, a new, larger military training center was established in Bost (now
15335:
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7451:
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2631:
The Ghaznavid conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by the
1199:
during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. In 1018 Mahmud also captured
1975:
ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant, in 1017. They agreed to partition former
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Spuler, B. (1970). "The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
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2248:, king of Persia." However, modern historians believe this was an attempt to connect himself with the history of old Persia.
2125:
Vessel with bull's head spout, Ghaznavid dynasty, late 11th to early 12th century, bronze. Linden-Museum – Stuttgart, Germany
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11053:
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Poliakova, E. A. (1984). "The Development of a Literary Canon in Medieval Persian Chronicles: The Triumph of Etiquette".
166:
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by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John.
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10936:
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The Ghaznavids continued to develop historical writing in Persian that had been initiated by their predecessors, the
17:
16155:
10731:. Vol. IA: The Central islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge University Press.
2605:, the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the
2244:: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of
992:) which resulted in the Turkic soldiery unwilling to take up arms. Sabuktigin reformed the system making them all a
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14285:
14134:
13993:
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Patronage and Poetry in the Islamic World: Social Mobility and Status in the Medieval Middle East and Central Asia
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Ralph Pinder-Wilson (2001) Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets, Iran, 39:1, 155-186, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2001.11834389
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who carried on the administrative traditions of the Samanids, only strengthened this conception of secular power.
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traveled from his home province to work for them. The poet Unsuri's short collection of poetry was dedicated to
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Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model.
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Arjomand, Said Amir (2012). "Patrimonial state". In Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (eds.).
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in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.
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Yarshater, E. (1960). "The Theme of Wine-Drinking and the Concept of the Beloved in Early Persian Poetry".
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5527:
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874:
377:
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Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires".
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Ahmadi, Wali (2004). "The Institution of Persian Literature and the Genealogy of Bahar's "Stylistics"".
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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
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4900:
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10963:
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Meisami, J. S. (1993). "The Past in Service of the Present: Two Views of History in Medieval Persia".
2601:
In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian
17184:
16874:
16465:
16235:
16016:
15942:
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15779:
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6240:
4918:
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1774:
1711:
1557:
1208:
1141:
871:, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids.
844:
competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne
804:
148:
9623:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"
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a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated
8642:
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in terms of language, culture, literature and habits and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".
362:
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10892:
The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay, The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186
9680:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib
9373:"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru"
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Poetics Today:Cultural Processes in Muslim and Arab Societies: Medieval and Early Modern Periods
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Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.
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771:
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1940:
The core of the Ghaznavid army was primarily made up of Turks, as well as thousands of native
1271:
Mahmud left the empire to his son Mohammed, who was mild, affectionate and soft. His brother,
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2035:, the Ghaznavids, during the 11th and 12th centuries, developed the first Muslim army to use
2010:
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13755:
10905:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1998), "THE GHAZNAVIDS", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),
9546:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
9002:
2020:, the Ghaznavid administrative traditions and military practice came from the Abbasids. The
832:
and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an
820:, the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic. 11th century
17153:
16745:
16647:
16540:
16480:
16455:
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16414:
16387:
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16131:
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15789:
15754:
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14676:
14604:
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13635:
13566:
13537:
13456:
12790:
12628:
12618:
12213:
12060:
11595:
11393:
9346:
New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation
7946:
7239:
7191:
4216:
3125:
2810:
2264:
2225:
support of Persian poets, they were more Persian than their ethnically-Iranian rivals, the
1985:
1382:
1276:
1035:
888:
841:
748:
13740:
10577:
8:
17148:
16485:
16174:
15907:
15799:
15398:
15393:
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3175:
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2138:
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1490:
1329:
1223:
1160:, and established Governors in the conquered areas. In India, the Ghaznavids were called
1044:
906:
879:
813:
288:
79:
13368:
13358:
10410:
Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids".
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Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD
8914:
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5282:
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2371:
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963:, Turkic slave-soldier, during his youth and later married the daughter of his master
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2017:
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1413:
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became king for sixteen years, with no major event in his lifetime. Mas'ud built the
1339:
1239:
1211:, from whom he obtained the payment of tribute. In 1026, he raided and plundered the
1204:
1149:
1055:
759:
581:
553:
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115:
17204:
17034:
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11997:
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2263:, Persian culture was established at Lahore, which later produced the famous poet,
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2146:
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1917:
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1581:
1409:
1343:
1016:
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912:
Alp Tigin's died in 963, and after two ghulam governors and three years, his slave
791:
767:
716:
650:
483:
230:
185:
10661:
Rowson, E.K. (1998). "Ghaznavids". In Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.).
10457:
Bosworth, C.E. (1994). "Rulers of Makrān and Quṣdār in the Early Islamic Period".
9700:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
1324:
in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41); with black-and-white
17055:
17029:
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9803:
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6529:
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5058:
5008:
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3171:
2636:
2241:
2172:
2100:
1645:
1374:
1264:
1191:, which was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". According to
1157:
1021:
743:, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the
697:
595:
257:
248:
97:
13363:
17039:
16706:
16226:
16051:
15539:
15503:
15166:
15084:
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13879:
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11992:
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11557:
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11368:
11358:
11318:
11103:
10766:
10756:
Spuler, B. (1991). "Ghaznawids". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, C.; Schacht, J. (eds.).
10220:
A Thousand Golden Cities: 2500 Years of Writing from Afghanistan and its People
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8600:
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1534:
1519:
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1259:
1212:
1196:
1090:
977:
940:
883:
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809:
770:. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186,
755:
705:
668:
622:
10653:
10632:
10375:
9393:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
7368:
1404:, the first and main Ghaznavid capital, for thirty-five years. In 1148 he was
17178:
17143:
17122:
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16937:
16841:
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12055:
11987:
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11484:
11469:
11429:
11328:
11183:
11168:
11123:
11034:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–252.
11025:
10814:
9860:
9565:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.
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1957:
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1636:
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775:
744:
608:
329:
88:
13393:
13373:
10778:
10470:
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The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III...
2609:. The Ghaznavid rulers are generally credited with spreading Islam into the
17101:
17070:
16869:
16854:
16806:
16715:
16260:
16126:
15549:
15498:
15206:
15190:
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5332:
5162:
4372:
3695:
3691:
3179:
3137:
2520:
2480:
2471:
2411:
2193:
1908:
After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, the Ghaznavids established themselves in
1753:
1153:
1095:
728:
689:
497:
11038:
11002:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
10998:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
10767:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
2229:, whose support of Arabic letters in preference to Persian is well known.
16947:
16911:
16662:
16347:
16270:
16101:
14619:
14189:
14054:
14009:
13576:
13561:
13410:
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11864:
11854:
11809:
11766:
11542:
11537:
11502:
11303:
11258:
11198:
10439:
Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Early Ghaznavids". In Bosworth, C. E. (ed.).
10264:
A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India
8281:
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1972:
1949:
1504:
1438:
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from 977 to 1186, which at its at its greatest extent, extended from the
525:
511:
272:
137:
10885:
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9844:
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8894:
8771:, but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.
5846:
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1112:
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15214:
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15108:
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7569:
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5655:
5312:
5107:
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2687:
2217:
2154:
2003:
1980:
1953:
1945:
1434:
971:
following a failed coup attempt, and conquered the city from the local
944:
930:
913:
860:
859:
was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the
693:
661:
314:
11492:
10217:
Marozzi, Justin (16 November 2023). "Chapter Title: Khwaja Abdullah".
8366:
2153:
and his brothers Nasr and Yaqub. Another poet of the Ghaznavid court,
17096:
15427:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
15147:
15124:
14918:
14851:
14819:
14357:
13493:
13264:
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13118:
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12773:
12564:
12208:
12158:
12090:
12025:
11972:
11962:
11934:
11869:
11814:
11804:
11741:
11731:
11577:
11454:
11414:
11343:
11193:
10878:
The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040
9802:
An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr
9494:(Second Revised ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 81–82.
8482:
8330:
8154:
8130:
7902:
7812:
7516:
7428:
7054:
6942:
6770:
6741:
6479:
6439:
6162:
6040:
5625:
5322:
5068:
2577:
2338:
2237:
2001:, were one of the components of the army with their commander called
1616:
1351:
1116:
Map of Ghaznavid Empire before their invasion of Indian Subcontinent.
1075:
1071:
964:
901:, a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied
864:
829:
732:
720:
701:
10694:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (l).
10423:
9622:
2876:
Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.
2288:
852:
in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers.
17075:
16337:
15677:
15559:
14811:
14634:
14367:
14352:
14327:
12894:
12677:
12635:
12574:
12268:
12248:
11849:
11673:
11587:
11522:
11293:
10353:
Alam, Muzaffar; Nalini, Françoise Delvoye; Gaborieau, Marc (2000).
8764:
8555:
8224:
8126:
7839:
7776:
7656:
7641:
7631:
7185:
6776:
6703:
5971:
5962:
5645:
2635:
until the Turko-Afghans successfully established themselves in the
2233:
2185:
1929:
1325:
1243:
1192:
1026:
1025:
Mahmud of Ghazni at his court (center) receives a robe from Caliph
856:
837:
833:
469:
394:
277:
239:
10247:
A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions
10051:
9940:
8144:
2616:
They were, however, unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the
774:
by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler,
16880:
14803:
14418:
14337:
12807:
12736:
12692:
12547:
12148:
12143:
12085:
12020:
11904:
11889:
11756:
11633:
11623:
11572:
11178:
10174:
8531:
8318:
7893:
7857:
7821:
7794:
7785:
7758:
6794:
6747:
6690:
6000:
5940:
5931:
5640:
5192:
2327:
2296:
2213:, written in the latter half of the 11th century, is an example.
1941:
1355:
1234:
expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (
1188:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1052:
902:
898:
736:
106:
70:
12608:
10041:
10039:
1956:
where war weapons were made. After capturing and conquering the
824:
Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the
16686:
16006:
14835:
14372:
14362:
14332:
12640:
12515:
12050:
11982:
11613:
11547:
11459:
11173:
10551:
Iranian history and politics:The Dialectic of State and Society
9717:
8791:
Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.
7884:
7875:
7866:
7636:
6212:
6020:
5680:
5635:
4892:
2542:
2253:
2025:
1961:
1913:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1825:
1442:
1417:
1401:
1280:
1200:
1089:
During Mahmud's reign (997–1030), the Ghaznavids settled 4,000
1083:
999:
After the death of Sabuktigin, his son by Alptigin's daughter,
968:
960:
840:
region of eastern Khorasan. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and
817:
786:
672:
664:
343:
295:
216:
208:
198:
16988:
14692:
10739:
The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond
10720:
Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order
10648:(2/3 (Spring – Summer)). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 237–256.
8940:
15544:
14428:
13274:
11879:
11771:
11698:
11648:
11497:
11143:
11019:
10355:
The making of Indo-Persian Culture: Indian and French Studies
10036:
8470:
8158:
8140:
7830:
6030:
5944:
4948:
3437:
3182:, sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.
2440:
2420:
2016:
Like the other dynasties that rose out of the remains of the
1998:
1347:
1231:
1145:
1121:
1059:
709:
157:
9581:
9508:
867:
but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the
15324:
14787:
14723:
14389:
12303:
12065:
11113:
9952:
9824:
7139:
5912:
2602:
1812:
1477:
1320:
Figures in the wall paintings from the Ghaznavid palace of
1263:
Coin of Mahmud minted in Ghazni. Most coins were minted in
845:
685:
12484:
10164:
10162:
9240:
9238:
8895:"Coinage and Metallurgy Under the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud"
8832:
2157:, wrote numerous poems about the merits of drinking wine.
1944:
who were trained and assembled from the area south of the
16302:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
10317:
10281:
9918:
9916:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9270:
9268:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9177:
9175:
9148:
9126:
9124:
8930:
8928:
8780:
The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...
762:. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the
184:
Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under
10612:
Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century
10569:
Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources
10099:
9461:
Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003).
9032:"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh"
1179:
Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (
10861:
Ziad, Homayra (2006). "Ghaznavids". In Meri, J. (ed.).
10385:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
10159:
10063:
10024:
9729:
9569:
9520:
9444:
Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951).
9321:
9309:
9280:
9235:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
8952:
8871:
3246:
2846:
Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
2809:
Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the
1098:
executed fifty Turkmen chiefs for raids into Khorasan.
785:
Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of
10305:
10293:
10198:
10147:
10123:
10087:
9964:
9913:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9753:
9593:
9292:
9265:
9218:
9199:
9187:
9172:
9160:
9121:
8925:
2559:
The Ghaznavids and other polities in continental Asia
1928:
and his son were imprisoned and summarily executed in
10809:. 12 (2):(December). University of Pittsburgh Press.
10135:
10075:
10012:
10000:
9988:
9976:
9928:
9136:
1381:
as a Seljuk vassal. Bahram Shah defeated his brother
10524:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
9875:
9420:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
9255:
9253:
9092:
4847:
Table 1. Genealogical chart of the Ghaznavid rulers.
2164:
Detail of the Intricate Brickwork on the Mas'ud III
10681:
Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
10618:
10352:
10186:
10180:
10057:
9896:
9741:
9353:
8763:The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last
3106:Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.
1332:(1978). The figures wear the typical Turkic attire.
9443:
2256:developed into a great centre of Arabic learning.
1222:Ghaznavid Empire at its height after invasions of
9765:
9629:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 233, Fig 14.
9250:
7740:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3170:Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a
2628:took over their remaining sub-continental lands.
17176:
10804:
10672:Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE
9450:. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p. 269.
8946:
4845:http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids
15363:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
1922:deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik
1412:, but he recaptured the capital the next year.
754:In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the
15449:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
15348:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
10863:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
10717:
10045:
9669:
8716:List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire
1932:in 1191, extinguishing the Ghaznavid lineage.
988:) were being changed into permanent ownership(
17250:States and territories disestablished in 1186
16974:
15231:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
14708:
13994:
12500:
11054:
10824:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
10567:Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron, eds. (2010).
10392:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
10361:
9627:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia
9587:
9467:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 60.
8695:
7703:
7304:
6616:
5823:
3265:
437:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi)
39:
16307:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
13957:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
10718:Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012).
10687:
9845:"Indian Elephant Corps Under the Ghaznavids"
9723:
9051:
8838:
1279:in 1040, he lost all the Ghaznavid lands in
1215:, taking away a booty of 20 million dinars.
1010:
15417:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
11068:
10735:
10391:
10267:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 9.
10261:Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (1 December 2003).
9514:
9154:
7560:Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries
2039:in battle. The elephants were protected by
16981:
16967:
15923:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
15785:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
15301:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
14715:
14701:
14001:
13987:
12507:
12493:
11061:
11047:
10773:. 41 (3):(September) (3). Wiley: 475–504.
10627:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 240–251.
10443:. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press.
9849:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
9703:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
9396:. Princeton University Press. p. 80.
9000:
8974:Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation
8899:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
8702:
8688:
7710:
7696:
7311:
7297:
6623:
6609:
5830:
5816:
3272:
3258:
3221:
3192:
3150:
3116:
3086:
3057:
3028:
2999:
2969:
2940:
2911:
2886:
2856:
2822:
2789:
2756:
2727:
2676:
2675:
1120:Mahmud of Ghazni led incursions deep into
235:official and court language; lingua franca
17245:States and territories established in 977
15432:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
12372:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
10843:
10830:
10764:
10639:
10621:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
10548:
10342:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
10141:
10105:
10030:
9683:. People's Publishing House. p. 109.
9638:
9636:
9460:
9423:. Rutgers University Press. p. 146.
8958:
8888:
8886:
8877:
17220:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
15251:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
14008:
10908:History of Civilisations of Central Asia
10904:
10736:Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005),
10566:
10486:
10477:
10456:
10447:
10438:
10409:
10400:
10382:
10370:(2, Spring). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
10357:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
10323:
10311:
10299:
10287:
10243:
10204:
10168:
10153:
10129:
10117:
10069:
9970:
9958:
9946:
9830:
9787:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
9783:
9735:
9642:
9575:
9551:
9416:
9327:
9315:
9286:
9274:
9244:
9229:
9212:
9193:
9181:
9166:
9142:
9130:
9115:
9054:"Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar"
9004:The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art
8934:
8854:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
8850:
2576:
2171:
2159:
2120:
2056:
1966:
1258:
1217:
1197:"all the idols" were burnt and destroyed
1174:
1111:
1020:
934:
905:in 992, establishing in Transoxania the
873:
803:
780:
27:Medieval Muslim Turkic dynasty and state
16037:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
14200:
14135:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war
13781:
12219:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
11109:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
10991:Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India
10880:Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
10788:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
10708:
10609:
10596:
10557:
10520:
10260:
10216:
10093:
10018:
10006:
9982:
9922:
9819:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
9759:
9693:
9303:
8970:
2574:, in present-day Iran and Afghanistan.
2180:, Ghazni, Afghanistan, 12th century CE.
1935:
848:they could dominate after the death of
719:, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the
14:
17215:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
17177:
15575:History of democracy in classical Iran
12474:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
10785:
10755:
10726:
10660:
10503:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765
10348:(2 (Nov.)). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
10339:
10081:
9994:
9934:
9777:
9643:Bosworth, C. Edmund (31 August 2007).
9633:
9599:
9526:
9338:
9336:
8883:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2095:The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically
1772:
1735:
1720:
1709:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1603:
1590:
1441:before being captured by the Ghurids.
1328:of the left figure, by the discoverer
1254:
1230:The wealth brought back from Mahmud's
700:after the death of his father-in-law,
164:
146:
135:
124:
16962:
16373:
16297:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
16082:Iran and the World Trade Organization
15986:
15729:
15610:
14735:
14696:
13982:
12488:
11042:
10894:Columbia University Press, New York,
10605:(2, (Summer)). Duke University Press.
10575:
10499:
10418:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 33–44.
10192:
9881:
9620:
9487:
9389:
9359:
9342:
8971:Peacock, A. C. S. (1 February 2013).
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4586:
4584:
4567:
4565:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4271:
4269:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4231:
4214:
4212:
4134:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3824:
3822:
3805:
3803:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3653:
3651:
3635:
3633:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3426:
3424:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
2540:
2518:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2378:
2347:
2303:
2294:
2285:
1783:
1763:
1696:
1687:
1676:
1614:
1579:
1544:
1392:
1152:. In 1008-9, he again vanquished the
155:
77:
68:
15469:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
15459:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
11017:
10860:
10821:
9907:
9842:
9747:
9646:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
8892:
3247:Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans
2597:) around the head of the horserider.
2507:
2369:
2358:
2325:
2314:
2232:The 16th century Persian historian,
2046:
1566:
1555:
1475:
1400:was the last Ghaznavid King, ruling
113:
95:
86:
17195:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan
16702:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
16343:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
16317:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
16116:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
15851:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
12429:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
10742:, Penguin Books India, p. 39,
10722:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
10678:
10669:
10527:. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 151.
9887:
9821:. Verso. p. 40. ISBN 9781844670208.
9771:
9390:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
9333:
9259:
7588:Russian conquest and the Great Game
4854:, Edinburgh University Press, 1963.
2594:
2529:
2336:
1865:
1187:In 1018, he laid waste the city of
1101:
878:Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and
696:upon his succession to the rule of
654:
104:
40:
24:
15241:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
12424:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
11425:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
10870:
10521:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987).
10465:(2). Peeters Publishers: 199–209.
9784:Bosworth, C. E. (1 January 1998).
7735:
6659:
5845:
2589:designs, with the name of Mas'ud (
2259:With Sultan Mahmud's invasions of
1488:
1469:
1448:
25:
17261:
16312:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
15933:Supreme National Security Council
15759:Persian Constitutional Revolution
15389:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
15296:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
15286:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
11835:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
10942:
10890:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977)
10876:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963)
10807:Journal of World-Systems Research
10663:Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature
10181:Alam, Nalini & Gaborieau 2000
9349:. K.K. Publications. p. 145.
8851:Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998).
8757:
2642:
2080:Turkic origin, it was thoroughly
1960:, the Ghaznavids began to employ
1445:fell to the Ghurids around 1170.
984:the typical military fief system(
778:, imprisoned and later executed.
16942:
16933:
16932:
15908:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
10850:Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica
10691:A Historical atlas of South Asia
10688:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
9539:
9464:The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1
9343:Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (6 March 2022).
7679:
7598:October Revolution and Civil War
7347:
7278:
7269:
7268:
6761:Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE
5797:
5787:
5786:
4891:
2624:domains and a century later the
2287:
2280:
1468:
1461:
1310:
1301:
799:
739:in the west. Under the reign of
627:
613:
588:
574:
560:
546:
532:
518:
504:
490:
476:
462:
62:
16107:Military equipment manufactured
15673:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
15437:United States withdrawal (2018)
15358:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
14722:
14539:Opium production in Afghanistan
12434:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
11704:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
10771:International Studies Quarterly
10254:
10237:
10210:
10058:Notghi & Sabri-Tabrizi 1994
9836:
9811:
9687:
9663:
9614:
9605:
9532:
9481:
9454:
9437:
9410:
9383:
9365:
9045:
9024:
9007:. Persian Heritage Foundation.
8994:
8812:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8774:
916:became the governor of Ghazna.
704:, who was an ex-general of the
568:Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty
16667:modern / contemporary
15913:Expediency Discernment Council
15236:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
15225:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
14749:
12469:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
12414:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
10927:M. Ismail Marcinkowski (2003)
8964:
8947:Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006
8844:
8743:
8731:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1070:authority from the borders of
808:Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of
13:
1:
15881:state-sponsorship allegations
15611:
11420:Silk Road transmission of art
10931:Pustaka Nasional, Singapore,
10614:. Edinburgh University Press.
10610:Meisami, Julie Scott (1999).
10582:. London: Thames and Hudson.
10441:The Cambridge History of Iran
10405:. Edinburgh University Press.
10396:. Cambridge University Press.
10387:. Princeton University Press.
10244:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1958).
9621:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017).
9052:Schlumberger, Daniel (1952).
8825:
7726:History of the Turkic peoples
5894:
3280:Ghaznavid sultans family tree
2560:
1902:invasion of the subcontinent.
1361:
1183:, Hafiz i-Abru, Herat, 1425).
1148:and in 1006 the neighbouring
924:
919:
692:. The dynasty was founded by
17240:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
16998:Persian and Caspian kingdoms
16338:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
15730:
15639:twin towns and sister cities
14945:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
14822:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
14798:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
14459:Current provincial governors
14313:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
12419:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
10482:. Columbia University Press.
10452:. Columbia University Press.
8857:. UNESCO. pp. 430–431.
2076:Although the dynasty was of
1295:Ghaznavids in Lashkari Bazar
1144:. In 1004-5, he invaded the
1108:Ghaznavid campaigns in India
7:
16617:Water supply and sanitation
16374:
16348:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
15987:
15407:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
14782:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
14736:
12514:
11018:Ethé, Karl Hermann (1911).
10571:. Indiana University Press.
9488:Mitra, Sisir Kumar (1977).
9447:The March of Indian History
8532:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
8379:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
7240:Islamabad Capital Territory
5763:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
5573:Transitional Administration
5143:Principality of Chaghaniyan
4862:
3155:Right-hand man of the state
2732:Right-hand man of the State
2178:Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
2070:Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
2031:Due to their access to the
1952:). This area was known for
1371:Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
1136:. In 1001, he defeated the
1051:territories, including the
10:
17266:
17200:History of Ghazni Province
16097:Economy of the Middle East
15474:2021–2022 Iranian protests
15464:2019–2020 Iranian protests
15444:2017–2018 Iranian protests
14905:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
14620:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)
14559:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline
10729:Cambridge History of Islam
10713:. Tauris Academic Studies.
10500:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
10333:
10250:. Hind Kitabs. p. 73.
10046:Spooner & Hanaway 2012
9491:The Early Rulers of Khajur
8139:Chief gods and goddesses:
7625:Related historical regions
6693:, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE
6217:8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
6061:Ancient kingdom of Armenia
5903:Proto-Elamite civilization
5619:Related historical regions
2585:(1030–1041), derived from
2099:, but the sources, all in
2050:
1993:The Indian soldiers, whom
1452:
1287:
1249:
1207:, and then confronted the
1105:
1014:
928:
17131:
17110:
17089:
17048:
16997:
16928:
16894:
16840:
16643:
16634:
16564:
16516:
16448:
16395:
16386:
16382:
16369:
16330:
16322:National Development Fund
16285:
16242:Telecommunications and IT
16236:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
16165:
16062:Foreign direct investment
16007:Bonyad (charitable trust)
15999:
15995:
15982:
15941:
15900:
15742:
15738:
15725:
15619:
15606:
15486:
15353:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
15343:Interim Government (1979)
15322:
15270:
15263:
15159:
15069:
14986:
14977:
14954:
14871:
14764:
14757:
14748:
14744:
14731:
14647:
14585:
14576:
14514:
14505:
14414:
14405:
14303:
14251:
14242:
14035:Indus Valley civilisation
14020:
13950:
13902:
13419:
12823:
12522:
12334:
12302:
12099:
12006:
11948:
11920:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
11785:
11717:
11604:
11586:
11483:
11445:
11438:
11402:
11076:
10844:Yarshater, Ehsan (2008).
10758:The Encyclopedia of Islam
10709:Sharlet, Jocelyn (2011).
10665:. Vol. 1. Routledge.
10654:10.1080/00210868408701630
10633:10.1080/13530199408705603
10480:The New Islamic Dynasties
10376:10.1080/00210869908701955
10223:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
9949:, p. 75-77, 107-110.
8977:. Routledge. p. 33.
8560:11th century–13th century
6712:Indus Valley Civilisation
4919:Indus Valley civilisation
4730:
4728:
4637:
4635:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4462:
4460:
4354:
4352:
4328:
4326:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4048:
4046:
4008:
4006:
3968:
3966:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3476:
3474:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3178:. Bahram was assisted by
2725:Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2273:
2053:List of Ghaznavid Viziers
1193:Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah
1011:Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin
947:, ancient Bost, southern
441:
433:
428:
424:
414:
404:
400:
390:
386:
371:
356:
352:
342:
338:
323:
308:
304:
294:
284:
268:
226:
204:
194:
57:
52:
34:
17190:Dynasties of Afghanistan
16072:International oil bourse
15837:Ministry of Intelligence
15422:Syrian civil war (2011–)
15246:1921 Persian coup d'état
14256:Administrative divisions
12367:Mogao Christian painting
11940:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
11654:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
11644:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
10993:(archived 11 March 2007)
10765:Taagepera, Rein (1997).
10549:Katouzian, Homa (2003).
9001:O'Kane, Bernard (2009).
8736:
8643:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
8289:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
8268:Western Turkic Khaganate
8214:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
6894:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
6829:, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE
5981:Bactria–Margiana Complex
5438:Principality of Qandahar
2744:first son of Sabuktigin
2649:
2089:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
1886:The last Ghaznavid king
1467:
1437:were lost to a group of
16992:dynasties (800–1100 AD)
16596:scientists and scholars
16102:Milad Tower and complex
15892:Women's rights movement
15887:White Revolution (1963)
15555:Peoples of the Caucasus
14897:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
14790:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
14120:Second Anglo-Afghan War
14090:Third Battle of Panipat
12464:Saksanokhur gold buckle
12352:Hephthalite silver bowl
12229:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
11269:Second Turkic Khaganate
11070:History of Central Asia
11031:Encyclopædia Britannica
11009:Afghan secrets revealed
10985:Encyclopædia Britannica
10975:Encyclopædia Britannica
10964:Encyclopædia Britannica
10790:. Penguin Books India.
10786:Thapar, Romila (2004).
10779:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
10576:Lewis, Bernard (1992).
10562:. Taylor & Francis.
10487:Bosworth, C.E. (2006).
10478:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
10471:10.2143/SI.23.2.2014304
10448:Bosworth, C.E. (1977).
10403:The Ghaznavids:994–1040
10401:Bosworth, C.E. (1963).
9843:Raza, S. Jabir (2012).
9790:. UNESCO. p. 106.
9562:Encyclopædia Britannica
9515:Yagnik & Sheth 2005
9417:Grousset, René (1970).
9155:Asher & Talbot 2006
9070:10.3406/syria.1952.4789
8893:Raza, S. Jabir (2014).
8297:Second Turkic Khaganate
7686:Turkmenistan portal
7188:, c. 1947 CE – present
7160:, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
7128:, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE
7057:, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE
7045:, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE
7007:, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
6864:, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE
6714:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
6706:, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE
4852:The Ghaznavids:994-1040
3091:Perfection of the State
2986:Turkish mamluk general
2236:, records Sabuktigin's
1358:. He ruled until 1098.
1146:Principality of Bhatiya
766:who in turn lost it to
16907:Anti-Iranian sentiment
16902:Science and technology
16727:Intellectual movements
16607:International rankings
16591:Intellectual movements
16077:International rankings
15570:Heads of state of Iran
15376:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
14937:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
14774:culture (3400–2000 BC)
14190:Second Islamic Emirate
14130:Kingdom of Afghanistan
14125:Third Anglo-Afghan War
14115:First Anglo-Afghan War
14100:Emirate of Afghanistan
14050:Yabghus of Tokharistan
12444:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
12204:Alexandria Prophthasia
11229:First Turkic Khaganate
11164:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
10981:Ghaznavids and Ghurids
10760:. Vol. II. Brill.
10558:Kennedy, Hugh (1986).
9817:Romila Thapar (2005).
9649:. BRILL. p. 299.
9064:(3/4): 263 & 267.
8721:History of Afghanistan
8459:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
8260:First Turkic Khaganate
7741:
7404:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7200:, c. 1956 CE – present
7154:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
7148:, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE
7142:, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
7134:, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE
7101:, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
7095:, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE
7089:, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE
7083:, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE
7077:, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE
7069:, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE
7051:, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE
7037:, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE
7031:, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE
7025:, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE
7019:, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE
7013:, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE
6835:, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE
6817:, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE
6815:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
6767:, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE
6726:, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE
6720:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
6664:
6510:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
6091:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5850:
5804:Afghanistan portal
5741:List of heads of state
4999:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
2598:
2240:as descended from the
2181:
2169:
2143:
2126:
2073:
1990:
1455:Siege of Lahore (1186)
1385:for the throne at the
1338:In 1058, Mas'ud's son
1268:
1227:
1184:
1117:
1040:
1031:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
959:Sabuktigin lived as a
956:
939:Ghaznavid fortress of
893:
821:
796:
416:• Disestablished
378:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
17225:11th century in India
16195:Shetab Banking System
16185:Banking and insurance
16147:Tehran Stock Exchange
16067:Intellectual property
15412:PJAK conflict (2004–)
15185:Turcomans (1378–1508)
15177:Turcomans (1374–1468)
15126:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
14929:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
14170:First Islamic Emirate
13927:Medieval great powers
12254:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
11629:Karsakpay inscription
11084:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
10953:Columbia Encyclopedia
10914:, UNESCO Publishing,
10854:Encyclopaedia Iranica
10826:. Vol. 2. Brill.
10679:Roy, Kaushik (2016).
10670:Roy, Kaushik (2015).
10493:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9377:worcester.emuseum.com
8568:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
8200:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
7739:
7164:Independence Movement
6868:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
6827:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
6823:, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE
6805:, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE
6797:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
6791:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
6785:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
6779:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
6773:, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE
6756:, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE
6750:, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE
6744:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
6738:, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE
6732:, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE
6663:
5995:c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
5849:
5049:Indo-Parthian kingdom
5029:Indo-Scythian kingdom
3062:Blessing of the State
2916:Splendor of the State
2843:second son of Mahmud
2777:second son of Mahmud
2728:یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم
2682:Defender of the Faith
2620:had taken over their
2580:
2175:
2163:
2124:
2093:
2060:
1970:
1262:
1221:
1203:, the capital of the
1178:
1115:
1024:
938:
877:
807:
784:
676:origin. It ruled the
363:Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini
227:Common languages
17230:11th century in Iran
17154:Nizari Ismaili state
17090:Khwarezmian kingdoms
16156:Technology start-ups
16057:Environmental issues
16047:Economic Reform Plan
15961:Provincial governors
15651:Environmental issues
15399:Iran Air Flight 655
15140:Jalayirid Sultanate
15012:Caliphate (750–1258)
14854:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
14276:Environmental issues
14224:Graveyard of empires
14213:Arabs in Afghanistan
13937:European colonialism
13922:Ancient great powers
12061:Kutlug Timur Minaret
11596:Noin-Ula burial site
11394:Chinese Central Asia
10822:Wink, Andre (2002).
10450:The Later Ghaznavids
9131:Levi & Sela 2010
7539:Early modern history
7214:History of provinces
7192:Dominion of Pakistan
6904:, c. 345 – c. 455 CE
6841:, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
6811:, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE
6520:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans
6310:Zaydis of Tabaristan
3238:son of Khusrau-Shah
2974:Support of the State
2957:fifth son of Mahmud
2827:Dignity of the State
2811:battle of Dandanaqan
2806:first son of Mahmud
2761:Dignity of the State
2555:class=notpageimage|
2176:Marble wall border,
1979:territory along the
1936:Military and tactics
1882:class=notpageimage|
1277:Battle of Dandanaqan
951:. It was founded by
842:Abu al-Hasan Simjuri
772:Lahore was conquered
749:Battle of Dandanaqan
373:• 12th century
253:coinage and theology
17149:Kara-Khanid Khanate
16556:Freedom of religion
16142:Supreme Audit Court
16021:Automotive industry
15668:Iranian Balochistan
15394:1987 Mecca incident
15291:Iran crisis of 1946
15280:dynasty (1925–1979)
15209:Dynasty (1751–1794)
15150:dynasty (1338–1357)
15142:dynasty (1335–1432)
15134:dynasty (1314–1393)
15119:dynasty (1244–1381)
15103:dynasty (1077–1231)
15087:dynasty (1011–1215)
15004:Caliphate (661–750)
14996:Caliphate (632–661)
14964:Empire (AD 224–651)
14881:Empire (550–330 BC)
14862:Empire (626–539 BC)
14846:Empire (678–549 BC)
14830:Empire (911–609 BC)
14230:Wars in Afghanistan
14150:Democratic Republic
13932:Modern great powers
12454:Siberian Ice Maiden
12244:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
11659:Petrovka settlement
11389:Soviet Central Asia
11314:Great Seljuq Empire
10394:India Before Europe
8726:History of Pakistan
8448:Eastern Kara-Khanid
8441:Western Kara-Khanid
8427:Kara-Khanid Khanate
7593:Transcaspian Oblast
7194:, c. 1947 – 1956 CE
7107:, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
7063:, c. 1320 – 1620 CE
7001:, c. 1170 – 1215 CE
6995:, c. 1024 – 1351 CE
6410:Khwarazmian dynasty
6183:Kabul Shahi kingdom
6085:c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
6011:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5890:Kura–Araxes culture
5508:Democratic Republic
3209:son of Bahram-Shah
3176:Great Seljuq Empire
3121:Sultan of the state
3004:Beauty of the state
2611:Indian subcontinent
2033:Indus-Ganges plains
1890:had his capital in
1330:Daniel Schlumberger
1255:Twin sons of Mahmud
907:Kara-Khanid Khanate
731:in the east and to
406:• Established
289:Hereditary monarchy
280:(majority in India)
16990:Iranian Intermezzo
16687:Persian New Year (
16092:Main economic laws
15663:Iranian Azerbaijan
15565:Monarchs of Persia
15509:Persianate society
15217:Empire (1789–1925)
15201:Empire (1736–1796)
15193:Empire (1501–1736)
15169:Empire (1370–1507)
15095:Empire (1037–1194)
15060:dynasty (934–1062)
15052:dynasty (931–1090)
15044:dynasty (861–1003)
14913:Empire (312–63 BC)
14814:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
14549:Telecommunications
14519:Afghani (currency)
14434:Leadership Council
14218:European influence
14095:Dost Mohammad Khan
14030:Pre-Islamic period
12404:Buddhas of Bamiyan
12357:Chilek silver bowl
12224:Buddhas of Bamiyan
11900:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
11689:Talapty Settlement
11475:Filippovka kurgans
11364:Khanate of Bukhara
11324:Khwarazmian Empire
11249:Ikhshids of Sogdia
11094:Afanasievo culture
10579:The World of Islam
9961:, p. 127-128.
9833:, p. 111-112.
9726:, p. 32, 146.
9588:Amirsoleimani 1999
8544:Khwarazmian Empire
8415:Karluk Yabgu State
8153:Epics and heroes:
7742:
7613:After Independence
7550:Emirate of Bukhara
7457:Rashidun Caliphate
7434:Hephthalite Empire
7245:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6989:, c. 999 – 1186 CE
6977:, c. 870 – 1010 CE
6971:, c. 841 – 1024 CE
6949:Rashidun Caliphate
6945:, c. 643 – 860 CE
6916:, c. 450 – 560 CE
6914:Hephthalite Empire
6890:, c. 240 – 410 CE
6870:, c. 25 – c. 80 CE
6821:Indo-Greek Kingdom
6718:Vedic Civilization
6665:
6490:Jalairid Sultanate
6470:Muzaffarid dynasty
6250:Rashidun Caliphate
6223:Kingdom of Georgia
6173:Hephthalite Empire
5851:
5711:Political violence
5518:Tanai coup attempt
5153:Rashidun Caliphate
5098:Hephthalite Empire
5019:Indo-Greek kingdom
3226:Crown of the state
3197:Honor of the State
2945:Glory of the State
2715:son of Sabuktigin
2599:
2583:Mas'ud I of Ghazni
2205:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
2182:
2170:
2127:
2074:
1991:
1422:conquered the city
1406:defeated in Ghazni
1398:Sultan Bahram Shah
1393:Sultan Bahram Shah
1269:
1228:
1185:
1142:Battle of Peshawar
1118:
1062:, as well as some
1041:
957:
894:
822:
797:
715:Sabuktigin's son,
81:KARAKHANID KHANATE
17235:Medieval Khorasan
17172:
17171:
17164:Fatimid Caliphate
17159:Abbasid Caliphate
17081:Hadhabani (tribe)
16956:
16955:
16924:
16923:
16920:
16919:
16890:
16889:
16797:Opium consumption
16630:
16629:
16466:Ethnic minorities
16440:Iranian languages
16365:
16364:
16361:
16360:
15978:
15977:
15974:
15973:
15857:Political parties
15795:Children's rights
15780:Foreign relations
15774:2009 presidential
15721:
15720:
15683:Iranian Kurdistan
15602:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15482:
15481:
15454:COVID-19 pandemic
15313:Revolution (1979)
15259:
15258:
15079:Empire (977–1186)
15036:dynasty (864–928)
15028:dynasty (821–873)
15020:dynasty (819–999)
14973:
14972:
14889:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
14690:
14689:
14643:
14642:
14572:
14571:
14501:
14500:
14464:Foreign relations
14299:
14298:
14238:
14237:
14140:Saqqawist Emirate
14080:Siege of Kandahar
13976:
13975:
13898:
13897:
13863:Polish–Lithuanian
13038:Gurjara-Pratihara
12482:
12481:
12459:Ai-Khanoum plaque
12330:
12329:
12134:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
11410:Central Asian art
11384:Russian Turkestan
11379:Chinese Turkestan
11279:Abbasid Caliphate
11243:Anxi Protectorate
11189:Kushano-Sasanians
11154:Macedonian Empire
11149:Achaemenid Empire
11119:Andronovo culture
11099:Sintashta culture
10971:Ghaznavid Dynasty
10921:978-92-3-103467-1
10749:978-0-14-400038-8
10589:978-0-500-27624-2
10534:978-90-04-08265-6
10513:978-0-14-196655-7
10274:978-81-207-2508-9
10230:978-1-80328-534-4
9797:978-92-3-103467-1
9724:Schwartzberg 1978
9710:978-81-241-1064-5
9656:978-90-474-2383-6
9529:, pp. 36–37.
9517:, pp. 39–40.
9501:978-81-208-1997-9
9474:978-81-208-1994-8
9430:978-0-8135-1304-1
9403:978-0-691-18074-8
9014:978-1-934283-16-5
8984:978-1-135-15369-4
8864:978-92-3-103467-1
8839:Schwartzberg 1978
8712:
8711:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8648:
8636:
8624:
8619:Qarlughid Kingdom
8585:
8573:
8561:
8549:
8537:
8512:
8500:
8488:
8483:Pecheneg Khanates
8476:
8464:
8432:
8420:
8408:
8403:Oghuz Yabgu State
8396:
8384:
8372:
8367:Türgesh Khaganate
8360:
8348:
8336:
8324:
8301:
8293:
8272:
8264:
8230:
8205:
8180:
8179:
8107:
8106:
7919:
7918:
7730:
7720:
7719:
7394:Achaemenid Empire
7379:Oxus civilization
7321:
7320:
7093:Bombay Presidency
6983:, c. 905 – 999 CE
6965:, c. 770 – 850 CE
6957:, c. 670 – 860 CE
6955:Umayyad Caliphate
6951:, c. 643 – 661 CE
6922:, c. 641 – 725 CE
6910:, c. 415 – 644 CE
6896:, c. 240 – 410 CE
6884:, c. 250 – 655 CE
6765:Macedonian Empire
6724:Achaemenid Empire
6633:
6632:
6598:
6597:
6270:Abbasid Caliphate
6260:Umayyad Caliphate
6231:
6230:
6131:
6130:
6115:2nd century BCE –
6111:Caucasian Albania
6051:Achaemenid Empire
6001:Kingdom of Mannai
5913:Elamite dynasties
5840:
5839:
5731:Afghan (ethnonym)
5706:Political history
5610:
5609:
5458:Saqqawist Emirate
5408:Sadozai Sultanate
5361:
5360:
5147:7th–8th centuries
5116:
5115:
4969:Macedonian Empire
4959:Achaemenid Empire
4929:Oxus civilization
4860:
4859:
4833:
4832:
3682:Hurra-yi Khuttali
3244:
3243:
3167:son of Masud III
3133:son of Masud III
3103:son of Masud III
3033:Help of the State
2861:Star of the State
2794:Star of the State
2662:Succession right
2265:Masud Sa'd Salman
2066:minaret in Ghazni
2047:State and culture
2018:Abbasid Caliphate
1986:Jami' al-tawarikh
1744:
1729:
1414:Ala al-Din Husayn
1240:Abolfazl Beyhaghi
1181:Majmu al-Tawarikh
1168:(from the Arabic
1150:Emirate of Multan
1056:Kingdom of Multan
1036:Jami' al-tawarikh
889:Jami' al-tawarikh
760:Ala al-Din Husayn
647:Ghaznavid dynasty
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
601:
600:
582:Pratihara dynasty
554:Chaulukya dynasty
540:Emirate of Multan
382:
367:
366:(first mentioned)
334:
325:• 1160–1186
319:
263:
254:
245:
236:
222:
214:
18:Ghaznavid Dynasty
16:(Redirected from
17257:
17185:Ghaznavid Empire
17111:Sogdian kingdoms
17049:Kurdish kingdoms
17035:Sallarid dynasty
17010:Saffarid dynasty
16983:
16976:
16969:
16960:
16959:
16946:
16936:
16935:
16787:National symbols
16641:
16640:
16456:Iranian citizens
16393:
16392:
16384:
16383:
16371:
16370:
16353:Research centers
16042:Economic history
15997:
15996:
15984:
15983:
15918:Guardian Council
15740:
15739:
15727:
15726:
15608:
15607:
15585:Electric history
15580:Military history
15494:Ancient Persians
15402:
15401:shootdown (1988)
15384:
15371:
15368:Iranian Embassy
15338:
15327:
15325:Islamic Republic
15314:
15306:1953 coup d'état
15281:
15268:
15267:
15226:
15223:Khanates of the
15218:
15210:
15202:
15194:
15186:
15178:
15170:
15151:
15143:
15135:
15127:
15120:
15112:
15104:
15096:
15088:
15080:
15061:
15053:
15045:
15037:
15029:
15021:
15013:
15005:
14997:
14984:
14983:
14965:
14946:
14938:
14930:
14922:
14914:
14906:
14898:
14890:
14882:
14863:
14855:
14847:
14839:
14831:
14823:
14815:
14807:
14799:
14791:
14783:
14775:
14762:
14761:
14746:
14745:
14733:
14732:
14717:
14710:
14703:
14694:
14693:
14670:
14663:
14656:
14583:
14582:
14512:
14511:
14412:
14411:
14249:
14248:
14198:
14197:
14185:Islamic Republic
14145:Daoud's Republic
14110:Afghan–Sikh Wars
14105:Battle of Jamrud
14065:Islamic conquest
14045:Greater Khorasan
14003:
13996:
13989:
13980:
13979:
13779:
13778:
13444:Austro-Hungarian
13144:Chagatai Khanate
12509:
12502:
12495:
12486:
12485:
12449:Seal of Khingila
12377:Penjikent murals
11998:Kalai Kafirnigan
11885:Koi Krylgan Kala
11694:Turkistan (city)
11679:Steppe Geoglyphs
11443:
11442:
11374:Khanate of Khiva
11334:Chagatai Khanate
11289:Saffarid dynasty
11274:Uyghur Khaganate
11063:
11056:
11049:
11040:
11039:
11035:
11023:
10987:(Online Edition)
10977:(Online Edition)
10967:(Online Edition)
10949:Mahmud of Ghazna
10924:
10913:
10866:
10857:
10840:
10827:
10818:
10801:
10782:
10761:
10752:
10732:
10723:
10714:
10705:
10684:
10675:
10666:
10657:
10636:
10615:
10606:
10593:
10572:
10563:
10554:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10517:
10496:
10483:
10474:
10453:
10444:
10435:
10406:
10397:
10388:
10379:
10358:
10349:
10327:
10326:, p. 93-95.
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10290:, p. 22-24.
10285:
10279:
10278:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10214:
10208:
10202:
10196:
10190:
10184:
10178:
10172:
10166:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10139:
10133:
10127:
10121:
10115:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10034:
10028:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10004:
9998:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9950:
9944:
9938:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9911:
9905:
9894:
9891:
9885:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9840:
9834:
9828:
9822:
9815:
9809:
9808:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9640:
9631:
9630:
9618:
9612:
9609:
9603:
9597:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9536:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9340:
9331:
9325:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9290:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9263:
9257:
9248:
9242:
9233:
9227:
9216:
9210:
9197:
9191:
9185:
9179:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9128:
9119:
9113:
9090:
9089:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9028:
9022:
9021:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8968:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8923:
8922:
8890:
8881:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8819:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8801:
8798:
8792:
8789:
8783:
8778:
8772:
8761:
8755:
8747:
8704:
8697:
8690:
8671:
8646:
8634:
8622:
8583:
8571:
8559:
8547:
8535:
8521:Sultanate of Rum
8510:
8498:
8495:Ghaznavid Empire
8486:
8474:
8462:
8430:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8391:Uyghur Khaganate
8382:
8370:
8358:
8346:
8334:
8322:
8319:Khazar Khaganate
8299:
8291:
8270:
8262:
8228:
8203:
8195:
8194:
8190:Pre-14th century
8167:Major concepts:
8122:
8121:
8117:Turkic Mythology
7934:
7933:
7929:Turkic Languages
7912:Crimean Karaites
7849:Cherniye Klobuki
7755:
7754:
7729:pre–14th century
7728:
7722:
7721:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7652:Greater Khorasan
7608:Turkmenistan SSR
7545:Khanate of Khiva
7512:Chagatai Khanate
7497:Seljuk Turkomans
7492:Ghaznavid Empire
7429:Kidarite Kingdom
7424:Sassanian Empire
7409:Parthian dynasty
7351:
7341:
7323:
7322:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7282:
7272:
7271:
7235:Gilgit-Baltistan
7198:Islamic Republic
7049:Chagatai Khanate
6878:, c. 60 – 345 CE
6653:
6635:
6634:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6480:Chupanid dynasty
6420:Sultanate of Rum
6380:Ghaznavid Empire
6370:Sallarid dynasty
6320:Saffarid dynasty
6246:
6245:
6203:Bagratid Armenia
6163:Afrighid dynasty
6139:
6138:
6081:Caucasian Iberia
6065:331 BCE – 428 CE
6041:Scythian Kingdom
6005:10th–7th century
5896:
5875:
5874:
5842:
5841:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5790:
5789:
5773:Muslim conquests
5758:Hinduism history
5721:Economic history
5605:
5583:Islamic Republic
5374:
5373:
5303:Chagatai Khanate
5129:
5128:
5069:Kidarite kingdom
4939:Gandhara kingdom
4915:
4914:
4895:
4885:
4867:
4866:
4782:Sultan of Ghazna
4689:Sultan of Ghazna
4600:Sultan of Ghazna
4581:Sultan of Ghazna
4562:Sultan of Ghazna
4419:Sultan of Ghazna
4384:Sultan of Ghazna
4285:Sultan of Ghazna
4266:Sultan of Ghazna
4247:Sultan of Ghazna
4228:Sultan of Ghazna
3838:Sultan of Ghazna
3819:Sultan of Ghazna
3800:Sultan of Ghazna
3630:Sultan of Ghazna
3288:
3287:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3223:
3194:
3152:
3118:
3114:Sultan ad-Dawlah
3088:
3059:
3030:
3001:
2971:
2942:
2913:
2888:
2858:
2854:Shihab ad-Dawlah
2824:
2791:
2787:Shihab ad-Dawlah
2758:
2729:
2679:
2678:
2647:
2646:
2596:
2562:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2222:Mahmud of Ghazni
2210:Tarikh-e Beyhaqi
2203:. The historian
1989:, circa 1306-14.
1918:Muhammad of Ghor
1876:
1874:
1860:
1845:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1539:
1526:
1510:
1499:
1497:
1486:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1410:Sayf al-Din Suri
1387:Battle of Ghazni
1314:
1305:
1102:Indian conquests
1017:Mahmud of Ghazni
1005:Battle of Ghazni
953:Mahmud of Ghazni
880:Abu 'Ali Simjuri
792:Jami al-Tawarikh
768:Muhammad of Ghor
717:Mahmud of Ghazni
682:Empire of Ghazni
678:Ghaznavid Empire
656:
631:
630:
617:
616:
605:
604:
592:
591:
578:
577:
564:
563:
550:
549:
536:
535:
522:
521:
508:
507:
494:
493:
484:Saffarid dynasty
480:
479:
466:
465:
459:
458:
443:
442:
381:(last mentioned)
380:
365:
358:• 998–1013
332:
317:
261:
252:
243:
234:
220:
212:
176:
174:
169:
162:
160:
153:
151:
144:
142:
133:
131:
122:
120:
111:
109:
102:
100:
93:
91:
84:
82:
75:
73:
66:
43:
42:
36:Ghaznavid Empire
32:
31:
21:
17265:
17264:
17260:
17259:
17258:
17256:
17255:
17254:
17210:Sunni dynasties
17175:
17174:
17173:
17168:
17127:
17106:
17085:
17056:Rawadid dynasty
17044:
17030:Kakuyid dynasty
17020:Ziyarid dynasty
17015:Samanid dynasty
17005:Tahirid dynasty
16993:
16987:
16957:
16952:
16916:
16886:
16865:Rap and hip-hop
16836:
16817:Public holidays
16802:Persian gardens
16791:Imperial Anthem
16782:National Jewels
16737:Iranian studies
16626:
16560:
16512:
16444:
16405:Persian (Farsi)
16378:
16357:
16326:
16288:
16281:
16216:Pharmaceuticals
16161:
16152:Venture capital
16127:Rial (currency)
16112:Nuclear program
15991:
15970:
15937:
15896:
15847:Nuclear program
15812:Judicial system
15734:
15717:
15688:Iranian plateau
15615:
15594:
15478:
15400:
15382:
15369:
15337:History (1979–)
15336:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15312:
15279:
15255:
15224:
15216:
15208:
15200:
15192:
15184:
15176:
15168:
15155:
15149:
15141:
15133:
15125:
15118:
15110:
15102:
15094:
15086:
15078:
15065:
15059:
15051:
15043:
15035:
15027:
15019:
15011:
15003:
14995:
14979:
14969:
14963:
14950:
14944:
14936:
14928:
14920:
14912:
14904:
14896:
14888:
14880:
14867:
14861:
14860:Neo-Babylonian
14853:
14845:
14838:(860 BC–590 BC)
14837:
14829:
14821:
14813:
14806:(c.2300–675 BC)
14805:
14797:
14789:
14781:
14773:
14753:
14740:
14727:
14721:
14691:
14686:
14673:
14666:
14659:
14652:
14639:
14568:
14497:
14401:
14295:
14234:
14196:
14180:War (2001–2021)
14070:Mongol invasion
14016:
14007:
13977:
13972:
13961:American Empire
13946:
13942:African empires
13894:
13777:
13469:Central African
13415:
13233:Romano-Germanic
12819:
12553:Middle Assyrian
12526:
12518:
12513:
12483:
12478:
12439:Afrasiab murals
12382:Sampul tapestry
12326:
12322:Shahr-e Sukhteh
12312:Bandian complex
12298:
12274:Musalla Complex
12154:Tapa-i Kafariha
12095:
12016:Cave of Dzhebel
12002:
11944:
11781:
11713:
11709:Araltobe kurgan
11600:
11582:
11508:Kizilgaha caves
11479:
11465:Pazyryk burials
11447:Southern Russia
11434:
11398:
11284:Tahirid dynasty
11254:Tokhara Yabghus
11159:Seleucid Empire
11134:Pazyryk culture
11089:Yamnaya culture
11072:
11067:
10955:(Sixth Edition)
10945:
10922:
10911:
10873:
10871:Further reading
10833:Studia Islamica
10798:
10750:
10702:
10642:Iranian Studies
10590:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10514:
10424:10.2307/4299599
10364:Iranian Studies
10336:
10331:
10330:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10298:
10294:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10259:
10255:
10242:
10238:
10231:
10215:
10211:
10203:
10199:
10191:
10187:
10179:
10175:
10167:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10140:
10136:
10128:
10124:
10116:
10112:
10104:
10100:
10092:
10088:
10080:
10076:
10068:
10064:
10056:
10052:
10044:
10037:
10029:
10025:
10017:
10013:
10005:
10001:
9993:
9989:
9981:
9977:
9969:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9945:
9941:
9933:
9929:
9921:
9914:
9906:
9897:
9892:
9888:
9880:
9876:
9841:
9837:
9829:
9825:
9816:
9812:
9798:
9782:
9778:
9770:
9766:
9758:
9754:
9746:
9742:
9734:
9730:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9695:Chandra, Satish
9692:
9688:
9668:
9664:
9657:
9641:
9634:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9602:, p. 1051.
9598:
9594:
9586:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9555:, ed. (1911). "
9540:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9525:
9521:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9486:
9482:
9475:
9459:
9455:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9388:
9384:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9358:
9354:
9341:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9314:
9310:
9302:
9293:
9285:
9281:
9273:
9266:
9258:
9251:
9243:
9236:
9228:
9219:
9211:
9200:
9192:
9188:
9180:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9153:
9149:
9141:
9137:
9129:
9122:
9114:
9093:
9050:
9046:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9015:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8969:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8945:
8941:
8933:
8926:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8849:
8845:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8779:
8775:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8708:
8679:
8678:
8608:Tughlaq dynasty
8580:Delhi Sultanate
8278:Tokhara Yabghus
8239:Tiele (Gaoche)
8204:202 BCE–13th CE
8192:
8182:
8181:
8125:Belief system:
8119:
8109:
8108:
8064:Karachay-Balkar
7931:
7921:
7920:
7752:
7716:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7583:
7575:
7574:
7540:
7532:
7531:
7507:Mongol conquest
7487:Oghuz Turkomans
7447:
7439:
7438:
7399:Seleucid Empire
7364:Ancient history
7359:
7339:
7332:
7317:
7288:
7260:
7259:
7215:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7180:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7105:Tarkhan dynasty
7005:Delhi Sultanate
6969:Habbari dynasty
6937:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6920:Brahman dynasty
6882:Sasanian Empire
6862:Parthian Empire
6856:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6809:Seleucid Empire
6691:Soanian culture
6680:
6651:
6644:
6629:
6600:
6599:
6350:Ziyarid dynasty
6300:Dulafid dynasty
6290:Tahirid dynasty
6243:
6233:
6232:
6193:Dabuyid dynasty
6153:Sasanian Empire
6137:
6127:27 BCE – 330 CE
6116:
6101:Parthian Empire
6071:Seleucid Empire
5867:
5836:
5798:
5796:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5620:
5612:
5611:
5603:
5598:Islamic Emirate
5538:Islamic Emirate
5498:Saur Revolution
5371:
5363:
5362:
5293:Mongol Invasion
5267:before 879–1215
5126:
5118:
5117:
5059:Sasanian Empire
5043:135 BC – 248 AD
5009:Parthian Empire
4979:Seleucid Empire
4912:
4883:
4876:
4865:
4850:C.E. Bosworth,
4834:
4780:
4774:
4687:
4681:
4598:
4592:
4579:
4573:
4560:
4554:
4417:
4411:
4382:
4376:
4283:
4277:
4264:
4258:
4245:
4239:
4226:
4220:
3836:
3830:
3817:
3811:
3798:
3792:
3689:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3643:
3641:
3628:
3622:
3434:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3281:
3278:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3195:
3191:
3190:Muizz ad-Dawlah
3153:
3149:
3148:Yamin ad-Dawlah
3119:
3115:
3089:
3085:
3084:Kamal ad-Dawlah
3074:son of Ibrahim
3060:
3056:
3045:son of Masud I
3031:
3027:
3026:Zahir ad-Dawlah
3016:son of Masud I
3002:
2998:
2997:Jamal ad-Dawlah
2972:
2968:
2967:Qiwam ad-Dawlah
2943:
2939:
2928:son of Masud I
2914:
2910:
2885:
2873:son of Masud I
2859:
2855:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2820:Jalal ad-Dawlah
2792:
2788:
2771:
2759:
2755:
2754:Jalal ad-Dawlah
2730:
2726:
2680:
2645:
2637:Delhi Sultanate
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2118:
2055:
2049:
1997:presumed to be
1964:in their army.
1938:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1457:
1451:
1449:Late Ghaznavids
1395:
1375:Ghazni Minarets
1373:and one of the
1364:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1257:
1252:
1158:Battle of Chach
1110:
1104:
1019:
1013:
955:in 998-1030 CE.
933:
927:
922:
816:noted that the
802:
628:
614:
596:Habbari dynasty
589:
575:
561:
547:
533:
519:
505:
491:
477:
463:
417:
407:
374:
359:
326:
311:
310:• 977–997
276:
256:
247:
238:
219:
215:
211:
190:
189:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
154:
149:
147:
145:
140:
138:
136:
134:
129:
127:
125:
123:
118:
116:
114:
112:
107:
105:
103:
98:
96:
94:
89:
87:
85:
80:
78:
76:
71:
69:
67:Habbari dynasty
48:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17263:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17170:
17169:
17167:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17133:
17129:
17128:
17126:
17125:
17120:
17114:
17112:
17108:
17107:
17105:
17104:
17099:
17093:
17091:
17087:
17086:
17084:
17083:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17052:
17050:
17046:
17045:
17043:
17042:
17040:Bavand dynasty
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17001:
16999:
16995:
16994:
16986:
16985:
16978:
16971:
16963:
16954:
16953:
16951:
16950:
16940:
16929:
16926:
16925:
16922:
16921:
16918:
16917:
16915:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16898:
16896:
16892:
16891:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16884:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16846:
16844:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16834:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16794:
16784:
16779:
16774:
16768:
16754:
16749:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16660:
16654:
16644:
16638:
16632:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16579:
16574:
16568:
16566:
16562:
16561:
16559:
16558:
16553:
16543:
16538:
16528:
16522:
16520:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16510:
16509:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16463:
16452:
16450:
16446:
16445:
16443:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16401:
16399:
16390:
16380:
16379:
16367:
16366:
16363:
16362:
16359:
16358:
16356:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16334:
16332:
16328:
16327:
16325:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16293:
16291:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16279:
16274:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16249:
16239:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16198:
16197:
16192:
16182:
16171:
16169:
16163:
16162:
16160:
16159:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16014:
16009:
16003:
16001:
15993:
15992:
15980:
15979:
15976:
15975:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15968:
15966:Supreme Leader
15963:
15958:
15953:
15947:
15945:
15939:
15938:
15936:
15935:
15930:
15928:Local councils
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15904:
15902:
15898:
15897:
15895:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15828:
15823:
15814:
15809:
15808:
15807:
15805:Women's rights
15802:
15797:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15767:
15762:
15752:
15746:
15744:
15736:
15735:
15723:
15722:
15719:
15718:
15716:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15659:
15658:
15656:Climate change
15648:
15643:
15642:
15641:
15636:
15626:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15604:
15603:
15600:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15593:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15540:Jiroft culture
15537:
15536:
15535:
15528:Iranic peoples
15525:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15516:
15504:Persianization
15501:
15496:
15490:
15488:
15484:
15483:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15476:
15471:
15466:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15440:
15439:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15378:
15373:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15332:
15330:
15320:
15319:
15317:
15316:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15274:
15272:
15265:
15261:
15260:
15257:
15256:
15254:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15220:
15212:
15204:
15196:
15188:
15180:
15172:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15153:
15145:
15137:
15129:
15122:
15114:
15111:(1135/36-1225)
15106:
15098:
15090:
15082:
15073:
15071:
15067:
15066:
15064:
15063:
15055:
15047:
15039:
15031:
15023:
15015:
15007:
14999:
14990:
14988:
14981:
14975:
14974:
14971:
14970:
14968:
14967:
14958:
14956:
14952:
14951:
14949:
14948:
14940:
14932:
14924:
14921:(c.295–220 BC)
14916:
14908:
14900:
14892:
14884:
14875:
14873:
14869:
14868:
14866:
14865:
14857:
14849:
14841:
14833:
14825:
14817:
14809:
14801:
14793:
14785:
14780:Proto-Elamite
14777:
14768:
14766:
14759:
14755:
14754:
14742:
14741:
14729:
14728:
14720:
14719:
14712:
14705:
14697:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14684:
14679:
14672:
14671:
14664:
14657:
14649:
14648:
14645:
14644:
14641:
14640:
14638:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14586:
14580:
14574:
14573:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14524:Communications
14521:
14515:
14509:
14503:
14502:
14499:
14498:
14496:
14495:
14494:
14493:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14476:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14444:Prime Minister
14441:
14439:Supreme Leader
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14415:
14409:
14403:
14402:
14400:
14399:
14394:
14393:
14392:
14390:Persian (Dari)
14382:
14377:
14376:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14309:
14307:
14301:
14300:
14297:
14296:
14294:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14281:Extreme points
14278:
14273:
14268:
14266:Climate change
14263:
14258:
14252:
14246:
14240:
14239:
14236:
14235:
14233:
14232:
14227:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14204:
14202:
14195:
14194:
14193:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14085:Durrani Empire
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14026:
14024:
14018:
14017:
14006:
14005:
13998:
13991:
13983:
13974:
13973:
13971:
13970:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13918:
13917:
13906:
13904:
13900:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13893:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13798:
13793:
13787:
13785:
13776:
13775:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13743:
13738:
13737:
13736:
13726:
13721:
13720:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13699:
13694:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13677:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13581:
13580:
13579:
13574:
13564:
13559:
13558:
13557:
13552:
13542:
13541:
13540:
13535:
13525:
13524:
13523:
13518:
13508:
13503:
13502:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13471:
13466:
13465:
13464:
13459:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13425:
13423:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13397:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13356:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13314:
13313:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13246:
13245:
13240:
13230:
13229:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13174:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13047:
13046:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13025:
13020:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13004:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12983:
12978:
12977:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12941:
12940:
12939:
12934:
12924:
12923:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12897:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12880:
12879:
12878:
12873:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12829:
12827:
12825:Post-classical
12821:
12820:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12805:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12793:
12783:
12782:
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12759:
12754:
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12707:
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12674:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12643:
12638:
12633:
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12631:
12626:
12624:Middle Kingdom
12621:
12611:
12606:
12605:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12580:Neo-Babylonian
12577:
12572:
12570:Old Babylonian
12562:
12561:
12560:
12555:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12520:
12519:
12512:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12489:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12399:Bimaran Casket
12396:
12391:
12388:Sogdian Daēnās
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12362:Gardez Ganesha
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12324:
12319:
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12241:
12236:
12231:
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12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12184:Takht-e Rostam
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12119:Dilberjin Tepe
12116:
12111:
12105:
12103:
12097:
12096:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
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12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12012:
12010:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11995:
11993:Takht-i Sangin
11990:
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11970:
11965:
11960:
11954:
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11946:
11945:
11943:
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11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11845:Guldursun-Kala
11842:
11837:
11832:
11830:Dalverzin Tepe
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11800:Akchakhan-Kala
11797:
11791:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
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11723:
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11712:
11711:
11706:
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11641:
11636:
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11610:
11608:
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11601:
11599:
11598:
11592:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11558:Dunhuang Caves
11555:
11553:Bezeklik Caves
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11518:Subashi Temple
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11489:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11451:
11449:
11440:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11406:
11404:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11369:Durrani Empire
11366:
11361:
11359:Timurid Empire
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
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11276:
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11266:
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11206:
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11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
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11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11104:Vakhsh culture
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11080:
11078:
11074:
11073:
11066:
11065:
11058:
11051:
11043:
11037:
11036:
11026:Chisholm, Hugh
11021:"Persia"
11015:
11006:
10994:
10988:
10978:
10968:
10956:
10944:
10943:External links
10941:
10940:
10939:
10925:
10920:
10902:
10888:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10867:
10858:
10841:
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10685:
10676:
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10637:
10616:
10607:
10594:
10588:
10573:
10564:
10555:
10546:
10533:
10518:
10512:
10506:. Penguin UK.
10497:
10484:
10475:
10459:Studia Iranica
10454:
10445:
10436:
10407:
10398:
10389:
10380:
10359:
10350:
10335:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10316:
10304:
10292:
10280:
10273:
10253:
10236:
10229:
10209:
10197:
10185:
10173:
10171:, p. 297.
10158:
10146:
10142:Yarshater 2008
10134:
10122:
10110:
10108:, p. 241.
10106:Poliakova 1984
10098:
10096:, p. 247.
10086:
10084:, p. 146.
10074:
10072:, p. 132.
10062:
10060:, p. 244.
10050:
10048:, p. 284.
10035:
10031:Yarshater 1960
10023:
10011:
9999:
9997:, p. 251.
9987:
9975:
9963:
9951:
9939:
9937:, p. 147.
9927:
9925:, p. 143.
9912:
9910:, p. 294.
9895:
9886:
9884:, p. 205.
9874:
9835:
9823:
9810:
9796:
9776:
9764:
9762:, p. 151.
9752:
9750:, p. 114.
9740:
9738:, p. 131.
9728:
9716:
9709:
9686:
9671:Mohammad Habib
9662:
9655:
9632:
9613:
9604:
9592:
9590:, p. 243.
9580:
9578:, p. 228.
9568:
9553:Chisholm, Hugh
9531:
9519:
9507:
9500:
9480:
9473:
9453:
9436:
9429:
9409:
9402:
9382:
9364:
9352:
9332:
9330:, p. 225.
9320:
9318:, p. 224.
9308:
9306:, p. 301.
9291:
9289:, p. 169.
9279:
9264:
9249:
9247:, p. 203.
9234:
9217:
9198:
9186:
9171:
9159:
9147:
9135:
9120:
9091:
9044:
9023:
9013:
8993:
8983:
8963:
8961:, p. 496.
8959:Taagepera 1997
8951:
8949:, p. 223.
8939:
8937:, p. 134.
8924:
8882:
8880:, p. 128.
8878:Katouzian 2003
8870:
8863:
8843:
8841:, p. 146.
8830:
8829:
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8824:
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8650:
8649:
8638:
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8626:
8625:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8604:
8601:Khalji dynasty
8597:
8594:Mamluk dynasty
8587:
8586:
8575:
8574:
8563:
8562:
8556:Kerait Khanate
8551:
8550:
8539:
8538:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8514:
8513:
8502:
8501:
8490:
8489:
8478:
8477:
8466:
8465:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8444:
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8433:
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8410:
8409:
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8385:
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8361:
8350:
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8325:
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8024:
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8015:
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8012:
8006:
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8003:
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7994:
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7854:
7853:
7851:
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7842:
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7815:
7809:
7808:
7806:
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7790:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7753:
7750:Turkic peoples
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7732:
7731:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7689:
7688:
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7674:
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7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
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7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:Modern history
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7538:
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7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7452:Islamic period
7448:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7369:Jeitun culture
7366:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7344:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7276:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7195:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7155:
7149:
7146:Maratha Empire
7143:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7126:Durrani Empire
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7081:Arghun dynasty
7078:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:Katoor dynasty
7064:
7058:
7052:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7029:Sayyid dynasty
7026:
7023:Tugluq dynasty
7020:
7017:Khalji dynasty
7014:
7011:Mamluk dynasty
7002:
6999:Ghurid dynasty
6996:
6993:Soomra dynasty
6990:
6984:
6981:Samanid Empire
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6952:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6888:Indo-Sasanians
6885:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6803:Mauryan Empire
6800:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6751:
6745:
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6715:
6709:
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6707:
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6695:
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6678:
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6674:
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6666:
6656:
6655:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6631:
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6628:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6580:Durrani Empire
6576:
6575:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6530:Safavid Empire
6526:
6525:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6500:Timurid Empire
6496:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6460:Ottoman Empire
6456:
6455:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6394:pre-879 – 1215
6392:
6390:Ghurid dynasty
6386:
6385:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6330:Samanid Empire
6326:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6117:8th century CE
6113:
6107:
6106:
6105:248 BCE–224 CE
6103:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5991:Avestan period
5987:
5986:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:Jiroft culture
5919:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5897:3400 – c. 2000
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5852:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5794:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5768:Jewish history
5765:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:Related topics
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5428:Durrani Empire
5424:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:Tibetan Empire
5169:
5168:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5053:20 BC – 50? AD
5051:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4984:
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4975:
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4971:
4965:
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4961:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4945:
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4935:
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4931:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4858:
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4831:
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4709:
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4270:
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4009:
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3999:
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3989:
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3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3667:Emir of Ghazna
3652:
3650:
3634:
3632:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
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3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
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3527:
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3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3425:
3423:
3421:Emir of Ghazna
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
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3354:
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3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2909:Baha ad-Dawlah
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:son of Mawdud
2897:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:Personal Name
2654:
2651:
2644:
2643:List of rulers
2641:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2242:Sasanian kings
2201:Samanid Empire
2166:Ghazni minaret
2130:Persianisation
2048:
2045:
2041:armour plating
2022:Arabian horses
1937:
1934:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:Main article:
1450:
1447:
1394:
1391:
1363:
1360:
1322:Lashkari Bazar
1319:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1213:Somnath temple
1172:"Commander").
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1029:; painting by
1015:Main article:
1012:
1009:
978:Abu Bakr Lawik
967:, who fled to
941:Lashkari Bazar
929:Main article:
926:
923:
921:
918:
884:Samanid Empire
850:Abd al-Malik I
826:Samanid Empire
810:Lashkari Bazar
801:
798:
706:Samanid Empire
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
625:
623:Ghurid dynasty
619:
618:
611:
602:
599:
598:
593:
585:
584:
579:
571:
570:
565:
557:
556:
551:
543:
542:
537:
529:
528:
523:
515:
514:
509:
501:
500:
495:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
467:
455:
454:
449:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
391:Historical era
388:
387:
384:
383:
375:
372:
369:
368:
360:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
335:
327:
324:
321:
320:
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
270:
266:
265:
228:
224:
223:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
183:
182:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17262:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17182:
17180:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17144:Seljuk Empire
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17130:
17124:
17123:Sajid dynasty
17121:
17119:
17116:
17115:
17113:
17109:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17094:
17092:
17088:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17047:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17025:Buyid dynasty
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17002:
17000:
16996:
16991:
16984:
16979:
16977:
16972:
16970:
16965:
16964:
16961:
16949:
16945:
16941:
16939:
16931:
16930:
16927:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16899:
16897:
16893:
16883:
16882:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16843:
16839:
16832:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16792:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16772:
16769:
16766:
16762:
16761:news agencies
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16747:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16668:
16664:
16661:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16649:
16646:
16645:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16633:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16569:
16567:
16563:
16557:
16554:
16551:
16547:
16544:
16542:
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16536:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16523:
16521:
16519:
16515:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16468:
16467:
16464:
16461:
16457:
16454:
16453:
16451:
16447:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
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16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16402:
16400:
16398:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16381:
16377:
16372:
16368:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16335:
16333:
16329:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16294:
16292:
16290:
16284:
16278:
16275:
16272:
16269:
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16264:
16262:
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16250:
16247:
16243:
16240:
16237:
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16230:
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16225:
16223:
16220:
16217:
16213:
16210:
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16180:
16176:
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16157:
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16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16122:Privatization
16120:
16117:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
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16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
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16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16022:
16018:
16015:
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16010:
16008:
16005:
16004:
16002:
15998:
15994:
15990:
15985:
15981:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15948:
15946:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15905:
15903:
15899:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15882:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15852:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15792:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15775:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15747:
15745:
15741:
15737:
15733:
15728:
15724:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15657:
15654:
15653:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15631:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15621:
15618:
15614:
15609:
15605:
15591:
15590:Years in Iran
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15534:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15526:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15514:Turco-Persian
15512:
15511:
15510:
15507:
15506:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15485:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15438:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15383:War (1980–88)
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15334:
15333:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15315:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15276:
15275:
15273:
15269:
15266:
15262:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15221:
15219:
15213:
15211:
15205:
15203:
15197:
15195:
15189:
15187:
15181:
15179:
15175:Qara Qoyunlu
15173:
15171:
15165:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15146:
15144:
15138:
15136:
15130:
15128:
15123:
15121:
15115:
15113:
15107:
15105:
15099:
15097:
15091:
15089:
15083:
15081:
15075:
15074:
15072:
15068:
15062:
15056:
15054:
15048:
15046:
15040:
15038:
15032:
15030:
15024:
15022:
15016:
15014:
15008:
15006:
15000:
14998:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14985:
14982:
14976:
14966:
14960:
14959:
14957:
14953:
14947:
14941:
14939:
14933:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14917:
14915:
14909:
14907:
14901:
14899:
14893:
14891:
14885:
14883:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14872:550 BC–AD 224
14870:
14864:
14858:
14856:
14850:
14848:
14842:
14840:
14834:
14832:
14828:Neo-Assyrian
14826:
14824:
14818:
14816:
14810:
14808:
14802:
14800:
14794:
14792:
14786:
14784:
14778:
14776:
14770:
14769:
14767:
14763:
14760:
14756:
14752:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14734:
14730:
14725:
14718:
14713:
14711:
14706:
14704:
14699:
14698:
14695:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14674:
14669:
14665:
14662:
14658:
14655:
14651:
14650:
14646:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14587:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14575:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14504:
14492:
14491:Chief Justice
14489:
14488:
14487:
14486:Supreme Court
14484:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14471:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14449:Deputy Leader
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14416:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14404:
14398:
14395:
14391:
14388:
14387:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14314:
14311:
14310:
14308:
14306:
14302:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14253:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14241:
14231:
14228:
14225:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14175:2001 invasion
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14165:Islamic State
14163:
14162:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14075:Hotak dynasty
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14040:Maurya Empire
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14027:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14015:
14011:
14004:
13999:
13997:
13992:
13990:
13985:
13984:
13981:
13967:
13966:Soviet empire
13964:
13962:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13955:
13953:
13951:Miscellaneous
13949:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13916:
13913:
13912:
13911:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13901:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13788:
13786:
13784:
13780:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13748:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13735:
13732:
13731:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13646:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13586:
13585:
13582:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13569:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13550:German Empire
13548:
13547:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13529:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13513:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13422:
13418:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13318:
13315:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13291:
13290:Turco-Persian
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13235:
13234:
13231:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13198:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13157:
13154:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13030:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12928:
12925:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12889:
12886:
12885:
12884:
12881:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12822:
12814:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12788:
12787:
12784:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12775:
12772:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12701:
12698:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12616:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12588:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12525:
12521:
12517:
12510:
12505:
12503:
12498:
12496:
12491:
12490:
12487:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12394:Oxus Treasure
12392:
12390:
12389:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12347:Orlat plaques
12345:
12343:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12333:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12305:
12301:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12239:Dasht-e Nawar
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12104:
12102:
12098:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12071:Monjukli Depe
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12056:Konye-Urgench
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12009:
12005:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11988:Takht-i Kuwad
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11947:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11747:Koshoy Korgon
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11720:
11716:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11589:
11585:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11513:Kumtura Caves
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11485:Western China
11482:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11470:Salbyk kurgan
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11460:Arzhan kurgan
11458:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11430:Serindian art
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11401:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11329:Mongol Empire
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11319:Ghurid Empire
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11244:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11234:Western Turks
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11184:Kushan Empire
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11169:Guiyi Circuit
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11144:Median Empire
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11124:Tagar culture
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11075:
11071:
11064:
11059:
11057:
11052:
11050:
11045:
11044:
11041:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11007:
11004:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10992:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10972:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10960:
10957:
10954:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10938:
10937:9971-77-488-7
10934:
10930:
10926:
10923:
10917:
10910:
10909:
10903:
10901:
10900:0-231-04428-3
10897:
10893:
10889:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10874:
10864:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10829:
10825:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10808:
10803:
10799:
10797:1-84467-020-1
10793:
10789:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10763:
10759:
10754:
10751:
10745:
10741:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10693:
10692:
10686:
10682:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10617:
10613:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10595:
10591:
10585:
10581:
10580:
10574:
10570:
10565:
10561:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10536:
10530:
10526:
10525:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10485:
10481:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10451:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10404:
10399:
10395:
10390:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10360:
10356:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10338:
10337:
10325:
10324:Bosworth 1977
10320:
10314:, p. 90.
10313:
10312:Bosworth 1977
10308:
10302:, p. 45.
10301:
10300:Bosworth 1977
10296:
10289:
10288:Bosworth 1977
10284:
10276:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10257:
10249:
10248:
10240:
10232:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10213:
10207:, p. 39.
10206:
10205:Bosworth 1968
10201:
10195:, p. 35.
10194:
10189:
10183:, p. 24.
10182:
10177:
10170:
10169:Bosworth 1996
10165:
10163:
10156:, p. 40.
10155:
10154:Bosworth 1968
10150:
10143:
10138:
10132:, p. 36.
10131:
10130:Bosworth 1968
10126:
10119:
10118:Bosworth 1963
10114:
10107:
10102:
10095:
10090:
10083:
10078:
10071:
10070:Bosworth 1963
10066:
10059:
10054:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10033:, p. 44.
10032:
10027:
10021:, p. 52.
10020:
10015:
10009:, p. 27.
10008:
10003:
9996:
9991:
9985:, p. 46.
9984:
9979:
9973:, p. 44.
9972:
9971:Bosworth 1968
9967:
9960:
9959:Bosworth 1977
9955:
9948:
9947:Bosworth 1977
9943:
9936:
9931:
9924:
9919:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9890:
9883:
9878:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9831:Bosworth 1963
9827:
9820:
9814:
9807:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9780:
9774:, p. 24.
9773:
9768:
9761:
9756:
9749:
9744:
9737:
9736:Bosworth 1977
9732:
9725:
9720:
9712:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9696:
9690:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9672:
9666:
9658:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9639:
9637:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9608:
9601:
9596:
9589:
9584:
9577:
9576:Bosworth 1963
9572:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9549:
9548:public domain
9535:
9528:
9523:
9516:
9511:
9503:
9497:
9493:
9492:
9484:
9476:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9457:
9449:
9448:
9440:
9432:
9426:
9422:
9421:
9413:
9405:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9386:
9378:
9374:
9368:
9362:, p. 29.
9361:
9356:
9348:
9347:
9339:
9337:
9329:
9328:Bosworth 1963
9324:
9317:
9316:Bosworth 1963
9312:
9305:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9288:
9287:Bosworth 1975
9283:
9277:, p. 45.
9276:
9275:Bosworth 1963
9271:
9269:
9262:, p. 88.
9261:
9256:
9254:
9246:
9245:Bosworth 1994
9241:
9239:
9232:, p. 42.
9231:
9230:Bosworth 1963
9226:
9224:
9222:
9215:, p. 44.
9214:
9213:Bosworth 1963
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9196:, p. 39.
9195:
9194:Bosworth 1963
9190:
9184:, p. 38.
9183:
9182:Bosworth 1963
9178:
9176:
9169:, p. 37.
9168:
9167:Bosworth 1963
9163:
9157:, p. 19.
9156:
9151:
9144:
9143:Bosworth 1963
9139:
9133:, p. 83.
9132:
9127:
9125:
9117:
9116:Bosworth 2006
9112:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9006:
9005:
8997:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8967:
8960:
8955:
8948:
8943:
8936:
8935:Bosworth 1963
8931:
8929:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8889:
8887:
8879:
8874:
8866:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8847:
8840:
8835:
8831:
8815:
8806:
8797:
8788:
8782:
8777:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8753:
8746:
8742:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8705:
8700:
8698:
8693:
8691:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8670:
8669:
8668:Ottoman State
8665:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8657:Bahri dynasty
8654:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8507:Seljuk Empire
8504:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:Sabiri People
8307:
8306:
8298:
8295:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8269:
8266:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7677:
7676:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7622:
7621:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7565:Afsharid Iran
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7414:Kushan Empire
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:Median Empire
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:East Pakistan
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7175:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7115:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7087:Mughal Empire
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7075:Samma dynasty
7073:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7061:Raees dynasty
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:Mongol Empire
7041:
7036:
7035:Lodhi dynasty
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6933:
6932:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6876:Kushan Empire
6874:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6852:
6851:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6783:Paropamisadae
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6621:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6560:Afsharid Iran
6558:
6557:
6553:
6551:
6550:Hotak dynasty
6548:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:Mughal Empire
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6400:Seljuk Empire
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6360:Buyid dynasty
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6341:
6340:Sajid dynasty
6338:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:Kushan Empire
6141:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:Median Empire
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:List of years
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Paropamisadae
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5615:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:Islamic State
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5528:Islamic State
5526:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:Afsharid Iran
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:Hotak dynasty
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5039:Kushan Empire
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:247 BC–224 AD
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:Maurya Empire
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:Median Empire
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4792:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:Khusrau Malik
4741:
4739:
4699:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4648:
4646:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4537:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4502:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4469:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4365:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4090:
4088:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4025:
4023:
3985:
3983:
3960:
3953:
3952:Abd al-Rahman
3946:
3943:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3905:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:Abd al-Rashid
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3797:. 1030, 1041)
3796:
3791:
3790:
3775:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3740:
3724:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3642:(997- ?)
3640:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3605:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3548:
3516:
3501:
3499:
3461:
3459:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3396:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3359:
3351:
3336:
3334:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Khusrau Malik
3229:
3227:
3219:Taj ad-Dawlah
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3055:Ala ad-Dawlah
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Abd al-Rashid
2948:
2946:
2938:Izz ad-Dawlah
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2673:Nasir-ud-din
2672:
2669:
2668:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:Seljuk Empire
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:Mediterranean
2604:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2556:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2446:
2435:
2424:
2415:
2413:KHITAN EMPIRE
2406:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2311:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2227:Buyid dynasty
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:Sultan Mahmud
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2087:According to
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:Central Asian
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:war elephants
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:Romila Thapar
1988:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:Punjab region
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:Khusrau Malik
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Khusrau Malik
1883:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:("Turks") or
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
981:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
917:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
891:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
870:
869:Buyid dynasty
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
815:
811:
806:
800:Rise to power
794:
793:
788:
783:
779:
777:
776:Khusrau Malik
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
745:Seljuk Empire
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
652:
648:
626:
624:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:Seljuk Empire
607:
606:
603:
597:
594:
587:
586:
583:
580:
573:
572:
569:
566:
559:
558:
555:
552:
545:
544:
541:
538:
531:
530:
527:
524:
517:
516:
513:
510:
503:
502:
499:
496:
489:
488:
485:
482:
475:
474:
471:
468:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
436:
434:1029 estimate
432:
427:
423:
419:
413:
409:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
385:
379:
376:
370:
364:
361:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
331:
330:Khusrau Malik
328:
322:
316:
313:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
259:
250:
241:
232:
229:
225:
218:
210:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
187:
175:
170:
161:
152:
143:
132:
121:
110:
101:
92:
83:
74:
65:
56:
51:
47:
33:
30:
19:
17138:
17071:Hasanwayhids
16895:Other topics
16879:
16807:Persian name
16746:Islamization
16688:
16648:Architecture
16601:universities
16546:Zoroastrians
16541:Christianity
16531:Baháʼí Faith
16481:Azerbaijanis
16388:Demographics
16202:Construction
16190:Central Bank
16132:Space Agency
16027:Child labour
15862:Principlists
15842:Cyberwarfare
15790:Human rights
15755:Constitution
15550:Azerbaijanis
15519:Indo-Persian
15499:Greater Iran
15370:siege (1980)
15329:1979–present
15076:
14980:early modern
14978:Medieval and
14772:Kura-Araxes
14668:Bibliography
14469:Human rights
14424:Constitution
14305:Demographics
14060:Hindu Shahis
13717:Contemporary
13567:Indo-Persian
13555:Nazi Germany
13499:Contemporary
13401:Vijayanagara
13300:Great Seljuk
13294:
13211:Thessalonica
13139:Golden Horde
12779:Carthaginian
12558:Neo-Assyrian
12543:Neo-Sumerian
12386:
12317:Mount Khajeh
12284:Qala-i-Jangi
12264:Khair Khaneh
12169:Khair Khaneh
12076:Namazga-Tepe
12031:Anau culture
12008:Turkmenistan
11925:Tavka Kurgan
11820:Balalyk Tepe
11737:Burana Tower
11727:Aigyr-Zhal 2
11619:Issyk kurgan
11354:Kart dynasty
11349:Sufi dynasty
11339:Golden Horde
11308:
11264:Oghuz Yabgus
11239:Tang dynasty
11204:Hephthalites
11129:Uyuk culture
11029:
11013:Google Earth
11001:
10997:
10984:
10974:
10962:
10952:
10928:
10907:
10891:
10877:
10865:. Routledge.
10862:
10853:
10849:
10836:
10832:
10823:
10806:
10787:
10770:
10757:
10738:
10728:
10719:
10710:
10690:
10683:. Routledge.
10680:
10674:. Routledge.
10671:
10662:
10645:
10641:
10624:
10620:
10611:
10602:
10598:
10578:
10568:
10559:
10553:. Routledge.
10550:
10540:24 September
10538:. Retrieved
10523:
10502:
10492:
10489:"Ghaznavids"
10479:
10462:
10458:
10449:
10440:
10415:
10411:
10402:
10393:
10384:
10367:
10363:
10354:
10345:
10341:
10319:
10307:
10295:
10283:
10263:
10256:
10246:
10239:
10219:
10212:
10200:
10188:
10176:
10149:
10137:
10125:
10113:
10101:
10094:Meisami 1993
10089:
10077:
10065:
10053:
10026:
10019:Sharlet 2011
10014:
10007:Sharlet 2011
10002:
9990:
9983:Sharlet 2011
9978:
9966:
9954:
9942:
9930:
9923:Meisami 1999
9889:
9877:
9852:
9848:
9838:
9826:
9813:
9801:
9786:
9779:
9767:
9760:Houtsma 1987
9755:
9743:
9731:
9719:
9699:
9689:
9679:
9675:K. A. Nizami
9665:
9645:
9626:
9616:
9607:
9595:
9583:
9571:
9560:
9534:
9522:
9510:
9490:
9483:
9463:
9456:
9446:
9439:
9419:
9412:
9392:
9385:
9376:
9367:
9355:
9345:
9323:
9311:
9304:Kennedy 1986
9282:
9189:
9162:
9150:
9145:, p. 4.
9138:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9026:
9018:
9003:
8996:
8988:
8973:
8966:
8954:
8942:
8902:
8898:
8873:
8853:
8846:
8834:
8814:
8805:
8796:
8787:
8781:
8776:
8769:Yazdgerd III
8759:
8750:
8745:
8666:
8655:
8641:
8631:Golden Horde
8629:
8617:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8578:
8566:
8554:
8542:
8530:
8519:
8505:
8494:
8493:
8481:
8469:
8457:
8446:
8439:
8425:
8413:
8401:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8343:Kangar Union
8341:
8329:
8317:
8308:
8275:
8248:
8237:
8223:
8212:
8198:
7647:Greater Iran
7555:Safavid Iran
7502:Khwarazmians
7491:
7340:Turkmenistan
7220:Azad Kashmir
7119:Early modern
7099:Suri dynasty
6986:
6902:Gupta Empire
6833:Apracharajas
6686:Palaeolithic
6570:Zand dynasty
6450:Kart dynasty
6379:
6132:
6123:Roman Empire
5878:
5869:
5858:Greater Iran
5751:List of wars
5600:(reinstated)
5560:(reinstated)
5252:
4933:2100–1800 BC
4923:2200–1800 BC
4851:
4839:
4781:
4779:. 1160-1186)
4776:
4769:
4688:
4686:. 1157-1160)
4683:
4678:Khusrau-Shah
4676:
4599:
4597:. 1117-1157)
4594:
4587:
4580:
4578:. 1116-1117)
4575:
4568:
4561:
4559:. 1115-1116)
4556:
4549:
4418:
4416:. 1099-1115)
4413:
4406:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4282:. 1059-1099)
4279:
4272:
4265:
4263:. 1053-1059)
4260:
4253:
4246:
4244:. 1048-1049)
4241:
4234:
4227:
4225:. 1041-1048)
4222:
4215:
3958:
3951:
3837:
3835:. 1049-1052)
3832:
3825:
3818:
3816:. 1030-1041)
3813:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3645:Governor of
3644:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3436:Governor of
3435:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3301:
3225:
3202:Khusrau Shah
3196:
3180:Ahmad Sanjar
3154:
3151:یمین الدولہ
3138:Ahmad Sanjar
3120:
3117:سلطان الدولہ
3090:
3061:
3032:
3003:
2973:
2944:
2915:
2912:بھاء الدولہ
2860:
2838:
2826:
2793:
2772:
2760:
2731:
2681:
2674:
2630:
2615:
2600:
2572:Kara-Khanids
2568:
2429:
2402:
2391:
2351:
2340:
2329:
2269:
2258:
2250:
2231:
2215:
2208:
2198:
2183:
2144:
2128:
2117:
2094:
2086:
2075:
2030:
2015:
2002:
1992:
1984:
1939:
1907:
1898:, until the
1869:
1855:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1799:
1787:
1776:
1755:
1738:
1724:
1713:
1700:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1607:
1594:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1548:
1536:
1521:
1507:
1492:
1479:
1431:World Burner
1430:
1426:
1396:
1365:
1337:
1326:line drawing
1270:
1235:
1229:
1224:Subcontinent
1186:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:Hindu Shahis
1124:, as far as
1119:
1096:Tash Farrash
1088:
1068:
1042:
1039:, 1306-1314.
1034:
998:
993:
989:
985:
982:
973:Lawik rulers
958:
911:
895:
887:
854:
823:
814:Schlumberger
790:
789:in 1003 CE.
753:
729:Indian Ocean
714:
690:Indus Valley
681:
677:
671:
657:
646:
644:
452:Succeeded by
451:
446:
45:
29:
16912:Tehrangeles
16875:Traditional
16612:Nationality
16550:persecution
16535:persecution
16486:Circassians
16435:Neo-Aramaic
16415:Azerbaijani
16287:State-owned
16212:Health care
16175:Agriculture
16012:Brain drain
15951:Ambassadors
15646:Earthquakes
15183:Aq Qoyunlu
15132:Muzaffarid
15109:Eldiguzids
15101:Anushtegin
14927:Kingdom of
14903:Kingdom of
14895:Kingdom of
14887:Atropatene
14879:Achaemenid
14820:Kingdom of
14765:3400–539 BC
14271:Earthquakes
14055:Turk Shahis
14010:Afghanistan
13305:Khwarezmian
13238:Carolingian
13043:Rashtrakuta
12747:Shaishunaga
12646:Hellenistic
12629:New Kingdom
12619:Old Kingdom
12409:Kabul hoard
12342:Sokh snakes
12294:Surkh Kotal
12259:Haji Piyada
12234:Darra-e Kur
12199:Yemshi Tepe
12194:Tillya Tepe
12189:Tepe Fullol
12179:Tepe Narenj
12174:Tapa Sardar
12164:Fondukistan
12129:Tapa Shotor
12109:Tepe Fullol
12101:Afghanistan
11930:Toprak-Kala
11915:Shahrukhiya
11865:Kampir Tepe
11855:Itchan Kala
11810:Ancient Pap
11767:Shakh Fazil
11639:Krasnyi Yar
11543:Mogao Caves
11503:Kizil Caves
11439:Archaeology
11304:Farighunids
11259:Turk Shahis
11199:Alchon Huns
10082:Ahmadi 2004
9995:Rowson 1998
9935:Spuler 1970
9855:: 212–222.
9600:Spuler 1991
9527:Thapar 2004
8905:: 224–231.
8282:Turk Shahis
8229:71 BC–?? AD
7947:Azerbaijani
7768:Oghuz Turks
7662:Transcaspia
7603:Soviet rule
7446:Middle Ages
7419:Proto-Turks
7338:History of
7225:Balochistan
7158:British Raj
7152:Sikh Empire
6975:Hindu Shahi
6963:Pala Empire
6908:Rai dynasty
6839:Paratarajas
6650:History of
6280:Shirvanshah
6207:880s – 1045
5866:Pre-Islamic
5856:History of
5671:Kushanshahr
5548:US invasion
5283:Khwarezmids
5133:Kabul Shahi
5088:Alchon Huns
4943:1500–535 BC
4884:Afghanistan
4882:History of
4589:Bahram-Shah
4570:Arslan-Shah
4299:Mardan-shah
4255:Farrukh-Zad
3627:. 998-1030)
3303:Qara Bajkam
3160:Bahram Shah
3126:Arslan-Shah
3087:کمال الدولہ
3058:علاء الدولہ
3029:ظھیر الدولہ
3009:Farrukh-Zad
3000:جمال الدولہ
2970:قوام الدولہ
2857:شھاب الدولہ
2823:جلال الدولہ
2790:شھاب الدولہ
2757:جلال الدولہ
2587:Hindu Shahi
2581:Coinage of
2261:North India
2139:Qarakhanids
2109:bureaucracy
2082:Persianised
2006:-i-Hinduwan
1973:Kara-Khanid
1954:blacksmiths
1950:Lashkar Gah
1743:(RATNAPURA)
1681:GAHADAVALAS
1508:QARA KHITAI
1439:Oghuz Turks
1379:Bahram Shah
1138:Hindu Shahi
1080:Caspian Sea
1078:, from the
1066:territory.
949:Afghanistan
892:, 1306-1314
764:Ghuzz Turks
725:Indus River
667:dynasty of
526:Hindu Shahi
512:Farighunids
447:Preceded by
273:Sunni Islam
221:(1163–1186)
17179:Categories
17139:Ghaznavids
17118:Banu Ilyas
17066:Shaddadids
16812:Philosophy
16771:newspapers
16752:Literature
16657:architects
16652:Achaemenid
16572:Corruption
16032:Corruption
15872:Reformists
15867:Propaganda
15765:Corruption
15750:Censorship
15693:Lake Urmia
15381:Iran–Iraq
15077:Ghaznavid
14955:AD 224–651
14919:Frataraka
14751:Prehistory
14429:Loya jirga
14348:Nuristanis
14160:since 1992
14155:Soviet war
13875:Portuguese
13756:Revival Le
13746:Vietnamese
13389:Later Tran
13359:Vietnamese
13255:Singhasari
13243:Holy Roman
12867:Bulgarian
12803:Satavahana
12774:Phoenician
12710:Achaemenid
12671:Indo-Greek
12651:Macedonian
12565:Babylonian
12289:Rag-i-Bibi
12114:Ai-Khanoum
12046:Gonur Depe
12041:Dev-Kesken
11978:Kafir-kala
11968:Ajina tepe
11950:Tajikistan
11910:Sarmishsay
11895:Kyzyl-Kala
11875:Khalchayan
11860:Kafir-kala
11840:Fayaz Tepe
11825:Burchmulla
11787:Uzbekistan
11777:Tash Rabat
11752:Manas Ordo
11719:Kyrgyzstan
11606:Kazakhstan
11309:Ghaznavids
11214:Ustrushana
11209:Tocharians
11139:Massagetae
10701:0226742210
10193:Eaton 2019
9882:Lewis 1992
9360:Eaton 2019
9036:IEEE Reach
8826:References
8355:Turk Shahi
8037:Karakalpak
7570:Qajar Iran
7384:Massagetae
7374:Gonur Depe
6987:Ghaznavids
6754:Sattagydia
6590:Qajar Iran
6430:Salghurids
6344:889/90–929
5880:Prehistory
5686:Zabulistan
5661:Kafiristan
5656:Kabulistan
5478:Daoud coup
5313:Qarlughids
5253:Ghaznavids
5163:Tang China
5108:Nezak Huns
5033:155–80? BC
5003:256–125 BC
4993:305–180 BC
4983:312–150 BC
4973:330–312 BC
4963:550–330 BC
4953:728–550 BC
4408:Mas'ud III
3664:. 997-998)
3433:(died 998)
3429:Bughrachuq
3418:. 977-997)
3410:Sabuktigin
3235:1160–1186
3222:تاج الدولہ
3206:1157–1160
3193:معزالدولہ
3164:1117–1157
3130:1116–1117
3100:1115–1116
3071:1099–1115
3067:Mas'ūd III
3042:1059–1099
3013:1053–1059
2983:1052–1053
2954:1049–1052
2925:1048–1049
2870:1041–1048
2803:1030–1041
2688:Sabuktigin
2307:KARAKHANID
2218:Sebuktigin
2190:Azerbaijan
2155:Manuchehri
2062:Mas'ud III
2051:See also:
2004:sipahsalar
1981:Oxus river
1946:Hindu Kush
1740:KALACHURIS
1725:KALACHURIS
1701:KACHCHAPA-
1573:GHAZNAVIDS
1560:CHAHAMANAS
1549:CHAULUKYAS
1493:KARAKHANID
1480:South Asia
1435:Zabulistan
1427:"Jahānsuz"
1367:Mas'ud III
1362:Mas'ud III
1205:Pratiharas
994:mustaghall
986:mustaghall
945:Lashkargah
931:Sabuktigin
925:Sabuktigin
920:Domination
914:Sabuktigin
861:Hindu Kush
795:, 1314 CE.
747:after the
694:Sabuktigin
662:Persianate
658:Ġaznaviyān
315:Sabuktigin
285:Government
275:(official)
213:(977–1163)
150:CHAHAMANAS
46:Ġaznaviyān
17102:Ma'munids
17097:Afrighids
17061:Marwanids
16777:Mythology
16683:Calendars
16673:Astronomy
16582:Education
16491:Georgians
16476:Assyrians
16471:Armenians
16397:Languages
16289:companies
16252:Transport
16232:Petroleum
16017:Companies
15956:President
15943:Officials
15877:Terrorism
15826:Air Force
15770:Elections
15708:Provinces
15703:Mountains
15613:Geography
15533:languages
15271:1925–1979
15199:Afsharid
15160:1370–1925
15148:Chobanid
15042:Saffarid
14994:Rashidun
14962:Sasanian
14943:Kings of
14935:Parthian
14911:Seleucid
14852:Scythian
14812:Kassites
14796:Akkadian
14595:Education
14564:Transport
14385:Languages
14358:Qizilbash
14286:Volcanoes
14244:Geography
13868:Couronian
13506:Ethiopian
13494:Manchukuo
13449:Brazilian
13295:Ghaznavid
13265:Srivijaya
13216:Trebizond
13201:Byzantine
13183:North Sea
13178:Norwegian
13166:Almoravid
13149:Ilkhanate
13119:Majapahit
13092:Muromachi
13001:Solomonic
12986:Ethiopian
12900:Caliphate
12833:Aragonese
12661:Ptolemaic
12335:Artifacts
12209:Aq Kupruk
12159:Mes Aynak
12091:Ulug Depe
12026:Altyndepe
11973:Cyropolis
11963:Penjikent
11935:Varakhsha
11870:Kara Tepe
11815:Ayaz-Kala
11805:Akhsikath
11795:Afrasiyab
11742:Issyk-Kul
11732:Balasagun
11578:Beshbalik
11455:Sintashta
11415:Silk Road
11344:Ilkhanate
11299:Ma'munids
11194:Kidarites
10815:1076-156X
9908:Ziad 2006
9861:2249-1937
9748:Wink 2002
9078:0039-7946
8911:2249-1937
8672:1299–1922
8647:1250–1517
8635:1242–1502
8623:1224–1266
8584:1206–1526
8572:1136–1225
8548:1077–1231
8536:1067–1239
8511:1037–1194
8331:Xueyantuo
8173:Grey wolf
8155:Ergenekon
8131:Shamanism
7903:Krymchaks
7813:Kutrigurs
7667:Turkmenia
7517:Ilkhanate
7477:Saffarids
7358:Antiquity
7055:Ilkhanate
6943:Caliphate
6855:Classical
6771:Arachosia
6742:Arachosia
6699:Neolithic
6594:1794–1925
6584:1794–1826
6574:1750–1794
6564:1736–1750
6554:1722–1729
6544:1526–1857
6534:1501–1722
6524:1378–1508
6514:1407–1468
6504:1370–1507
6494:1339–1432
6484:1337–1357
6474:1314–1393
6464:1299–1923
6454:1231–1389
6444:1256–1353
6440:Ilkhanate
6434:1148–1282
6424:1077–1307
6414:1077–1231
6404:1037–1194
6227:1008–1490
5985:2200–1700
5907:3200–2800
5626:Arachosia
5592:2004–2021
5577:2001–2004
5542:1996–2001
5532:1992–1996
5512:1978–1992
5492:1973–1978
5472:1926–1973
5452:1823–1926
5442:1818–1855
5432:1747–1823
5422:1738–1747
5412:1716–1732
5402:1709–1738
5392:1510–1709
5382:1501–1738
5357:1520–1591
5347:1370–1507
5337:1245–1381
5327:1256–1335
5323:Ilkhanate
5317:1224–1266
5307:1226–1245
5297:1219–1226
5287:1215–1231
5277:1037–1194
5233:Saffarids
5023:180–90 BC
4373:Mas'ud II
3696:Ma'mun II
3690:married
3172:tributary
2941:عز الدولہ
2839:2nd reign
2773:1st reign
2741:998–1030
2704:No title
2677:نصر الدين
2533:SULTANATE
2455:CHALUKYAS
2431:GHAZNAVID
2364:CALIPHATE
2341:Pechenegs
2246:Yezdijird
2238:genealogy
1920:in 1186,
1872:SULTANATE
1788:KAMARUPAS
1777:NAGVANSIS
1728:(TRIPURI)
1714:CHANDELAS
1608:KAKATIYAS
1597:CHALUKYAS
1584:PARAMARAS
1389:in 1117.
1352:Gahadvala
1209:Chandelas
1162:Turushkas
1076:Samarkand
865:Amu Darya
830:Simjurids
721:Amu Darya
702:Alp Tigin
498:Ma'munids
269:Religion
130:CHALUKYAS
17132:See also
17076:Annazids
16938:Category
16831:football
16822:Scouting
16732:Iranians
16722:Folklore
16518:Religion
16430:Georgian
16410:Armenian
16271:shipping
16266:railways
16256:airlines
16222:Industry
16087:Taxation
15901:Councils
15817:Military
15732:Politics
15713:Wildlife
15678:Caucasus
15560:Persians
15487:See also
15311:Iranian
15278:Pahlavi
15191:Safavid
15167:Timurid
15070:977–1432
15050:Ziyarid
15026:Tahirid
15018:Samanid
15010:Abbasid
15002:Umayyad
14987:632–1090
14804:Lullubi
14788:Elamite
14677:Category
14635:War rugs
14630:Religion
14615:Olympics
14544:Taxation
14407:Politics
14368:Turkmens
14353:Pashtuns
14328:Farsiwan
14291:Wildlife
14208:Timeline
14201:By topic
14014:articles
13848:Japanese
13811:Scottish
13791:American
13783:Colonial
13712:Imperial
13680:Moroccan
13616:Japanese
13594:Afsharid
13453:Burmese
13439:Austrian
13394:Later Le
13369:Early Le
13354:Venetian
13280:Tiwanaku
13193:Hellenic
13156:Moroccan
13087:Kamakura
13077:Japanese
13060:Saffarid
13013:Georgian
12927:Chalukya
12905:Rashidun
12895:Calakmul
12863:Bruneian
12742:Haryanka
12720:Sasanian
12715:Parthian
12666:Bactrian
12656:Seleucid
12636:Goguryeo
12614:Egyptian
12548:Assyrian
12538:Akkadian
12529:Colonies
12269:Mundigak
12249:Firozkoh
12139:Shotorak
11958:Bunjikat
11850:Hazorasp
11674:Shilikty
11664:Boralday
11588:Mongolia
11523:Dunhuang
11294:Samanids
11224:Farghana
11077:Polities
10839:. Brill.
9869:44156208
9772:Roy 2016
9697:(2004).
9673:(1981).
9260:Roy 2015
8919:44158383
8765:Sassanid
8499:963–1186
8487:860–1091
8475:856–1335
8463:848–1036
8431:840–1212
8407:750–1055
8383:743–1035
8323:618–1048
8250:Göktürks
8225:Dingling
8127:Tengrism
8100:Krymchak
7840:Kipchaks
7777:Saragurs
7657:Khwarazm
7642:Margiana
7632:Hyrcania
7527:Timurids
7482:Samanids
7472:Tahirids
7467:Abbasids
7462:Umayyads
7329:a series
7327:Part of
7274:Category
7186:Pakistan
7132:Las Bela
6936:Medieval
6777:Gedrosia
6736:Gandhara
6730:Gedrosia
6704:Mehrgarh
6671:Timeline
6652:Pakistan
6641:a series
6639:Part of
6384:975–1187
6374:941–1062
6364:934–1055
6354:928–1043
6324:861–1003
6284:799–1607
6274:750–1258
5972:Corduene
5917:2800–550
5871:BCE / BC
5792:Category
5666:Khorasan
5646:Gandhara
5587:politics
5488:Republic
5388:Safavids
5343:Timurids
5257:963–1187
5243:Samanids
5223:Tahirids
5213:Abbasids
5183:Umayyads
5125:Medieval
4901:Timeline
4873:a series
4871:Part of
4863:See also
4551:Shir-Zad
4306:Izad-yar
3808:Mas'ud I
3789:Muhammad
3687:Princess
3096:Shir-Zad
2892:Masud II
2832:Muhammad
2766:Muhammad
2712:997–998
2692:977–997
2234:Firishta
2186:Avicenna
2147:Farrukhi
2113:Persians
1930:Firozkoh
1767:KARNATAS
1669:HOYSALAS
1657:KADAMBAS
1350:and the
1344:Paramara
1244:Ferdowsi
1166:Hammiras
1064:Buwayhid
1043:In 998,
1027:Al-Qadir
965:Alptigin
857:Mansur I
838:Kohistan
834:appanage
741:Mas'ud I
727:and the
660:) was a
470:Samanids
395:Medieval
278:Hinduism
262:military
240:Sanskrit
99:KAKUYIDS
53:977–1186
17205:Ghilman
16881:Ey Iran
16829: (
16789: (
16765:student
16763: (
16759: (
16744: (
16712:Cuisine
16697:Fashion
16685: (
16665: (
16650: (
16636:Culture
16584: (
16548: (
16533: (
16506:Turkmen
16458: (
16449:Peoples
16420:Kurdish
16376:Society
16277:Tourism
16254: (
16244: (
16234: (
16214: (
16207:Defense
16177: (
16167:Sectors
16154: (
16114: (
16019: (
16000:General
15989:Economy
15879: (
15849: (
15819: (
15772: (
15757: (
15743:General
15698:Islands
15634:largest
15624:Borders
15093:Seljuk
15085:Ghurid
15034:Alavid
14844:Median
14836:Urartu
14758:Ancient
14738:History
14654:Outline
14590:Cuisine
14578:Culture
14554:Tourism
14507:Economy
14454:Cabinet
14419:Taliban
14338:Hazaras
14261:Borders
14022:History
13915:largest
13910:Empires
13890:Swedish
13885:Spanish
13880:Russian
13843:Italian
13818:Chinese
13806:English
13801:British
13796:Belgian
13771:Vietnam
13761:Tay son
13707:Tsarist
13702:Russian
13697:Ottoman
13663:Dzungar
13658:Khoshut
13631:Mexican
13626:Maratha
13609:Pahlavi
13589:Safavid
13584:Iranian
13511:Haitian
13474:Chinese
13434:Ashanti
13406:Wagadou
13332:Eastern
13327:Western
13310:Timurid
13270:Tibetan
13260:Songhai
13250:Serbian
13171:Almohad
13161:Idrisid
13065:Samanid
13055:Tahirid
13050:Iranian
13028:Kannauj
13008:Genoese
12944:Chinese
12937:Eastern
12932:Western
12920:Fatimid
12915:Abbasid
12910:Umayyad
12883:Burmese
12843:Ayyubid
12838:Angevin
12808:Xianbei
12796:Eastern
12791:Western
12737:Magadha
12700:Iranian
12693:Xiongnu
12678:Hittite
12587:Chinese
12575:Kassite
12524:Ancient
12516:Empires
12214:Asqalan
12149:Bimaran
12144:Paitava
12086:Togolok
12021:Abiward
11905:Poykent
11890:Koktepe
11757:Navekat
11634:Kerderi
11624:Jankent
11573:Kashgar
11548:Tumshuq
11493:Bulayïq
11403:Culture
11219:Khuttal
11179:Xiongnu
11028:(ed.).
10886:3601436
10432:4299599
10334:Sources
9677:(ed.).
9550::
9086:4390312
8419:756–940
8395:744–840
8371:699–766
8359:665-850
8347:659–750
8335:628–646
8300:682–744
8292:581–650
8271:581–657
8263:552–581
8028:Qasgqai
8019:Chuvash
8010:Bashkir
7983:Turkmen
7938:Turkish
7894:Dolgans
7858:Uyghurs
7822:Karluks
7795:Bulgars
7786:Utigurs
7759:Onogurs
6795:Taxiles
6748:Hindush
6679:Ancient
6334:819–999
6314:864–928
6304:840–897
6294:821–873
6264:661–750
6254:637–651
6241:Islamic
6197:642–760
6187:565–879
6177:425–557
6167:305–995
6157:224–651
6134:CE / AD
6095:250–125
6075:330–150
6055:550–330
6045:652–625
6035:728–550
6025:860–590
6015:911–609
5963:Cyrtian
5954:Gutians
5941:Lullubi
5932:Mannaea
5716:Culture
5641:Bactria
5569:Interim
5468:Kingdom
5448:Emirate
5378:Mughals
5353:Arghuns
5333:Kartids
5273:Seljuks
5263:Ghurids
5247:875–999
5237:863–900
5227:821–873
5217:750–821
5207:750-977
5197:680–870
5193:Zunbils
5187:661–750
5177:660–842
5167:660–669
5157:652–661
5137:565–879
5112:484–711
5102:410–557
5092:380–560
5073:320–465
5063:230–651
4910:Ancient
4381:. 1048)
4274:Ibrahim
4217:Maw'dud
3692:Mamunid
3174:of the
3038:Ibrahim
2979:Toghrul
2799:Masud I
2633:Ghurids
2626:Ghurids
2622:Persian
2591:Persian
2524:DYNASTY
2453:WESTERN
2392:Jurchen
2373:GEORGIA
2362:FATIMID
2352:Kyrgyzs
2309:KHANATE
2135:Saljuqs
2105:Persian
2097:Turkish
2011:Baihaki
1977:Samanid
1942:Afghans
1924:. Both
1858:EMIRATE
1800:EASTERN
1691:GUHILAS
1647:PANDYAS
1595:WESTERN
1495:KHANATE
1482:1175 CE
1356:Kannauj
1340:Ibrahim
1288:Ibrahim
1250:Decline
1189:Mathura
1156:at the
1140:in the
1134:Somnath
1130:Kannauj
1126:Mathura
1091:Turkmen
1082:to the
1053:Ismaili
903:Bukhara
899:Karluks
882:of the
836:in the
758:sultan
737:Hamadan
688:to the
680:or the
655:غزنویان
651:Persian
318:(first)
244:coinage
231:Persian
205:Capital
128:WESTERN
108:KHAZARS
41:غزنویان
16948:Portal
16707:Cinema
16689:Nowruz
16586:higher
16460:abroad
16425:Hebrew
16331:Places
16227:Mining
16052:Energy
15629:Cities
15545:Aryans
15264:Modern
15215:Qajar
15058:Buyid
14726:topics
14682:Portal
14625:Poetry
14610:Cinema
14534:Mining
14529:Energy
14380:Health
14373:Uzbeks
14363:Tajiks
14333:Gurjar
14323:Baloch
14012:
13853:Mongol
13838:German
13833:French
13823:Danish
13766:Dainam
13741:Tongan
13729:Somali
13724:Sokoto
13690:'Alawi
13668:Kalmyk
13648:Mongol
13641:Second
13621:Korean
13572:Mughal
13562:Indian
13545:German
13538:Second
13528:French
13521:Second
13457:Second
13429:Afghan
13421:Modern
13347:Kyrgyz
13342:Uighur
13337:Second
13317:Turkic
13285:Toltec
13221:Epirus
13206:Nicaea
13129:Mongol
13082:Yamato
13018:Huetar
12876:Second
12813:Rouran
12762:Shunga
12757:Maurya
12732:Kushan
12705:Median
12683:Hunnic
12641:Harsha
12279:Nagara
12051:Jeitun
11983:Sarazm
11669:Sawran
11614:Begash
11568:Khotan
11563:Loulan
11174:Yuezhi
10959:Mahmud
10935:
10918:
10898:
10884:
10846:"Iran"
10813:
10794:
10746:
10698:
10586:
10531:
10510:
10430:
10271:
10227:
9867:
9859:
9804:b. Ali
9794:
9707:
9653:
9557:Ghazni
9544:
9498:
9471:
9427:
9400:
9084:
9076:
9011:
8981:
8917:
8909:
8861:
8767:Shah,
8091:Karaim
8082:Gagauz
8001:Kyrgyz
7974:Uyghur
7965:Kazakh
7885:Yakuts
7876:Kumyks
7867:Tatars
7637:Sogdia
7331:on the
7284:Portal
7250:Punjab
7179:Modern
6643:on the
6213:Alania
6147:30–275
6021:Urartu
5681:Sistan
5636:Ariana
5370:Modern
4875:on the
4840:Notes:
4292:Majdud
3694:ruler
3656:Ismail
3619:Mahmud
2866:Mawdud
2737:Mahmud
2708:Ismail
2665:Notes
2659:Reign
2653:Laqab
2535:OF RUM
2513:EMPIRE
2511:SELJUK
2502:EMPIRE
2491:MALAYU
2444:EMPIRE
2433:EMPIRE
2403:Kimeks
2382:XI XIA
2330:Cumans
2318:KIEVAN
2274:Legacy
2254:Ghazni
2101:Arabic
2026:Lahore
1999:Hindus
1962:Hindus
1914:Lahore
1910:Lahore
1900:Ghurid
1896:Punjab
1892:Lahore
1870:MAKRAN
1856:SOOMRA
1828:MARYUL
1802:GANGAS
1703:GHATAS
1638:CHERAS
1629:CHOLAS
1618:SHILA-
1537:KUMAON
1524:EMPIRE
1522:GHURID
1443:Ghazni
1420:King,
1418:Ghorid
1402:Ghazni
1383:Arslan
1281:Persia
1273:Mas'ud
1265:Parwan
1232:Indian
1201:Kanauj
1084:Yamuna
1045:Mahmud
1001:Ismail
990:tamlik
969:Ghazna
961:mamluk
828:, the
818:turban
787:Zaranj
756:Ghurid
723:, the
698:Ghazna
673:mamluk
669:Turkic
665:Muslim
348:
344:Vizier
333:(last)
300:
296:Sultan
258:Turkic
249:Arabic
217:Lahore
209:Ghazni
199:Empire
195:Status
186:Mahmud
141:EMPIRE
119:YABGUS
90:BUYIDS
16842:Music
16827:Sport
16757:Media
16742:Islam
16678:Blogs
16622:Women
16577:Crime
16565:Other
16526:Islam
16496:Kurds
16261:metro
16179:fruit
16137:Setad
15207:Zand
15117:Kart
14661:Index
14605:Music
14479:women
14397:Women
14318:Arabs
13903:Lists
13858:Omani
13828:Dutch
13734:Isaaq
13685:Saadi
13653:Oirat
13636:First
13604:Qajar
13533:First
13516:First
13489:China
13462:Third
13322:First
13275:Tikal
13226:Morea
13196:Roman
13114:Latin
13109:Khmer
13104:Kanem
13070:Buyid
12996:Zagwe
12991:Aksum
12981:Chola
12888:First
12871:First
12858:Bornu
12853:Benin
12848:Aztec
12786:Roman
12767:Gupta
12752:Nanda
12688:White
12124:Hadda
11880:Khiva
11772:Suyab
11762:Özgön
11699:Urpek
11684:Sumbe
11649:Otrar
11538:Rawak
11528:Miran
11498:Kucha
11024:. In
10912:(PDF)
10428:JSTOR
9865:JSTOR
9082:JSTOR
9058:Syria
8915:JSTOR
8737:Notes
8471:Qocho
8169:Sheka
8159:Asena
8145:Ülgen
8141:Kayra
8073:Tuvan
8055:Kumyk
8046:Sakha
7992:Tatar
7956:Uzbek
7831:Kimek
7804:Sabir
7522:Karts
7255:Sindh
6789:Porus
5945:Zamua
5604:since
5203:Lawik
4313:Sa'id
3959:Ahmad
3674:Yusuf
3438:Herat
2896:1048
2603:rajas
2595:مسعود
2482:KHMER
2464:PAGAN
2442:CHOLA
2422:QOCHO
1841:LOHA-
1756:SENAS
1620:HARAS
1348:Malwa
1122:India
1060:Sindh
1049:Shahi
846:emirs
710:Balkh
708:from
159:QOCHO
117:OGHUZ
16870:Rock
16855:Jazz
16850:Folk
16716:wine
16501:Jews
15831:Navy
15821:Army
15800:LGBT
14724:Iran
14600:Flag
14474:LGBT
13673:Bogd
13599:Zand
13577:Sikh
13484:Qing
13479:Ming
13411:Wari
13379:Tran
13364:Dinh
13134:Yuan
13124:Mali
13033:Pala
13023:Inca
12974:Yuan
12964:Song
12959:Liao
12954:Tang
12727:Kush
12609:Dʿmt
12304:Iran
12081:Nisa
12066:Merv
12036:Anau
11533:Niya
11114:Saka
10933:ISBN
10916:ISBN
10896:ISBN
10882:OCLC
10811:ISSN
10792:ISBN
10744:ISBN
10696:ISBN
10584:ISBN
10542:2010
10529:ISBN
10508:ISBN
10412:Iran
10269:ISBN
10225:ISBN
9857:ISSN
9792:ISBN
9705:ISBN
9651:ISBN
9496:ISBN
9469:ISBN
9425:ISBN
9398:ISBN
9074:ISSN
9009:ISBN
8979:ISBN
8907:ISSN
8859:ISBN
8171:and
8157:and
8143:and
8129:and
7140:Misl
5746:Wars
5726:Name
5651:Iran
5631:Aria
5606:2021
5563:2001
5552:2001
5522:1990
5502:1978
5482:1973
5462:1929
3647:Bust
3638:Nasr
2836:1041
2770:1030
2563:1100
2546:RYEO
2522:SONG
2500:PALA
2473:DALI
2320:RUS'
2298:1100
2220:and
2194:Iraq
2192:and
2137:and
1971:The
1815:GUGE
1571:LATE
1416:, a
1236:e.g.
1170:Amir
1132:and
735:and
686:Oxus
645:The
429:Area
420:1186
139:PALA
72:1030
16860:Pop
16663:Art
16246:TCI
14343:Kho
13751:Mac
13188:Oyo
13097:Edo
12969:Jīn
12949:Sui
12602:Jin
12597:Han
12592:Qin
11011:on
10775:doi
10650:doi
10629:doi
10467:doi
10420:doi
10372:doi
9559:".
9066:doi
5079:Rob
4236:Ali
3216:18
3187:17
3145:16
3111:15
3081:14
3052:13
3023:12
2994:11
2964:10
2921:Ali
2544:GO-
2207:'s
2103:or
2064:'s
1916:by
1843:RAS
1408:by
1354:of
1346:of
1074:to
1072:Ray
943:in
733:Rey
712:.
410:977
17181::
13384:Ho
13374:Ly
10983:–
10973:–
10961:–
10951:–
10852:.
10848:.
10837:13
10835:.
10769:.
10646:17
10644:.
10625:21
10623:.
10603:14
10601:.
10491:.
10463:23
10461:.
10426:.
10414:.
10368:32
10366:.
10346:31
10344:.
10161:^
10038:^
9915:^
9898:^
9863:.
9853:73
9851:.
9847:.
9800:.
9635:^
9625:.
9375:.
9335:^
9294:^
9267:^
9252:^
9237:^
9220:^
9201:^
9174:^
9123:^
9094:^
9080:.
9072:.
9062:29
9060:.
9056:.
9038:.
9034:.
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8987:.
8927:^
8913:.
8903:75
8901:.
8897:.
8885:^
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8280:,
5895:c.
3140:.
2935:9
2906:8
2881:7
2851:6
2817:—
2784:5
2751:4
2722:3
2701:2
2670:1
2650:#
2639:.
2613:.
2593::
2561:c.
2196:.
2028:.
2013:.
1983:.
1894:,
1242:,
1238:,
1128:,
1086:.
1058:,
1033:,
1007:.
909:.
886:.
812:.
653::
246:)
173:▷
168:◁
16982:e
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16238:)
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16158:)
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16023:)
15883:)
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